OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 1

OPERATED SIDEWALK MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR

CANETE, RAFFY S.

DELOSO, JENNY T.

LLEIMIT JELYN LEE S.

VALLE, REYNALDO D. JR.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

College of Engineering and Architecture
PHINMA Cagayan de Oro College
Max Suniel St., Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City

April 30, 2021

OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 2

Chapter 2

Review Related Literature

2.1 Overview of Garbage

What is garbage? Garbage, trash, rubbish, or refuse is waste material that is

discarded by humans, usually due to a perceived lack of utility. The term generally does not

encompass bodily waste products, purely liquid or gaseous wastes, nor toxic waste products. Waste

can be solid, liquid, or gaseous and each type has different methods of disposal and management.

Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial, biological and household.

(Brijesh K J. et al, 2019). Garbage is commonly sorted and classified into kinds of material suitable

for specific kinds of disposal. In urban areas, garbage of all kinds is collected and treated

as municipal solid waste; garbage that is discarded in ways that cause it to end up in the

environment, rather than in facilities designed to receive garbage, is considered litter. Litter is a

form of garbage, and municipal solid waste that is improperly disposed of, and which therefore

enters the environment, is treated as litter. Notably, however, only a small fraction of garbage that

is generated becomes litter, with the vast majority being disposed of in ways intended to secure it

from entering the environment.

Garbage is a waste materials that is disregarded by humans. The relation of garbage

consumption every household has a big impact to the total garbage even in just one barangay.

Statistics result that the households generated an average of 3.2 kg of solid waste per day, or 0.50

kg/capita/day (Eileen C. Bernard), hence with the outgrowing population in an area, expected that

garbage gathered will increase. According to G. Kumar and C. Swamy, rapid increase of

population, has led to improper waste management in cities resulting in increased pests and
OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 3

spreading of diseases. As the population increased efforts were made to transport waste out of the

cities, the government implement a garbage truck that will collect all the waste from the household.

Collection is done twice daily, except Sundays, and household members bring their garbage when

the garbage truck arrives. However, there are those who dump their garbage in non-designated

pick-up points, usually in a corner of the street (Eileen C. Bernard), which may lead to negative

effects not just in our environments bust also in our health.

2.2 Data

Philippines is the third largest generator of solid waste per year among Southeast Asian

countries, with only Thailand and Indonesia producing more (Gatchalian, 2018). Using 2015 waste

generation data of the National Solid Waste Management Commission, it is projected that from

14.66 million metric tons of waste produced in 2014, the country will produce 16.63 million metric

tons in 2020 or a 13.44 percent increase. Thus, there is a law for the proper management of such

wastes is stipulated in Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2000, which provides for a clear policy framework for solid waste management in the Philippines,

with a strong emphasis on LGU empowerment. Due to the poor implementation of a 20-year-old

law and lack of action from households and communities, the country is facing a serious garbage

crisis that threatens to cause irreparable damage to ecosystems and harm to the health of Filipinos

(Sen. Sherwin Gatchalian). It is stated that the said the garbage crisis used to be felt only by local

government units (LGUs), but now it has “grown into a national crisis that requires immediate

concerted action from government and civil society.”

According to Gatchalian, municipal solid waste is a broad term that covers different types

of garbage. In terms of waste composition, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources

(DENR) 2014 data states that 52 percent of municipal solid waste in the Philippines is
OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 4

biodegradable, such as food scraps, kitchen waste and garden waste; 28 percent is recyclable such

as certain plastics, paper, metals, glass, textiles, leather and rubber; two percent is special waste

such as paints, thinners, batteries, oil and consumer electronics; and 18 percent is residual waste

such as sanitary napkins, disposable diapers, contaminated paper and candy wrappers. According

to Lacang, G., Tamang, R., et al, (August 28, 2019) from their study Solid waste characterization,

knowledge, practices and attitude of selected barangay 22 household in Cagayan De Oro City it

stated that among their 16 household respondents or 55% of the respondents waste are collected

by garbage collectors every day, 17% or 5 households reported that their waste were collected

