Biotechnology : Principles

Principles
33
CHAPTER
and Processes
Processes
1. Biotechnology is 8. DNA repairing is done by
(a) a science to culture bacteria (a) ligase
(b) application of biological organisms to study (b) DNA polymerase III
genetics (c) DNA polymerase II
(c) application of biological organisms, (d) DNA polymerase I
systems to manufacture industrial products 9. Genetic engineered bacteria is used for
production of
useful to mankind (a) insulin (b) glucagon
(d) all of the above (c) penicillin (d) all of these
2. Genetic engineering aims at 10. Transgenic crops are modified through genetic
(a) destroying wild gene engineering to develop natural resistance to
(b) preserving defective gene insect pests. Which one of the pair is transgenic
(c) curing human disease by introducing new plant?
gene (a) Tomato and wheat
(d) all of the above (b) Tomato and rice
3. Which of the enzymes are used to join bits of (c) Tobacco and tomato
(d) Maize and sugarcane
DNA ? 11. DNA or RNA segment tagged with a radioactive
(a) Ligase (b) Primase molecule is called
(c) DNA polymerase (d) Endonuclease (a) vector (b) probe
4 Common bacteria used in genetic engineering is (c) clone (d) plasmid
(a) E. coli (b) Diplococcus 12. Gel electrophoresis is used for
(c) Rhizobium (d) Spirillum (a) cutting of DNA into fragments
5. Important objective of biotechnology in (b) separation of DNA fragments according to
agriculture section is their size
(a) to produce pest resistant varieties of plant (c) construction of recombinant DNA by
joining with cloning vectors
(b) to increase the nitrogen content (d) isolation of DNA molecule
(c) to decrease the seed number 13. Restriction endonucleases are enzymes
(d) to increase the plant weight which
6. Which structure involved in genetic engineering? (a) make cuts at specific positions within the
(a) Plastid (b) Plasmid DNA molecule
(c) Codon (d) None (b) recognize a specific nucleotide sequence
7. The raising new plants from a plant tissue for binding of DNA ligase
through tissue culture is termed as (c) restrict the action of the enzyme DNA
polymerase
(a) micropropagation (b) micro grafting (d) remove nucleotides from the ends of the
(c) macro economic (d) macroconsumer DNA molecule
278 Question Bank-BIOLOGY
14. There is a restriction endonuclease called EcoRI. 22. Bacillus thuringiensis forms protein crystals
What does co. part in it stand for ? which contain insecticidal protein
(a) colon (b) coelom (a) binds with epithelial cells of midgut of the
(c) coenzyme (d) coli insect pest ultimately killing it
15. A genetic clone is (b) is coded by several genes including the
(a) a plant produced by asexual means gene cry
(b) hybrid produced by sexual means (c) is activated by acid pH of the foregut of the
(c) homozygous plant produced by sexual insect pest
means (d) does not kill the carrier bacterium which is
(d) heterozygous plant produced by sexual itself resistant to this toxin
means 23. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) method is
16. Introduction of food plants developed by genetic useful for
engineering is not desirable because (a) amplification of DNA for forming billions of
(a) economy of developing countries may copies of itself
suffer (b) monoclonal antibody production
(b) these products are less tasty as compared (c) hybridoma production
to the already existing products (d) all of the above
(c) this method is costly 24. Collection of organisms as bacteria that all
(d) there is danger of entry of viruses and toxins contain the same piece of recombinant DNA is
with introduced crop called
17. The linking of antibiotic resistance gene with (a) gene cloning (b) cell cloning
the plasmid vector became possible with (c) organ cloning (d) all of these
(a) DNA ligase (b) endonucleases 25. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used in genetics
(c) DNA polymerase (d) exonucleases engineering for
18. Polyethylene glycol method is used for (a) DNA-mapping
(a) biodiesel production (b) DNA-modification
(b) seedless fruit production (c) vector
(c) energy production from sewage (d) DNA fingerprinting
(d) gene transfer without a vector 26. A genetically engineered bacteria used for
19. Which one of the following is used as vector for clearing oil spills is
cloning genes into higher organisms? (a) Escherischia coli
(a) Baculovirus (b) Bacillus subtilis
(b) Salmonella typhimurium (c) Agrobacterium tumifaciens
(c) Rhizopus nigricans (d) Pseudomonas putida
(d) Retrovirus 27. Genetic engineering is
20. Which one of the following palindromic base (a) study of extra nuclear genes
sequences in DNA can be easily cut at about the (b) manipulation of genes by artificial method
(c) manipulation of RNA
middle by some particular restriction enzyme? (d) manipulation of enzymes
(a) 5'.............CGTTCG.............3' 28. Which of the following enzymes cut the DNA
3'.............ATGGTA.............5' molecule at specific nucleotide sequence ?
