geus dhVk.

kqvksa ds ckjs esa dSls tkuk\

vkbftd ,sflekso

fganh vuqokn% vjfoUn xqIrk

HOW DID WE FIND OUT ABOUT GERMS?
By: Isaac Asimov
Hindi Translation : Arvind Gupta

2
 geus dhVk.kqvksa ds ckjs esa dSls tkuk\
vkbftd ,sflekso
fganh vuqokn% vjfoUn xqIrk

iqjkuh ySfVu Hkk"kk esa fdlh NksVh pht ls cM+h pht (;k tho) ds
fodflr gksus dh izfØ;k dks ^tjeu* dgk tkrk FkkA vaxzsth esa bls laf{kIr eas
^teZ* ds uke ls tkuk x;kA
ij bl NksVs ls ^teZ* ;k uUgsa ls tho dk vkdkj D;k gksxk\
'kq: esa yksxksa dks thou ds ckjs esa cl bruk irk Fkk fd dqN NksVs
chtksa ls cM+s isM+ iSnk gksrs gSaA dbZ ckj bu chtksa dks ns[k ikuk Hkh eqf'dy
gksrk FkkA D;k thou dk ,slk NksVk vo;o Hkh gks ldrk gS ftls ns[k ikuk Hkh
eqf'dy gks\ blds ckjs esa dSls irk djsa\
gka] phtksa dks dqN cM+k djds t:j ns[kk tk ldrk FkkA iqjkus
tekus esa yksx bruk tkurs Fks fd eqM+s dkap esa ls phtsa ns[kus ij oks cM+h
fn[krh FkhaA
1650 ds ckn ls gh oSKkfudksa us eqM+s dkap ds VqdM+ksa ls NksVh phtksa
dks cM+k djds ns[kuk vkSj mudk vè;;u 'kq: fd;kA dkap ds bu VqdM+ksa dks
^ysUl* dgk tkrk FkkA ^ysUl* njvly ySfVu ds 'kCn ^ysfUVy* ls vkrk gS &
vkSj mldk eryc gksrk gS ^nky* ds nkusA dkap ds NksVs ysUl vly esa nky
ds nkuksa tSls gh fn[krs gSaA
ysUl esa ls ns[kus ij NksVs&NksVs tho cM+s fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA vc muds
'kjhj ds oks fgLls Hkh lkiQrkSj ij fn[kkbZ nsrs ftUgsa ysUlksa ds fcuk ns[k ikuk
vlEHko FkkA
blds fy, vDlj ,d ls vf/d ysUl mi;ksx fd, tkrs FksA mUgsa
,d /krq dh uyh ds foijhr Nksjksa ij fiQV fd;k tkrk Fkk ftlls fd ns[krs
le; oks viuh fLFkfr ls fgysa ughaA bl izdkj dh uyh dks ekbØksLdksi
cqyk;k tkrk FkkA ;wukuh esa ekbØksLdksi dk eryc gksrk gS ^NksVh phtksa dks
ns[k ikuk*A 'kq: eas NksVs&NksVs thoksa dks ns[kk x;k & [kkldj fiLlqvksa dksA
blh otg ls 'kqjQvkrh ekbØksLdksi ^fiLlw dakp* ds uke ls tkus x,A
3
 'kqjQvkrh ekbØksLdksi dkiQh [kjkc FksA ysUlksa dk dakp vPNk ugha
FkkA dakp esa gok ds NksVs&NksVs cqycqys gksrs vkSj mudh lrg Hkh fpduh ugha
gksrhA bu ysUlksa esa ls ns[kh xbZ gj pht
/qa/yh utj vkrh FkhA vkSj vxj T;knk 'kfDr'kkyh ysUlksa ls phtksa dks cM+k
djds ns[kk tkrk rks gj pht bruh /qa/yh gks tkrh fd oks fn[kkbZ gh ugha
nsrhA
usnjySUM esa varksu iQkWu ysfougqd ysUlksa dh csgrjh ds dke esa yxs
FksA oks dksbZ oSKkfud ugha FksA cgqr de i<+s&fy[ks FksA mudh NksVh lh ijpwu
dh nqdku Fkh vkSj oks vius NksVs 'kgj esa Vkmu&gkWy ds lnL; FksA
mudk cl ,d 'kkSd Fkk vkSj oks Fkk ysUl cukus dkA mUgksaus lko/
kuh ls fcuk cqycqys okys dakp ds NksVs VqdM+s pqusA fiQj mUgsa izse ls f?klk
ftlls mudh lrg fpduh gqbZ vkSj cjkcjh ls eqM+hA oSls muds ysUl NksVs Fks
ij bu vPNs ysUlksa ls oks phtksa dks nkS&lkS xquk cM+k djds ,dne Li"V ns[k
ik,A
dqy feykdj ysfougqd us 419 ekbØksLdksi vkSj ysUl cuk,A oks
mUgsa cgqr lko/kuh ls cukrs Fks blfy, gjsd ysUl dks f?klus esa dkiQh le;
yxrk FkkA oks lkjh ftUnxh bl rjg esgur djrs jgs vkSj 90 cjl dh yEch
mez rd ft,A
ysfougqd us [kqn cuk, mEnk ysUlksa dh enn ls dhM+ksa] peM+h] [kwu]
cky vkSj blds vykok Hkh mUgsa tks Hkh NksVh pht fn[kh mldk eqvk;uk
fd;kA 1677 esa mUgksaus rkykc ds ikuh dh ,d cwan dk Hkh vius ekbØksLdksi
ls fujh{k.k fd;kA mUgsa ikuh dh bl cwan esa NksVh&NksVh phtsa rSjrh utj vkb±±A
njvly oks rSjrh phtsa cgqr NksVh Fkha & ,d bap ds ipklosa fgLls
ls Hkh NksVhA fiQj Hkh oks rSj jgh Fkha vkSj phtksa dks [kk jgh FkhaA oks ftUnk Fkha
vkSj mUgsa ekbØksLdksi ds fcuk ns[k ikuk lEHko ugha FkkA bruh NksVh&NksVh
thfor phtsa Hkh gks ldrh gSa & ysfougqd ls igys fdlh us bl ckr dh
dYiuk rd ugha dh FkhA
,sls NksVs thoksa dkss ftUgsa ekbØksLdksi ds fcuk ns[k ikuk vlEHko gS
dks ge ^ekbØksvkjxSfuTe* ;k ^lw{ethoh* dgrs gSaA ysfougqd] lw{ethoh
ns[kus okys igys balku FksA lw{ethoh njvly ^flafxy lsy* ;kfu
,d&dksf'kdk ds cus gksrs gSa & ftlesa thfor inkFkZ ds pkjksa vksj ,d f>Yyh
gksrh gSA euq"; dk 'kjhj ,slh djksM+ks&vjcksa dksf'kdkvksa (lsYl) ls curk gSA
ysfougqd us ftu lw{ethfo;ksa dks ns[kk mudk cjrko dkiQh dqN
tkuojksa tSlk FkkA blfy, mUgsa NksVs tkuoj ;k tho ekuk x;kA var esa mUgsa
4
^izksVkstksvk* & ;kuh ^lcls iqjkus tkuojksa* dk uke fn;k x;kA vdsys izksVkstksvk
dks ^izksVkstwu* cqyk;k tkrk gSA ysfougqd dks iDds rkSj ij ekywe Fkk fd tks
lw{e izksVkstksvk mlus ns[ks oks njvly lcls NksVs ugha Fks vkSj izÑfr esa muls
Hkh dgha NksVs tho vo'; gksaxsA

ysfougqd }kjk cuk, euq"; ds eqag esa ls fudys cSDVhfj;k ds fp=k

euq"; ds eqag ls fudys cSDVhfj;k ds fp=k

,d ysUl dk ekbØksLdksi

ysfougqd dks vius cuk, gj csgrj ysUl ;k ekbØksLdksi ls vkSj

5
NksVs lw{ethoh fn[kkbZ fn,A 1683 esa mls vius ekbØksLdksi esa dqN ,sls tho
fn[ks tks mls yxk fd ftUnk FksA cgqr NksVs gksus ds dkj.k oks cl fcfUn;ksa vkSj
NfM+;ksa tSls fn[k jgs FksA ysfougqd mUgsa vf/d Li"Vrk ls ns[kus yk;d ,d
csgrj ekbØksLdksi cukus ds iz;kl esa vliQy jgkA

