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Control Decision-Making in an Urban Area

Mohammad Mehdi Khabiri11, Mahnaz Elahizadeh2-H]DQ0''LDK

Received: 09.09. 2015 Accepted: 16. 07. 2016

Abstract
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Keywords:'HFLVLRQPDNLQJWZRODQHURXQGDERXWSDYHPHQWFRQGLWLRQLQGH[FRQWUDVWRIWUDI¿FODQH lines color,

&$57PRGHO

* Corresponding author E-mail: mkhabiri@yazd.ac.ir

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International Journal of Transportation Engineering,


Vol.4/ No.1/ Summer 2016
 6WDWLVWLFDO$QDO\VLVRI7ZRODQH5RXQGDERXW'DWDIRU7UDI¿F

1. Introduction 7DEOH5RXQGDERXW&DWHJRU\&RPSDULVRQ>0LOOVHWDO@
5RDG WUDI¿F PDQDJHment is considered a complex is-

Typical inscribed circle

7\SLFDOGDLO\VHUYLFH

entering lanes per ap-

Maximum number of
VXH 5RDG WUDI¿F ODZV DQG SROLFLHV GHSHQG RQ VHYHUDO YROXPHVRQOHJURXQG-

Design element
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diameter
about below which may

proach
PHQW FDQ EH GLI¿FXOW EHFDXVH GHFLVLRQPDNHUV QHHG be expected to operate
to analyze and absorb a large quantity of information without requiring a de-
>$OPHMDOOL 'DKDO DQG  +RVVDLQ  'HOO¶$FTXD  tailed capacity analysis
/XFD DQG 0DXUR @ 1RZDGD\V GHFLVLRQPDNHUV 9HKGD\
and transportation specialists widely use the data anal- mini-
WR Up to approximately
\VLVUHODWLQJWRDFFLGHQWVLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVWDWXVDQGYH- round- 1
m 
KLFOHV>3DQGHDQG$EGHO$W\'HOO¶$FTXD/XFD about
DQG0DXUR)DQJDDQG*XR@DQGGDWDUH- single-
lated to road safety used by different agencies such as lane WR Up to approximately
1
WKHSROLFHWUDQVSRUWGHSDUWPHQWV,QVXUDQFH&RPSDQLHV round- m 
about
DQG SROLWLFLDQV >:+2 @ 5RDG WUDQVSRUW QHHGV
multi-
LPSURYHPHQW WR LPSURYH WKH PRELOLW\ RI WKH SHRSOH Up to approximately
lane WR
DQG JRRGV DFFHVV WR HGXFDWLRQ KHDOWK FDUH MREV DQG   for two-lane
round- m
HFRQRPLF ORFDWLRQV >:+2@ ,Q UHFHQW VWXGLHV about
roundabout
transportation decision-making process has been done
XVLQJWUDI¿FVWDWLVWLFVGDWD,QSUHYLRXVVWXGLHVVHYHUDO 3DYHPHQWV PDUNLQJ DW URXQGDERXWV KDYH GLIIHUHQW
methods of collecting and analyzing data were used types, color and application. Yellow edge lines along
>'HOO¶$FTXD  /XFD DQG 0DXUR @ ,Q WKLV VWXG\ splitter islands are placed at the left edge of the ap-
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and data analysis by statistical methods using SPSS White lane lines markings are used on multilane ap-
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tersections are a small part of the road but crash rates at ized intersections, solid lane lines on approaches re-
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RI FUDVKHV UHFRUGHG 5HFHQWO\ PRVW LQWHUVHFWLRQV DUH last-minute lane changes. Solid lane lines on approach-
EHLQJFRQYHUWHGWRURXQGDERXWV>0RQWHOODHWDO@ HVDQGGHSDUWXUHVFDQGLVFRXUDJHGULYHUVIURPFXWWLQJ
because it reduces crash rates and increases roadway DFURVVXQQHFHVVDU\ODQHFKDQJHDQGGHÀHFWLRQWKURXJK
FDSDFLW\ $OVR URXQGDERXWV DUH EHWWHU DOWHUQDWLYHV IRU WKHURXQGDERXW>1&+53UHSRUW@([DPSOHV
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5RXQGDERXWVKDYHEHHQFODVVL¿HGLQWRWKUHHEDVLFFDW-
egories according to size of inscribed circle diameter
and number of entering lanes: mini-roundabouts, sin-
gle-lane roundabouts and multilane roundabouts. These
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smaller groups e.g. rural, suburban and urban. Table 1
compares the different categories of roundabouts.
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lineate the entries, exits, and the circulatory roadway,
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International Journal of Transportation Engineering,

