COMSATS

UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
SWL CAMPUS

THERMODYNAMICS LAB

ASSIGNMENT #3

SUBMITTED TO:

MUHAMMAD NAWAZ

SUBMITTED BY:

GROUP #. 1.(BOILER)
(FA19-BME-001) ABDUL SUBHAN KHAN. (039) MAHAD SAEED

(015) ASIM JUNAID. (049) MUHAMMAD UMER

(103) MOIZ KHAN BABAR. (089) MUHAMMAD UMER

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What is Boiler?
A steam boiler or steam generator is a closed vessel in which water is heated, vaporized and converted
into steam at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure.

A Boiler is the biggest and most critical part of a thermal power plant. The most common function for
any boiler, whether it is an industrial or residential boiler, is to serve as the central heating mechanism
for a home, business facility, hospital, commercial complex, etc. No matter what setting they are used in,
boilers operate with the same basic functions and mechanisms that work together to create a
contained, heat-generating combustion process .Boiler manufacturers are making use of rapidly
improving technology to build equipment that is cost-efficient, environmentally friendly, and powerful.

WHERE THE BOILER WORKING:

Steam boiler and hot water boiler are widely used in industries to supply heat energy or hot water for
production. For power plants, large capacity steam boiler are used to generate high temperature high
pressure steam for power engine to generating power. There are general introduction of the use of
industrial boiler in industry.

Industrial boiler system

Water is turned into hot water or steam by heating hot water boiler or steam boiler with fuels such as
coal, oil, gas, biomass, which is the use of industrial boilers. The steam or hot water is then transported
to the consumers via pipe systems. Loss of water must be compensated by treated fresh water to avoid
corrosion. Flue gases created by combustion are discharged into the atmosphere through a chimney.
The residual heat in the flue gases can be reused by particularly efficient systems.

Use of boiler systems

Industrial hot water boiler systems are very similar to the household heating boilers. The main
difference is that industrial boilers have a larger capacity, which can meet the need of family, hotels,
hospitals, industrial buildings or city central heating. Steam boiler systems are used in many industry
sectors, such as food industry, textile mill, paper factory, sugar mill, oil field ,power plants and other
industries. There are some examples of the use of steam boilers in industries.
Boiler in industries

It would be inefficient for large laundries to get rid of spots and dirt with electrical energy, because that
will be expensive. Steam can also be get with an industrial boiler that burning coal or other fuel, which is
cheaper and higher efficient. For food industry, food must often be heated or boiled during processing.
Thus this industrial sector obviously needs plenty of thermal energy with a steam boiler. Before enjoying
the beer there is a complex production process. The mash of malt and water must be heated to various
temperatures in two to four hours. Steam is also required to heat up the water needed for cleaning the
empty bottles.

CONSTRUCTION :

PARTS OF BOILER:
Burner – the burner is the area where the air mixes with your fuel source and combusts.

Combustion chamber/firebox – this is the chamber where the combustion from the burner heats the
heat exchanger; this chamber can reach temperatures of several hundred degrees.

Heat exchanger – the heat exchanger allows the heat from the combustion chamber to heat the water
in the boiler’s tank.

Aquastats – these components sense the temperature of the water in your boiler and tell the burner
when to start and stop.

Expansion tank – the expansion tank is a small tank off the main boiler that helps protect your system
from excessive pressure.

Backflow valve – a backflow valve is a safety device that allows water to flow in a single direction only.

Circulator pump – a circulator pump is used with boilers that use hot water to heat; the circulator pump
pushes the hot water through your system, allowing it to circulate to the various outlets.

Supply lines – supply lines are the pipes that deliver the heated water or steam to the distribution
points.

Working Principle of Boiler:

The basic working principle of boiler is very simple and easy to understand. The boiler is essentially a
closed vessel inside which water is stored. Fuel (generally coal) is burnt in a furnace and hot gasses are
produced. These hot gasses come in contact with water vessel where the heat of these hot gases
transfer to the water and consequently steam is produced in the boiler. Then this steam is piped to the
turbine of thermal power plant. There are many different types of boiler utilized for different purposes
like running a production unit, sanitizing some area, sterilizing equipment, to warm up the surroundings
etc.
 Health effects of pollutants emitted from BOILER

Boilers emit pollutants such as hazardous air pollutants , particle pollution, and volatile organic
compounds . These pollutants can contribute to health problems that may affect employees, residents,
and the community. Emissions from ICI boilers are a function of the type and quantity of primary fuel
burned in the boiler unit, the type of boiler, and emissions controls.