fofHkUu izdkj ds izksVkstksvk

oksjfVflyk

vehck

iSjkehf'k;e

varr% ysfougqd }kjk ns[ks x, bu vfrlw{e thoksa dks ^cSDVhfj;k*

6
dk uke fn;k x;kA ;wukuh esa cSDVhfj;k 'kCn dk eryc gksrk gS ^NksVh NM+*A
muesa ls ,d dks ^cSDVhfj;e* cqyk;k tkrk gSA bUgha cSDVhfj;k dks vkt
lkekU;r% ^tElZ* ;k ^dhVk.kqvksa* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSSA
ysfougqd] dhVk.kqvksa dks ns[kus okys igys balku FksA lkS cjl ckn
rd Hkh dksbZ O;fDr lw{ethfo;ksa dks muls csgrj ugha ns[k ik;kA
1780 esa MSfu'k tho'kkL=kh vkSVks ÚsMfjd eqyj bu dhVk.kqvksa dks
dqN vf/d Li"Vrk ls ns[k ik,A 1784 esa mudk nsgkUr gks x;kA ij viuh
e`R;q ls igys mUgksaus ,d fdrkc fy[kh tks 1786 esa NihA eqyj igys
oSKkfud Fks ftUgksaus cSDVhfj;k (thok.kqvksa) dks vkÑfr;ksa ds vk/kj ij mUgsa
vyx&vyx xqVksa esa cakVkA
mUgsa dqN thok.kq NM+ksa tSls lh/s vkSj dqN ?kqekonkj isap tSls fn[ksA
blls vf/d Li"Vrk ls eqyj Hkh mUgsa ugha ns[k ik,A
,d leL;k yxkrkj cuh jghA Li"V dakp ds mi;ksx vkSj ysUlksa ds
vkdkj dks cgqr esgur ls Bhd&Bkd cukus ds ckotwn Hkh ekbØksLdksi ls
phtsa /qa/yh vkSj vLi"V gh fn[krh FkhaA bl vLi"Vrk ds jgrs cSDVhfj;k
(thok.kqvksa) dks lkiQrkSj ij ns[k ikuk eqf'dy gksrk FkkA
ysUlksa ls izdk'k dh fdj.ksa eqM+rh gSa vkSj mlds dkj.k gh phtsa cM+h
fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA ij ysUlksa ls lHkh jax ,d ek=kk esa ugha eqM+rs gSaA liQsn izdk'k
dbZ jaxksa ls feydj curk gSA blfy, fdlh lw{e oLrq ds fujh{k.k ds le;
tc ekbØksLdksi fdlh ,d jax dks Li"Vrk ls eksM+rk gS rks ckdh jax /qa/ys
fn[krs gSaA blfy, ekbØksLdksi esa ns[ks x, thok.kqvksa ds pkjksa vksj ,d jaxhu
/qa/ gksrh FkhA bl leL;k dk dksbZ gy ugha utj vk jgk FkkA
1830 esa ,d fczfV'k ysUl feL=kh tkstsiQ tSdlu fyLVj us nks
vyx&vyx izdkj ds dakp dks feykdj la;qDr ysUl cuk,A nksuksa dakp jaxksa
dks vyx&vyx <ax ls eksM+rs ftlls ,d&nwljs dk vlj jn~n gks tkrkA bu
la;qDr ysUl ls gjsd NksVh oLrq dk vko/Zu ds ckotwn gjsd jax Li"V
fn[krkA bu la;qDr ysUlksa dh otg ls oSKkfud igyh ckj thok.kqvksa dks
Li"Vrk ls ns[k ik,A
bu la;qaDr ysUlksa ls cus ekbØksLdksIl }kjk teZu tho'kkL=kh
iQjMhuSUM twfy;l dksgu us igyh ckj lw{ethoksa dk vè;;u fd;kA mUgksaus
izksVkstksvk ds lkFk&lkFk ikS/ksa tSls ,d&dks'kdh; thoksa dk Hkh vè;;u fd;kA
;g tho izksVkstksvk tSls b/j&m/j fgyrs&Mqyrs ugha FksA mudk gjk vkSj muds
pkjksa vksj ,d eksVh nhokj FkhA vkt ge bu lw{ethfo;ksa dks dkbZ ;k 'kSoky

7
(,Yth) ds uke ls tkurs gSaA leqnzh lsokj (lhohM) esa T;knkrj dkbZ dh
dksf'kdk,a gksrh gSA

cSDVhfj;k

{k;&jksx

fMiFkhfj;k

gStk

8
 dksgu us mlds ckn cSDVhfj;k (thok.kqvksa) dk vè;;u fd;kA ;g
thok.kw izksVkstkvk ;k 'kSoky ls dgha T;knk lw{e gksrs gSaA vkSlru cSDVhfj;k dk
eki ,d bap dk 5000oka Hkkx gksrk gSA ij vius u;s ekbØksLdksi (lw{en'khZ)
ls dksgu mUgsa Li"Vrk ls ns[kus esa dksbZ fnDdr ugha gqbZA
1860 ds n'kd esa dksgu cSDVhfj;k (thok.kqvksa) ds vkdkj]
jgu&lgu] Hkkstu] pyus&fiQjus vkSj iztuu & oks dSls nks esa foHkkftr gksrs gSa
lEca/h vè;;u djrs jgsA mlus mUgsa vyx&vyx lewgksa vkSj milewgksa esa
ckaVk vkSj gjsd lewg ds uke fn,A
1872 esa mlus bu NksVs cSDVhfj;k (thok.kqvksa) ds ckjs esa rhu [kaMksa
esa ,d eksVh iqLrd izdkf'kr dhA dksgu igyk O;fDr Fkk ftlus bu
lw{ethoksa dk mlh lEiw.kZrk ls vè;;u fd;k tSls tho'kkL=kh cM+s tkuojksa ij
'kks/ djrs gSaA mlus foKku dh ,d ubZ 'kk[kk ^cSDVhfj;kyksth* ;kuh cSDVhfj;k
ds vè;;u dh LFkkiuk dhA ysfougqd ds igyh ckj cSDVhfj;k ns[kus ds nks lkS
o"kZ ckn dksgu us foKku dh ;g ubZ 'kk[kk LFkkfir dhA
dksgu dh iqLrd Nius ds le; cSDVhfj;k vc lw{; vn`'; tho
ugha jg x, FksA gjsd dksbZ vc mUgsa ekbØksLdksi ls ns[k ldrk FkkA cgqr
lw{e vkSj vka[kksa ls vn`'; gksus ds ckotwn cSDVhfj;k dh [kkst balkuksa ds fy,
cgqr egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gqbZA
njvly cSDVhfj;k dh [kkst cgqr egRoiw.kZ fudyh vkSj vc
oSKkfud mudh mRifRr ds ckjs esa 'kks/dk;Z djus yxsA

9
 2 thok.kq dgka ls vkrs gSa\

yksx thok.kq dh mRifRr ds ckjs esa cgqr le; ls vVdysa yxk jgs
FksA thok.kq dgka ls vkrs gSa\ cM+s isM+&ikS/ksa vkSj tkuojksa ds ckjs esa ,slh dksbZ
leL;k ugha FkhA gjsd dks irk Fkk fd tkuoj ;k rks f'k'kqvks dks tUe nsrs gSa
;k fiQj oss vaMs lsrs gSaA isM+ vius chtksa ls tUe ysrs gSa ;g lHkh dks ekywe
FkkA gjsd ikS/k vkSj tkuoj vius tSls gh vU; ikS/ksa vkSj tkuojksa ls iSnk
gksrk FkkA nsonkj ds isM+ nsonkj ds isM+ksa ls] dqRrs nwljs dqRrksa ls] vkSj euq";
vU; euq";ksa ls iSnk gksrs gSaA
dhM+s&edkSM+ksa dh ckr dqN vyx FkhA oks u tkus dgka ls vkrs FksA
dqN yksxksa ds vuqlkj ;g ljy tho] e`r inkFkZ ls iSnk gksrs FksA bldks
^Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu* dk fl¼kar dgk tkrk FkkA
tkuojksa dk lM+rk eakl ^Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu* dk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k
gSA u tkus dgka ls lM+rs eakl ij Hkquxs vk Vidrs FksA dqN yksxksa ds vuqlkj
lM+rs eakl ij ;g Hkquxs ^Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu* dh otg ls iSnk gksrs FksA
1668 esa ,d bVkyoh oSKkfud ÚSfUlldks jSMh us bldh iqf"V ds
fy, ,d iz;ksx djus dh BkuhA lM+rs eakl ds vklikl ges'kk Hkquxs HkquHkqukrs
FksA 'kk;n Hkquxksa dk blls dqN ysuk&nsuk gksA
jSMh us nks [kqys eqag okys crZuksa esa rkts eakl dks lM+us ds fy, j[kkA
,d crZu ds eqag ij mlus eghu diM+k dldj cka/kA nwljs crZu esa Hkquxs
vklkuh ls eakl ij cSB ldrs FksA Hkqxus nwljs crZu esa j[ks eakl ij diM+s ds
dkj.k ugha tk ldrs FksA
eakl ds nksuksa uewus ,d tSls gh rjhds ls lM+sA ij Hkquxs dsoy [kqys
uewus esa gh iSnk gq, ftlesa Hkquxs eakl ij cSB ik,A tks ekal diM+s ls lqjf{kr
Fkk mlds lM+us ds ckotwn mlesa ,d Hkh Hkqxuk iSnk ugha gqvkA
blls jSMh bl fu"d"kZ ij igqapk & Hkquxksa us lM+rs eakl ij NksVs vaMs
fn, vkSj mu vaMks esa ls gh bfYy;ka ckgj fudyhaA mu bfYy;ksa us eakl [kk;k
vkSj muls gh ckn esa Hkquxs fudys fcYdqy mlh rjg tSls bfYy;ksa ls frrfy;ka
ckgj fudyrh gSaA
jSMh ds tekus esa ekbØksLdksi (lw{en'khZ) FksA mudh enn ls eakl
esa Hkquxksa }kjk ls, vaMksa dks ns[kk tk ldkA D;k ;g lEHko Fkk fd lHkh tho
& lHkh dhM+s&edkSM+s vU; dhM+s&edkSM+ksa }kjk ls;s vaMksa esa ls mits gksa\ eryc
10
gjsd tho] e`r inkFkZ ls iSnk u gksdj fdlh&u&fdlh vU; tho ls gh mRiUu
gqvk gksA D;k blds eryc ^Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu* dh vo/kj.k xyr Fkh\
tho'kkfL=k;kas us Hkys gh Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu dh vo/kj.kk dks R;kx
fn;k gks ijUrq jSMh ds iz;ksx ds dqN le; ckn gh ysfougqd us thok.kqvksa dh
[kkst dhA bu thok.kqvksa dh cukoV lcls ljyre dhM+ksa ls Hkh ljy FkhA bu
thok.kqvksa dh mRifRr dSls gqbZ\ ;g thok.kw] dhM+ksa dh vis{kk brus ljy Fks
fd 'kk;n mudk e`r inkFkZ ls iSnk gksuk lEHko gks ldrk Fkk] tcfd dhM+ksa
dk bl izdkj iztuu vlEHko FkkA tho'kkL=kh bl fo"k; ij cgqr le; rd
ppkZ djrs jgsA
var esa 1748 esa ,d fczfV'k tho'kkL=kh tkWu Vcjfoys uhMqe us ,d
iz;ksx fd;kA
mlus eakl dk 'kksjck (lwi) fy;k ftlesa reke lw{ethoh FksA mlus
bu lw{ethfo;ksa dks [kRe djus ds fy, 'kksjcs dks pan feuVksa rd mckykA
fiQj mlus ml mcys 'kksjcs dks ,d crZu esa Mkydj lhycan dj fn;kA
mls irk Fkk fd tc rd crZu can jgsxk rc rd mlesa ls ckgj ls
lw{ethoh ugha ?kql ik;saxsA fMCck [kksyus ij vxj mlesa dqN lw{ethoh
feysaxs rks oks 'kksjcs esa ls gh fudys gksaxsA
uhMe us lhycan crZu dks dqN fnu oSls gh jgus fn;kA tc mlus
mls [kksyk rks oks lw{ethfo;ksa ls yckyc Hkjk FkkA uhMqe dks blls NksVs
thok.kqvksa ds Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu dh vo/kj.k ds lgh gksus dk iDdk ;dhu
gks x;kA
D;k uhMqe ds izz;ksx ls bl ekeys dk ges'kk ds fy, lek/ku
gqvk\ ,d brkyoh tho'kkL=kh yStkjks LiSysutSuh blls vlarq"V FksA D;k uhMqe
us 'kksjcs dks nsj rd vPNh rjg ls mckyk Fkk\ 'kk;n dqN lw{ethoh cgqr
rkdroj gksa vkSj mUgsa ekjuk dfBu gksA 'kk;n uhMqe dks cps gq, thok.kq
fn[kkbZ gh u fn, gksa vkSj dqN fnuksa esa iztuu ds ckn crZu esa mudh rknkn
cgqr c<+ xbZ gksA
1766 esa LiSysutSuh us viuk ijh{k.k 'kq: fd;kA thok.kqvksa dks
ekjus ds fy, mUgsa fdruh nsj rd mckyuk gksxk\ mlus ik;k fd dqN
thok.kqvksa dks ekjuk okdbZ eas eqf'dy FkkA oks bl urhts ij igaqpk fd lHkh
lw{ethfo;ksa dks iwjh rjg [kRe djus ds fy, 'kksjcs dks de&ls&de vk/s ?kaVs
rd mckyuk t:jh gksxkA
mlus fiQj uhMqe ds iz;ksx dks nqckjk nksgjk;kA mlus 'kksjcs dks vk/s

