Sultanate

of Oman
University of Technology and Applied
Sciences Department Stamp

For Educational Purposes Only

Higher College of Technology

Electronics Skills Practical (EETE2200P)

Semester 2 Academic Year 2020-2021
Laboratory Manual
ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
Student Name ID #
Section # Day/Time
Name of Faculty Alex Pabayo, Sabri Al Adawi Office Hours:
(Laboratory): & Ibrahim Al Yahmadi
alex-pabayo@hct.edu.om 3.0 Last Jan.202
E-mail Address: Ibrahim.alyahmadi@hct.edu.o Version No. Date of 1
m Revisio
n

Name of Course
Coordinator
Mr. Rene A. Forcadilla Signature Date 03 Feb 21
(Lecturer):

Name of Faculty
Mr. Jeffrey Follante Signature Date
Head (Lab):
Approved by: Specializatio
n
Program
Coordinator’s Dr. Gunasekaran Thangavel Signature Date
Name: CAE EEE MIE
Verified by: Section
Curriculum
Committee Ms. Alagammai Na Signature Date
Member:

ENGG_CC_LAB MANUAL_17Dec2018_V02
Page 2 of 47
 COURSE DESCRIPTION

College Graduate Attributes

1 Effective Communications
2 Scholastic Rigor & Practical Competence
3 Team work
4 Life Long Learning
5 Autonomy and Accountability
ENGG_CC_LAB
6 MANUAL_17Dec2018_V02
Innovation
Page 3 of 47
7 Entrepreneurship
 Course Code: EETE 2200P

List of Experiments

Experiment Page Objectives LO G Date Technician’s

Mark
S/N Title No. No. No A Completed Signarure
s
. No.
Color Coding of Fixed Resistor
1 7 2
& Non-Polarized Capacitor
Fixed and Variable Resistor
2 12 2
Controlling LED
Capacitor Charging and
3 17 2
Discharging with Transistor
Diode s a Switch in DC and
4 22 2
Diode as a Rectifier in AC
Transistror as a Switch with
5 27 2
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
Relay Switch Circuit with
6 32 2
Transistor
Design & Testing of Low Signal
7 Amplifier & Usuage of Function 36 2
Generator & CRO
 LABORATORY/WORKSHOP SAFETY RULES

1. Attentively LISTEN TO THE INSTRUCTIONS of the laboratory/workshop staff before

starting with any laboratory/workshop work.
2. LISTEN TO the laboratory/workshop staff as he discusses the SAFETY
ARRANGEMENT for the activity and keep in mind the required precaution and KNOW
THE HAZARDS involved in the performance of the laboratory/workshop activity.
3. READ AND UNDERSTAND THE PROCEDURE as written in the laboratory/workshop
manual before beginning with any activity. If you have doubts do not hesitate to ask
the in- charge laboratory/workshop staff.
4. Always think of safety. EXECUTE THE LABORATORY EXPERIMENT WITH EXTRA
CARE AND AVOID PLAYING WHILE DOING THE ACTIVITY. Fooling around or
"horse play" in the laboratory/workshop is absolutely forbidden. Students found in
violation of this safety rule will be dealt accordingly.
5. NEVER energize circuits or turn on equipment and devices without approval of the in-
charge laboratory/workshop staff.
6. Do not use devices and equipment if you DO NOT KNOW how to use it. Ask for HELP!
7. OBSERVE BEST PRACTICES for MANUAL HANDLING when working. Do not try to
move heavy objects alone or without the use of the appropriate equipment. Use trolley
and/or lifting tools as necessary. ASK FOR HELP!
8. HOUSEKEEPING RULE is fully implemented in all laboratories and workshops. Keep
your work area clean and organized. Return all devices and equipment in their proper
storage.
9. WEAR THE APPROPRIATE ATTIRE while inside the laboratory or workshop
(LABORATORY COAT OR COVER ALL)
10. FOOD AND DRINKS are not allowed inside the laboratory or workshop.
11. FAMILIARIZE yourself with all safety arrangement in the laboratory/workshop. Know
the emergency procedures, evacuation procedures, location of first aid kit and location
of the fire extinguisher.
12. If an INCIDENT/ACCIDENT happened, immediately call the attention of the laboratory
instructor/laboratory technician in charge.