Vol.4/ No.1/ Summer 2016 
 Mohammad Mehdi Khabiri, Mahnaz Elahizadeh, Jezan MD Diah

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VDIHW\>3DUNHWDO@6FRWW0F.QLJKWHWDO LQWKHVWXG\UHIHUVWRULVN\GULYLQJ8QQHFHVVDU\ODQH
studied the effect of lane line width and contrast upon FKDQJHDQGQRWXVLQJWKHWXUQVLJQDOVRI$XWRPRELOH
lane keeping. They found that lane line width and con- $FFRUGLQJWRREMHFWLYHVRIUHVHDUFKIRUSULRULW\RILP-
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when the contrast is so extreme [Mcknight and Tip- SDUDPHWHUVSDWKWKHSDYHPHQWODQHOLQHVFRORUTXDOLW\
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2. Research Methodology
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nals and unnecessary lane change regarding approach-
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this study the effects of rut depth, international rough-
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2.1 Data Collection
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on the number of accidents was studied. The results OLQHV DQG YROXPHWRFDSDFLW\ UDWLR RQ WKHYDOXH RI
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rates only at night and in rainy conditions [Chan et al., VLJQDOV DQG QRW KDYLQJ XQQHFHVVDU\ ODQH FKDQJH DW
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tion conditions.
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by statistician.
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day and at off-peak hours, so that the low-light pa-
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less. One point that will reduce the number of collisions GLG QRW KDYHDQ LPSDFWRQ WKH WDUJHWHG YHKLFOHV7KH
is the use of appropriate geometric designs in round- GULYHUV¶ SHUIRUPDQFHZDV UHFRUGHGE\WKH UHFRUGHU
abouts. One possible solution from those countries with $IWHU VHOHFWLQJWKH YHKLFOHUDQGRPO\ WKH ¿UVW SD-
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lines, it does not need to change the lane, if it passes
in the red line or blue line, it can only change the lane
twice, if it changes more than twice, it is unnecessary
lane change. Statisticians, according to the standard
International Journal of Transportation Engineering,
Vol.4/ No.1/ Summer 2016
 6WDWLVWLFDO$QDO\VLVRI7ZRODQH5RXQGDERXW'DWDIRU7UDI¿F

ZLGWKRIWUDI¿FOLQHVWUDFHGWKHPRYHPHQWVRIYHKLFOHV $FFRUGLQJO\LIWKHGULYHUKDGODQHFKDQJHVPRUHWKDQ
in a hypothetical area in the roundabouts which did not WKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGQXPEHUVWKH\ZHUHUHFRUGHGDQG
KDYHPDUNLQJRULQRWKHUZRUGVZHUHQRWFOHDU)LJ counted as unnecessary lane changes.

selected double-
lane roundabouts

field studies

recorde the characteristics, volum , Reaction

... roundabouts of driver
take a photo recorde the unnecessar
of entry and recorde the recorde the characteristics
surface of roundabout such as using signal y lane
roundabout circulating inscribed circle diameter chang
lines flow distresses
determine
determine the determine the entry determine
contrast of the daily capacity of the PCI
line colour service roundabou
with pavement volumes t
determine
Volume-to-
Capacity
ratio

Data
analysis

Pearson Bivariate Classificat independent-

Correlations
ion tree samples t-
analysis test

Conclusion

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International Journal of Transportation Engineering,

Vol.4/ No.1/ Summer 2016 
 Mohammad Mehdi Khabiri, Mahnaz Elahizadeh, Jezan MD Diah

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Table 2. Characteristics of these roundabouts