11
?kaVs ls Hkh T;knk le; rd vPNh rjg mckyk vkSj mlds ckn gh mls crZu esa
lhycan fd;kA ,slk djus ls 'kksjck cgqr fnuksa rd vPNk jgk vkSj mlesa igys
tSls lw{ethoh iSnk ugha gq,A nsj rd mckyus ls 'kksjcs esa lkjs lw+{etho ej
x;sA

vaMs

bYyh

eD[kh

O;Ld

LiSysutSuh ds iz;ksx ls Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu dh vo/kj.k xyr yxus

yxhA blls ;g LFkkfir gqvk fd NksVs&NksVs lw{ethoh Hkh thfor inkFkZ ds
vanj cps gq, lw+{ethfo;ksa ls gh iSnk gksrs gSaA
ij blls lHkh yksx larq"V ugha gq,A dbZ tho'kkfL=k;ksa us dgk fd
izÑfr esa rks dHkh bl izdkj phtsa mcyrh ugha gSaA gks ldrk gS fd Loa;%LiQwrZ
iztuu gok esa ekStwn fdlh jklk;u dh otg ls gksrk gks\ 'kk;n mckyus ls
oks jklk;u u"V gks tkrk gks vkSj blh fy, mckyus ds ckn mlesa Loa;%LiQwrZ
iztuu u gksrk gksA gks ldrk gS fd uhMqe ds mckyus ls dqN jklk;u u"V gks
x;k gksA tks cpk gksxk mlh ls Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu gqvk gksxkA LiSysutSuh dss
cgqr nsj rd mckyus ls 'kk;n iwjk jklk;u u"V gks x;k gks\
12
 bu tho'kkfL=k;ksa us nyhy nh fd vxj vPNh rjg mcys 'kksjcs dks
Hkh vxj BaMh] rkth gok esa j[kk tk, rks oks Hkh dqN le; i'pkr thok.kq ls
Hkj tk,xkA oks thok.kq vkf[kj dgka ls vk, gksaxs\ 'kksjcs esa ls ;k fiQj gok esa
ekStwn jklk;u esa ls\
yxHkx lkS lkyksa rd tho oSKkfudksa esa bl elys ij tcjnLr
erHksn jgs vkSj ppkZ,a gqb±A 1858 esa ,d Úsap jlk;u'kkL=kh yqbZ ik'pj us bl
leL;k ij izdk'k MkykA
BaMh] rkth gok esa cSDVhfj;k gksrs gSa ;k ugha ik'pj us lcls igys
;g tkuus dk iz;kl fd;kA mlus jQbZ ds ,d iQkgs dks ikuh esa [kwc mckyk
ftlls fd jQbZ vkSj ikuh nksuksa thok.kqeqDr gks x,A fiQj jQbZ ds iQkgs ij rkth
gok cgkus ds ckn mls thok.kqjfgr ikuh esa MkykA rqjUr ikuh esa thok.kq
fn[kkbZ nsus yxsA ik'pj dks ,slk yxk tSls gok esa ekStwn lw{e thok.kq jQbZ ij
fpid x, gksaA
D;k ik'pj bl ckjs esa fuf'prrk ls dqN dg ldrk Fkk\ gks ldrk
gS os thok.kq Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu }kjk thok.kqjfgr jQbZ ;k gok esa ls iSnk gq, gksa\
blds ijh{k.k ds fy, ik'pj us thok.kqjfgr jQbZ esa ls gok fiQYVj dhA fiQj
mlus bl lkiQ gok dks ,d vkSj thok.kqjfgr jQbZ esa ls fiQYVj dj mls ikuh
esa MkykA
bl ckj ,d Hkh thok.kq ugha feykA lkjs thok.kq igyh jQbZ ls Nu
dj vyx gks x, vkSj nwljh thok.kqeqDr jQbZ vkSj ikuh esa dksbZ thok.kq ugha
feykA
bl izdkj yqbZ ik'pj us fn[kk;k fd thok.kq gok esa gekjs pkjksa vksj
/wy ds d.kksa ds lkFk fpids gksrs gSaA tc mcyk 'kksjck gok ds lEidZ esa
vkrk gS rks oks gok esa /wy ds d.kksa ls fyiVs thok.kqvksa ds lEidZ esa Hkh
vkrk gSA blh otg ls 'kksjcs essa thok.kq fodflr gksrs gSaA
mlds ckn ik'pj us ,d vkSj iz;ksx fd;kA blesa mlus /wy foghu
rkth] BaMh gok dks 'kksjcs ds lEidZ esa ykus dh lksphA vxj bl iz;ksx esa
dksbZ thok.kq fodflr ugha gq, rks bldk eryc gksxk fd gok esa ,slk dksbZ
jklk;u ugha gS tks 'kksjcs esa thok.kq iSnk dj ldsA bldk eryc gksxk fd
thok.kq dsoy vU; thok.kqvksa ls gh mRiUu gksrs gSa vkSj blls Loa;%LiQwrZ
iztuu dh vo/kj.kk xyr lkfcr gksxhA
vius iz;ksx us ik'pj us ;g fd;kA mUgksaus ÝykLd dks vk/k 'kksjcs
ls HkjkA ÝykLd ds mQij ,d yEch iryh uyh yxkbZA ;g uyh gok esa igys

13
mQij tkdj ckn esa uhps dks eqM+rh Fkh vkSj fiQj dqN mQapkbZ rd mQij tkrh
FkhA
ik'pj us 'kksjcs dks mckykA iryh uyh esa ls Hkki fudys yxh vkSj
'kksjck xeZ gksdj [kkSyus yxkA blls 'kksjcs vkSj dakp dh uyh nksuksa esa lHkh
thok.kq u"V gks x,A
fiQj ik'pj ls 'kksjcs dks BaMk gksus fn;kA mlus uyh ds fljs dks gok
esa [kqys jgus fn;kA ckgj dh BaMh] rkth gok uyh esa ls vanj tkdj ÝykLd
esa j[ks 'kksjcs dh lrg ds lEidZ esa vk ldrh FkhA ij /wy ds d.k ÝykLd
esa vanj ugha igqap ldrs FksA /wy ds d.k uyh ds eqM+s Hkkx esa tkdj cSB
tkrs FksA oks uyh ds mQijh <yku ij p<+ ugha ikrs FksA
yqbZ ik'pj vius fo'ks"k ÝykLdksa ds lkFk

14
 ik'pj us vc 'kksjcs dks fcuk fgyk,&Mqyk, ogha jgus fn;kA 'kksjcs
dks bl izdkj dbZ eghus j[kus ds ckotwn mlds dksbZ thok.kq iSnk ugha gq,A
gok vkSj mlesa feys jklk;u 'kksjcs dh lrg dks Nwrs ij /wy ds d.kksa ls
fpids thok.kqvksa ds vHkko esa ogka dksbZ thok.kq iSnk ugha gq,A
fiQj ik'pj us ml ÝykLd dh uyh dks rksM+kA rc 'kksjcs esa /wy ds
d.k fxjs vkSj ,d gh jkr esa ÝykLd thok.kqvksa ls Hkj x;kA
1864 esa ik'pj us vius iz;ksxkssa vkSj muds urhtksa dk ,yku fd;kA
vU; oSKkfudksa us muds iz;ksx dks nksgjk;k vkSj mUgsa Hkh ogh urhts feysA
blls Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu dh vo/kj.kk ges'kk ds fy, xyr lkfcr
gqbZA dksbZ Hkh i{kh mlh izdkj ds i{kh ds vaMs ls iSnk gksrk gS] ,d eD[kh
mlh izdkj dh eD[kh ds vaMs ls mRiUu gksrh gSA blh rjg gj thok.kq mlh
tSls vU; thok.kq ls iSnk gksrk gSA
blls ,d egRoiw.kZ ckr r; gqbZA tc dHkh ik'pj dks fdlh txg
dksbZ ,slk thok.kq feyk ftls ogka ugha gksuk Fkk] rks oks fuf'pr gh dgha vkSj
ls vk;k gksxkA vkSj fuf'pr gh oks thok.kq ml tSls fdlh vU; thok.kq ls gh
iSnk gqvk gksxkA
ik'pj dss bl Kku vkSj vU; 'kks/ksa dks foKku ds bfrgkl esa ,d
vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ [kkst ekuk tkrk gSA mudh [kkstksa dk lh/k vlj euq";ksa ds
jksx fuokj.k ij iM+kA