EMERGENCY CONTACT INFORMATION

EMERGENCY SERVICES COLLEGE EMERGENCY NUMBERS

S.N OFFICE CONTACT S.N. OFFICE ROOM NO.

.
NO.

1 Royal 9999 Colleg Main 24473866/ext. 5266

Oman e Campus
Police Clinic ELC 24473754/ ext. 5154
2 Civil Defense 24343666 College 92920203
Control Room Emergency
Hotline
3 Al-Khuwair 24480567 College RHS 5053
Health Center
4 Royal 24599000 Engineering RHS 5242
Hospital
 UNDERTAKING ON THE USE OF ENGINEERING LABORATORY/WORKSHOP

I, , with ID No.: is currently

registered in
(Student Name)

( )
(Course Name) (Course Code)

have read, understood and agreed with all the laboratory and workshop safety rules
implemented by the Engineering Department. I assure that:

 I shall follow all written and oral instructions given to me by the faculty in-charge;
 I shall give my full cooperation to maintain a safe working environment ensuring my
safety, safety of my fellow students and safety of staff members; and
 I shall use the laboratory/workshop equipment and tools in accordance with the
specification.

Further, I am aware that I shall not be allowed to participate in the activity and receive failing
mark if I have violated any of the laboratory and workshop safety rules. Lastly, I am also fully
aware that I shall be held liable for whatever damage I may have caused inside the
laboratory premises.

Semester : Academic Year :

Student Signature : Date :

 DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SECTION
Higher College of Technology, P O BOX 74, AL-KHUWAIR, CODE 133  24473600 fax
24485364

Course Name: Electronics Skills

Practical Course Code:
EETE2200P

Experiment No.1
Color Coding of Fixed Resistor
& Non-Polarized Capacitor

Obtained Mark

Student Name ID #

Section# Class Day/time

I. INTRODUCTION:

1.1 Resistor Color Code

Resistors use colored painted bands to indicate both their resistive value and their tolerance
with the physical size of the resistor indicating its wattage rating. These colored painted bands
produce a system of identification generally known as a Resistors Color Code.
An international and universally accepted resistor color code scheme was developed many
years ago as a simple and quick way of identifying a resistors ohmic value no matter what its
size or condition. It consists of a set of individual colored rings or bands in spectral order
representing each digit of the resistors value.
The resistor color code markings are always read one band at a time starting from the left to
the right, with the larger width tolerance band oriented to the right side indicating its
tolerance. By matching the color of the first band with its associated number in the digit
column of the color chart below the first digit is identified and this represents the first digit of
the resistance value.
1.2 Capacitor Coding

Most manufacturers of electronics components print the capacitance directly on the capacitor
along with other information such as the working voltage and perhaps the tolerance.
However, small capacitors don’t have enough room for all that. Many capacitor
manufacturers use a shorthand notation to indicate capacitance on small caps.

If you have a capacitor that has nothing other than a three-digit number printed on it, the third
digit represents the number of zeros to add to the end of the first two digits. The resulting
number is the capacitance in pF. For example, 101 represents 100 pF: the digits 10 followed
by one additional zero. If there are only two digits listed, the number is simply the
capacitance in pF. Thus, the digits 22 indicate a 22 pF capacitor.

Notice that the tolerances for codes P through Z are a little odd. For codes P and W, the
manufacturer promises that the capacitance will be no less than the stated value but may be as
much as 100% or 200% over the stated value.

II. OBJECTIVES:
 1. To convert the 4 bands color into resistance value.
2. To determine the different sizes of the resistor.
3. To convert the coded value of the non-polarized capacitor into capacitance value.

III MATERIALS / TOOLS & EQUIPMENT FROM TINKER CAD:

.