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P YHKGD\
Toba sq.  
Mosque sq.  
)HUGRVVT  
+D]UDW*VT  
,PDP06VT  
Student sq.  
6H\\HG+1VT  

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31 International Journal of Transportation Engineering,

Vol.4/ No.1/ Summer 2016
 6WDWLVWLFDO$QDO\VLVRI7ZRODQH5RXQGDERXW'DWDIRU7UDI¿F

7DEOH7KHLQIRUPDWLRQRIWKHPRVWUHFRUGHGGLVWUHVVRIURXQGDERXWSDYHPHQW

Name of roundabout / area of Area / Length /

Severity Number of sam-
roundabout’s pavement Distress types Count
Level ple unit
(m2) distress
block cracking /0 m2 
/RQJ 7UDQV
/  m
cracking
Toba / 593 2
Alligator cracking / m2 
Patching / m2 9
Potholes / One number
block cracking / m2 
Ferdos / 761 Patching /0 m2  2
Bumps and Sags / m2 1
/RQJ 7UDQV
/0 m 
cracking
Mosque / 1256 Patching M m2  
Weathering and
/ m2 
5DYHOLQJ
block cracking /0 m2 
/RQJ 7UDQV
/  m
Hazrat-G. / 1421 cracking 
Alligator cracking /0 m 
2

Patching / m2 
block cracking /0 m2 
/RQJ 7UDQV
/0 9 m
Imam-M. S. / 1943 cracking 
Potholes / One number
Patching /0 m2 
block cracking M m2 
/RQJ 7UDQV
/0  m
cracking
Student / 2119.5 Potholes M One number 
Patching / m2 
Weathering and
M m2 12
5DYHOLQJ
block cracking / m2 
Alligator cracking / m2 
Seyyed-H. N. / 1413 
Patching /0 m 
2

Potholes / One number

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cording to Table 1, on the two-lane roundabout. Most WKHYHKLFOHVGLGQRWKDYHLPSDFWRQHDFKRWKHUKHQFHWKH
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International Journal of Transportation Engineering,

Vol.4/ No.1/ Summer 2016 
 Mohammad Mehdi Khabiri, Mahnaz Elahizadeh, Jezan MD Diah
WKHUHIRUHW\SLFDOGDLO\VHUYLFHYROXPHVLVORZ
2.2 Pavement Condition Index Calculation
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it is used from existing standard forms for collecting
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2.3 Roundabout Volume-to-Capacity Ratio
Calculation
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British method for the analysis of roundabout capacity
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used to analyze roundabout capacity, such as British-
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>$670'@
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software which are estimated capacity, delay, queue,
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UHFRUGHGDQGWKH3&,ZDVGHWHUPLQHGE\DYHUDJLQJWKH
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LQYROYHGLQWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKH3&,IRUDVDPSOHXQLW expected capacity of a double-lane roundabout based
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6WHS'HWHUPLQHGHGXFWYDOXHV lane roundabouts. The capacity forecast is based on
)RU HDFK E\ GLVWUHVV W\SH GHQVLW\ DQG VHYHULW\ OHYHO VLPSOL¿HG%ULWLVKUHJUHVVLRQUHODWLRQVKLSVZKLFKPD\
within a sample unit and by the existing charts, a deduct DOVREHGHULYHGZLWKDJDSDFFHSWDQFHPRGHOE\LQFRU-
YDOXHLVGHWHUPLQHG SRUDWLQJOLPLWHGSULRULW\EHKDYLRU>5RELQVRQ@
6WHS'HWHUPLQHWKHPD[LPXPDOORZHGGHGXFWYDOXH 7KHWUDI¿FYROXPHLQHDFKURXQGDERXWGXULQJSHDNRII
P hours per working week circulating and entering traf-
)RUURDGVZLWKDVSKDOWVXUIDFHWKHDOORZHGGHGXFWYDO- ¿FYROXPHDWHDFKDSSURDFKIRUYHKLFOHVFDUVPRWRU-
XHZDVFDOFXODWHGXVLQJ(T F\FOHV DQG EXVHV ZDV UHFRUGHG E\ D UHFRUGHU. Using
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mi 1  
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Where The capacity of each approach was calculated using
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33 International Journal of Transportation Engineering,