15
 3 jksx
chekfj;ksa ls gjsd dk okLrk iM+rk gSA fdlh dks ugha irk fd oks dc
vkSj dgka chekj iM+ tk,A yksxksa dh rfc;r dHkh Hkh [kjkc gks ldrh gS & mUgsa
cq[kkj vk ldrk gS ;k fiQj [kqtyh ;k [kljk gks ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh chekjh esa
yksx ne Hkh rksM+ nsrs gSaA
tc ,d O;fDr chekj iM+rk gS rks mlds lkFk&lkFk vU; yksxksa dks Hkh
oks jksx yx ldrk gSA dqN chekfj;ka rsth ls iQSy dj ,d 'kgj] ;k iwjs {ks=k dh
turk dks izHkkfor dj ldrh gSaA dqN chekfj;ksa rks tkuysok gks ldrh gSa vkSj
rckgh epk ldrh gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy, 1300 esa dkyk&Toj (CySd MsFk) uke ds jksx ls ;wjksi]
,f'k;k vkSj vÚhdk esa yk[kksa yksxksa dh e`R;q gqbZA ekuoh; bfrgkl dk ;g lcls
cM+k gknlk ekuk tkrk gS ftlesa ;wjksi dh ,d&frgkbZ vkcknh ekjh xbZA
ml le; fdlh Hkh dks Hkh bl jksx dk dkj.k ugha irk FkkA dqN yksx
ekurs Fks fd chekjh ds nkSjku jk{kl vkSj pqM+Syas yksxksa ds 'kjhj dks ncksp ysrh gSaA
dqN yksx [kjkc] nwf"kr gok dks jksx dk dkj.k ekurs FksA dqN yksx bls vius [kjkc
deksZa dk iQy ekurs FksA
chekjh dk pkgsa dqN Hkh dkj.k jgk gks] fdlh dks muds jksdFkke dk
dksbZ Kku ugha FkkA yksxksa dks ;g rd ugha irk Fkk fd vxyk dkyk&Toj dc
vk,xkA
;g chekjh fdlh O;fDr dks fliQZ ,d ckj vkrh FkhA ;g t:j ,d
vk'kk dk fpUg FkkA vxj fdlh dks pspd ;k [kljk ,d ckj gqvk gks fiQj mls
;g chekjh dHkh nqckjk ugha gksrh FkhA ;kuh ejht esa ml chekjh ls yM+us dh {kerk
iSnk gks tkrh Fkh & oks mlls ^bE;wu* gks tkrk FkkA chekjh ls tw>us ds nkSjku ejht
ds ftLe esa jksx dk izfrjks/ djus dh {kerk fodflr gksrh vkSj fiQj cjlksa rd
mls oks chekjh ugha gksrh FkhA
pspd ,d ,slh Hk;kud chekjh Fkh tks dsoy ,d ckj vkrh FkhA ij
mldk ,d ckj vkuk gh tkuysok lkfcr gksrk FkkA T;knkrj jksxh ej tkrs FksA tks
cprs muds psgjs Nkyksa ds nkxksa ls ges'kk ds fy, cnlwjr gks tkrs FksA dHkh&dHkh
fdlh dks gYdh pspd gksrh ftlls psgjs ij nkx Hkh de gksrsA ijUrq pspd gYdh
gks ;k Hkh"k.k nksuksa ds ckn ejht dk izfrjks/ mruk gh c<+rk FkkA
;kuh pspd dh chekjh u gksus ls gYdh pspd gksuk csgrj FkkA gYdh
pspd gksus ds ckn ejht lkjh ftUnxh ds fy, bl chekjh ls lqjf{kr gks tkrk FkkA
gYdh pspd u gksus ls bl Hk;kog chekjh dk Mj ges'kk yxk jgrk FkkA
16
 yksx tkurs Fks fd pspd ds ejht ds lEidZ esa vkus ls mUgsa Hkh pspd
gks ldrh gSA rks fiQj gYdh pspd okys ejht ds bnZ&fxnZ jgus esa gh HkykbZ FkhA
mlls vkidks Hkh gYdh pspd gksxh vkSj fiQj vki lkjh ftUnxh mlls lqjf{kr
jgsaxsA blds fy, yksx lqbZ dks pspd ds ejht ds Nkys esa Mqcksdj viuh Ropk
esa [kqjp ysrs FksA bls ^bUkkD;wys'ku* ;k Vhdk ysuk dgrs FksA

1348 esa dkys Toj ds nkSjku yaMu dk ,d n`';

17
 ij blesa ,d fnDdr FkhA dbZ ckj gYdh pspd dk Vhdk ysus ds ckotwn
ejht dks Hkh"k.k pspd gks tkrhA ;kuh ;g Vhds vHkh lqjf{kr ugha FksA
1770 esa ,d fczfV'k MkDVj ,MoMZ tsuj us ^dkvks&ikWDl* uked chekjh
ij 'kks/ 'kq: fd;kA ;g chekjh xk;ksa vkSj [ksrh esa dke vkus okys vU; tkuojksa
esa ikbZ tkrh FkhA ;g chekjh ,d izdkj ls gYdh pspd FkhA dkvks&ikWDl okys
ejht dks cl ,d&nks Nkys iM+rs vkSj fiQj oks Bhd gks tkrkA yksxksa dks bl chekjh
dk fcYdqy vglkl rd ugha gksrk FkkA
ftl xzkeh.k bykds esa tsuj jgrk Fkk ogak yksx dkvks&ikWDl dh chekjh
gksuk 'kqHk ekurs Fks] D;ksafd mlds ckn mUgsa dHkh pspd ugha gksrh FkhA T;knkrj
MkDVj bls egt ,d va/fo'okl ekurs FksA ij tsuj dks bl ckr ij vpjt FkkA
mlus ik;k fd [ksfrgj tkuojksa ds lkFk dke djus okys yksxksa dks pspd cgqr de
gksrh FkhA
chl lkyksa ds vè;;u ds ckn tsuj us ,d [krjukd iz;ksx djus dh
BkuhA 14 ebZ 1796 dks mls ^dkvks&ikWDl* ls ihfM+r ,d Xokfyu feyhA tsuj us
lqbZ dkss Xokfyu us Nkys ds rjy esa fHkxks;kA fiQj mlus mlh lqbZ dh uksd ls ,d
yM+ds dh Ropk dks [kjkspk ftls u igys dHkh dkvks&ikWDl gqvk Fkk vkSj u gh
pspdA mlds ckn yM+ds dks dkvks&ikWDl gqvk vkSj [kjksps LFkku ij mls Nkyk
iM+kA
tsuj us nks eghus rd bartkj fd;k ftlls fd yM+dk iwjh rjg LoLF;
gks tk,A yM+dk vc dkvks&ikWDl ls ^bE;wu* gks x;k FkkA ij D;k oks pspd ls
Hkh lqjf{kr Fkk\ tsuj us vc ,d cM+k [krjukd dke fd;kA mlus ,d lqbZ dks
pspd ds Nkys okys rjy esa Mqcksdj fiQj ls ml yM+ds dh Ropk dks [kjksp a kA blds
ckotwn yM+ds dks pspd ugha gqbZA
tsuj us nks cjl ckn blh iz;ksx dks dkvks&ikWDl ,d yM+dh ds lkFk
nksgjk;kA mls nqckjk liQyrk gkfly gqbZA dkvks&ikWDl dk Vhdk yxkdj oks fdlh
Hkh balku esa pspd dh izfrjks/ {kerk iSnk dj ldrk FkkA
esfMdy Hkk"kk esa dkvks&ikWDl dks ^oSfDlfu;k* dgrs gSa tks ySfVu Hkk"kk
esa ^xk;* ds 'kCn ls vkrk gSA tsuj }kjk dkvks&ikWDl dk Vhdk yxkdj yksxksa dks
pspd ls cpkus dk rjhdk blfy, ^oSfDlus'ku* ds uke ls tkuk x;kA tsuj ds
'kks/dk;Z ds urhtksa ds ,syku ds ckn oSfDlus'ku ;k Vhdkdj.k dk dk;ZØe iwjh
nqfu;k esa ykxw gqvkA tgka&tgka Vhds yxs ogak ls pspd yqIr gqbZA
pspd dh rjg vU; chekfj;ksa dks gjkuk lEHko ugha FkkA nwljh fdlh
vU; chekjh ds gYds laLdj.k ugha feyus ds dkj.k mlus izfrjks/h Vhds ugha cu
ik,A
18
 Vhdksa ij 'kks/ dk ,d ykHk vo'; gqvkA chekjh dks ,d balku ls nwljs
esa dSls LFkkarfjr djrs gSa blds ckjs esa yksxksa dh le> c<+hA vxj chekjh dk
LFkkuakrj.k fdlh rjg can fd;k tk lds rks mlls 'kk;n yksx jksxeqDr gks tk,aA
,d gaxsfj;u MkDVj bXukt fiQfyi tseyokbZt fuf'pr :i ls blh
fn'kk esa lksp jgk FkkA 1840 esa oks ,d tPpk&cPpk vLirky esa dke dj jgk
Fkk tgak vDlj efgyk,a izlo ds nkSjku vkrh FkhaA cgqr lh efgyk,a cPpksa ds tUe
ds ckn ej tkrh FkhaA ftu efgykvksa ds cPps ?kj ij tUe ysrs oks vDlj bl rjg
ls ugha ejrh FkhaA