SN Quantit Description Range / Specification

y
1 10 Carbon Resistor
2 10 Mylar / Ceramic Capacitor

IV. PROCEDURE:
Procedure 1:
1. Firstly, before you read the colors, the gold
and silver color should be always placed at
your right hand.

2. Secondly, read the first color at the left side

of your hand that will be your first digit
number. Check what is the equivalent color
in number shown in Figure 1

3. Thirdly, the second color must be also

translated into second digit number by
looking again in Figure 1.

4. . Fourthly, the first- and second-digit

number must join together to be a whole
number.

5. Fifthly, the third color symbolize as your

multiplier which will be going to multiply
to the whole number.

6. After it multiplied, the result is now a

resistance value and write the unit in ohms.

Figure 1: Resistor Color Code

Record your answer on the given boxes in Table 1 and Table 2. Each correct
answer carried 0.5 mark. [Maximum marks: 8]

Resistance Value
Ist Band 2nd Band 3rd Band Tolerance
and Tolerance
Brown Red Brown Gold
Orange Black Black Gold
Yellow Green Red Silver
Violet White Orange Silver
Gray Blue Yellow Gold
White Orange Green Gold
Red Yellow Blue Silver
Green Violet Silver Silver
Blue Brown Gold Gold

Table 1: Indicate in the above table the resistance value and tolerance

Capacitor picofarad nanofarad microfarad

Coded Value (pF) (nF) (uF)
104
473
272
100
4
105
56

Table 2: Indicate in the above table the capacitor value

V. CONCLUSION for RESISTOR [1 mark]

(Minimum of 3 and maximum of 4 sentences)

Vi. CONCLUSION for CAPACITOR [1 mark]

(Minimum of 3 and maximum of 4 sentences)

Virtual Electronics Skills Practical Grading System

Laboratory Report = 40 Marks

Mid & Final Assessment = 20 Marks

Evaluation of Experiments

Outcome Basis Maximum Points Points Obtained

Given
Circuit construction and
10
components layout
Functionality and operations 10

Experiment results 10

Questions in MS Form 10

TOTAL LAB REPORT 40

 DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SECTION
Higher College of Technology, P O BOX 74, AL-KHUWAIR, CODE 133  24473600 fax
24485364

Course Name: Electronics Skills

Practical Course Code:
EETE2200P

Experiment No. 2
Fixed and Variable Resistors
Controlling LED

Obtained Mark

Student Name ID #

Section# Class Day/time

I. INTRODUCTION:

1. Fixed Resistor
1

A typical fixed resistor is made from the mixture of granulated or powdered carbon or
graphite insulation filler, or a resin binder. The ratio of the insulation material
determines the actual resistance of the resistor. The insulating powder (binder) made in a
shape of rods and there are two metal caps on the both ends of the rod.

There are two conductor wires on the both ends of the resistor for easy connectivity in
the circuit via soldering. A plastic coat covers the rod with different color codes
(printed) which denotes the resistance value. They are available in 1 ohm to 25 megs
ohms and in power rating from ¼ watt to up to 5 Watts.

Figure 1: Fixed Resistor

1. Variable Resistor
2

These resistors consist of a fixed resistor element and a slider which taps onto the main
resistor element. This gives three connections to the component: two connected to the
fixed element, and the third is the slider. In this way the component acts as a variable
potential divider if all three connections are used. It is possible to connect to the slider
and one end to provide a resistor with variable resistance.

Figure 2: Variable resistor

 II. OBJECTIVES:

1. To measure the current flowing through the fixed resistor in a circuit.

2. To measure the current flowing through the variable resistor in a series circuit.

III MATERIALS / TOOLS & EQUIPMENT FROM TINKER CAD:

.

