SEMINAR 12

Vorbirea indirectă. Consumerism

GRAMATICĂ

Vorbirea indirectă se folosește pentru a relata cuvintele unei alte persoane. Principalele
categorii ale vorbirii indirecte sunt: afirmații, interogații, comenzi.

A. Afirmații. Trecerea de la afirmații directe la afirmații indirecte necesită câteva schimbări

în:
1. timpurile verbale
2. pronume și adjective
3. adverbe

1. Verbe.
 Verbele regulate schimbă timpul doar când verbul relatării (say, tell, ask etc.) este
la trecut. Nu există schimbări de timp dacă verbul relatării nu este la trecut.
Vorbirea directă Vorbirea indirectă
He always says: ‘Jay works too hard.’ He always says that Jay works too hard.
He is saying: ‘Jay works too hard.’ He is saying that Jay works too hard.
He will say: ‘Jay works too hard.’ He will say that Jay works too hard.

Tabelul schimbărilor temporale când verbul relatării este la trecut.

Vorbirea directă
He said: ‘Jay works hard.’
He said: ‘Jay is working hard.’
He said: ‘Jay has worked hard.’
He said: ‘Jay has been working hard.’
He said: ‘Jay worked hard.’
He said: ‘Jay will work hard.’
He said: ‘Jay will be working hard.’
Vorbirea indirectă
He said that Jay worked hard.
He said that Jay was working hard.
He said that Jay had worked hard.
He said that Jay had been working hard.
He said that Jay had worked hard.
He said that Jay would work hard.
He said that Jay would be working hard.

NOTĂ: Dar:
He said: ‘Jay would work hard.’ He said that Jay would work hard.
He said: ‘Jay would have worked hard.’ He said that Jay would have worked hard.

ATENȚIE: Condiționalele la vorbirea indirectă urmează regulile:

Vorbirea directă Vorbirea indirectă
Tip 1: Rose said: ‘If I listen, I will learn.’ (usual change) Rose said if she listened, she
would learn.
Tip 2: Rose said: ‘If I listened, I would (no change) Rose said if she listened, she
learn.’ would learn.
Tip 3: Rose said: ‘If I had listened, I would (no change) Rose said if she had listened,
have learned.’ she would have learned.
  Verbele modale se modifică în felul următor:
Vorbirea directă Vorbirea indirectă
can could
may might
will would
shall should

Celelalte verbe modale nu își modifică forma.

Dany said: ‘Tracy can do it.’ (d)
Dany said that Tracy could do it. (i)
I said: ‘They ought to leave now.’ (d)
I said that they ought to leave then. (i)

2. Pronumele și adjectivele se modifică de la vorbirea directă la vorbirea indirectă. Iată

tabelul modificărilor:
Vorbirea directă Vorbirea indirectă
I he/she
my his/her
mine his/hers
you I/he/she/we/they
your my/his/her/our/their
yours mine/his/hers/ours/theirs
we they
our their
ours theirs
this/these that/those

Ted said: ‘I am angry.’ (d) Ted said that he was angry. (i)
My cousins said: ‘These books are ours.’ (d) My cousins said that those books were theirs.
(i)
Kitty asked: ‘How are you?’ (d) Kitty asked how I was. (i)

NOTĂ: Când vorbitorul își relatează propriile cuvinte, pronumele și adjectivele rămân
neschimbate.
I said: “I am hungry.’ (d) I said I was hungry. (i)

3. Adverbele și expresiile verbale se modifică de la vorbirea directă la vorbirea indirectă.

Iată tabelul modificărilor:
Vorbirea directă Vorbirea indirectă
here there, in that place
now then, at that time
today that day
yesterday the day before
the day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the day after
the day after tomorrow in two days
an hour ago an hour before
a week ago a week before
a month ago a month before
next year the following year
next week the following week
last month a month before
last week a week before

Heidi said: ‘It’s raining now.’ (d)

Heidi said it was raining then. (i)
Ann said: ‘I saw her yesterday.’ (d)
Ann said that she had seen her the day before. (i)

B. Interogații. Trecerea de la interogații directe la interogații indirecte cere aceleași modificări

(timp verbal, pronume și adjective, adverbe) ca și pentru afirmații.