,MoMZ tsuj }kjk fn;k igyk Vhdk dk iqryk

bruh vf/d la[;k esa xHkZorh efgyk,a vLirky esa D;kas ejrh gSa\

19
tseyokbZt bl ij fopkj djus yxkA bu efgykvksa dk mipkj vU; chekj ejhtksa
dk bykt djus okys gh MkDVj djrsA ?kj esa tks nkbZ izlo esa enn djrh mudk
chekj ejhtksa ds lkFk dksbZ lEca/ ugha gksrkA D;k vU; chekj ejhtksa ds jksx MkDVjksa
}kjk xHkZorh efgykvksa dks LFkkukarfjr gks jgs Fks\
1847 esa tseyokbZt dks ,d vLirky ds lapkyu dk dke feykA mlus
,d fu;e cuk;kA gj MkDVj dks ejht ds djhc vkus ls igys vius gkFkksa dks
vPNh rjg ,d jklk;fud ?kksy ls /ksuk t:jh FkkA fLFkfr esa ,dne lq/kj gqvkA
izlo ds nkSjku efgykvksa dh e`R;q nj ,dne de gqbZA
ij MkDVj blls cgqr [kiQk vkSj ukjkt gq,A MkDVjksa dks xa/ okys
jklk;uksa esa gkFk /ksuk vPNk ugha yxrk FkkA MkDVj chekfj;ka LFkkukarfjr dj jgs
Fks ftlls efgyk,a ej jgh Fkha] ;g ckr Hkh mUgsa ugha taphA mudk rdZ Fkk% gekjs
gkFkksa esa dgak chekjh ds thok.kq gSa] gesa fn[kkvks\ MkDVjksa dh lkewfgd rkdr dh
otg ls tseyokbZt dks viuk in NksM+uk iM+kA vc MkDVjksa us nqckjk gkFk /ksuk
can dj fn;kA vc fiQj ls izlo ds nkSjku efgykvksa dh e`R;q igys tSlh c<+ xbZA
ij vlyh leL;k D;k Fkh\ D;k dksbZ vn``'; pht jksx iQSyk jgh Fkh\
Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu dh vo/kj.kk dk [kaMu djus ls dqN le; igys ywbZ
ik'pj us bl leL;k ij xEHkhjrk ls lkspuk 'kq: fd;k vkSj varr% mldk gy
[kkstkA
Úkal dk okbu ('kjkc) m|ksx ml le; cM+h leL;k esa FkkA lkekU;
vPNh okbu yxkrkj [kV~Vh gksrh tk jgh FkhA blls okbu m|ksx dks djksM+ksa Mkyj
dk uqdlku gks jgk FkkA
1856 esa ik'pj ls bl leL;k dh tkap djus dks dgk x;kA ik'pj us
lcls igys okbu dk ekbØksLdksi ls fujh{k.k fd;kA mlesa mls [kehj ds lw{ethoh
fn[ksA blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha FkhA [kehj] okbu dk fgLlk gksrk gSA [kehj
iQyksa ds jl esa iuirk gS vkSj mldh 'kDdj dks 'kjkc esa cnyrk gSA
ij tc ik'pj us [kV~Vh okbu dk ckjhdh ls fujh{k.k fd;k rks mlesa
mls dqN lkekU; ls vyx vkdkj ds [kehj ds lw{ethoh utj vk,A bldk
eryc [kehj ds nks vyx&vyx fdLe ds lw{ethoh FksA vPNs lw{ethoh 'kDdj
dks 'kjkc esa vkSj [kjkc lw{ethoh mls vEy esa cnyrs FksA
xeZ djus ls [kehj dh dksf'kdk,a vklkuh ls ej tkrh gSaA ik'pj us
okbu cudj rS;kj gksus ds ckn mls gYds ls xeZ djus dk lq>ko fn;kA mlls [kjkc
[kehj dh dksf'kdk,a [kRe gks tkrhaA vPNk [kehj 'kDdj dks 'kjkc esa cnyus dk
dke iwjk dj pqdk Fkk vkSj vc mldh dksbZ t:jr ugha FkhA xeZ djus ls xyr

20
izdkj dk [kehj igys gh u"V gks tkrk vkSj 'kDdj dks vEy esa ugha cny ikrkA

[kehj dh dksf'kdk,a

okbu fuekZrk okbu dks xe djukZ ugha pkgrs FksA fiQj Hkh mUgksaus iz;ksx
fd;k vkSj oks liQy jgkA okbu [kV~Vh gksuk can gqbZ vkSj mlls okbu dk m|ksx
cp x;kA rc ls xeZ djds gkfudkjd lw{ethfo;ksa dks ekjus dh izfØ;k dks
^iS'pjkbZts'ku* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA cM+s lqijekjdsV~l ls [kjhnk nw/ ges'kk
iS'pjkbtM gksrk gSA
Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu dh vo/kj.k iw.kZr% xyr gS ;g ik'pj okbu ij
'kks/ djds vPNh rjg le>s FksA vxj Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu lpeqp gksrk rks fiQj
[kehj dks u"V djus ls dksbZ ykHk ugha gksrkA okbu esa nksuksa rjg ds [kehj nqckjs
iuirs vkSj okbu dks [kV~Vk cukrsA
;g lqfuf'pr djus ds ckn fd e`r inkFkZ esa ls dksbZ lw{ethoh iSnk ugha
gksrs] ik'pj vc Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu ds vius egku iz;ksx dh vksj c<+sA
okbu ij iz;ksxksa ls ik'pj le>s fd lw{ethfo;ksa ds LFkkukarj.k ds nkSjku
Hkh xEHkhj leL;k,a iSnk gks ldrh gSaA felky ds fy, vki vPNh okbu esa FkksM+h
lh [kV~Vh okbu feyk,aA vc vEy iSnk djus okyk [kehj iuisxk vkSj vPNh okbu
tYn gh [kV~Vh gks tk,xhA
vc dYiuk djsa ,d etnwj dh ftlds okbu myVrs le; gkFk essa dqN
okbu yx tkrh gSA vxj mlds gkFk esa igys ls okbu dks [kV~Vk djus okyk dqN
[kjkc [kehj yxk gksxk rks dqN le; ckn lkjh vPNh okbu [kV~Vh gks tk,xhA
vxj oks okbu dh gjsd ubZ [ksi ij dke djus ls igys gj ckj vius

21
gkFk /ks;sxk rks 'kk;n ,slk ugha gksxkA
tseyokbZt dk ekuuk Bhd gh Fkk fd MkDVjksa ds gkFkksa esa jksx ds
lw{ethoh FksA mUgha thok.kqvksa ls vU; ejhtksa esa chekfj;ka iQSyrh FkhaA MkDVjksa dks
dqN fn[kkbZ blfy, ugha fn;k D;ksafd NksVs lw{ethoh vka[k ls fn[kkbZ ugha nsrs FksA
ml le; bl rjg ds fopkj t:j ik'pj ds tgu esa jgs gksaxsA ijUrq
dqN Hkh fuf'pr :i ls dgus ls igys mls izekf.kr djuk Fkk fd lw{ethfo;ksa
ls jksx iSnk gksrs FksA

4 jksxk.kq vkSj chekfj;ka

ftl le; ik'pj Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu dh vo/kj.k dk [kaMu ds iz;ksx
dj jgs Fks mlh le; Úakl esa ,d ubZ foifRr vk [kM+h gqbZA
nf{k.k Úakl esa yksx js'ke ds dhM+ksa dks 'kgrwr ds iRrs f[kykrs FksA dPps
js'ke ds dksokas (,d izdkj dh bYyh) ls js'ke dk /kxk fudkyk tkrk FkkA
js'ke dk m|ksx Úakl ds fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ Fkk ijUrq oks vc u"V gks
jgk FkkA js'ke ds dhM+s chekjh ls ej jgs Fks vkSj bls jksduk dk dksbZ jkLrk ugha
fn[k jgk FkkA
gy [kkstus ds fy, ik'pj ls vihy dh xbZA vxj ik'pj okbu m|ksx
dh leL;k dks lqy>k ldrs Fks rks oks js'ke m|ksx dh ijs'kkfu;ksa dk Hkh fujkdj.k
dj ldrs FksA ik'pj us dgk fd oks js'ke ds dhM+ksa ds ckjs esa dqN Hkh ugha tkurs]
ij fiQj Hkh yksxksa us muls bl leL;k dks lqy>kus dh izkFkZuk dhA
1865 esa ik'pj nf{k.k Úakl x,A bl ckj mUgksaus nqckjk ekbØksLdksi dk
mi;ksx fd;kA mUgsa 'kgrwr ds dqN iRrksa ij lw{ethok.kq fn[ks vU; ij ughaA ftu
iRrksa ij jksx yxk Fkk mUgsa [kkus ls js'ke ds dhM+s chekj iM+ tkrs vkSj muds 'kjhj
esa os thok.kq ekStwn gksrsA
ik'pj dks bruk iDdh rjg irk Fkk fd os thok.kq dhM+ksa ds vanj ftUnk
gSa vkSj iui jgs gSaA ,d NksVk tho tks fdlh cM+s tho ds vanj iyrk&iuirk gS
mls ^ijthoh* (iSjklkbWV) dgrs gSaA ;g lw{ethoh js'ke ds dhM+ksa ds ijthoh FksA
blds ckjs esa D;k fd;k tk ldrk Fkk\ okbu dks xeZ dj [kehj dks u"V
fd;k tk ldrk FkkA mlls okbu dk dksbZ uqdlku ugha gksrk FkkA ij js'ke ds dhM+ksa
dks xeZ djus ls lw{ethoh;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk dhM+s Hkh ej tk,axsA
'kk;n jksxh dhM+ksa dks ejuk gh FkkA blds vykok vkSj dksbZ pkjk Hkh u
FkkA chekjh dks jksdus dk ,d gh bykt Fkk & lkjs jksxh dhM+ksa vkSj 'kgrwr dh lkjh

22
 jksxh ifRr;ksa dks u"V djukA js'ke ds LoLF; u, dhM+ksa vkSj 'kgrwr dh vPNh
ifRr;ksa ls u, fljs ls 'kqjQvkr djuh FkhA
yksxksa us ik'pj dh lykg ekuh vkSj oks vius eqfge esa liQy gq,A js'ke
m|ksx cp x;kA

js'ke dh dhV ds fodkl pj.k

vaMksa ds
lkFk eknk dhV
dhV
bYyh

dksok

ik'pj vc bl urhts ij igaqps & fd lw{ethoh chekjh iSnk dj ldrs

gSaA vxj jksx laØked gS & ;kuh oks ,d tho ls nwljs esa iQSyrk gS rks fuf'pr
gh mldk izlkj fdlh lw{ethoh dh ekiQZr gh gksrk gksxkA dksbZ NksVk ijthoh ;k
iSjklkbV jksxh ls LoLF; tho esa tkrk gSA mlds ckn LoLF; tho Hkh chekj iM+rk
gSA
;g lw{ethoh [kaklus ;k Nhadus ls Hkh iQSy ldrs gSAa oks gkFkksa vkSj 'kjhj
ds nwljs vaxksa ls Hkh iQSy ldrs gSaA oks 'kjhj ds vif'k"V & ey] ew=k] Fkwd vkfn
ls Hkh iQSy ldrs gSaA ;g lw{ethoh vR;Ur NksVs gksrs gSaA D;ksafd oks fn[kkbZ ugha
nsrs blfy, chekj iM+us ds ckn gh yksxksa dks budk irk pyrk gSA
ik'pj us vius 'kks/dk;Z dk ,syku fd;k tks ^jksxk.kqvksa ls chekfj;kas*
ds fl¼akr ds uke ls tkuk x;kA
jksx iQSykus okys reke lw{ethoh cSDVhfj;k gksrs gSaA ge mUgsa jksxk.kq
cqykrs gSaA ij lHkh jksx jksxk.kqvksa ls ugha iQSyrsA dqN chekfj;ka [kehj] izksVkstksvk
vkSj vU; lw{ethfo;ksa ls iQSyrh gSaA
D;ksafd dqN lw{ethoh chekjh iQSykrs gSa bldk eryc ;g ugha fd lHkh
lw{ethoh gkfudkjd gksrs gSaA njvly pan lw{ethoh gh thoksa ds fy, gkfudkjd
gksrs gSaA vf/dka'k lw{ethoh ikuh] feV~Vh ;k gok esa jgrs gSa vkSj oks dksbZ uqdlku
ugha igaqpkrsA muesa ls dqN cgqr mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA dqN lw{ethoh feV~Vh dks moZj