SN Quantit Description Range / Specification

y
1 1 Fixed resistor Carbon type
2 1 Variable resistor Potentiometer
3 1 Light Emitting Diode Red color
4 1 D.C. Power supply 9 Volts
5 -- Connecting wires Assorted colors

IV. PROCEDURE:
Procedure 1:
1. Connect the circuit shown in Fig. 1 using
the different resistor values shown in Table
1.

2. Measure the current value using ammeter

and record the result in Table 1.

3. Record the LED status if it is:

NL - No Light
VD - Very Dim
D- Dim
Figure 1: Fixed Resistor controlling LED B- Bright
FB - Full Bright

1.
Input Resistor Value Calculated Measured LED
Voltage Current Current Status
9V 220 Ω
9V 1 kΩ
9V 50 kΩ
9V 100 kΩ
9V 1 MΩ
9V 10 MΩ

Table 1: Fixed Resistors

Procedure 2:
1. Connect the circuit in Figure 2 using variable
resistor.

2. Measure the current value using ammeter

when the knob position is on the left most
part and record the value in Table 2.

3. Measure the current value using ammeter

when the knob position is on the middle part
and record the value in Table 2

4. Record the LED status if it is: Figure 2: Variable Resistor controlling LED
NL - No Light
D- Dim
FB - Full Bright

Input Knob Position Calculated Measured LED

Voltage Current Current Status
9V Leftmost
9V Middle
9V Rightmost
Table 2: Variable Resistor

V. CONCLUSION: (for Fixed Resistor)

(Minimum of 3 and maximum of 4 sentences)

VI. CONCLUSION: (for Variable Resistor)

 (Minimum of 3 and maximum of 4 sentences)

Virtual Electronics Skills Practical Grading System

Laboratory Report = 40 Marks

Mid & Final Assessment = 20 Marks

Evaluation of Experiments

Outcome Basis Maximum Points Points Obtained

Given
Circuit construction and
10
components layout
Functionality and operations 10

Experiment results 10

Questions in MS Form 10

TOTAL LAB REPORT 40

 DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SECTION
Higher College of Technology, P O BOX 74, AL-KHUWAIR, CODE 133  24473600 fax
24485364

Course Name: Electronics Skills

Practical Course Code:
EETE2200P

Experiment No. 3
Capacitor Charging and Discharging
with Transistor

Obtained Mark

Student Name ID #

Section# Class Day/time

I. INTRODUCTION:

A Capacitor is a passive device that stores energy in its Electric Field and returns energy to
the circuit whenever required. A Capacitor consists of two Conducting Plates separated by an
Insulating Material or Dielectric. Figure 1 and Figure 2 are the basic structure and the
schematic symbol of the Capacitor respectively.

Figure 1: Basic structure of Capacitor Figure 2: Schematic symbol of capacitor

When a Capacitor is connected to a circuit with Direct Current (DC) source, two processes,
which are called "charging" and "discharging" the Capacitor, will happen in specific
conditions.

In Figure 3, the Capacitor is connected to the DC Power Supply and Current flows through
the circuit. Both Plates get the equal and opposite charges and an increasing Potential
Difference, vc, is created while the Capacitor is charging. Once the Voltage at the terminals of
the Capacitor, vc, is equal to the Power Supply Voltage, vc = V, the Capacitor is fully charged
and the Current stops flowing through the circuit, the Charging Phase is over.

Figure 1: The Capacitor is Charging Figure 4: The Capacitor is Discharging

A Capacitor is equivalent to an Open-Circuit to Direct Current, R = ∞, because once the

Charging Phase has finished, no more Current flows through it. The Voltage vc on a Capacitor
cannot change abruptly.
 When the Capacitor disconnected from the Power Supply, the Capacitor is discharging
through the Resistor RD and the Voltage between the Plates drops down gradually to zero,
vc = 0, Figure 4.

http://www.cmm.gov.mo/eng/main.html

II. OBJECTIVES:

1. To measure the discharging time of different capacitance values of capacitor.

2. To measure the discharging current flow to the LED.

III MATERIALS / TOOLS & EQUIPMENT FROM TINKER CAD:

.