1. interogația indirectă nu poate folosi pe say; folosiți un verb cu sens interogativ, cum ar
fi: ask, inquire, wonder etc.
Matt said: ‘Why are those lights flashing?’ (d)
Matt wondered why those lights were flashing. (i)
We said: ‘How does it look?’ (d)
We asked how it looked. (i)

2. folosiți if în interogația indirectă atunci când nu există alt cuvânt interogativ (who,
why, where, what, when, how):
Tom asked: ‘Are you coming?’(d)
Tom asked if I was coming. (i)
They asked: ‘Do you smoke?’ (d)
They asked (me) if I smoked. (i)

C. Comenzi (cereri și sfaturi). Trecerea de la comenzi, cerințe și sfaturi directe la forma lor
indirectă urmează reguli diferite.
1. în construcția indirectă, verbul este urmat de complement + infinitiv cu to:
He said: ‘Claire, pick up the phone!’ (d)
He told Claire to pick the phone up. (i)
They said: ‘Hand in your paper, Daria!’ (d)
They ordered Daria to hand in her paper. (i)

2. pentru a reda o comandă negativă, forma indirectă primește pe not înaintea

infinitivului:
The attendant said: ‘Don’t touch.’ (d)
The attendant asked him/us not to touch. (i)
Rita said: ‘Don’t eat the whole cake, kids!’ (d)
Rita told the kids not to eat the whole cake. (i)

3. verbele folosite în comenzi, cereri, sfaturi indirecte sunt:

tell order advise command forbid
invite remind request warn ask
I advised him to call his lawyer.
We warned him not to ever contact her again.
EXERCIȚII

1. Treceți propozițiile la vorbirea indirectă.

1. Dad always says: ‘When I was your age, I would earn the money myself.’
…………………………………………………………….
2. I know that mother will say: ‘You should take care of yourself.’
…………………………………………………………….
3. Denise told her boyfriend: ‘I’m starting my new job tomorrow.’
…………………………………………………………….
4. The news anchor announced: ‘The weather will change.’
…………………………………………………………….
5. The proverb says: ‘Every cloud has a silver lining.’
…………………………………………………………….
6. They have recently admitted: ‘We want to get married next year.’
…………………………………………………………….
7. Alison whispered: ‘I like Alex, too.’
…………………………………………………………….
8. The Americans like to say: ‘Time is money.’
…………………………………………………………….
9. The officer told my wife: ‘Our policy has always been centered on the community.’
…………………………………………………………….
10. The professor promised: ‘I’ll correct your papers by tomorrow.’
…………………………………………………………….

2. Treceți propozițiile condiționale la vorbirea indirectă. Atenție la IF CLAUSE.

1. Mom said: ‘If I can, I’ll pick you up at the airport.’

…………………………………………………………….
2. The union leader told the workers: ‘If the company doesn’t increase your salaries, you
will go on strike.’
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
3. The author told the audience: ‘If you had read my last book, you would have
understood.’
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
4. The doctor always tells his patients: ‘If everyone practiced a sport daily, it would be
much better for their health.’
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
5. Tom yelled at his son: ‘If you don’t turn the TV down, I’ll turn it off.’
…………………………………………………………….
6. The lawyer explained: ‘If your wife hadn’t signed the contract, you would have had
your money back last year.’
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
7. I told my daughter: ‘If you get your grades up, I will buy you a gaming console.’
…………………………………………………………….
 8. The candidate announced: ‘If I am elected, I will improve schools and lower taxes.’
…………………………………………………………….
9. The historian insisted: ‘If the war had lasted another year, the entire country would
have been destroyed.’
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
10. The man said: ‘If Nadal won, he would get the cup.’
…………………………………………………………….