23
cukrs gSaA dqN vU; e`r thoksa vkSj iRrksa dks lM+kdj mUgsa jklk;uksa esa cnyrs gSa
ftUgsa vU; izk.kh vkSj ikS/s vius fodkl ds fy, mi;ksx djrs gSaA
dqN jksx ,sls gSa tks laØked ugha gksrs vkSj tks lw{ethfo;ksa }kjk ugha
iQSyrs gSaA
,sls reke lw{ethoh gSa tks jksx ugha iQSykrs vkSj ,sls dbZ jksx gSa tks
lw{ethfo;ksa ls ugha iQSyrs mlds ckotwn ik'pj ds tekus esa vf/dka'k chekfj;ka
jksxk.kqvksa ls iQSyrh FkhaA ik'pj ds jksxk.kqvksa ds fl¼akr ds ,syku ds ckn dqN
MkDVj mlds ckjs esa xEHkhjrk ls lkspus yxsA
muesa tkstsiQ fyLVj uke ds ,d vaxzst MkDVj Hkh FksA muds firk us
igyk ekbØksLdksi cukdj cSDVhfj;k dks Li"V :i ls ns[kk FkkA ik'pj ds fl¼akr
ds ckjs esa i<+us ds ckn fyLVj dks tseyokbZt dh ckr ;kn vkbZA rkdroj jklk;uksa
ls gkFk /ksus ls gkFkksa ij yxs lw{ethoh u"V gks x, gksaxs vkSj mlls ejhtksa dh e`R;q
nj ?kVh gksxhA
1867 esa fyLVj us MkDVjksa ls rkdroj jklk;uksa ls gkFk /ksus ds ckn
gh vkizs'ku djus dks dgkA blls igys vkizs'ku ds liQy gksus ds ckotwn vDlj
ejht cq[kkj ls ej tkrs FksA ij MkDVjksa ds gkFk vkSj midj.kksa dks /ksus ds ckn
ls ejhtksa dk ejuk can gks x;kA
1870 esa Úakl us ;q¼ esa Hkkx fy;kA ik'pj ,d egku ns'kHkDr Fks vkSj
oks iQkSt esa HkrhZ gksuk pkgrs Fks ij ipkl lky dh mez gksus ds dkj.k Úsap
viQlj'kkgh us mUgsa ,slk u djus ls jksdkA oSls Hkh ik'pj dk lgh mi;ksx yM+kbZ
ds eSnku dh ctk, iz;ksx'kkyk esa FkkA vc ik'pj vLirkyksa esa dke djus yxs
tgka mUgksaus t[eh iQkSft;ksa dh rhekjnkjh ls igys MkDVjksa dks gkFkksa] midj.k vkSj
ifV~V;ksa dks mckyus ds fy, ckè; fd;kA
;q¼ ds ckn ik'pj ^,sUFkzSDl* uke dh chekjh ij 'kks/ djus yxsA ;g
Hk;kud jksx tkuojksa esa [kklrkSj ij HksM+ksa dks gksrk FkkA tgka e`r HksM+ksa dks niQuk;k
tkrk oks tehu iwjh rjg jksxk.kqvksa ls Hkj tkrh gSA
teZu MkDVj jkcVZ dkWp us dksgu ds lkFk feydj thok.kq foKku dh
uhao j[kh FkhA mudh Hkh ^,sUFkzSDl* jksx esa jQfp FkhA mUgksaus jksxk.kqvksa ds fl¼akr dks
Lohdkjk] chekj tkuojksa dk vè;;u fd;k vkSj fiQj jksx iQSykus okys thok.kq dks
vyx fd;kA
dkWp us fn[kk;k fd tc ,sUFkzSDl dk thok.kq tkuoj ds 'kjhj ds ckgj
gksrk gS rks oks vius bnZfxnZ ,d eksVk dop cukrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa mls chtk.kq
(Liksj) dgrs gSaA ;g chtk.kq fcuk Hkkstu ;k ikuh ds yEcs vlsZ rd ftUnk jg

24
ldrk gSA bl otg ls tgka ,sUFkzSDl ls ejs tkuojksa dks niQuk;k tkrk Fkk ogka
,sUFkzDS l cSDVhfj;k ds chtk.kq feV~Vh esa thfor jgrs Fks vkSj ml eSnku dh ?kkl [kkus
ls LoLF; tkuojksa dks Hkh ;g jksx yx ldrk FkkA
tc ik'pj dks ;g irk pyk rks mlus e`r tkuojksa dks niQukus ls igys
mUgsa tykus dk lq>ko fn;kA tykus ls e`r tkuojksa esa jksx ds chtk.kq Hkh iwjh rjg
u"V gks x,A
ijUrq ik'pj dks tsuj dk dke Hkh ;kn FkkA vxj dksbZ tkuoj ,sUFkzSDl
jksx >syus ds ckn ftUnk cprk rks mls fiQj ;g chekjh dHkh u gksrhA vxj ,sUFkzDS l
ls feyrk&tqyrk dksbZ gYdk jksx gksrk rks mldk Vhdk yxus ds ckn tkuojksa dks
,sUFkzSDl dh chekjh fiQj dHkh ugha gksrhA nqHkkZX; ls ,slk dksbZ vU; jksx ugha feykA
vc yksxksa us jksxk.kqvksa ds fl¼akr dks vPNh rjg le> fy;k FkkA D;k
,sUFkzSDl ls feyrh&tqyrh fdlh gYdh chekjh dks iz;ksx'kkyk esa x<+uk lEHko Fkk\
ik'pj dks yxk fd ;g lEHko gksxkA
ik'pj us ,sUFkzSDl ls chekj tkuojksa ls dqN thok.kq ,df=kr fd, vkSj
fiQj mUgsa ,d fo'ks"k Hkkstu esa mxk;kA mlds ckn mlus dqN thok.kq dks xeZ fd;kA
mlus mUgsa FkksMk+ gh xeZ fd;k ftlls iwjs ugha cfYd fliQZ vk/s gh thok.kq ejsAa mueas
vk/s vHkh ftUnk Fks ij oks detksj Fks vkSj vkxs iui ugha jgs FksA

,sUFkzSDl dk thok.kq

25
 chekj tkuojksa dks ,sUFkzSDl ds bu detksj thok.kq dk Vhdk yxkus ls
D;k gksxk\ thok.kqvksa ds cgqr detksj gksus ds dkj.k Vhdk yxs tkuoj chekj ugha
iM+saxsA ijUrq bu detksj thok.kqvksa ls yM+rs oDr tkuojksa ds 'kjhj esa bl rkdroj
cSDVhfj;k ds f[kykiQ ,d izfrjks/ iSnk gksxkA ik'pj us bl iz;ksx dks fd;k vkSj
mlesa mls liQyrk gkfly gqbZA
1881 esa ik'pj us blds fy, ,d lkoZtfud lHkk esa VsLV fd;kA mlus
HksM+ksa ds ,d lewg esa ls dsoy vk/h HksM+ksa dks ,sUFkzSDl dk detksj Vhdk fn;kA
fiQj mlus bu HksM+ksa esa ,sUFkzSDl ds f[kykiQ izfrjks/ iSnk gksus ds fy, dqN fnu
bartkj fd;kA mlds ckn mlus HksMk+ as ds iwjs lewg dks rkdroj ,sUFkzDS l ds thok.kqvksa
ds batsD'ku fn,A
dqN fnuks i'pkr og lHkh HksMas+ ftUgsa Vhdk ugha yxk Fkk chekj iM+ha vkSj
ej x;haA ij ftu HksM+ksa dks Vhdk yxk Fkk oks LoLF; jgha vkSj ?kkl pjrh jghaA
blds ckn ls fdlh dh Hkh jksxk.kq fl¼akr ds f[kykiQ vkokt mBkus dh
fgEer ugha gqbZA bl iz;ksx ls MkDVj laØked jksxksa dks fu;af=kr djuk Hkh lh[k
ldrs FksA
ik'pj ds ckn jkcVZ dkWp us jksxk.kqvksa ls chekfj;ksa ds iQSyus ij lcls
egRoiw.kZ 'kks/ fd;kA oks chekj yksxksa vkSj tkuojksa ls fofHkUu jksxksa ds thok.kqvksa
dks bdV~Bk djrs vkSj mudk vè;;u djrsA
,d leL;k Fkh fd mUgsa uewuksa esa vDlj dbZ vyx&vyx izdkj ds
thok.kq feyrs FksA muesa ls jksx iQSykus okyk thok.kq dkSu lk Fkk ;g irk djuk
eqf'dy dke FkkA blfy, 'kksjcs esa thok.kqvksa dks mxkus dh ctk, mUgksaus tsykfVu
tSls ,sxj&,sxj esa thok.kqvksa dks fodflr fd;kA
dkWp us thok.kqjfgr ,sxj&,sxj dks ,d piVh r'rjh ds isans esa MkykA
BaMk gksus ds ckn ,sxj&,sxj Bksl gks x;kA fiQj mlus mldh lrg ij thok.kqvksa
okys 'kksjcs dh dqN cwansa MkyhaA ,d LFkku ij ,d thok.kq rks nwljh txg dksbZ vkSj
thok.kq iuikA lHkh ,sxj&,sxj esa iys vkSj c<+s ij muesa ls dksbZ Hkh ml Bksl inkFkZ
esa b/j&m/j py&fiQj ugha ik;kA vyx&vyx cSDVhfj;k fHkUu&fHkUu LFkkuksa ij
c<+rs vkSj iQyrs&iQwyrs jgsA /hjs&/hjs vyx&vyx txgksa ij vyx&vyx
cSDVhfj;ksa dh dkWyksfu;ka rS;kj gks x;haA
dkWp gjsd dkWyksuh dk vyx ls fujh{k.k&ijh{k.k djrs vkSj blls mUgsa
ml cSDVhfj;k }kjk iSnk gksus okys jksx dk irk py tkrkA bl izdkj dkWp us
^CySd&MsFk* ;kuh dkyk&Toj iQSykus okys cSDVhfj;k dk Hkh irk [kkst fudkykA
,d ckj chekjh iSnk djus okys jksxk.kq dk irk py tk, rks fiQj ml