SN Quantit Description Range / Specification

y
1 1 Multimeter Digital
2 1 Transistor BC547
3 1 Capacitor 1 µF, 220 µF &1000 µF
4 3 Resistor 1 kΩ and 33 kΩ
5 1 Switch Push Button
6 1 LED Red
7 1 Power Supply 12V D.C.

IV PROCEDURE:
.

1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 1 using

different capacitor values as shown in Table 1.

2. Measure the current value using ammeter and

the discharging time of the capacitor. Record
the result in Table 1.
Figure 1 Charging and Discharging Capacitor

Input Capacitor Discharging Measured

Voltage Value Time Current
12V 1µF

12V 220µF

12V 1000µF

Table 1: Discharging Time vs Current

V. CONCLUSION:

(Minimum of 3 and maximum of 4 sentences)

 Virtual Electronics Skills Practical Grading System

Laboratory Report = 40 Marks

Mid & Final Assessment = 20 Marks

Evaluation of Experiments

Outcome Basis Maximum Points Points Obtained

Given
Circuit construction and
10
components layout
Functionality and operations 10

Experiment results 10

Questions in MS Form 10

TOTAL LAB REPORT 40

 DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SECTION
Higher College of Technology, P O BOX 74, AL-KHUWAIR, CODE 133  24473600 fax
24485364

Course Name: Electronics Skills

Practical Course Code:
EETE2200P

Experiment No. 4
Diode as a Switch in D.C.
Diode as a Rectifier in A.C.
 Obtained Mark

Student Name ID #

Section# Class Day/time

I. INTRODUCTION:

1.1 Diode as a Switch in DC

Diode is a two terminal p-n junction that can be used in various applications. One of
such applications is an electrical switch. The diode when forward biased acts a closed
circuit and when reverse biased acts as open circuit. Hence the change of forward and
reverse biased states makes the diode work as a switch, the forward being ON and the
reverse being OFF state.

1.2 Diode as a Rectifier in AC

One of the main application of p-n junction diode is in rectification circuits. These
circuits are used to describe the conversion of AC signals to DC in power supplies.
Diode rectifier gives an alternating voltage which pulsates in accordance with time. In a
half-wave rectifier, one half of each AC input cycle id rectified. When the pn-junction is
forward biased, it gives little resistance and when reverse biased it provides high
resistance. During one-half cycles, the diode is forward biased when the input voltage is
applied and in the opposite half cycle, it is reverse biased. During alternate half-cycle,
the optimum result can be obtained.

II. OBJECTIVES:

1. To measure the diode current in series circuit in forward or reverse biased condition.
2. To convert the AC source to Pulsating DC using a half-wave rectifier circuit.

III MATERIALS / TOOLS & EQUIPMENT FROM TINKER CAD:

.

SN Quantit Description Range / Specification

y
1 1 Multimeter Digital
2 1 Diode IN4001
3 3 Resistor 1 kΩ and 33 kΩ
4 1 Function Generator --
5 LED Red color
IV PROCEDURE (1):
.

1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 1 in

TinkerCad and record the result in Table 1.

Power Voltage Curren Table 1:

LED
Suppl Diode across t of Diode
Status
y Diode Diode

Forward-
9Vin Figure 2
2. Connect the circuit shown Biased
TinkerCad and record the result in Table 1.

Reverse-
9V
Biased

condition in DC

PROCEDURE (2):

1 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 3

TinkerCad and record the result in Table 3.
Voltage
Power LED
Diode across
Supply Status
Diode

Forward
9V
Biased

Reversed
9V
Figure 3: AC source in series with diode Biased

2. Graph the input and output voltage of the

Waveforms. Table 3: Diode condition in AC
V. Graphical Analysis

Volt AC Input: Time / Div.

Volt DC Output: Time / Div.

