Module 6 Structural Steel Design 2

Design For Axial Compression With Bending

Design for Axial Compression and Bending

Bending Moments in compression members tends to increase lateral deflections that moments in tension members.
Increase lateral deflections in turn results in larger moments. The members are then subjected to both axial and bending
stress acting simultaneously.

𝑃 𝑀𝐶
𝑓= ± (bending in one axis only)
𝐴 𝐼
𝑃 𝑀𝑥 𝐶𝑥 𝑀𝑦 𝐶𝑦
𝑓= ± ± (bending in both axis)
𝐴 𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦

NSCP Specifications for axial compression with bending

Members subjected to both axial compression and bending stresses shall be proportional to satisfy the following
requirements.

𝑓𝑎 𝐶𝑚𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝐶𝑚𝑦 𝑓𝑏𝑦

+ + ≤0 Equation 1
𝐹𝑎 𝑓 𝑓
(1 − 𝑎′ ) 𝐹𝑏𝑥 (1 − 𝑎′ ) 𝐹𝑏𝑦
𝐹𝑒 𝑥 𝐹𝑒 𝑦

𝑓𝑎 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
+ + ≤ 1.0 Equation 2
0.60𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦

When

𝑓𝑎
≤ 0.15
𝐹𝑎

𝑓𝑎 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
+ + ≤ 1.0 Equation 3
𝐹𝑎 𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦

Where: 𝑓𝑎 = computed axial stress

𝑃
𝑓𝑎 =
𝐴

𝑓𝑏 = computed compressive bending stress at the point under consideration

𝐹𝑎 = axial compressive stress that would be permitted if axial force alone existed

𝐹𝑏 = compressive bending stress that would be permitted if bending moment alone existed

12𝜋 2 𝐸
𝐹𝑒′ = Equation 4
𝐾𝐿 2
23 ( 𝑏 )
𝑟𝑏

𝐿𝑏 = actual unbraced length in plane of bending

𝑟𝑏 = the radius of gyration in the plane of bending

𝐾 = effective length factor in the plane of bending

Cmm modification factor or reduction factor whose value shall be taken as follows:

a) For compression members in frames subject to joint translation. When there is sidesway. C m = 0.85
b) For rotationally restrained compression members in frames braced against joint translation (no sidesway) and not
subject to transverse loading between their support in the plane of bending. C m = 0.60 – 0.40 (M1/M2)
Where:
M1/M2 = is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the ends of the portion of the member unbraced in the
plane of bending under consideration

M1/M2 is positive when the member is bent in reverse curvature

M1/M2 is negative when bent in single curvature

c) For compression members in frames braced against joint translation in the plane of loading and subjected to
transverse loading between their supports, the value of C m maybe determined by analysis, however in lieu of such
analysis, the following values are permitted.

1. For members whose ends are restrained against rotation in the plane of bending. C m = 0.85
2. For members whose ends are unrestrained against rotation in the plane of bending. C m = 1.0

For bending in one axis:

𝑓𝑎 𝐶𝑚 𝑓𝑏𝑥
+ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑎 𝑓
(1 − 𝑎′ ) 𝐹𝑏𝑥
𝐹𝑒 𝑥

1
The value of is called the amplification factor, which is larger than 1.0
𝑓
(1− ′𝑎 )
𝐹𝑒 𝑥

Cm = is called the modification factor which is equal to or less than 1.0

𝐹𝑒′ = Euler buckling stress divided by the factor of safety

 12𝜋2 𝐸
𝐹𝑒′ = 𝐾𝐿 2
12( 𝑟 𝑏)
𝑏

𝐶𝑚
Magnification factor =
𝑓
(1− ′𝑎 )
𝐹𝑒 𝑥
𝐶𝑚
If the magnification is less than 1.0, use = 1.0
𝑓
(1− ′𝑎 )
𝐹𝑒 𝑥

Values of Cm for compression members subjected to transverse loading between their support