26
chekjh dks jksdus okyk Vhdk Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ik'pj us ,d rjhdk lq>k;k
Fkk ftlesa cSDVhfj;k dks xeZ djus ls detksj cSDVhfj;k feyrk FkkA dkWp ds
lgk;d ,fey ,MkYiQ cs;fjax us ,d nwljk rjhdk lq>k;kA
vxkj esa c<+rh cSDVhfj;k dh iQiQawn

cs;fjax us ik;k fd fdlh jksx ds f[kykiQ izfrjks/ gjsd tkuoj ds [kwu

eas dasfnzr gksrk gSA cSDVhfj;k ls [kwu esa gYdk tgj iQSyrk gS vkSj mlls gh jkssx
iSnk gksrk gSA bl fo"k dks ^VkWfDlu* dgrs gSaA [kwu esa VkWfDlu ls j{kk ,aVh&VkWfDlu
djrk gSA dYiuk djsa ,sls tkuoj dh ftls VsVul uked jksx gqvk gS tks fd VsVul
cSDVhfj;k ls gksrk gSA igys rks bl tkuoj dk FkksM+k [kwu fudkysa vkSj fiQj bl [kwu
esa ekStnw ,aVh&VkWfDlu dks fofHkUu rjhdksa ls vyx djsAa vc vxj bl ,aVh&VkWfDlu
dks ,d LoLF; tkuoj ds 'kjhj esa batsDV fd;k tk,xk rks mlesa VsVul ds jksx
ls yM+us dk izfrjks/ iSnk gksxkA vc vxj ml tkuoj esas VsVul dk cSDVhfj;k batDs V
Hkh fd;k x;k rks Hkh mls Hkh chekjh ugha yxsxhA dqN le; ds fy, oks tkuoj VsVul
ls jksxeqDr jgsxkA
D;k vU; jksxksa ds fy, Hkh ,aVh&VkWfDlu fodflr djuk lEHko gksxk\
cs;fjax bl ckjs esa vpjt djus yxkA ml le; cgqr ls cPpksa dks fMiQFkhfj;k uke
dh ,d Hk;kud chekjh gksrh FkhA cs;fjax vkSj ,d vU; teZu MkDVj ikWy
,vjfyd us igys rks tkuojksa esa fMiQFkhfj;k cSDVhfj;k batsDV fd;k vkSj fiQj dqN
le; ckn muls gh [kwu ckgj [khapkA bu [kwu ds uewuksa esa fMiQFkhfj;k ds
,aVh&VkWfDlu ekStwn FksA

27
 1892 esa mUgksaus izpqj ek=kk esa fMiQFkhfj;k ,aVh&VkWfDlu bdV~Bk fd;kA
blls u dsoy LoLF; cPpksa esa fMiQFkhfj;k ds f[kykiQ izfrjks/ c<+k ijUrq
fMiQFkhfj;k jksx ls ihfM+r cPpksa ds bykt esa Hkh enn feyhA blls igyh ckj yksxksa
ds fny ls fMiQFkhfj;k dk Hk; fudykA
fofHkUu izdkj ds cSDVhfj;k

fueksfu;k

iQVs nw/ esa cSDVhfj;k

,ukjksfcd cSDVhfj;k

28
 ,vjfyd us cSDVhfj;k ls yM+us ds ,d vkSj rjhds dh ryk'k dhA 'kk;n
dqN ,sls jklk;u gksa ftUgsa ,d jksxh esa batsDV djus ij fliQZ chekjh ds thok.kq
ejsa ij ejht dks dksbZ uqdlku u igqpa As blls jksx ds funku esa vo'; enn feysxhA
1909 esa ,vjfyd vkSj mlds lgk;dksa us ^vklZiQsukehu* uked jklk;u [kkst
fudkykA blls euq";ksa esa fliQfyl uke dh chekjh ds cSDVhfj;k u"V gks tkrs FksA
ik'pj] dkWp] cs;fjax vkSj ,vjfyd ds ckn ls cSDVhfj;k u"V djus okys
vusdksa u, ,aVh&VkWfDlu vkSj jklk;u [kksts x,A mlds lkFk&lkFk yksxksa dks
LoPNrk vkSj lkiQ&liQkbZ dh mi;ksfxrk Hkh ekywe iM+h gSA yksxksa dks gkFk /ksuk]
vklikl liQkbZ j[kuk] rktk Hkkstu] LoPN ikuh vkSj xanxh dks lgh rjg ls iQsadus
dk egRo irk pyk gSA blls jksxk.kq dkcw esa jgrs gSaA
jksxk.kqvksa dh le> ds ykHkdkjh urhtksa ds ckn ls vc lkjh nqfu;k esa
cgqr ls laØked jksxksa dk Hk; fudy x;k gSA dkys Toj ls vk/h vkcknh dk
liQk;k gks tk,xk ;g [kkSiQ vc feV x;k gSA vxj dksbZ ,slh chekjh vkbZ Hkh rks
Hkh MkDVjksa dks mlls yM+us dk jkLrk irk gksxkA
vkt ge mu cgqr ls NksVs jksxk.kqvksa ls Hkh yM+ ldrs gSa ftUgsa
ekbØksLdksi esa ls ns[k ikuk Hkh lEHko ugha gSA ik'pj us ,d ,slh gh chekjh
igpkuh Fkh tks cgqr NksVs jksxk.kqvksa ls iSnk gksrh FkhA

5 lw{ere jksxk.kq

jscht ,d Hk;kog chekjh gSA dHkh&dHkh tc dqRrksa dks jscht gksrh gS

rks mldk vlj lh/s muds fnekx ij gksrk gSA muds eaqg ls >kx fudyrs gSa vkSj
oks tks Hkh feyrk gS mlds dkVus dks nkSM+rs gSaA bUgsa yksx ^ikxy dqRrk* dgrs gSaA
tc ,sls dqRrs fdlh balku dks dkVrs gSa rks mls Hkh oks jksx gks tkrk gSA jksx ds
y{k.k djhc nks gÝrs ckn utj vkrs gSa D;ksafd jksx ds jksxk.kqvksa dks efLr"d rd
igqapus esa bruk le; yxrk gSA ,slk gksus ds ckn ml O;fDr dh dkiQh nnZukd
ekSr gksrh gSA
ik'pj us bl jksx dk xgu vè;;u fd;kA ik'pj vkSj mlds lgk;d
dks us txg&txg ij vusdksa ^ikxy dqRrksa* dks idM+kA fiQj mu dqRrksa dks cak/
us ds ckn muds eqag ds >kx bdV~Bs fd,A ;g djuk ,d cgqr [krjukd dke
FkkA mUgksaus >kx ds vlj dks tkuus ds fy, mUgsa [kjxks'kksa esa batsDV fd;kA
varr% [kjxks'kksa dks Hkh jksx yxk ij mlesa dkiQh le; yxkA fiQj ik'pj
us >kx dks [kwu dh /efu;ksa dh ctk, lh/s [kjxks'kksa ds efLr"d esa batsDV djkA
29
vc [kjxks'kksa dks ;g jksx cgqr tYnh gqvk vkSj 'kks/dk;Z rsth ls vkxs c<+kA
<sjksa jksxh [kjxks'kksa ds ckn D;k fd;k tk,\ D;k ,UFkjSDl cSDVhfj;k dh
rjg ik'pj bl jksx dks Hkh dqN gYdk cuk ldrk Fkk\ ik'pj us bldh dksf'k'k
dhA jksx ds thok.kq [kjxks'kksa ds efLr"d vkSj jh<+ dh gM~Mh esa FksA ik'pj us jh<+
dh gM~Mh dks dkVdj mls FkksM+k xeZ fd;kA gj jkst oks uewus esa ls ,d VqdM+k
dkVdj ckdh dks xeZ djrs FksA
mlds ikl jh<+ dh gM~Mh ds cgqr ls VqdM+s Fks ftUgsa vyx&vyx
vof/;ksa rd xeZ fd;k x;k FkkA mlus gj VqdM+s dks rjy esa Mqcksdj ml rjy
dks LoLF; [kjxks'kksa ds efLr"d esa batsDV fd;kA mlus ik;k fd ftruk vf/d nsj
VqdM+k xeZ fd;k x;k Fkk mlls mruk gh gYdk jksx iQSykA tks VqdM+k nks gÝrs rd
xeZ fd;k x;k Fkk mlls jksx ds dksbZ Hkh y{k.k iSnk ugha gq,A
ij D;k mlls [kjxks'k dk jksx ds f[kykiQ izfrjks/ c<+k\ ik'pj us [kqn
cuk, jschl ds gYds jksxk.kqvksa dks ,d LoLF; dqRrs esa batsDV fd;kA mls dqN ugha
gqvkA fiQj ml dqRrs dks ,d jschl okys dqRrs ds lkFk ,d fiatM+s esa j[kk x;kA
jksxh dqRrs us rqjUr yM+uk 'kq: fd;k vkSj LoLF; dqRrs dks dkVkA ckn esa dqRrksa dks
vyx fd;k x;kA dqRrs ds dkVs t[e dqN fnuksa esa Bhd gks x, vkSj mls jscht
Hkh ugha gqbZA
euq";ksa ij ;g iz;ksx dSls fd;k tk,\ vki fdlh vPNs Hkys balku dks
Hkyk tkucw> dj jscht dSls ns ldrs gSaA ij tqykbZ 4] 1885 dks ,d ukS cjl ds
yM+ds tkstsiQ ehbLrj dks cqjh rjg ,d ikxy dqRrs us dkVkA cPps dks rqjUr
ik'pj ds ikl Hkstk x;kA
ik'pj dks irk Fkk fd vxj jksx rarqvksa vkSj efLr"d rd igqap x;k
rks oks ckyd fuf'pr gh ej tk,xkA ik'pj ds iz;ksx ls tkstsiQ dks dksbZ uqdlku
rks gks gh ugha ldrk FkkA ik'pj dks tks dqN djuk Fkk mls cgqr tYnh djuk FkkA
ik'pj us [kqn cuk;s lcls detksj jscht ds jksxk.kqvksa dks batsDV fd;k ftlls fd
tkstsiQ esa jksx ds f[kykiQ izfrjks/ iSnk gks ldsA ,d fnu ckn mlus igys ls dqN
rst jksxk.kqvksa dks batsDV fd;kA tSls&tSls tkstsiQ ds 'kjhj esa izfrjks/ c<+rk x;k
oSls&oSls ik'pj mls vkSj rst jksxk.kqvksa ds batsD'ku nsrk x;kA X;kjgosa fnu tkstsiQ
dks lcls 'kfDr'kkyh jksxk.kqvksa dk batsD'ku fn;k x;kA tkstsiQ dks dHkh jscht ugha
gqbZA
yqbZ ik'pj ds fy, ,d vR;Ur egku liQyrk FkhA jscht ij vius 'kks/
dk;Z ds nkSjku ik'pj dHkh Hkh jscht jksx dks mRiUu djus okyk jksxk.kq ugha [kkst
ik;kA