weekly and the other remaining 28% of the respondents or 8 households said that their waste were

not collected at all. Furthermore for some other people who lack waste disposal, garbage that may

not be collected will be dumped in the street which cause serious problem flood and many

environmental issues,

2. 3 Causes

Adedibu reported that the source of waste generation increase as income rises but at a

smaller unit (rate) than income. He posed that the amount of waste discharge into the environment

is related to the population composition, size and per capital income. A remarkable growth in

population and income give rise to the production and consumption of goods and services and

thus, the discharge rate is increased. Department of Environmental Quality Promotion (2002),

stated that the majority of substances composing MSW include paper, vegetable matter, plastics,

metals, textiles, rubber and glass. MSW disposal is an enormous task in the developing countries

across the world, as poverty, population growth and high urbanization rates combine an effectual

and under-funded government to prevent efficient management of wastes.

OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 5

In most developing nation such as Nigeria with about 140 million population, waste are

dumped indiscriminately on roadsides and any available open pits irrespective of the health

implication on people (I. N. Onwughara, I. C. Nnorom, et al). All classes of solid waste are

collected and dumped together without much effect at segregating and differentiating the different

component of solid wastes. There are cases where these waste are dumped in streams or river

channels (Adedibu).

This is particularly true to urban areas where population is rapidly growing and amount

of waste generated is increasing like never before (Kathiravale & Mohd Yunus, 2008). Current

earth’s population is 6.8 billion and it is estimated that almost half of this population lives in

urban areas (Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the

United Nations Secretariat, 2009). Waste generation increase proportionally to this population

number and income, creating the needs of effective management (Mazzanti & Zoboli, 2008).

Urbanization and industrialization leads to new lifestyles and behavior which also affects waste

composition from mainly organic to synthetic material that last longer such as plastics and other

packaging material (Idris et al., 2004). E-waste that barely existed before was generated as much

as 20-50 metric tons a year (UNEP, 2006).

According to Brian Hayden and Aubrey Vannon, disposal behavior is structured by three

major concerns in the Maya Highlands: economy of effort, potential value of refuse, and potential

hindrance by refuse. According to the needs of each household and the nature of the refuse,

material slated for discard may be sorted and dumped in separate locations, within or outside

compounds. At the household level, recognition of the toft area (the area immediately surrounding

the household and related outbuildings) is especially important in acquiring representative samples

of “hard” types of refuse. Analysis of neighborhood dumps is strongly advocated as one of the
OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 6

more economical, meaningful, and representative ways of dealing with refuse accumulations.

Because of several randomizing and dispersive processes operating at the household level, as well

as sample size considerations, simple diversity measures are recommended for comparing

household assemblages.

2.4 Effects of Garbage

According to Khylle Tumala (January, 2015) from her study in the effects of improper

waste disposal in the Philippines, “Improper waste disposal is one of the biggest

Environmental issues here in the Philippines. It caused bigger problems that affect not only the

environment but also the health and life of the people. This problem may be resolve or it will

remain problem to the country in the next few years”. The more waste in the Philippines causes

the increase in global warming, high temperature and less oxygen because of the air pollution.

(Christopher Henry Ng). According to Iyyanki Muralikrishna and Valli Manickam from Research

Gate (December, 2017), “Without an effective and efficient waste management program, the waste

generated from various human activities, both industrial and domestic, can result in health hazards

and have a negative impact on the environment.”. An effective and efficient waste management

program is a way for an area to have a clean and safe environment. The researchers have

formulated a way to accomplish the aim of Giyani.

Environmental Effects of Garbage

Pollution

Pollution may arouse because of the improper waste disposal, this is due to the garbage
that was not collected over time because of its abundance, thus this waste possibly found in
sidewalks, rivers, sea or even in our household. Garbage can cause land pollution but also air
pollution by emission of harmful gases, when it is burnt which remains in breathing zone of
animals and human beings. Also, when the garbage is thrown in water bodies like river, oceans
OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 7

etc. deliberately or when it comes with wind or animals, it causes water pollution as well. When
aquatic animals accidentally swallow these pieces of garbage thinking it to be fish, their respiratory
system may get choked off and they may die. This may lead to a bigger problem of endangering
species.