Modification factor (Cm)

Case Amplication factor (Ψ)
𝒇
Cm = 1+ Ψ ( 𝒂′ )
𝑭𝒆

0 1.0

𝑓𝑎
-0.4 1 – 0.4
𝐹𝑒′

𝑓𝑎
-0.4 1 – 0.4
𝐹𝑒′

𝑓𝑎
-0.2 1 – 0.2
𝐹𝑒′

𝑓𝑎
-0.3 1 – 0.3
𝐹𝑒′

𝑓𝑎
-0.2 1 – 0.2
𝐹𝑒′

Summary for values of reduction factor C m for beam-column interaction equations

 1. When there is no sidesway : Cm = 0.60 – 0.40 (M1/M2)
2. When there is sidesway : Cm = 0.85
𝑓
3. Column with transverse loading : Cm = 1+ Ψ ( 𝑎′ )
𝐹𝑒

Problem A steel column is to support an axial load of 1900 kN and a moment about the strong axis of the column section
equal to 340 kN-m. The column has a height of 5.4 m and has its both ends pin-connected and is to be laterally braced
in the weak direction at the mid height. The compression member is subjected to joint translation (sidesway) C m = 0.85,
Es = 200,000 MPa, Fy = 250 MPa, K = 1.0. Design a W section to carry the given loads.

Properties of available W section

Area
Section d (mm) bf (mm) tf (mm) tw (mm) Sx (mm3) rx (mm) ry (mm)
(mm2)

W360X216 27600 372 374 26.2 16.4 2790x103 161 101

W360X262 33500 387 398 33.3 21.1 4620x103 163 102

W610X140 17900 617 230 22.2 13.1 3630x103 250 50.3

W760X161 20400 758 266 19.3 13.8 4900x103 302 54.5

Solution:

𝑓𝑎 𝑓𝑏
+ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑎 𝐹𝑏

𝑓𝑎 𝑓𝑏
Let = 0.5 and = 0.5
𝐹𝑎 𝐹𝑏
𝐾𝐿
Assume =0
𝑟

𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿 3
5 ) ( ) 3(
𝐹. 𝑆. = + 𝑟 − 𝑟
3 8𝐶𝑐 8𝐶𝑐 3

5
𝐹. 𝑆. =
3

(𝑘𝐿 ∕ 𝑟)2 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑎 = [1 − ]
2𝐶𝑐2 𝐹. 𝑆.

𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑎 = (1 − 0)
𝐹. 𝑆
250
𝐹𝑎 =
5∕3

𝐹𝑎 = 150

Use 80% of Fa = 0.8 (150)

𝐹𝑎 = 120
𝑓𝑎
= 0.50
𝐹𝑎

𝑓𝑎 = 60

𝑃
= 60
𝐴
1,900,000
= 60
𝐴

𝐴 = 31667 𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝑏
= 0.50
𝐹𝑏

𝑓𝑏 = 75

𝑀𝑥
= 75
𝑆𝑥

340𝑥106
𝑆𝑥 =
75

Trial 𝑆𝑥 = 4533 × 103

Try W 360 x 262

A = 33500 mm2 > 31667

Sx = 4620 x 103 > 4533 x 103

rx = 163 d = 387 tw = 21.1

ry = 102 bf = 398 tf = 33.3

𝐾𝐿 1.0(5400)
( ) = = 33.13
𝑟 𝑥 163

𝐾𝐿 1.0(2700)
( ) = = 26.47
𝑟 𝑦 102

𝐾𝐿
Use = 33.13
𝑟

2𝜋 2 𝐸 2𝜋 2 (200,000)
𝐶𝑐 = √ =√ = 125.66
𝐹𝑦 250

𝐾𝐿 2
(
) 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑎 = [1 − 𝑟 2 ]
2𝐶𝑐 𝐹. 𝑆

