CE 37 A/L 1

PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Module 2: TENSION MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS

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Prepared by:
ENGR. JOBEL HYLES CABAHUG, CE
ENGR. VICTOR CZAR AUSTRIA, CE
Faculty, CE Department
College of Engineering, Architecture & Technology
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This page is left blank intentionally

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This module has the following sections and corresponding icons:

Title

It shows the specific topic of the module.

Overview

The topics in this module are included in this section.

Lecture proper
A brief debate on the lectures is given in this section. It helps you
explore new ideas and capabilities.

Practice problems
It involves questions or an expression that sets out the concepts
and wordings that you learned from real-life circumstances.

assessment
It is a job aimed at evaluating your mastery in acquiring learning
skills.

Supplementary knowledge
In this segment you will improve your awareness or experience
through the lectures as an additional practice.

Answer key

This contains answers to all activities in the module.

References

This is a list of all sources that this module uses for creation.
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Overview

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
 A specialized professional course for civil engineering students in structural engineering
design to enable the design of reinforced concrete structures with optimum utilization of
prestressed concrete element.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
 Calculate the strength of structural steel members in axial loading, bending,
shear and torsion for various cross-sectional shapes in both elastic and plastic
conditions.
 Apply allowable strength and load-and-resistance factor design methods of steel
design.
 Calculate the strength of bolted/riveted and welded connections.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES:

 Formulate solutions on complex civil engineering problems by applying knowledge in

mathematics and science.
 Conduct research and experiment using techniques, skills and modern engineering tools
needed for civil engineering practice.
 Demonstrate professional and ethical obligation by designing a standard-setting
system, component or method to fulfill desirable needs under realistic constraints.
 Communicate effectively civil engineering activities with engineering and society at
large.

TIME FRAME:
<<<<<<<<<< This module can be covered in four (4) weeks. >>>>>>>>>
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TYPES OF BOLTED AND RIVETED

CONNECTOINS

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME

Analyse and design an axial tension steel members and connections

Individual parts or members assembled together compose every structure. These members
must be fastened together by means of welding, rivets or bolts.
High-strength Bolts
High strength bolts have replaced rivets as the means of making, non-welded
strucuture connections. There are two basic types of high strength bolts used the ASTM
A325 and ASTM A490. The material properties of this bolts are given in Table 2 – 1.

Rivets
Installations of rivets requires heating the rivet to a light cherry-red color inserting it
into a hole and then applying pressure to the performed head while at the same time
squezzing the plain end of the rivet to form a rounded head.
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Table 2 – 1 ALLOWABLE STRESSES ON FASTENERS

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Table 2 – 2 NOMINAL HOLE DIMENTION, mm

Note: For hot-driven rivets, the diameter of the rivet and the hole are equal.

Minimum Spacing of Fastener Holes

According to Section 510.4.8, the distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted
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fastener holes shall not be less than 2 times the nominal diameter of the fastener nor less
3
than that required by the following paragraph, as applicable.
Along the line of transmitted forces, the distance between centers of holes s shall be not
less than 3d when Fp is determined by equation 2.3 and 2.4, otherwise , the distance
between the holes shall not be less than the following:
a) For standard holes

2𝑃 𝑑
𝑠≥ +
𝐹𝑢 𝑡 2
Where:
P = force transmitted by one fastener to the critical connected part
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength of the critical connected part
t = thickness of the critical connected part
d = nominal diameter of the fastener

b) For oversized and slotted holes, the distance required by standard holes in
paragraph a plus the applicable increment C 1 from Table 2 – 3, but the clear distance
between holes shall not be less than one bolt diameter.
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Table 2 – 3 VALUES OF SPACING INCREMENT, C1, mm

Minimum Edge Distance

The distance from the center of an oversized or slotted hole to an edge of a connected part
shall be not less than the applicable value from table 2 – 4 nor the value from Eq. 2.2 as
applicable.
a) Along a line of transmitted forces, in the direction of the forces, the distance
between centers of a standard hole to the edge of the connected part L e shall not be
less than 1.5d when Fp is determined by Eq. 2.3 and Eq. 2.4. Otherwise, the edge
distance shall not less than:
2𝑃
𝐿𝑒 ≥
𝐹𝑢 𝑡

b) The distance from the center of an oversized or slotted hole to an edge of a

connected part shall be not less than that required for standard hole given in
paragraph (a) plus the applicable increment C 2 from table 2 – 5.