Health

In some cases waste can pose a threat to human health. Waste is produced by human

activity, for example the extraction and processing of raw materials. Waste management is

intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on human health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste

management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing nations);

regions (urban and rural areas), and residential and industrial sectors can all take different

approaches. (Brijesh K J. et al, 2019). Lack of sanitation and unsanitized environment makes it

easier to get diseases like typhoid for everyone who lives there. Mosquitoes breed in still water

and carry Plasmodium which causes malaria. This following effects cause by improper waste

disposal needs a solution for a better environment and health (Leena H. Sarkar).

The association of infantile diarrhoea with the presence of garbage in the environment was

investigated in Canabrava, a peripheral neighbourhood of Salvador, northeast of Brazil.A cross-

sectional study was conducted with all the 184 children aged less than two years residing in

Canabrava, which is located close to the city garbage dump. Variables selected for study included

the method used for the disposal of excrement, type of floor, mother's education, unemployment

of the head of the family, regularity of the water supply, presence of toilet, storage of garbage

inside the house, age, gender, duration of breastfeeding, and the number of people per room. The

estimated prevalence of diarrhoea was 21.2%. Exposure to garbage in the environment was found

to be the most important factor associated with diarrhoea (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.98, 95%

CI 1.56–10.13). Other important variables were the mother's education (AOR = 2.79, 95% CI
OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 8

1.09–7.13), maternal breastfeeding (AOR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.05–5.04), and unemployment of the

head of the family (AOR = 2.09, 95% CI 0.93–4.69). These findings indicate the necessity of

adopting solutions in the public domain and of intersectorial policies for the reduction of diarrhoea

(R.F. Rego, L.R.S. Moraes, I. Dourado).

Landfill sites are the natural habitat of several microbes and arthropods. The present

discussion illustrates the impact of landfill garbage on insect ecology and human health. Here, we

highlighted the arthropod density as well as diversity. Moreover, the population of insect vectors

of various diseases, insect scavengers as well as pollinators has been pinpointed. It shows that

landfill sites and adjacent areas are hotspots for a wide variety of arthropods. The proper

management of landfill sites could reduce the population dynamics of various insect pests, and

health risks could be decreased in low-and middle-income countries. (Qasim et. al, 2020)

Flood

The Philippines is one of the most hazard-prone countries in the world (Cola, 1993; Delica,

1993; Benson, 1997). Flooding is not a recent hazard in the Philippines but one that has occurred

throughout the recorded history of the archipelago. On the one hand, it is related to a wider global

ecological crisis to do with climatic change and rising sea levels but on the other hand, it is also

the effect of more localised human activities (Greg Bankoff, 2003). Specifically, the improper

disposal of waste into the city’s drainage system, creeks, rivers and other waterways is being

blamed as the culprit behind major street flooding in the past week.

Garbage is still one of the reasons why Cagayan de Oro City is vulnerable to street flooding, and

this was seen during the de-clogging operation in the flood-prone Villarin Street, Barangay

Carmen where tons of garbage were collected (PJ ORIAS, 2018). An open drainage in Villarin

Street was clogged with garbage causing floodwater to overflow.

OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 9

2.5 Occupational Accidents of Garbage Collector

In a 2010 report, CUPE described garbage collection as “one of the most hazardous jobs,”

with injuries of some sort afflicting 35% of garbage collectors each year. CUPE is the biggest

union representing sanitation workers who are employed by municipalities. But publicly employed

garbage collectors accounted for only about 20% of the country’s waste collectors in 2007. Being

a garbage collector of a street sweepers is not an enticing job in fact this could be counted as the

least desirable job in the Philippines (Ma. Janice J. Gumasing). Also, Municipal solid waste

workers (MSWWs) or refuse collectors, universally expose too many work related health hazards

and safety risks, notably allergic and other diseases of the respiratory system. The activities in

waste management industry involve risk to the workers from the point where the operators handle

waste for collection to the point of waste disposal. Key findings from the study of Zharlene B.