5 3(33.13) (33.13)3
𝐹. 𝑆 = + − = 1.76
3 8(125.66) 8(125.66)3

(33.13)2 250
𝐹𝑎 = [1 − ] = 137.11
2(125.66)2 1.76
 𝑃 1,900,000
𝑓𝑎 = = = 56.72 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴 33500
𝑓𝑎 56.72
= = 0.41 > 0.15
𝐹𝑎 137.11

𝑓𝑎 𝐶𝑚 𝑓𝑏𝑥
Use + ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑎 𝑓
(1 − 𝑎′ ) 𝐹𝑏𝑥
𝐹𝑒 𝑥

12𝜋 2 𝐸𝑠 12𝜋 2 (200,000)

𝐹𝑒′ 𝑥 = =
𝐾𝐿 2 23(33.13)2
23 ( )
𝑟𝑥

𝐹𝑒′ 𝑥 = 938.30 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐶𝑚 0.85
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑓𝑎 56.72
1− ′ 1−
𝐹𝑒 𝑥 938.30

𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.905 < 1.0

𝐶𝑚
𝑈𝑠𝑒 = 1.0
𝑓
1 − 𝑎′
𝐹𝑒 𝑥

𝑀𝑥 340 × 106
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = = = 73.59 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑥 4620 × 103

𝐿𝑏 = 2700 𝑚𝑚 (𝑢𝑛𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)

200𝑏𝑓 200(398)
𝐿𝑐 = = = 5034 𝑚𝑚
√𝐹𝑦 √250

𝐿𝑏 < 𝐿𝑐

Allowable bending stress:

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑏𝑥 = 0.66𝐹𝑦

𝐹𝑏𝑥 = 0.66(250) = 165 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑎 𝐶𝑚 𝑓𝑏𝑥
+ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑎 𝑓
(1 − 𝑎′ ) 𝐹𝑏𝑥
𝐹𝑒 𝑥

56.72 1.0(73.59)
+ = 0.86 < 1.0 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒)
137.11 165

Check also from the following equation

𝑓𝑎 𝑓𝑏𝑥
+ ≤ 1.0
0.60𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑏𝑥

56.72 73.59
+ = 0.824 < 1.0 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒) Use W 360 x 262
0.6(250) 16.5
CE Board May 2007 A W 8 x 27 steel column 6 m long is pin
connected at the top and the bottom and is part of a frame
subjected to joint translation (side sway). It carries an axial load
of 800 kN and a conter clockwise moment at the top and a
clockwise moment at the bottom which is only 90% of the
moment at the top

Properties of W 8 x 27 section

A = 0.013 m2

r = 194 mm

Sx = 0.00099 m3

Fy = 248 MPa

Es = 200,000 MPa

K = 1.0

1. Which of the following gives the axial compressive stress if axial load only existed
2. Which of the following gives the allowable axial compressive stress
3. If the allowable bending stress is 149 MPa, what is the value of the moment at the top.

Solution:

1. Axial compressive stress

𝑃
𝑓𝑎 =
𝐴
800,000
𝑓𝑎 = = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟓𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂
0.013(1000)2

2. Allowable axial xompressive stress

𝐾𝐿 (1)(6000)
= = 63.83
𝑟 94

2𝜋 2 𝐸𝑠 2𝜋 2 (200,000)
𝐶𝑐 = √ =√ = 126.17
𝐹𝑦 248

𝐾𝐿 2
(
) 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑎 = [1 − 𝑟 2 ]
2𝐶𝑐 𝐹. 𝑆

5 3(68.83) (68.83)3
𝐹. 𝑆 = + − = 1.84
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)3

(68.83)2 248
𝐹𝑎 = [1 − ]
2(126.17)2 1.84

𝑭𝒂 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂
 3. Moment at the top

𝑓𝑎 𝐶𝑚 𝑓𝑏𝑥
+ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑎 𝑓
(1 − 𝑎′ ) 𝐹𝑏𝑥
𝐹𝑒 𝑥

Cm = 0.85 frames subject to joint translation (sidesway)