(b) 5'.............GATATG.............3' (a) Restriction endonuclease
3'.............CTACTA.............5' (b) DNA - ligase
(c) 5'.............GAATTC.............3' (c) RNA - polymerase
3'.............CTTAAG.............5' (d) Exonuclease
(d) 5'.............CACGTA.............3' 29. Restriction endonucleases are used in genetic
3'.............CTCAGT.............5' engineering because
21. Agarose extracted from sea weeds finds use in (a) they can degrade harmful proteins
(a) spectrophotometry (b) theycan join DNA fragments
(b) tissue culture (c) they can cut DNA at variable sites
(c) PCR (d) they can cut DNA at specific base
(d) gel electrophoresis sequences
Biotechnology : Principles and Processes 279
30. When the genotype of an organism is improved 37. Genetically engineered insulin can be obtained by
by the addition of foreign gene, the process is (a) recombinant DNA technique with the help
called of E. coli
(a) tissue culture (b) two coded insulin genes separated then
(b) genetic diversity incorporated into bacteria
(c) genetic engineering (c) the extraction of cow's and pig's pancreas
(d) plastic surgery (d) technique not developed till now
31. Which vector is commonly used in the transfer 38. The process of joining together different DNA
of gene in a crop plant ? fragments is often referred to as
(a) Plasmids of B. subtilis (a) transcription (b) cloning
(b) Bacteriophages (c) gene splicing (d) DNA amplification
(c) Ti-plasmids of Agrobacterium
(d) E. coli 39. It is now possible to breed plants and animals
32. Taq - polymerase which is used to amplification with desired characters through
of DNA related with (a) genetic engineering
(a) hybridoma technique (b) chromosome engineering
(b) PCR-technique (c) gel electrophoresis
(c) gene cloning (d) tissue culture
(d) r-DNA technology 40. A distinct mechanism that usually involves a
33. First cloned animal short segment of DNA with remarkable capacity
(a) dolly sheep (b) polly sheep to move from one location in a chromosome to
(c) molly sheep (d) dog another, this is called
34. Genetic engineering is possible because (a) DNA replication
(a) we can cut DNA at specific sites by (b) DNA transposition
endonuclease like DNAase (c) DNA hybridization
(b) restriction endonuclease purified from (d) DNA recombination
bacteria is well understood 41. Production of a human protein in bacteria by
(c) the phenomenon of transduction in bacteria genetic engineering is possible because
is well understood (a) bacterial cell can carry out the RNA splicing
(d) we can see DNA by electron microscope reactions
35. Construction of recombinant DNA involves (b) the human chromosome can replicate
(a) cleaving and rejoining DNA segments with bacterial cell
ligase alone (c) the mechanism of gene regulation is
(b) cleaving DNA segments with ligase and identical in humans and bacteria
rejoining them with endonuclease (d) the genetic code is universal
(c) cleaving DNA segment with endonuclease 42. Which one of the following pairs of terms/names
and rejoining them with ligase mean one and the same thing ?