Boilers emit a variety of pollutants, including those associated with combustion processes and HAPs,
such as:

1: Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 2: Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 3: Particle pollution 4: Carbon monoxide (CO).

5: Formaldehyde 6: Poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 7: Lead 8: Hydrogen Chloride

(HCl).

Cadmium , Mercury , Dioxin/furans.

Nitrogen Oxides

Nitrogen oxides can react in the air to form acid rain, ground-level ozone (smog), and other toxic
chemicals. Nitrogen oxides are one of the chief ingredients of ground-level ozone, which has been linked
to a number of respiratory effects. EPA has developed a Web site on ground-level ozone as well as
nitrogen oxides .

Sulfur Dioxides

Sulfur dioxides can react with other chemicals to form particle pollution, which can lodge deep in the
lungs and cause respiratory problems and possibly death .Sulfur dioxides can cause temporary breathing
difficulties for people who have asthma and are active outdoors .Longer-term exposure to high
concentrations of sulfur dioxide and particles can cause respiratory illness and aggravate existing heart
conditions.

Particle Pollution

Breathing particle pollution can cause respiratory problems and other harmful health effects.

Carbon Monoxide

Low amounts of carbon dioxide can impact those people with cardiovascular problems .People who
inhale high amounts of carbon dioxide can encounter central nervous system problems such as vision
problems, reduced ability to work or learn, reduced manual dexterity, and difficulty in performing
tasks .Carbon monoxide also contributes to ground-level ozone (smog).
Formaldehyde

Short-term exposure to formaldehyde can cause eye, throat, and nose irritation, coughing, wheezing,
chest pains, and bronchitis .Long-term exposure to formaldehyde can cause eye and respiratory tract
irritation, reproductive and developmental problems. Formaldehyde may be a probable human
carcinogen.

Lead

Lead is a very toxic metal and can cause adverse health effects at low levels .Short-term exposure can
cause brain damage, kidney damage, and gastrointestinal distress .Long-term exposure can impact the
blood, blood pressure, central nervous system, kidneys, and Vitamin D metabolism. Children are
especially susceptible to long-term lead exposure, which can result in slow cognitive development and
reduced growth.

Hydrogen Chloride

Hydrogen chloride (also known as hydrochloric acid) is produced by the burning of fuels containing
chloride. Short-term exposure to hydrogen chloride can cause eye, nose, and respiratory tract irritation,
and inflammation and pulmonary edema. Long-term occupational exposure to hydrogen chloride can
cause gastritis, chronic bronchitis, dermatitis, photosensitization, and possibly dental discoloration and
erosion.

Dioxin/furans

Dioxins are released when items containing even trace amounts of chlorine are burned. Dioxins are
persistent, bio accumulative toxins (PBTs). They remain in the environment for extended periods of time
and increase in concentration as they move up the food chain. Dioxins enter the food chain by settling
out of the air into water and onto vegetation .Dioxins can cause immune system suppression, disruption
of hormonal systems, and cancer.

SOLUTIONS
Experts in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning industry (HVAC) have to deal with constantly
changing technology. With green technology popularity higher than ever, it’s important to understand
how new options are changing the industry and why this technology is the better option for heating.

>> Reduced emissions—Green boilers make it easier for HVAC experts to abide by emission guidelines.
These boilers are engineered under strict energy efficiency measures to protect both the end user and
the environment.
>> Highly efficient—Modern technology used for manufacturing green boilers helps minimize heat loss
and improve heat transfer. That ensures that businesses get the most out of their boiler systems.

>> Maximum fuel-cost savings—Green boilers use less fuel to do the same amount of work as old
boilers; this is of huge benefit to many businesses. Eco-friendly boilers produce the same power while
reducing spending on fuel over the long term.

>> Smart design and innovation—With great improvements in design and engineering, modern boilers
are produced smaller in size and developed with green technology in mind. That means less installation
space in facilities and streamlined operation.

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