Graph of AC Input Graph of DC Pulsating Output

VI. CONCLUSION: (Write your conclusion when diode work as a switch and diode work
as a rectifier)
 (Minimum of 3 and maximum of 4 sentences)

Virtual Electronics Skills Practical Grading System

Laboratory Report = 40 Marks

Mid & Final Assessment = 20 Marks

Evaluation of Experiments

Outcome Basis Maximum Points Points Obtained

Given
Circuit construction and
10
components layout
Functionality and operations 10

Experiment results 10

Questions in MS Form 10

TOTAL LAB REPORT 40

 DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SECTION
Higher College of Technology, P O BOX 74, AL-KHUWAIR, CODE 133  24473600 fax
24485364

Course Name: Electronics Skills

Practical Course Code:
EETE2200P

Experiment No. 5
Transistor as a Switch
with Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Obtained Mark

Student Name ID #

Section# Class Day/time

I. INTRODUCTION:

1.1 Transistor as a Switch

A transistor is used for switching operation for opening or closing of a circuit. This type
of switching component offers important reliability and lower cost. Both NPN and PNP
transistors can be used as switches. In the experiment, an NPN transistor is used as a
switch. Based on the voltage applied at the base terminal of a transistor switching
operation is performed. When a sufficient voltage (Vm > 0.7 V) is applied between the
base and emitter, collector to emitter voltage is approximately equal to zero. Therefore,
the transistor acts as a short circuit. The collector current (V cc/Rc) flows through the
transistor. Similarly, when no voltage or zero voltage is applied at the input, transistor
operates in cutoff region and acts an open circuit. In this type of switching connection,
(load in the experiment is LED) is connected to the switching output with a reference
point. Thus, when the transistor is switch ON, current will flow from source to ground
through the load.

1.2 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

An LDR or light dependent resistor is also known as photo resistor, photo cell, photo
conductor. It is one type of resistor whose resistance changes depending on the amount
of light falling on its surface. When the light falls on the resistor, then the resistance
changes. These resistors are often used in many circuits where it is required to sense the
presence of light. These resistors have a variety of functions and resistance. For
instance, when the LDR is in darkness, then it can be used to turn ON a light or turn
OFF a light when it is in the light (brightness).

II. OBJECTIVES:

1. To design and analyze the operation of a transistor as a switch.

2. To analyze the characteristics of the LDR during brightness and darkness.
3. To investigate how the amount of light falling on a LDR affects the current flowing
through it.

III MATERIALS / TOOLS & EQUIPMENT FROM TINKER CAD:

.

SN Quantit Description Range / Specification

y
1 1 Transistor NPN
2 1 LDR --
3 1 LED Red color
4 1 DC power supply 9V
5 1 Multimeter Digital
6 2 Resistors 1 kΩ and 470 Ω
7 1 Variable resistor 1 MΩ
8 Connecting wires Assorted
 9 1 Breadboard

IV. PROCEDURE (1)

1 Using TinkerCad, construct the circuit in Figure 1unto the breadboard.

.
2 Rotate the potentiometer as indicated in Table 1 and record the results.
3 Rotate the potentiometer as indicated in Table 2 and record the results
.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 1: Light activated switch Figure 2: Dark activated switch

Transisto Transisto
Potentiometer LDR
r
LED IB Potentiometer LDR
r
LED IB
Rotate to the Bar to the Rotate to the Bar to the
left right left right
Rotate to the Bar to the Rotate to the Bar to the
right left right left
Rotate to the Bar to the Rotate to the Bar to the
right right right right
Rotate to the Bar to the Rotate to the Bar to the
left left left left

Table 1 Table 2

Test 2
Test 1

Variation of LDR Resistance with Variation in Light Intensity

IV. PROCEDURE (2):

Test 1
1 Measure the resistance of the LDR during Day Light. Record the measured
. maximum resistance in Table 3.
Test 2
2 Measure the resistance of the LDR during Night Light by sliding the light intensity
. control in the TinkerCad. Record the minimum resistance in Table 3.

