Name: St Atyfah Putri Baramuli

Nim: E061181801
International Relations & Regional Autonomy

NG The United Kingdom is the constituent country of the United

Kingdom. The country borders Scotland to the north, Wales to the

LAwest, the Irish Sea to the north-west, the Celtic Sea to the south-west,
and the North Sea to the east and the English Channel that separates it
from continental Europe. South. Most of the UK is located in the central

ND and southern parts of the British Isles in the North Atlantic. The UK also
includes more than 100 small islands, such as the Isle of Scilly and the
Isle of Wight.

The area currently named England was first inhabited by modern humans during the
Paleolithicperiod, but thename Englandini comes from the word Angles,which was one of the
Germanic tribes that settled there in the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified
country in 927 AD, and since the Age of Exploration began in the 15th century, England has
exerted significant cultural and legal influence to different parts of the world. English, the
Anglican Church,and English law which are the basis of the common legal system for other
countries around the world originated and developed in England, and the country
parliamentary system has also been widely adopted by other countries. The Industrial
Revolution that began in the 18th century made Britain the world's first industrialized country.
The British Royal Society also plays an important role in laying the foundations of modern
experimental science on science and technology.
 English topography consists mostly of hills and lowlands, especially in central and
southern England. The highlands are found in the north (e.g., the Lake Districtmountains, the
Pennines, as well as the Yorkshire Dales) and in the south west (e.g. Dartmoor and the
Cotswolds). The capital of England was Winchester, then replaced by London in 1066. London
is currently the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in
the European Union by area. The uk population of about 53 million, or about 84% of the uk
total population, was concentrated mostly in London, South East England, and conurbation
areas in the Midlands, North West, North East and Yorkshire, each of which was developed
as a major industrial area during the 19th century. While the area of grassland is located
outside the area of major cities.

The United Kingdom (after 1284 also including Wales) was a sovereign state until 1 May
1707. Then the Union Act which states that the United Kingdom and the Scottish Kingdom
were politically united to form the United Kingdom was passed in 1707. In 1801, the United
Kingdom united with the Kingdom of Ireland with the enactment of the Unity Act of 1800 and
later renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, the Free State of
Ireland stood as a separate domini, but six counties in Northern Ireland still voted to become
part of the United Kingdom, which was later renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland, the context of the British state known to this day.

The State of England is a unitary state or unitary state that has a form of monarchy or
royal government. England is known as the mother of parliament because it is the British who
created a system of parliamentary government that can be applied properly for the first time.
This system gives the right to the public to choose their representatives through democratic
elections to be able to overcome socioeconomic problems so as to create the welfare of the
people.

As a unitary state, its sovereignty is in the hands of the central government. The central
government formed the local government. Therefore, the local government is directly under the
central government. The central government handed over government affairs to the region as its
authority in detail known as ultravires doc- trine. With this model of handover of government
affairs, the region knows exactly what government affairs should be held. Based on the
delegation of authority in detail, the local government should not exceed the authority that
belongs to it. Britain embraces parliamentary democracy, a government led by the Prime
Minister of the party that wins elections or who wins a majority in parliament. The Prime
Minister is accountable to parliament. Parliament can make a motion of no confidence in the
Prime Minister, if it is judged to be conducting policies that are considered detrimental to the
state and/or the people or violate the laws and regulations.

English local governments consist of counties (England and Wales) or regions (Scotland)
and districts/city/borouh. Both counties and districts are both autonomous regions (the
principle of decentralization). It is not the same as the departments and communes in France.
Departments and communes are autonomous regions as well as administrative areas while
counties and districts are purely autonomous regions. Since the two are fellow pure
autonomous regions, there is no hierarchical relationship between them. Each stands alone as
an autonomous region whose authority is governed by law.

Because the county and district are purely autonomous regions, the head of the region
is also purely an autonomous regional government tool. Thus, the British did not know
representatives of the central government in the region such as in France (prefet and maire as
the head of the prefecture) or in Germany (landrat as head of land). Although it does not know
the representatives of the government in the region but does not mean the central government
can not control the local government. The central government can still control the local
government through two ways, namely to give a very strong role to vertical agencies and apply
the principle of ultra vires doctrin and beyond the powers, namely the principle that local
governments should not exceed the authority as specified in the legislation.

In the implementation of localaffairs, the central government should not intervene

directly. Local affairs are fully handed over to local residents through directly elected
councils. The central government only intervenes in standardization and facilitation.
However, the central sectoral department has field administration that reaches all regions
at all levels of government. The field administration of this sectoral department provides
facilitation, guidance, and supervision of regional agencies in order to strengthen the
implementation of its autonomy and integrate with central government policies.

The advantages of central government and local relations in the UK are first- policy
making can be addressed quickly because it is easy to adjust opinions between the executive
and the legislature because legislative and executive powers are in one party or coalition party.
Second, the line of responsibility in the creation and implementation of public policy is clear.
And the third of the advantages of central and local government relations is astrong
supervision of the central government to the local government so that the local government
becomes careful in running the government. While the short comings of the central and local
government relationship is the position of the local government is very dependent on the
majority of central government support so that at any time the local government can be
dropped by the central government. Local governments can also control the central
government. This happens when the members of the central government are members of the
central government and come from the majority party. Because of their great influence in the
central government and the party, the local government can also control the central
government.