Sasot revealed that workers were often exposed to injuries such as light wound and cut, insect

bites, eye irritation, sprain and rashes. This is because garbage collectors in the country have

inadequate and improper personal protective equipment when performing their tasks like lack of

gloves, facemasks, goggles, safety shoes and coveralls.. Similarly, workers also complained of

over fatigue and pain in their lower back, shoulder, hips, thigh and other WMSD due to heavy

manual handling tasks in garbage collection activities. Health impacts could also entail

musculoskeletal, gastro intestinal and infectious diseases as well as injuries caused by work-related

accidents (Brijesh K J. et al, 2019). In connection with the accidents that may possibly happened

it is important to provide a mechanical equipment that ensure the safety of the garbage collectors

(Maria Lucia do Carmo Cruz Robazzi).

2.6 Possible Solution

OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 10

Garbage is a common problem in our community, it becomes a problem once the

waste were not properly disposed. There are possible solution regarding with this problem, either

in a management way, innovative implementation and even individual discipline. Solid waste

management has become one of a major concern in environmental issues (Mazzanti & Zoboli,

2008). Waste management (or waste disposal) are the activities and actions required to manage

waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment and

disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process.

(Brijesh K J. et al, 2019).

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing (waste) treatment, recycling or

disposal of waste materials in an effort to reduce their effect on human health or local amenity,

(Wikipedia). In developing countries, there is much higher proportion of organic and considerably

less plastics waste (S. J. Cointreau, 1982). The large amount of organic materials makes the waste

more dense, with greater moisture and smaller particles size (J. Cointreau, 1982). The reduction of

hazardous waste generated or subsequently treated, stored or disposed off, these include source

reduction, undertaken by a generator to reduce the total volume or quantity of hazardous waste

and/or on-site and off-site recycling as waste minimization. OTA 1986 states “Action taken away

from the waste generating activity including waste recycling or treatment of waste after they are

generated are not considered as waste reduction” that waste reduction is In-plant practices, that is

to avoid, or eliminate the generation of hazardous waste.

Public awareness and attitudes to waste can affect the population's willingness to cooperate

and participate in adequate waste management practices. General environmental awareness and

information on health risks due to deficient solid waste management are important factors which

need to be continuously communicated to all sectors of the population. Participation of the

OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 11

population can be by carrying waste to a shared container, by segregating waste to assist recycling

activities, or even if only by paying for waste management services. Some examples of continuous

education and awareness campaigns are the regular "Green and Clean" campaigns to promote

environmental awareness by the Metro Manila Women Balikatan Movement and the Green Forum

in Manila (UNEP-IETC, 1996). Another example is the Environmental Pioneer Brigade

Programme in Sri Lanka where children are made aware of environmental problems, are shown

how to manage the problems, or how to be preventative so that the problems do not occur.

Environmental innovation consists of new or modified processes, techniques, systems and

products to avoid or reduce environmental harms. They can concern either technical or

organisational innovation. The latter include changes in the organisational structure, routines and

practices of a company (Jr, D., 2015).

2.7 Innovation

Innovation studies emerged as a field of research during the 1960s. Numbers of

publications have since then highlighted the role of innovation in economic and social change. A

crossdisciplinary orientation has made it possible to capture the many aspects of innovation but

also constitute a diverse and complex field of research (Fagerberg, 2005).

Every individual do have different perspective about innovation. It is important to know

its meaning since this study has involvement of innovation. According to Marc Chason he define

innovation as the actions required to create new ideas, processes or products which when

implemented lead to positive effective change. While invention requires the creation of new ideas,

processes or products, innovation moves one step further and requires implementation of the

inventive act. For Victor Fernandes, Innovation is creating new value and/or capturing value in a
OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 12

new way, Jonathan Rowe also stated that innovation is something new to your business that fills

an untapped customer need. Innovation is relative. I often hear the question asked, “Is that

innovative? Because I think this other company has done it before.” However, I define innovation

as anything new – or different – that changes the game for YOUR company. Leveraging what

someone else has done is a perfectly legitimate innovation strategy. We need to always keep the

end-game in mind and that’s competitive advantage. Don’t rule it out because you think it does or

doesn’t qualify as innovative. Just ask yourself, “Will it make a positive difference?” If the answer

is, “yes,” then go with it (David Silverstein).