Input Source Resistance of LDR

Day light
Night dark

Table 2
V. CONCLUSION:

(Minimum of 3 and maximum of 4 sentences)

Virtual Electronics Skills Practical Grading System

Laboratory Report = 40 Marks

Mid & Final Assessment = 20 Marks

Evaluation of Experiments

Outcome Basis Maximum Points Points Obtained

Given
Circuit construction and
10
components layout
Functionality and operations 10

Experiment results 10

Questions in MS Form 10

TOTAL LAB REPORT 40

 DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SECTION
Higher College of Technology, P O BOX 74, AL-KHUWAIR, CODE 133  24473600 fax
24485364

Course Name: Electronics Skills

Practical Course Code:
EETE2200P

Experiment No. 6
Relay Switch Circuit
With Transistor

Obtained Mark

Student Name ID #

Section# Class Day/time

I. INTRODUCTION:

1.1 Relay Switch Circuit

Relays are electromechanical devices that use an electromagnet to operate a pair of

movable contacts from an open position to a closed position. The advantage of relay is
that it takes a relatively small amount of power to operate the relay coil. In the
experiment the relay will be used to control an AC bulb which draw more electrical
power.

1.2 Relay with a Transistor

In the experiment the relay is connected to an NPN transistor which act as the main
switching device which can provide a fast DC switching (ON-OFF) control of the relay.

II. OBJECTIVES:

1. To design and analyze the operation of a relay as an electromagnetic switch.

2. To investigate the functionality of the relay connected to an AC load.

III MATERIALS / TOOLS & EQUIPMENT FROM TINKER CAD:

.

SN Quantit Description Range / Specification

y
1 1 Relay 9 V, SPDT
2 1 Transistor NPN
3 1 Bulb AC
4 1 LDR
5 1 DC power supply 9V
6 1 Multimeter Digital
7 2 Resistors 1 kΩ and 470 Ω
8 1 Variable resistor 1 MΩ
9 assorted Connecting wires Various colors
10 1 Breadboard --
IV. PROCEDURE:

1 Using TinkerCad, construct the circuit in Figure 1unto the breadboard.

.
2 Rotate the variable resistor and vary the intensity of the LDR as indicated in Table 1.
3 Enter the all the results done in procedure no. 2 in Table 1.
.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 1: Relay switch circuit

Variable Transisto Relay Bulb

Resistor LDR r Voltage IB (Dim
ON/OFF /Bright)
Rotate to the Bar to
left the right
Rotate to the Bar to
right the left
Rotate to the Bar to
right the right
 Rotate to the Bar to
left the left

Table 1: Measurement and Results

V. CONCLUSION:

(Minimum of 3 and maximum of 4 sentences)

Virtual Electronics Skills Practical Grading System

Laboratory Report = 40 Marks

Mid & Final Assessment = 20 Marks

Evaluation of Experiments

Outcome Basis Maximum Points Points Obtained

Given
Circuit construction and
10
components layout
Functionality and operations 10

Experiment results 10

Questions in MS Form 10

TOTAL LAB REPORT 40

 DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SECTION
Higher College of Technology, P O BOX 74, AL-KHUWAIR, CODE 133  24473600 fax
24485364

Course Name: Electronics Skills

Practical Course Code:
EETE2200P

Experiment No. 7
Design & Testing of 741 Audio
Operational Amplifier & Usage of
Signal Generator & CRO

Obtained Mark
Student Name ID #

Section# Class Day/time

 I. INTRODUCTION:

The operational amplifier is the most versatile Integrated Circuit available. The most common
Op-Amp is the 741 and it is used in many circuits. The main purpose is to amplify (increase)
a weak signal. The Op-Amp has two inputs, INVERTING (-) and NON-INVERTING (+),
and one output at pin 6. This IC can be used in a circuit in two ways. If the voltage goes into
pin 2, then it is known as an Inverting Amplifier (it reverses the polarity of the input signal).
If the voltage goes into pin 3 then the circuit becomes a Non-Inverting Amplifier, and this is
the amplifier to build in this experiment.