(d) cleaving and rejoining DNA segments with (a) Gene pool- genome
endonuclease alone (b) Codon - gene
36. Which one of the following bacteria has found (c) Cistron -triplet
extensive use in genetic engineering work in (d) DNA fingerprinting-DNA profiling
plants? 43. The transfer of genetic material from one
(a) Clostridium septicum bacterium to another through the mediation of a
(b) Xanthomonas citri vector like virus is termed as
(c) Bacillus coagulens (a) transduction (b) conjugation
(d) Agrobacterium tumefaciens (c) transformation (d) translation
280 Question Bank-BIOLOGY
44. In agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules 53. Which of these best shows that plant cells are
are generally totipotent ?
(a) positively charged (a) A shoot culture for the purpose of micropro-
(b) negatively charged pagation
(c) neutral (b) Flower meristem culture for the purpose of
(d) both (a) and (b) somatic embryos
45. The most important feature in a plasmid to be (c) Protoplasmic culture for the purpose of
used as a vector is genetic engineering of plants
(d) Leaf, stem and root culture for the purpose
(a) origin of replication (ori) of cell suspension cultures
(b) presence of a selectable marker 54. ‘Axenic culture’ is
(c) presence of sites for restriction endonuclease (a) culture of tissue
(d) its size (b) growing of shrubs
46. The main technique involved in agricultural (c) growing of tall trees
biotechnology is called (d) culture of tissue free from contamination
(a) tissue culture (b) transformation 55. The enzyme, which helps to cut one strand of
(c) plant breeding (d) DNA replication DNA duplex to release tension of coiling of two
47. Which one of the following pair is incorrect ? strands is
(a) Plasmid - small piece of extrachromosomal (a) DNA ligase
DNA in bacteria (b) DNA polymerase I
(b) Interferon - an enzyme that interferes with (c) topoisomerase
(d) helicase or unwindase
DNA replication 56. Plasmids are suitable vectors for gene cloning
(c) Cosmid - A vector for carrying large DNA because
fragments into host cells (a) these are small circular DNA molecules
(d) Myeloma - antibody producing tumour which can integrate with host chromosomal
cells. DNA
48. Large number of bacteria produced from a single (b) these are small circular DNA molecules with
bacterium is called their own replication at origin site
(a) deme (b) population (c) these can shuttle between prokaryotic and
(c) clones (d) offspring eukaryotic cells
49. Restriction enzyme ‘Eco RI’ nicks at one of the (d) these often carry antibiotic resistance genes
following sites on DNA 57. Which of the following is/are pesticide?
(a) 5' G ¯ AATTC 3' (b) 5' GGCC 3' (a) DDT (b) BHC
(c) Aldrin (d) All of the above
(c) 5'A¯AGCTT 3' (d) None above 58. Use of biology in industrial process and for
50. Biotechnology is the modern branch of biology improving quality of life is called
which deals with (a) genetic engineering
(a) genetic engineering (b) biochemistry (b) eugenics
(c) microbiology (d) all the above (c) microbiology
51. Which of the following is not a genetic vector ? (d) biotechnology
(a) Plasmid (b) Phage 59. Product of biotechnology is
(c) Cosmid (d) Virusoid (a) transgenic crop (GM crop)
52. ‘Cloning’ is meant for/to (b) humulin
(a) production of gene in E. coli (c) biofertilizer
(b) preserve the genotype of organism (a) all of these
(c) replace the original gene 60. Antibiotics belong to the category of
(a) steroids (b) toxins
(d) all of the above (c) medicines (d) tonics
Biotechnology : Principles and Processes 281
61. Read the following statement and choose the (c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
correct option. (d) Both the Statements are False.
(i) Genetic engineering is also called 64. Match the following and identify the correct
recombinant DNA technology. option.