Table 2 – 4 MINIMUM EDGE DISTANCE, mm

(Center of standard hole to edge of connected parts.)
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Table 2 – 5 VALUES OF EDGE DISTANCE C2, mm

Table 2 – 6 MINIMUM PRETENSION FOR FULLY-TIGHTENED BOLTS, kN

Allowable Bearing Stress on Plates at Bolt Holes (section 510.4.7)

On projected area of bolts and rivets in shear connections with end distance in the line of
force not less than 1.5d and the distance center-to-center of the bolts not less than 3d, the
allowable bearing stress Fp are as follows:
1. In standard or short-slotted holes with two or more bolts in the line of force, when
deformation around the hole is of concern,
𝐹𝑝 = 1.2𝐹𝑢
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2. In long slotted holes will the axis of the slot perpendicular to the direction of the
load and with two or more bolts in the line of force,
𝐹𝑝 = 1.0𝐹𝑢

On the projected area of bolt or rivet closest to the edge in standard or short-slotted holes
with the edge distance less than 1.5d and in all connections with single bolt in the line of
force:
𝐿𝑒 𝐹𝑢
𝐹𝑝 = ≤ 1.2𝐹𝑢
2𝑑
Where:
Le = distance from the free edge to center of the bolt in mm
d = bolt diameter in mm
If deformation around the hole is not a design consideration and adequate spacing and edge
distance is as required by the code, the following equation is permitted.
𝐹𝑝 = 1.5𝐹𝑢
The limit in Eq. 2.5 shall be increased to 1.5𝐹𝑢

Combined Shear and Torsion

Figure: TYPICAL COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION CONNECTION

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Table 2 – 7 ALLOWABLE TENSILE STRESS Ft FOR FASTENERS IN BEARING-

TYPE CONNECTIONS IN THE PRESENCE OF SHEAR STRESS fv (MPa)

Allowable Tensile Stress on Plates

Except for pin connected members:
Allowable stress on gross area (yielding)
𝐹𝑡 = 0.6𝐹𝑦
Allowable stress on net area (fracture)
𝐹𝑡 = 0.5𝐹𝑦
For pin-connected members:
Allowable stress on net area of pinhole:
𝐹𝑡 = 0.45𝐹
Allowable stress on the body area of eyebars
𝐹𝑡 = 0.6𝐹𝑦
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Slenderness Ratio
No slenderness ratio limitation.
To prevent undesirable lateral movement and vibration slenderness ratio L/r should
preferably not exceed 300 but this is not required.

Table 2 – 8 NUMERICAL VALUES OF fy AND Fu

Gross Area (Ag) – is the total area of a member

Net Area (An) – the area diminished by the holes of the bolts/rivets.
Staggered Holes – Holes are sometimes staggered as shown in the figure.
𝑠2
4𝑔
𝑠2
𝑊𝑢 = 𝑊𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − ∑ 𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 + ∑
4𝑔
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑊𝑢 𝑡
Where:
s = longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of any two consecutive holes
g = transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) between fasteners gage lines, mm
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Figure: STAGGERED HOLES

Load transfer at Axially Loaded Connections

If tearing occurs along the first row as shown in the figure, the full tensile force P acts on the
net area, and thus, P = FtA’n, where A’n = An.
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If tearing occurs along succeeding rows as shown in figure, less than 100% of P acts on the
net area. Based on the figure only P – P/5 = 0.8P or 80% of P only acts across the second
row, thus, P = FtA’n where, A’n is given by:

𝐴𝑛
𝐴′𝑛 = 𝑛
1−𝑁

Where:

An = actual net area should be less than or equal to 85%A g

N = total numbers of bolts

n = number of bolts in front of the section being considered

Effective Net Area

𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝑛
Where:
An = net area of the member
U = reduction coefficient
The values of U are shown in table 2 – 1 unless a large coefficient can be justified by testing
or other recognized criteria.

Effective Area of Splice and Gusset Plates (Section 502.4.8)

Riveted and bolted splice and gusset plates and other connections fitting subject to
tensile force shall be designed in accordance with the provisions of Section 504.2, where the
effective net area shall be taken as the actual net area, except that, for the purpose of design
calculations, it shall not be taken greater than 85% for the gross area.

𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛 ≤ 85%𝐴𝑔
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Table 2 – 9 EFFECTIVE NET AREA COEFFICIENT FOR FASTENERS, U

Allowable Shear Stress on Plates

On the net shear area, Av:
𝐹𝑣 = 0.3𝐹𝑢

On the net tension area, At:

𝐹𝑡 = 0.5𝐹𝑢

Figure: COMBINATION OF SHEAR AND TENSION (BLOCK SHEAR)

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Analysis of Axially Loaded Bolted or Riveted Connections

Figure: EXAMPLE OF A TENSION MEMBER WITH HOLES

Gross Area, 𝐴𝑔 = 𝑊 𝑥 𝑡
Net Area, 𝐴𝑛 = [𝑊𝑔 – Ʃ(ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 + 1.6)] 𝑥 𝑡 ≤ 0.85𝐴𝑔
1. Tension on Gross Area
Actual Stress, 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑃⁄𝐴
𝑔
Allowable stress, 𝐹𝑡 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 (yielding)

2. Tension on Net Area

Actual Stress, 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑃⁄𝐴
𝑒
Allowable Stress, 𝐹𝑡 = 0.5𝐹𝑢 (fracture)

3. Shear in bolts
Actual Stress, 𝑓𝑣 = 𝑃⁄𝐴
𝑣
𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑥 𝑛 where n is number of bolts
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4. Bearing on the projected area between the bolt and the plate
Actual Stress, 𝑓𝑝 = 𝑃⁄𝐴
𝑝