1. Audio Signal Generator

2

The signal generator is one kind of test equipment used to generate a waveform or
electrical signal. They generate different kinds of waveforms based on the application.
Signal generators signal are available in different forms where each type is used to
generate different types of signals in different shapes like audio signal, RF signal, pulse
signal, analog signal, and digital signal.

1. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

3

An Oscilloscope allows you to view how the voltage changes overtime. These voltages
are called signals which are used to convey information such as an audio signal. Such
things that the display screen on an oscilloscope shows is the measured signal of the
voltage using a graph. The voltage is represented on the vertical axis and time on the
horizontal axis. The display will allow you to determine if the behavior of your circuits
is working correctly. It will also allow you to locate any problems within your circuit
like unwanted signals called noise. There are two types of oscilloscope; analog and
digital. In this virtual experiment you will use an analog oscilloscope.

Before you can use the oscilloscope to make measurements, you should calibrate with a
known amount of controlled values of the oscilloscope. This ensures your measurements
are accurate to acceptable standard.

II. OBJECTIVES:

1. To construct a non-inverting audio amplifier using IC 741 operational amplifier.

2. To familiarize and understand the function and operation of signal generator, and

3. To familiarize and understand the function, use, and proper calibration of Cathode Ray
Oscilloscope.

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 III MATERIALS / TOOLS & EQUIPMENT FROM TINKER CAD:
.

SN Quantit Description Range / Specification

y
1 1 IC 741 Operational Amplifier
2 1 10 nF capacitor Ceramic capacitor
3 1 100 nF capacitor Ceramic capacitor
4 1 2.2 kΩ resistor Carbon type, Fixed
5 1 10 kΩ resistor Carbon type, Fixed
6 1 220 kΩ resistor Carbon type, Fixed
7 1 Signal generator From Tinkercad
8 1 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope From Tinkercad

IV PROCEDURE:
.

1. Construct the Audio 741 Op Amp Circuit. The diagram is shown in Figure 2.

2. First, you have to calibrate the oscilloscope.

3. Set the signal generator voltage to 1 volt and a frequency of 100 Hz through oscilloscope.

4. Removed the probe, then connect to the input circuit of 741 Op-Amp.

5. The second probe connect to the output of the 741 amplifier.

6. Measure the amplified signal output on the oscilloscope display screen in volts.

7. Draw the small signal input and the amplified output through the oscilloscope in Figure 2.

8. Lastly, calculate the gain using the formula: AV =V o /V i

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 Figure 1: Pin Diagram of 741 OPAMP IC

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 2: Audio 741 Op Amp Circuit diagram

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 Figure 3: Calibration of Oscilloscope

Figure 4: Setting the signal generator voltage to 1 volt

and a frequency of 100 Hz

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 Figure 5: Removing the probe and connecting to
the input circuit of 741 Op-Amp

Figure 6: Connection of the second probe to the output

of the 741 Op-Amp with the amplified output signal is shown

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 INPUT SIGNAL FROM SIGNAL GENERATOR

Figure 7: Input signal display

Volt/Div: _______ Input Voltage: _______ Time/Div: _______

OUTPUT AMPLIFIED SIGNAL FROM 741 OP AMP

Figure 8: Amplified output signal display

Volt/Div: _______ Output Voltage: _______ Time/Div: _______

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Calculate the gain using the formula: AV =V o /V i

POWER SUPPLIES INPUT SIGNAL OUTPUT SIGNAL GAIN

9V AND -9V 1.8Vpp 1. 2.
6V AND -6V 3Vpp 3. 4.
3V AND -3V 1Vpp 5. 6.

V. CONCLUSION:

(Minimum of 3 and maximum of 4 sentences)

Virtual Electronics Skills Practical Grading System

Laboratory Report = 40 Marks

Mid & Final Assessment = 20 Marks

Evaluation of Experiments

Outcome Basis Maximum Points Points Obtained

Given
Circuit construction and
10
components layout
Functionality and operations 10

Experiment results 10

Questions in MS Form 10

TOTAL LAB REPORT 40

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