In relation with the problems in our community as the aftermath of improper garbage

disposal, a lot of mechanical equipment has been invented. A rotor robot model as automatic

garbage collector to counter accumulation of garbage in the river which has no flow effectively

and efficiently (Nurlansa, Istiqomah, Pawitra). For the purpose of clean water the remote operated

river surface cleaning machine is useful. This water garbage collector machine is made up of DC

motors, RF transmitter and receiver, propeller, PVC pipes and chain drive with the conveyor

attached to it for collecting garbage from the lake (Khekare, Dhanre, . Yede). The invention of

Sharma et al, includes a series of ultrasonic motion sensors, a high-resolution camera, biosensors,

a microprocessor unit and three multi-colored bins. The three colors of the bins Green (for

organic), Red( for inorganic) and yellow (for Plastic). Invented an efficient waterwheel garbage

collector to collect this garbage. A boat will be attached by a conveyor and a waterwheel placed

on the shaft & bearings support (Caballero, Dael, Hardon, Garsula)

As one of the factors in possible solutions with waste is discipline thus an invention were

implemented to start the discipline with the children, which is the G-Box, a garbage box that can

be monitored using mobile phone. The G-Box is designed to attract, to stimulate, to educate, and
OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 13

to train the kids to throw the garbage in the correct place, so that the clean environment can be

achieved. The system of the garbage box in this research is designed in two parts, i.e. G-Box

(Garbage Box) and P-Box (Prize Box). The G-Box and P-Box can communicate using Bluetooth.

When the kids have thrown the garbage in the G-Box, the G-Box will give the notification trough

MP3 player by saying “Thank you very much, please get your candy in the P-Box”. The G-Box

also sends the signal to the P-Box to throw away the candy from the P-Box as the prize for the kids

that have thrown away the garbage in the correct place (in this case, the G-Box).

A New Model for Smart Garbage Monitoring is introduced by Ravi Gorli with replacing

the bins with smart bins attached to an ultrasonic sensor which will detect the levels of waste in

the bin, time to time and forward the information to Arduino board attached to a GSM module, the

messages to the central monitoring system, showing the levels of bins in real time scenario with

android app.. Along with this segregation of waste is done with a moisture sensor which will sense

the type on the moisture level and segregate atomically. Then trucks are attached to the particular

industry so that they are also aware of the information of wastage that they are going to receive.

With the invention of this system, there will be awareness making a healthy city with smart

inventions.

Autonomous Garbage Collection robot is developed. It aims at providing automatic control

to collect the garbage. It differentiates between static and dynamic obstacle and move accordingly

as it programmed. It basically consists of sensors at different levels to detect the dynamic obstacle.

It also disposes the garbage to a pre-specified place. If the trash bin is filled, it will be detected and

the garbage will be disposed.(Apoorva S. et al, 2017)

For a more efficient and healthy way to pick up the trash in the form of a device attached

to a human pedal-powered tricycle. This device will allow the operator to pick up the trash and
OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 14

place it into a temporary storage unit without actually touching the trash. In order to navigate the

sometimes rough terrain on the roadways in India, the device must be durable and stable. This

manual powered street-cleaner will allow much more efficient and sanitary means of cleaning the

streets of India. (Brijesh K J. et al, 2019)

“The design and implementation of a garbage truck fleet management system”. In recent

years, the improvement of cloud computing and mobile computing techniques has led to the

availability of a variety of mobile applications ('apps') in the app store. For instance, a garbage

truck app that can provide the immediate location of a garbage truck, the location of collection

points, and forecasted arrival times of garbage trucks would be useful for mobile users. Since the

power consumption of apps on mobile devices if of concern to mobile users, an optimised power-

saving mechanism for updating messages, which is based on location information, for a proposed

garbage truck fleet management system (GTFMS) is proposed and implemented in this paper. The