12𝜋 2 𝐸𝑠 12𝜋 2 (200,000)

𝐹𝑒′ 𝑥 = = = 252.77 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐾𝐿 2 23(63.83)2
23 ( )
𝑟𝑥

Magnification factor:

𝐶𝑚 0.85
= = 1.124 > 1.0 (𝑜𝑘𝑎𝑦)
𝑓 61.54
1 − 𝑎′ 1−
252.77
𝐹𝑒 𝑥

𝐹𝑏𝑥 = 149 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑎 𝐶𝑚 𝑓𝑏𝑥
+ = 1.0
𝐹𝑎 𝑓𝑎
(1 − )𝐹
𝐹𝑒′ 𝑥 𝑏𝑥

61.54 124𝑓𝑏𝑥
+ = 1.0
117.53 149

𝑓𝑏𝑥 = 63.15 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑀𝑥
𝑓𝑏𝑥 =
𝑆𝑥

𝑀𝑥
63.15 =
0.00099(1000)3

𝑀𝑥 = 62.52 × 106 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝟐 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎

Design of Purlins

Purlins are usually subjected to vertical loads and normal loads thus causing bensing moments on both the x-axis and y-
axis as shoen on the figure.

𝑊𝑛 = (𝑊1 + 𝑊2 ) cos 𝜃 + 𝑊3
𝑊𝑡 = (𝑊1 + 𝑊2 ) sin 𝜃

Note: Assuming all vertical loads passes through the centroid of Purlins
Since the purlins are subjected to bending in both directions then we could use the following expressions:

𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦

𝑀𝑥
𝑓𝑏𝑥 =
𝑆𝑥

𝑀𝑦
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑊 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝑦

𝐹𝑏𝑥 = 0.66𝐹𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐹𝑏𝑦 = 0.75𝐹𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

Sag Rods of Purlins

𝑊𝑦 𝐿2
The presence of sag rods on the purlins reduces the moment along the minor axis to a max. of when sag rods are
32
𝑊𝑦 𝐿2
used at mid-span and when the sag rods are used at one-third points. The sag rods act as lateral support for the
90
purlins and keeping the purlins in proper alignment during erection until the roof is installed and connected to the purlins.

Sag rods at mid-span of purlins:

(Using three moment equation)

5
𝑅 = 𝑊𝑦 𝐿 (1)
8

𝑊𝑥 𝐿2
𝑀𝑥 = (2)
8

𝑊𝑦 𝐿2
𝑀𝑦 = − (3)
32
 Sag rods at middle-thirds of purlins

(Using three moment equation)

11
𝑅= 𝑊𝐿 (1)
30 𝑦

𝑊𝑥 𝐿2
𝑀𝑥 = (2)
8

𝑊𝑦 𝐿2
𝑀𝑦 = − (3)
90

CE Boards November 2011 Light-grade steel channel was used as a purlin of a truss. The top chord of the truss is
inclined I V : 4 H and distance between trusses is equal to 6 m. The purlin has a weight of 79 N/m and spaced at 1.2 m
on centers. The dead load including the roof materials is 720 Pa, live load of 1000 Pa and wind load of 1440 Pa.
Coefficient of pressure at leeward and windward are 0.6 and 0.2, respectively. Assume all loads passes through the
centroid of the section.

Properties of C 200 x 76 mm

Sx = 6.19 x 104 mm3

Sy = 1.38 x 104 mm3

W = 79 N/m

Allowable bending stress

Fbx = Fby = 207 MPa

1. Calculate the bending stress, fbx for dead load and live load combination (D + L)
2. Calculate the bending stress, fby for dead load and live load combination (D + L)
3. Calculate the maximum ratio of actual to the allowable bending stress for load combination 0.75 (D+L+W) at the
windward side.
Solution:

1. Bending stress fbx due to DL + LL

1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
4

𝜃 = 14.04°

Uniform live load: WLL

Weight of purlins = 79 N/m

Super imposed roof dead load:

720(1.2) = 864 N/m

WDL = 943 N/m

Super imposed live load:

1000 (1.2) = 1200 N/m

WLL = 1200 N/m

Uniform wind load: WWL

WWL: 1440(1.2) = 1728 n/M

WWL (windward pressure)

1728 (0.2) = 345.6 N/m

WWL (leeward pressure) suction)

1728 (0.6) = 1036.8 N/m

𝑊𝑥 = 943 cos 14.04° + 1200 cos 14.04°

𝑊𝑥 = 2079 𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑥 𝐿2 2076(6)2
𝑀𝑥 = = = 9355.5 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
8 8
𝑀𝑥 9355500
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = =
𝑆𝑥 6.19 × 104

𝒇𝒃𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝟏𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂

2. Bending Stress fby due to DL + LL

𝑊𝑦 = 943 sin 14.04° + 1200 sin 14.04°

𝑊𝑦 = 519.89 𝑁/𝑚
 𝑊𝑦 𝐿2 519.89(6)2
𝑀𝑦 = = = 2340 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
8 8
𝑀𝑦 2340000
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = =
𝑆𝑦 1.38 × 104

𝒇𝒃𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂

3. Ratio of actual to allowable bending stress for load combination 0.75 (DL + LL + WL)

𝑊𝑥 = 0.75(𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿 + 𝑊𝐿)

𝐷𝐿 = 943 cos 14.04° = 914.83 N/m

𝐿𝐿 = 1200 cos 14.04° = 1164.15 𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝐿 = 345.6 𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑥 = 0.75(914.83 + 1164.15 + 345.6)

𝑊𝑥 = 1818.44 𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑥 𝐿2 1818.44(6)2
𝑀𝑥 = = = 8183 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
8 8
𝑀𝑥 8183000
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = = = 132.20 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑥 6.19 × 104

𝐷𝐿 = 943 sin 14.04° = 228.77 N/m

𝐿𝐿 = 1200 sin 14.04° = 291.12 𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝐿 = 0 𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑦 = 0.75(228.77 + 291.12 + 0)

𝑊𝑦 = 389.92 𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑦 𝐿2 389.92 (6)2
𝑀𝑦 = = = 1754.6 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
8 8
𝑀𝑦 1754600
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = = = 127.14 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑦 1.38 × 104

𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦

132.20 127.14
+ = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓
207 207
Shearing Stress

Shearing Stress of Beams

Long beams usually are governed by deflection of beams.

Medium length beams are usually governed by flexural stress

Short beams are usually governed by shear

There are two types of shear acting on beams

1. Transverse shear

There is a tendency of the left section of the beam to

slide upward with respect to the right section of the
beam. But this type of shear failure will not occur in
steel beams because web crippling will occur first
before shear occurs

2. Longitudinal Shear

The beams bend which causes changes in lengths of

longitudinal fibers where the lower fibers are
stretched and the upper fibers are shortened while
the fibers in the neutral axis do not change in length.
Due to these deformations, there is a tendency for a
particular fiber to slip on the fiber above or below.
Max. longitudinal shear usually occurs at the neutral
axis.
Shearing Stress

For a built-up Section or W-section

Allowable shear stress: Fv = 0.40 Fy

V
fv = Equation 2.1
dt w

Shearing Stress for Plate Girders

A. For plate girders without tension field action

Allowable shear stress:

Fv = 0.40Fy Equation 3.1

h 998
For <
t w √F y

Fy
Fv = C < 0.40Fy Equation 3.2
2.89 v
h 998
For >
t w √F y

Where:

310204K v
Cv = when Cv is less than 0.8 Eqaution 3.3
Fy (h⁄t w )2

500 K v
Cv = √ when Cv is more than 0.8 Equation 3.4
h⁄t w Fy

5.34 a
K v = 40 + 2 when is less than 1.0 Equation 3.5
(a⁄h) h

4.0 a
k v = 5.34 + when is more than 1.0 Equation 3.6
(a ∕ h)2 h

tw = thickness of web in mm

a = clear distance between the transverse stiffness

h = clear distance between flanges at the section under investigation in mm

d = total depth of beam in mm

B. For Plate Girder with Tension Field Action

Fy 1 − Cv
Fv = Cv + Equation 3.7
2.89 a 2
[ 1.15√1 + ( ) ]
h
Where:

Cv < 1.0 ; Fv < 0.40Fy

310264K v
Cv = when Cv is less than 0.8
h 2
Fy ( )
tω

500 K v
Cv = √ when Cv is more than 0.8
h
( ) Fy
tω

5.34 a
K ν = 4.00 + when is less than 1.0
a 2 h
( )
h
4.00 a
K ν = 5.34 + 2 when is more than 1.0
a h
( )
h

Transverse Stiffeners

Intermediate stiffeners are required when:

a) h/tw > 260

b) The maximum web stress fv is greater than the allowable shearing stress

Limitations of panel aspect ratio: to reduce the shear stress in the web within its allowable value.

a) a/h ≤ 3.0
b) a/h ≤ (260tw/h)2

Shear Stress Distribution on a W Section

VQ
fv = Equation 5.1
Ib

V = max. external shear at the section in question

I = moment of inertia of the entire section about the neutral axis

b = width of the section where the unit shearing stress is desired

Q = statical moment of area of section lying outside, either above or below the line on
which the shear stress is desired taken about the neutral axis

Problem A W 24 x 94 beam is subjected to a shear force of 900 kN.

Properties of W Section:

A = 17870 mm2

d = 616.97 mm

tw = 13.11 mm
bf = 230.15 mm

Ix = 1119.7 x 106 mm4

1. Compute the shear stress at junction of flange and web

2. Compute the shear stress at neutral axis
3. Compute the shear force carried by the flange
4. Compute the shear force carried by the web
5. Compute the average shear stress on web

Solution:

1. Shear stress at junction of flange and web

VQ
fv =
Ib
b = 13.11 mm
900,000(1.52 × 106 )
fv =
1119.7 × 106 (13.11)
𝐟𝐯 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟗 𝐌𝐏𝐚

2. Shear stress at neutral axis

Q = 230.15(22.15)(297.41) + 286.335(13.11)(143.1675)

Q = 2.05 × 106 mm3

VQ
fv =
Ib
900,000(2.05 × 106 )
fv =
1119.7 × 106 (13.11)
𝐟𝐯 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟗 𝐌𝐏𝐚

3. Shear force carried by flanges. (Two flanges)

2(5.31)
F= (230.15)(22.15)
2
𝐅 = 𝟐𝟕, 𝟎𝟔𝟗 𝐍

4. Shear force carried by web section

F = 900,000 − 27069
𝐅 = 𝟖𝟕𝟐, 𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝐍

5. Average shear stress on web

V
fv =
dt w
900000
fv =
616.97(13.11)
𝐟𝐯 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟕 𝐌𝐏𝐚
Problem The beam is fabricated by attaching a C 180 x 150 channel to a W 250 x 18 shape with a 15 mm rivets as
shown. The maximum shear force in the beam is 65 kN.

Properties of C 180 x 15 channel

A = 1850 mm2 Ix = 8.86 x 106 mm4

tw = 5.3 mm Iy = 0.405 x 106 mm4

x = 13.8 mm

Properties of W 250 x 18

A = 2270 mm2 Ix = 22.4 x 106 mm4

bf = 101 mm d = 251 mm

tw = 4.8 mm tf = 5.3 mm

1. Determine the moment of inertia at the neutral axis of the beam.

2. Determine the maximum allowable spacing of the rivets if the working stress is 100 MPa in shear
3. Determine the corresponding maximum bearing stress exerted by the rivets

Solution:

1. Moment of inertia at the neutral axis of the beam

A1 = 1850 y1 = 13.8

A2 = 2270 y2 = 130.80

A = 4120

4120 y̅ = A1y1 +A2y2

y̅ = 78.26 m

I = 0.405 x 106 + 1860(64.46)2 + 22.4 x 106 + 2270(52.54)2

I = 36.76 x 106 mm4

2. Maximum spacing of 15 mm Ø rivets.

 RI
S=
VQ
π
R = Ss As = 100 ( ) (15)2 (2)
4
R = 35342.92 N
Q = Ay̅ = 1850 (64.46) = 119251
RI 35342.92(36.76)106
S= =
VQ 65000(119251)

𝐒 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟔𝟏 𝐦𝐦

3. Maximum bearing stress:

On the W section
R = AbSb
35342.92=15(5.3)(2)Sb
Sb = 222.28 MPa on the W section

On the channel section

R = AbSb
35342.92=15(2)(13.8)Sb
Sb = 85.37 MPa (Maximum Stress)

CE Board May 2010 A 76 mm x 76 mm x 6 mm angular section is welded to a gusset plate having a thickness of 8 mm
as shown in the figure. The length L1 equals 125 mm and L2 is 65 mm. The angular section has a cross sectional area of
929 mm2, Fy = 248 MPa, Fu = 400 MPa.

Allowable Stresses:
Allowable tensile stress (gross area) = 0.6 Fy
Allowable tensile stress (net area) = 0.5 Fu
Allowable tensile stress (gross area) = 0.3 Fu
1. Determine the value of the tensile force P based on the gross area
2. Determine the value of tensile force P based on the net area, if the strength reduction coefficient is 0.85
3. Determine the value of tensile force P based on block shear in gusset plate along the weld

Solution:

1. Value of P based on gross area

 P = Ag 0.6 Fy = 929(0.6)(248) = 138235 N
P = 138.24 kN

2. Value of P based on net area:

P = An (0.5) Fu
An = U Ag
P = 0.85(929)(0.5)(400) = 157930 N
P = 157.93 kN

3. Value of P based on block shear in gusset plate along the weld:

P = 0.30 Fu Av + 0.50 Fu At
P = 0.30(400)(65+125)(8) + 0.50(400)(76)(8) = 304000 N
P = 304 kN

Problem The welded bracket connection is subjected to an eccentric load of 45 kN acting as shown in Figure 21.52. An E
70 fillet weld is used with a minimum tensile strength F u = 485 MPa

1. Compute the centroid of the fillet welds measured from BC

2. Compute the moment of inertia at the centroid of the group of fillet welds
3. Compute the appropriate size of the fillet welds to be used.

Solution:

1. Centroid of fillet
L = L 1 + L2 + L 3
L = 150 + 200 + 150 = 500
L x̅ = L1x1 + L2x2 + L3x3
500x̅ = 150(75) + 200(0) + 150(75)
𝐱̅ = 45 mm from BC

2. Polar moment of inertia:

Consider 1 mm width of fillet weld
1(200)3
Jx = [150(1)(100)2 ]2 + = 3.67 × 106
12
1(150)3
Jy = [ + 1(150)(30)2 ] 2 + 200(1)(45)2 = 1.24 × 106
12
J = Jx + Jy
J = 3.67 × 106 + 1.24 × 106
 𝐉 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒

3. Size of fillet welds:

MC
fx =
J

13725000(100) N
fx = = 279.53
4.91 × 106 mm
MC 13725000(105) N
fy = fx = 6 = 293.51
J 4.91 × 10 mm

P 45000 90N
fv = = =
L 500 mm

Max. force per mm to be resisted by the fillet weld:

N
R2 = (383.51)2 + (279.53)2 = 474.57
mm

Size of fillet weld:

R = 0.707t(1)(0.30)(Fu )

474.57 = 0.707t(1)(0.3)(485)

t = 4.61 mm say 5 mm

Use 5 mm fillet weld