(ii) Bacteriophage is not used as vector. Column - I Column - II
(iii) MALAYALAM is a palindrome. A. Primers I. PCR
(iv) Ethidium bromide can not be used for B. Separation and II. C2H5OH
staining DNA. purification of products
(a) (i) and (ii) are wrong C. Precipitation of DNA III. Uptake of
(b) (ii) and (iv) arewrong foreign DNA
(c) All are wrong by bacterium
D. Transformation IV. Down stream
(d) All are correct processing
62. Statement-1 : The uptake of DNA during (a) A – IV; B – I; C – II; D – III
transformation is an active, energy requiring
process. (b) A – II; B – I; C – IV; D – III
Statement-2 : Transformation occurs in only (c) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II
those bacteria, which possess the enzymatic (d) A – I; B – IV; C – II; D – III
machinery involved in the active uptake and 65. Which of the following is wrongly matched?
recombination.
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True, (a) Agarose – Sea weeds
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for (b) Thermus aquaticus – ‘T - DNA’
Statement-1 (c) Plasmid DNA – Vector
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; (d) Sal I – Restriction
Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation endonuclease
for Statement-1 66. A schematic representation showing a step of
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False the formation of recombinant DNA by the action
(d) Both the Statements are False. of enzymes. Identify A, B and the enzymes
63. Statement-1: In recombinant DNAtechnology, involved in this step.
human genes are often transferred into bacteria A DNA B DNA
(prokaryotes) or yeast (eukaryote). G
C T TA A
C
AA T T G
Statement-2 : Both bacteria and yeast multiply Sticky end
very fast to form huge population which express
the desired gene. A DNA B DNA Enzyme Enzyme joining
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True, recognizing the sticky ends
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for palindrome
Statement -1 (a) Vector Foreign DNA ligase EcoRI
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True (b) Vector Foreign EcoRI DNA ligase
; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation (c) Vector Foreign Exonuclease DNA ligase
for Statement-1 (d) Vector Foreign DNA ligase Exonuclease
282 Question Bank-BIOLOGY
67. Identify the correct match for the given figure. 69. Restriction endonucleases are enzymes which
(a) make cuts at specific positions within the
Walls DNA molecule
Largest Smallest
(b) recognize a specific nucleotide sequence
43

for binding of DNA ligase

(c) restrict the action of the enzyme DNA
2 1

(a) Electrophoresis Differential migration of
DNA fragments
(b) Column Separation of chlorophyll
chromatography pigments
(c) Gene cloning Technique of obtaining
identical copies of a particular DNA
segment or a gene
(d) Microinjection Technique of introducing
foreign genes into a host cell
68. Imagine a gel through which DNA fragmentshave
moved in response toan applied electrical current.
The band on this gel that is farthest from the top
(that is, from theplace where the DNA fragments
were added to the “well”) represents the
(a) shortest fragments of DNA.
(b) longest fragments of DNA.
(c) restriction enzyme used to cut the DNA into
fragments.
(d) ligase used to bind the DNA fragments
together.
polymerase
(d) remove nucleotides from the ends of the
DNA molecule
70. The colonies of recombinant bacteria appear
white in contrast to blue colonies of non-
recombinant bacteria because of
(a) insertional inactivate of alphaga-lactosidase
in non-recombinant bacteria.
(b) insertional inactivation of alpha-
galactosidase in recombinant bacteria.
(c) inactivation of glycosidase enzyme in
recombinant bacteria.
(d) non-recombinant bacteria containing beta-
galactosidase.