𝐴𝑝 = ∑(𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑥 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠)

Allowable stress, 𝐹𝑝 = 1.2𝐹𝑢

5. Combined shearing and tearing (shear rupture of block shear)

Allowable shearing stress, 𝐹𝑣 = 0.5𝐹𝑢
Allowable tearing stress, 𝐹𝑡 = 0.5𝐹𝑢 1

EXAMPLES

1. The single 200 mm x 10 mm steel plate is connected to a 12-mm thick steel plate by
four 16 mm diameter rivets as shown in Figure 2 – 1. The rivets used are A502, Grade
2, hot driven rivets. The steel is ASTM A36 with F y = 248 MPa and Fu = 400 MPa.
Determine the value of P in all possible modes of failure and the safe value of P that
the connection can resist.
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SOLUTION:

TENSION ON NET AREA TENSION ON GROSS AREA

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2. A plate with width of 300 mm and thickness of 20 mm is to be connected to two

plates of the same width with half the thickness by 25 mm diameter rivets, as
shown. The rivets holes have a diameter of 2 mm larger than the rivets diameter.
The plate is A36 steel with yield strength Fy = 248 MPa. Allowable tensile stress on
net area is 0.6Fy and allowable bearing stress of 1.35Fy. The rivets are A502, Grade 2,
hot-driven rivets with allowable shear stress of 150 MPa.
a.) Determine the maximum load that can be applied to the connection without
exceeding the allowable tensile stress in the plates.
b.) Determine the maximum load that can be applied to the connection without
exceeding the allowable shear stress in rivets.
c.) Determine the maximum load that can be applied to the connections without
exceeding the allowable bearing stress between the plates and the rivets.
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SOLUTION:
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CONTINUATION
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3. A riveted lap joint is shown in the figure below. The rivets used are A502 , Grade 2,
hot-driven with diameter of 16mm. The steel is ASTM A501, 200 mm wide and 10
mm thick. Determine safest value of P considering all possible modes of failure.

SOLUTION:
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CONTINUATION
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CONTINUATION
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4. A single lap joint is shown in the figure, assuming plate 2 has adequate net area and
does not control the strength, calculate the governing net area for plate 1.

SOLUTION:
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CONTINUATION
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CONTINUATION
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Practice problems

1. Calculate the service tensile load capacity for an L150 x 90 x 12 A53 steel connected
with 22-mm diameter A490 bolts in standard holes as shown in the figure.

2. A 300 mm wide, 8 mm thick steel plate is attached to another plate by three, 16-mm
diameter A490 bolts whose threads are not excluded from shear planes. The plate is
A36 with Fu = 410 MPa. Determine the safe tensile load P the connection can resist.
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3. A W14 x 211 beam is connected to a steel girder by 4-25 mm bolts as shown. The bolts
are A325 with threads excluded from shear plane. The steel beam is ASTM A53. The
angles and its connection to the girder can be assumed adequate to carry the loads.
Determine the maximum end reaction that the beam can resist.

Supplementary knowledge

For additional information, you may visit and read the following articles and journals:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4Mm3mvN1P0
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aTL0Jvrf4I
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Answer key
The answer key will be given on the next module
Answer key for practice problem, module 1
1. d = 0.678 cm Iy = 202.038 x 106 mm4
2. a. A = 454,248 mm2 Sy = 1.06 x 106 mm3
b. x = 82.18 mm
c. z = 138.25 mm Ry = 89.61 mm

3. a. Ix = 308.03 x 106 mm4 5. Ix = 12.5 x 106 mm4

b. Iy = 54.507 x 106 mm4 Sx = 126497 mm3

c. IX’ = 244.625 x 106 mm4 Rx = 47.75 mm

4. AT = 25161 mm2 Iy = 6.6 x 106 mm4

YG = 188.55 mm Sy = 71284 mm3

Ix = 1.2 x 109 mm4 Ry = 34.71 mm

Sx = 3.2 x 106 mm3 6. x = 54.62 mm

Y = 46.92 mm
Rx = 218.14 mm

STUDENTS GUIDE
5 – 6 correct answers: very good!!! You learned very well, keep it up!
3 – 4 correct answers: very good!!! A little practice will furnish your knowledge.
1 – 2 correct answers: good! Give more time to practice solving.
0 correct answers: Strive harder or ask your instructor for any clarifications.
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References

1. DIT Gillesania (2006) Fundamentals of Structural steel design

2. William T. Segui (n.d.) Steel design 4th Ed.
3. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) (2015) National
Structural Code of the Philippines
4. L.F. Geschwinder et al., (2017) Unified design of steel structures.

Department of Civil Engineering

Second Floor, CEAT Faculty Office
Palawan State University – Main Campus
Tiniguiban, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines 5300

Mobile: (+63) 927-569-7993

Email Address: jhcabahug@psu.palawan.edu.ph