3. Treceți propozițiile la vorbirea indirectă (afirmații, interogații și comenzi indirecte).

1. The officer ordered: ‘Get off the road immediately!’

…………………………………………………………….
2. Presley agreed: ‘It’s all true.’
…………………………………………………………….
3. My friend wondered: ‘Will you be able to manage alone?’
…………………………………………………………….
4. I’m sure Mom will be wondering: ‘Where is he?’
…………………………………………………………….
5. The detective told the reporter: ‘If I had known the answer, I’d have solved the case
earlier.’
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
6. Janice said loudly: ‘People like that should be locked up.’
…………………………………………………………….
7. The flight assistant told the passengers: ‘fasten your seatbelts and turn off all
electronic equipment.’
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
8. The lyrics by Sinatra say: ‘I want to do it my way.’
…………………………………………………………….
9. The lady asked the jeweler: ‘Would you mind showing me the diamond bracelet in the
window?’
…………………………………………………………….
10. I can well remember when the news announced: ‘There is a fire at WTC!’
…………………………………………………………….

VOCABULAR

Consumerism

1. Consumerism is a new reality that we all share in the later years, with the success of
capitalism and the rise in the general standard of living in Western societies. Consumerism
refers to a state of mind where a person can achieve happiness only in buying new products.
As this attitude is of course very profitable to the producers, they encouraged this new trend to
the point where entire societies can be defined as consumerist. It is a source of huge revenues
and industrial growth. At the same time, it is also a source of perpetual frustration and hunt
for new things and massive financial debts.
Consumerist goods.
Consumerist goods refer to those products that are most sought after by heavy consumers,
because they symbolize power and status – conspicuous consumerism. A secondary reason is
not linked with power and status, but with social inclusion, following the mentality that if
everyone does it or owns it, I must too in order to be part of the group. The first category has
powerful commercial brand names that enhance status and appeal, such as luxury
automobiles, designer clothing, or expensive jewellery. The second category includes fast
food chains, soft beverages, clothing fads etc.

Anti-consumerism.
Anti-consumerism is a socio-political movement against consumerism. Consumerism is
viewed as a depersonalizing trend, which robs people of their individuality and local culture
in favour of imported mercantile values. Anti-consumerism labels a culture dominated by
consumerism as a consumer culture.
Anti-consumerist activism is present in the media and in educational programmes, where it
focuses on alternative lifestyles, environmental activism, anti-globalization, and animal-rights
activism. It encourages people to find real values in their lives, such as family, peace and
positive social roles, rather than blindly spend money in pursuit of happiness.

2. Pay attention to the definition. Find the word and fill in the gaps. Then decide if it belongs
to the category of consumerism or anti-consumerism.

1. The act of buying – _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (8 letters) → ………………………

2. To have or use something in common with other people – _ _ _ _ _ (5 letters) →
………………………
3. Things that are produced in order to be sold – _ _ _ _ _ (5 letters) →
………………………
4. When you throw away something, it becomes – _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (7 letters) →
………………………
5. A type of product with a particular name or design – _ _ _ _ _ (5 letters) →
………………………
6. The quality of being simple and not complicated – _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (10 letters) →
………………………
7. Put objects through a process that makes them usable again – _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (7 letters)
→ ………………………
8. An industry dedicated to persuade people into buying a product or service – _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ (11 letters) → ………………………

3. Short quiz.

1. A system of producing goods by dividing the production of a good into separate tasks,
where separate workers (or separate groups of workers) to do some small number of these
tasks.
a. Socialism b. division of labor c. Communism d. Capital
2. The class of society that works for a wage and has no other significant assets than their
labor and does not own anything.
a. Proletariat b. Capitalism c. Socialism d.Communism
4. Follow the clues for Across and Down to fill in the crossword.

Across
1. The ...... represents a collective image associated with a product that everyone can identify.
5. It is a global trend that promotes massive buying of products.
7. We spend a lot of money in order to get to this desired position.
8. We spend a lot of money to acquire .......
9. ...... makes the world go round.

Down
2. ....... is an entire industry dedicated to the promotion of brands and products.
3. We are all trying to consume the same limited ...... of planet Earth.
4. Anti-consumerism focuses on changing ...... for the benefit of the people.
5. ...... is an economic system based on free market.
6. Consumerism makes this become a dominant force in a given society.