ANSWER KEY
1 (c) 11 (b) 21 (d) 31 (c) 41 (d) 51 (d) 61 (b)
2 (c) 12 (b) 22 (a) 32 (b) 42 (d) 52 (b) 62 (a)
3 (a) 13 (a) 23 (a) 33 (a) 43 (a) 53 (a) 63 (a)
4 (a) 14 (d) 24 (a) 34 (a) 44 (b) 54 (d) 64 (d)
5 (a) 15 (a) 25 (c) 35 (c) 45 (a) 55 (c) 65 (b)
6 (b) 16 (d) 26 (d) 36 (d) 46 (a) 56 (b) 66 (b)
7 (a) 17 (a) 27 (b) 37 (a) 47 (b) 57 (d) 67 (a)
8 (d) 18 (d) 28 (a) 38 (c) 48 (c) 58 (d) 68 (a)
9 (a) 19 (d) 29 (d) 39 (a) 49 (a) 59 (d) 69 (a)
10 (c) 20 (c) 30 (c) 40 (b) 50 (d) 60 (c) 70 (d)
Biotechnology : Principles and Processes
HINTS & SOLUTIONS
7. (a) Living cells or tissues or organs are cultured
in aseptic conditions in nutrient medium to
produce plantlet which is disease resistant. This
is known as tissue culture or micropropagation.
8. (d) DNA repairing is done bythe involvement of
three enzymes – DNA repair nucleases, DNA
polymerase I and DNA ligase. Both DNA
polymerase I and DNA ligase have important
general roles in DNA metabolism. Both functions
in DNA replication as well as DNA repair.
9. (a) Genetic engineered bacteria is used for
production of insulin. On 5th July 1983, the
american firm Eli Lilly launched humulin (1st
genetically engineered human insulin).
10. (c) Tobacco and tomato, the transgenic plants
possess a gene or genes that have been
transferred from a different species. Although,
DNA of another species can be integrated in a
plant genome by natural processes, the term
"transgenic plants" refers to plants created in a
laboratory using recombinant DNA technology.
The aim is to design plants with specific
characteristics byartificial insertion of genes from
other species or sometimes entirely different
kingdoms.
11. (b) DNA or RNA segment tagged with a
radioactive molecule is called probe. They are
used to detect the presence of complementary
sequences in nucleic acid samples. Probes are
used for identification and isolation of DNA and
RNA.
12. (b) Gel electrophoresis is a technique to
separation of DNA fragments according to their
size. DNA is negatively charged so in gel tank
when electric passed, DNA move towards positive
electrode.
13. (a) Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that
make cuts at specific positions within the DNA
molecule. They acts as molecular scissors. They
recognise specific base sequence at palindrome
sites in DNA duplex and cut its strands.
14. (d) EcoRI is an endonuclease enzyme isolated
from strains of E.coli and a part of restriction
modified system. So co part stands for coli.
283
15. (a) A genetic clone is a plant produced by
asexual means.
16. (d) Plants developed by genetic engineering are
called transgenic plants or genetically modified
crops from which genetically modified food is
produced. For their production micro-organisms
(bacteria, virus) are used. So, by consuming them
there is a danger of entry of viruses and toxins
causing different types of allergies and other
health hazards to human beings.
17. (a) The linking of antibiotic resistance gene with
the plasmid vector became possible with DNA
ligase. DNA ligase is an enzyme that is able to
join together two portions of DNA and therefore
plays an important role in DNA repair. DNA ligase
is also used in recombinant DNA technology as
it ensures that the foreign DNA is bound to the
plasmid into which it is incorporated.
18. (d) Direct gene transfer is the transfer of naked.
DNA into plant cells but the presence of rigid
plant cell wall acts as abarrier to uptake.Therefore
protoplasts are the favoured target for direct gene
transfer. Polyethylene glycol mediated DNA
uptake is a direct gene transfer method that
utilizes the interaction between polyethylene
glycol, naked DNA, salts and the protoplast
membrane to effect transport of the DNA into the
cytoplasm.
19. (d) Retrovirus has the ability to transform normal
cells into cancerous cells. Hence, it can used as a
vector for cloning desirable genes into animal
cells.
20. (c) Palindromic sequences in DNA molecule are
group of bases that forms the same sequence
when read in both forward and backward
direction. In the given question, only option (c)
represent a palindromic sequence.
21. (d) In gel electrophoresis agarose extracted from
sea weed used as gel agarose, made of 0.7% gel
show good resolution of large DNA and 2% gel
will show good resolution of small fragments.