Vol.4/ No.1/ Summer 2016
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fc .t D 1  .2 x 2   tal and the light in the time of shooting was morning
light and all the shots were prepared in a period of less
. than 1 hour.Using Colour Contrast Checker software,
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1  H[S   mined by calculating the mean, for each roundabout

one number was considered. So the ratios larger than
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this study used independent-samples t-test to determine
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different types of roundabouts, the studied roundabouts
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2.4 Calculating the Contrast of Pavement Lane
Lines Color at Roundabout
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ond row t would be reported. Assuming homogeneity
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 Mohammad Mehdi Khabiri, Mahnaz Elahizadeh, Jezan MD Diah

)LJXUH.The outputs of Color Contrast Checker Software>&&6RIWZDUH@

7DEOH5HVXOWVRI77HVWEHWZHHQW\SHDQGW\SHIRUWKHGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHVRIXQQHFHVVDU\ODQHFKDQJHDQGWKHXVHRIWXUQ
signals
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for Equality of

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) Sig. t df Sig. Mean Std. Error &RQILGHQFH,QWHUYDO

Difference Difference
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Using signal (TXDO YDULDQFHV   -   -  - -.1
assumed

(TXDO YDULDQFHV QRW -   -  - -

assumed

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lane chang assumed

(TXDO YDULDQFHV QRW -   -  - -

assumed

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unequal.
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ing through double-lane roundabouts in an arterial road
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3.1 Pearson Bivariate Correlations Analysis
ances of the two groups are not equal and also between
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unnecessary lane change and use of signals, in type 1
strength and the direction of the linear relationship be-
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cient indicates whether the direction of the relationship
ratio and inscribed circle diameter, which based on
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35 International Journal of Transportation Engineering,

Vol.4/ No.1/ Summer 2016
 6WDWLVWLFDO$QDO\VLVRI7ZRODQH5RXQGDERXW'DWDIRU7UDI¿F

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Using SPSS, the correlation between the independent
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signals and unnecessary lane change was determined.
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on turn signals, such that if there is a forwaUGYHKLFOH
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to-capacity is directly related to the unnecessary lane
change, it means that in roundabouts with a greater
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Condition, the number of unnecessary lane change in-
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independent
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ables and their impact on the use of turn signals.
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to-capacity ratio
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able reduces car crashes [SulOLYDQDQG)ODQQDJDQ@
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4. Conclusions
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International Journal of Transportation Engineering,

Vol.4/ No.1/ Summer 2016 
 Mohammad Mehdi Khabiri, Mahnaz Elahizadeh, Jezan MD Diah

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DERXWVZLWKKLJKWUDI¿FÀRZ The results of this paper
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than with other roundabouts. The results also indicated
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RQ VPDOO URXQGDERXWV DQG PRUH WKDQ  RI GULYHUV
made unnecessary lane changes.

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about

37 International Journal of Transportation Engineering,

Vol.4/ No.1/ Summer 2016
 6WDWLVWLFDO$QDO\VLVRI7ZRODQH5RXQGDERXW'DWDIRU7UDI¿F

The study of samples from small roundabouts deter- UXQQLQJYLRODWLRQVLQXUEDQDUHDVLQ7DEXN.LQJGRPRI

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A study of small, local roundabouts was performed. DQG SDUNLQJ ORWV SDYHPHQW FRQGLWLRQ LQGH[ VXUYH\V
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the cited study, only one roundabout had an appropri-
ate lane situation, and lane contrast was more than
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ment of laws to encourage the use of turn signals, is
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required.
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trial areas can be examined, rather than roundabouts in
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for permission to collect data, as well as Mr. Sadeqian
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6. List of abbreviations
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7. References
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Vol.4/ No.1/ Summer 2016 
 Mohammad Mehdi Khabiri, Mahnaz Elahizadeh, Jezan MD Diah

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39 International Journal of Transportation Engineering,

Vol.4/ No.1/ Summer 2016