GTFMS is a three-component system that includes the on-board units on garbage trucks, a fleet

management system, and a garbage truck app. In this study, an arrival time forecasting method is

designed and implemented in the fleet management system, so that the garbage truck app can

retrieve the forecasted arrival time via web services. A message updating event is then triggered

that reports the location of garbage truck and the forecasted arrival time. In experiments conducted

on case studies, the results showed that the mean accuracy of predicted arrival time by the proposed

method is about 81.45 per cent. As for power consumption, the cost of traditional mobile apps is

2,880 times that of the mechanism proposed in this study. Consequently, the GTFMS can provide

the precise forecasted arrival time of garbage trucks to mobile users, while consuming less power

(C.H. ChenI, II, *; Y.T. YangI; et al, May 2016)

OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 15

“Underground Bin Container System”. This form of waste collection is already reaching

its limits due to the increasing volume of household waste and lack of space for even more

dustbins, especially in densely populated cities. In this paper we investigate an alternative

collection system: an underground waste collection system in which waste would be collected at

central locations in so-called underground containers with a much larger capacity. If an

underground container system is to be introduced to replace the present door-to-door waste

collection system, a number of decisions of varying scope have to be made (Sina Gläser and

Mareike Stücken).

Automatic drainage water cleaning and control system using auto mechanism proposed to

overcome the real time problems. With the continued progress of industries, the problem of sewage

water must be urgently resolved due to the increasing sewage problems from industries of the

surrounding environment. This proposed systems are to cleaning and maintain the drainage level

using auto mechanism technique. Auto mechanism is the major controlling unit and the drainage

level is monitor by municipal. In this system we used motor, chain, driver, bucket, and frame. The

project is designed to keep clean the drainage system and helps to smooth working of the system.

This project automatically cleans the garbage in the water in the drainage system each time any

wastage appears and this form an efficient and easy to cleaning the drainage system and preventing

the blockage. It also reduces labour work and improves the quality of water that is cleaned (S. A.

Karande et. al, 2018).

“Results of artificial soil from wet garbage produced from thermal drum reprocess machine

on the growth of Green Oak”. This study aimed to develop the wet garbage reprocess machine to

produce artificial soil with thermal drum technique, evaluate the efficiency of artificial soil

produced from the wet garbage reprocess machine, and examine the growth rate of Green Oak
OPERATED MINI-GARBAGE COLLECTOR 16

growing in artificial soil produced from wet garbage (Songwut Egwutvongsa, Somchai Seviset, et

al).

With respect to human health and hygiene, as well as the cleanliness of the environment,

the effectiveness of garbage disposal is very important. Although the most common ways of

disposing garbage are bins and bags, both these methods are implemented manually. This means

that garbage disposal becomes a highly time-consuming and difficult process, and places such as

schools, restaurants, hotels, offices, production plants are adversely affected. To overcome this

possible catastrophe, an automated system, implemented with the use of electronics, introduced

in such places, would prove to be highly efficient. It would get the job done easily, with minimal

labour and hazards to health, as well as time and money being saved in the process. The best

way we can do this is to introduce an automated garbage disposal system (Wijesooriya.et al,

2012).

One of the causes is the clogging of drainages due to garbage accumulation, which results

in overflowing. A countermeasure to minimize this problem is the deployment of an internet of

things-based garbage monitoring system. In this system, the ultrasonic sensors were used to

provide input data on the level of the garbage in the drainage. These data were then transmitted to

the web application for visualization. A message, informing the status of the garbage level in real-

time, was sent to the registered user. Also, a strainer was used to serve as a stopper of the

accumulated garbage in the drainage. This strainer was set up in the middle of the manhole so that

the detected level of garbage and water would be compared. In addition, the ultrasonic sensors

were mounted on the top and the back of the strainer to detect the garbage level and serve as a

comparative sensor, respectively (Rio Allen G. Parilla, Oliver Joseph C. Leorna, et al., 2020 ).