22. (a) Bacillus thuringiensis produces a large
amount of crystalline protein during sporulation.
In the cell, toxins areformed along with thespore
284
and are referred to as parasporal body. The
bacteria are capable of entering the insect’s blood
and using the host insect to reproduce. The
proteins from ingested spores are activated by
gut, high pH and the polypeptide toxins destroy
gut epithelial cells and kill the pest.
46. (a) The tissue culture is a latest method of crop
improvement. Besides also used in manufacture
of antibiotics, alkaloids and dyes.
51. (d) Virusoid is not a genetic vector. Virusoids are
circular single stranded RNA's dependent on
plant viruses for replication & encapsidation.
52. (b) Cloning is the production of an organism
with exactly similar genetic make up as in the
mother individual. Cloning is done to preserve
genotype of an individual. This is achieved by
cell culture, tissue culture or genetic engineering.
53. (a) Totipotency of plant cells are best explained
by tissue culture. When a cell or group of cells
are grown in a culture medium it gives rise to new
plantlet. Every cell of aplant has capacity to gives
rise a new plant.
54. (d) Axenic is a method of culture of isolated plant
cells, tissues or organs in an artificial, nutritive
medium.
55. (c) During the process of replication the enzyme
that helps to cut one strand of DNA duplex to
release the tension of coiling of two strands is
topoisomerase.
56. (b) A plasmid isa DNA molecule separatefrom
the chromosomal DNA and capable of
autonomous replication. It is typically circular and
double-stranded. It usually occursin bacteria, and
is sometimes found in eukaryotic organisms.
Plasmids used in genetic engineering are called
vectors. They are used to transfer genes from
one organism to another and typically contain a
genetic marker conferring a phenotype that can
be selected for or against, along with their
independent replication site.
57. (d) DDT, BHC (Benzene Hexachloride) –
chlorinated hydrocarbons
Aldrin – Carbamate (reversibly inhibits
acetylcholenesterase).
58. (d) Use of biology in industrial process and for
improving quality of life is called as biotechno-
logy. It is the application of discoveries in biology
for the production of useful organisms and their
products.
Question Bank-BIOLOGY
61. (b) Bacteriophage is used in constructing vectors
for gene cloning. Ethidium bromide is used for
staining DNA.
62. (a) Transformation does not involve passive
entry of DNA molecules through permeable cell
walls and membranes. It does not occur 'naturally'
in all species of bacteria, only in those species
possessing the enzymatic machinery involved in
the active uptake and recombination processes.
Even in these species, all cells in a given
population are not capable of active uptake of
DNA. Only competent cells, which possess a so
called competence factor are capable of serving
as recipients in transformation.
63. (a) Bacteria and yeast easily grow in culture
medium and multiply very fast so it is best for
making the many copies of recombinant DNA,
and express character of desired gene.
65. (b) Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a pathogen of
several dicot plants is able to deliver a piece of
DNA known as ‘T-DNA’ to transform normal
plant cells into a tumor and direct these tumor
cells to produce the chemicals required by the
pathogen.
68. (a) Migration through, the electrophoresis gel
is a function of the size of the DNA fragments,
with small fragments moving farthest as they are
able to “squeeze” through the gel matrix more
easily.
69. (a) Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that
makes cuts at specific positions within the DNA
molecule. They acts as molecular scissors. They
recognise specific base sequence at palindrome
sites in DNA duplex and cut its strands.
70. (d) Alternative selectable markers have been
developed which differentiate recombinant from
non-recombinants on the basis of their ability to
produce colour in the presence of chromogenic
substrate. In this , a recombinant DNA is inserted
within the coding sequence of an enzyme b-
galactosidase. This results into inactivation of
the enzyme, which is referred to as insertional
inactivation. The presence of chromogenic
substrate give blue coloured colonies of the
plasmid in the bacteria does not have an insert.
Presence of insert results into insertional
inactivation of the galactosidase and the colonies
do not produce any colour, these are identified
as recombinant colonies.