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 D;k bldk eryc Fkk fd thok.kqvksa ls iSnk gksus okys jksxksa dk fl¼akr
xyr Fkk\ ugha] ik'pj ds vuqlkj fl¼akr fcYdqy lgh FkkA jscht Nwus ls
LFkkukarfjr gksus okyk jksx FkkA vkSj bl LFkkukarj.k dks djus okyk dksbZ rRo gksxkA
'kk;n jscht dk jksxk.kq bruk NksVk gks fd mls ekbØksLdksi ls Hkh ns[k ikuk vlEHko
gks\
vkSj ;gh ckr 'kk;n vU; cgqr lh chekfj;ksa ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gksA cgqr
[kkstus ds ckn Hkh fdlh dks Hkh pspd] [kljk] tqdke vkfn ds jksxk.kq ugha feysA
cgqr NksVs vkdkj dh otg ls oks fn[krs gh ugha FksA
euq"; ds vykok vU; thoksa dks gksus okyh chekfj;ksa ds lkFk Hkh ;g ckr
lp FkhA felky ds fy, rEckdw ds ikS/ksa dh ,d chekjh esa muds iRrs fldqM+dj
>M+ tkrsA chekjh ds ckn iRrksa ij ,d rjg dk tkyhnkj uewuk cu tkrk FkkA rHkh
bl chekjh dk uke ^rEckdw ekslsbd* chekjh iM+kA
,d :lh oSKkfud nfe=kh bZokuvksoLdh us bl chekjh ds jksxk.kq dh
ryk'k dh ij oks mUgsa ugha feykA jksxh ikS/ksa ds iRrksa ds jl ls LoLF; ikS/ksa Hkh
jksxh gks tkrsA ijUrq mlds ckotwn mUgsa dHkh Hkh jl esa dksbZ jksxk.kq ugha fn[kkbZ
iM+kA
bZokuvksoLdh us jl dks Nkuus dk iz;kl fd;kA vxj oks jl dks ,dne
eghu Nyuh & ftlds Nsnksa dks vka[k ls ns[k ikuk eqf'dy gks ls xqtjus nsrk rks
'kk;n oks cgqr NksVs jksxk.kqvksa dks Hkh ns[k ikrkA rc jl dk rjy Nyuh ls xqtj
tkrk vkSj jksxk.kq cp tkrsA vc bl jl dks fNM+dus ls ikS/ksa dks jksx ugha yxrkA
bZokuvksoLdh us blds fy, fo'ks"k izdkj ds NksVs Nsnksa okys ikslZysu ds
fiQYVj mi;ksx fd,A 1892 esa mlus jksxh rEckdw dh ifRr;ksa dk jl bu fiQYVlZ
ls xqtkjkA 'kk;n muls jksxk.kq t:j jQdsaxsA
ijUrq ,slk ugha gqvkA Nus jl dks fNM+dus ds ckotwn LoLF; ifRr;ksa esa
jksx iSnk gksrk jgkA bZokuvksoLdh dks vc Li"V gqvk fd jksxk.kq brus NksVs Fks fd
oks eghu ls eghu Nyuh esa ls Hkh vklkuh ls fudy tkrs FksA oks Hkyk jksxk.kq brus
NksVs dSls gks ldrs gSa\ oks vpjt djus yxk fd vkSj mlds ckn ls mlus fn'kk
esa iz;ksx djuk can dj fn;kA
1898 esa Mp ouLifr'kkL=kh ekjfVuql fofye ck;jfud us Hkh fcYdqy
oSls gh iz;ksx nksgjk,A mlus Hkh jksx yxh rEckdw dh ifRr;ks ds jl dks izkslZysu
fiQYVj ls NkukA mlus Hkh ik;k fd Nus jl dks fNM+dus ls LoLF; ikS/s fiQj jksxh
gks tkrs FksA
oks de&ls&de ;g ekuus ds fy, rS;kj Fkk fd rEckdw ikS/ksa ds jksxk.kq

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brus NksVs Fks fd oks mlds fiQYVj esa vklkuh ls fudy tkrs FksA mls yxk fd jksxk.kq
'kk;n inkFkZ ds lcls NksVs vo;o;ksa & ikuh ds ijek.kqvksa ds vkdkj ds gksasxsA rHkh
oks ikuh ds lkFk Nyuh esa ls Nudj fudy x,A
ok;jl (thok.kq)

NksVh pspd

iksfy;ks

ikS/ksa ds fo"kSys jl dks ySfVu esa ^ok;jl* dgrs gSaA ck;jfud dks ,slk
yxk tSls jksxh rEckdw ds iRrksa dk jl LoLF; iRrksa ds fy, fo"k dk dke dj
jgk gksA blfy, mlus mu jksxk.kqvksa dks ^ok;jl* dk uke fn;kA jl esa ekStwn cgqr
lw{e jksxk.kqvksa dks ckn esa ^ok;jl* ds uke ls cqyk;k x;kA

rEck[kw ekslk,d

baÝyw,Us tk

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 vly esa ;g ^ok;jl* fdrus cM+s Fks\ D;k oks yxHkx ikuh ds ijek.kqvksa
ds eki ds Fks\ cgqr le; rd blds ckjs esa dksbZ Hkh dqN ugha dg ldkA
1931 esa fczfV'k oSKkfud fofy;e tkstis Q ,yiQksMZ us bl leL;k dk gy
[kkstus dh BkuhA D;ksa u eSa Nyuh ds Nsnksa dks izkslZysu ls Hkh NksVk cukmQa\ 'kk;n
mlls ^ok;jl* idM+ esa vk tk,A blds fy, mlus ^dksyk;Mu* dk mi;ksx fd;kA
;g ,d lsyksiQsu tSlh ikjn'khZ f>Yyh gksrh gSA blesa Nsnksa ds eki dks cukrs le;
NksVk&cM+k fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa Nsnksa dks NksVk] lw{e vkSj vfrlw{e cuk;k
tk ldrk gSA
,yiQMZ us ok;jl ds jl dks nkc yxkdj ^dksyk;Mu* dh Nyuh ls
NkukA Nyuh ds Nsn vkSlru jksxk.kqvksa ds ,d&lkSoak fgLlk FksA ^dksyk;Mu* ds
mi;ksx ls Nyuh esa ls ikuh rks fudy x;k ijUrq ok;jl cp x;kA tks ikuh Nyuh
esa ls ckgj fudyk mls fNM+ds ls rEckdw ds LoLF; iRrksa dks jksx ugha yxkA
blls yxk fd ok;jl dk eki ikuh ds ijek.kq ls dbZ xquk cM+k gksxkA
1930 esa u, fo'ks"k ekbØksLdksi fodflr fd, x, tks izdk'k dh fdj.k
dh txg lw{e ^bysDVªkal* dk mi;ksx djrs FksA bu ^bysDVªku ekbØksLdksIl* ls mu
lw{ere phtksa dks Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk Fkk ftUgsa lk/kj.k ekbØksLdksi ls ns[k ikuk
vlEHko FkkA ^bysDVªku ekbØksLdksIl* ls varr% oSKkfud ok;jl dks ns[k ik,A
rEckdw ekslsbd ok;jl dk vkdkj ,d iryh NM+ tSlk FkkA oks
lk/kj.k cSDVhfj;k ls yEckbZ esa vk/k Fkk vkSj cgqr iryk FkkA lk/kj.k cSDVhfj;k
esa ml tSls 7000 ok;jl lek ldrs FksA
vU; ok;jl vkSj Hkh NksVs FksA ihys Toj (;syks&iQhoj) ds ok;jl rks brus
NksVs Fks fd 40]000 ok;jl ,d lk/kj.k cSDVhfj;k esa lek ldrs FksA
ok;jl cgqr lw{e Fks] os fo'ks"k midj.kksa ds fcuk fn[krs ugha Fks fiQj
Hkh muls lqjf{kr jgk tk ldrk FkkA pspd oks igyh chekjh ftl ij euq"; dkcw
ik ldk vkSj oks ,d ok;jl ls gh gksrh FkhA
fiNys lok&lkS lkyksa esa oSKkfudksa ds 'kks/dk;Z ds dkj.k vkt yksxksa dk
LokLF; T;knk vPNk gS vkSj oks vf/d yEch mez th jgs gSaA ik'pj ds le; ls
iwoZ ;wjksi vkSj vejhdk esa yksxksa dh vkSlru vk;q ek=k 40 o"kZ dh gksrh FkhA
vktdy vkSlr vk;q djhc 70 lky gSA
ik'pj vkSj vU; oSKkfudksa ds 'kks/dk;Z dh cnkSyr ge esa ls gjsd dk
thoudky djhc 30 lky c<+k gSA

var
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