GEOTECHNICAL

ENGINEERING 2
(FOUNDATION)
1 COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL
1 TOTAL STRESS (ρT) EFFECTIVE
3
STRESS
is the sum of the weight of the soil up to is a force that keeps a collection
the surface and the weight of water above of particles rigid.
this.
ρ e = ρ T – ρw
ρT = ∑h = shs + chc
4 CAPILLARY RISE (hc)
2 NEUTRAL STRESS or is the rise in a liquid above the level of
PORE WATER PRESSURE zero pressure due to a net upward force
refers to the pressure of groundwater held produced by the attraction of the water
within a soil or rock, in gaps between particles molecules to a solid surface.
(pores).
 
ρw = whw hc=
 EXAMPLE
Compressibility of Soil Problem
1
QUESTION
: The soil profile consists of 5m sand underlain by 13m layer of clay. The ground
water table is at depth of 2.8m below the surface. The sand has a unit weight of 19
kN/m3 above the ground water table and the saturated unit weight below was 20 kN/m3.
The saturated unit weight of clay is 15.7 kN/m3. At a depth of 11m, determine
a. Total stress or pressure.
b. Water Pressure
c. Effective Stress

FIGURE: s.s.
2.8m Sand s = 19 kN/m3 w.s.
5m
2.2m Sand ss = 20 kN/m3 11m

Clay c = 15.7 kN/m3 6m

13m
EXAMPLE
Compressibility of Soil Problem
1
SOLUTION:
FIGURE:
s.s. a. Total stress or pressure.
2.8m Sand s = 19 kN/m3 ρT = ∑h
w.s.
5m
2.2m Sand ss= 20 kN/m3 11m ρT = shs + sshss + chc
Clay c = 15.7 kN/m3 ρT = (19 kN/m3)(2.8m) + (20
6m
13m kN/m3)(2.2m) + (15.7
kN/m3)(6m)
ρT = 191.400 kPa

b. Water Pressure c. Effective Stress

ρ w = w hw ρe = ρT – ρw
ρw = (9.81 kN/m3)(2.2m + 6m) ρe = 191.400 kPa – 80.442 kPa
ρw = 80.442 kPa ρe = 110.958 kPa
 EXAMPLE
Compressibility of Soil Problem
2
QUESTION
: From the soil profile shown, determine the following:
a. Effective stress at the bottom of sand layer.
b. Effective stress at the bottom of the clay layer.
c. Depth of water table from the ground so that the effective stress at the bottom
becomes 104 kPa.

FIGURE: s.s.
Sand e = 0.61, Gs = 2.65
4m
w.s.
Clay e = 0.48, Gs = 2.67
5m
EXAMPLE
Compressibility of Soil Problem
2
FIGURE:
s.s. SOLUTION:
Sand e = 0.61, Gs = 2.65  
4m
s = 16.147 kN/m3 s =  w
w.s.
Clay e = 0.48, Gs = 2.67
5m s = (9.81)
c = 20.879 kN/m 3

s = 16.147 kN/m3

 
a. Effective stress at the
c = w
bottom of sand layer.
ρe= ρT – ρw c = (9.81)
ρe= shs c = 20.879 kN/m3
ρe= (16.147kN/m3)(4m)
ρe= 64.588 kPa
EXAMPLE
Compressibility of Soil Problem
2
FIGURE: b. Effective stress at the bottom
s = 16.147 kN/m3 s.s.
y
of the clay layer.
Sand e = 0.61, Gs = 2.65 w.s. c.
4m
4–y Sand ss = 19.864 kN/m3 ρe= ρT – ρw
w.s. b.
ρe= shs + chc – whw
Clay c = 20.879 kN/m3
5m ρe= (16.147 kN/m3)(4m) +
(20.879 kN/m3)(5m) - (9.81
kN/m3)(5m)
c. ρe= 104 kPa ρe= 119.933 kPa
ρe= ρT – ρw c. ρe= 104 kPa
ρe= shs + chc – whw  
104 = (16.147)(y) + (19.864 – 9.81)(4 – y) + ss = w
(20.879 – 9.81)(5)
y = 1.385 m ss = (9.81)
ss = 19.864 kN/m3
GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING 2
(FOUNDATION)
2 SETTLEMENT
TOTAL SETTLEMENT
b When Po + ΔP > Pc
(ST)

ST = Sc + Ss + Se  

Sc= log () +
I Primary Consolidation Settlement (Sc)

1 Normally Consolidated Clays (Po = Pc)

log ()
 
Sc= log () Cc = 0.009 (LL – 10)
 
2 Overly Consolidated Clays (Po < Pc)

a When Po + ΔP < Pc
Cs =

 
Sc= log () If Cs is not given:
 
Cs =
2 SETTLEMENT
I   Where:
Secondary Settlement (SS)
I Pc = Pre-consolidated Pressure
  Po = average effective stress at the mid-height of clay
Ss= log () layer.
ΔP = average increase of effective stress on clay layer.
Cc = Compression Index
ep = e – Δe
Cs = Swell Index
  = Secondary Compression Index
Δe = log () T2 = time after completion of primary settlement
T1 = time for completion of primary settlement
I ep = void ratio at the end of primary consolidation
I Immediate or Elastic Settlement (Se) Cs = shape and foundation rigidity factor
I β = width of foundation or diameter of circular
a   foundation.
Se= Csqβ () q = P/B2 (net vertical pressure applied)
μ = Poissons ratio of soil
b   Es = Modulus of elasticity of Soil
Se= qβ ()lp Ip = Influence factor
 EXAMPLE
Primary Consolidation Settlement Problem
3
QUESTION
: A 2m clay layer has values of e = 0.92, Gs = 2.72 and liquid limit of 40%. Above the
clay is a 3m thick layer of sand with e = 0.50 and Gs = 2.62. The water table is located
1.6m below the ground. If a 3m thick backfill is placed on the ground surface having a
unit weight of 17.3 kN/m3, determine the following:
a. Compression Index of Clay
b. Effective Pressure at the midpoint of Clay.
c. Primary settlement for normally consolidated clay.

FIGURE: s.s.
3m Backfill  = 17.3 kN/m3

1.6m Sand e = 0.50, Gs = 2.62

w.s.
3m
1.4m Sand

2m Clay e = 0.92, Gs = 2.72, LL = 40%

 EXAMPLE
Primary Consolidation Settlement Problem
3
FIGURE: SOLUTION:
s.s.
a. Compression index of clay
3m Backfill  = 17.3 kN/m 3

e = 0.50, Gs = 2.62
Cc= 0.009 (LL – 10)
1.6m Sand
3m
s = 17.135 kN/m3 w.s. Cc= 0.009 (40 – 10)
1.4m Sand ss = 20.405 kN/m3 Cc= 0.270
2m Clay e = 0.92, Gs = 2.72, LL = 40%
b. Effective Pressure at the
c = 18.598 kN/m 3

midpoint of Clay.
     
s = w ss = w  c = w

s = (9.81) ss = (9.81) c = (9.81)

s = 17.135 kN/m3 ss = 20.405 kN/m3 c = 18.598 kN/m3
 EXAMPLE
Primary Consolidation Settlement Problem
3
FIGURE: SOLUTION:
s.s.
b. Effective Pressure at the
3m Backfill  = 17.3 kN/m 3
midpoint of Clay.
1.6m Sand s = 17.135 kN/m3
w.s. ρo = ∑h
3m
1.4m Sand ss = 20.405 kN/m3
ρo = shs + sshss + chc
2m Clay c = 18.598 kN/m3 ρo = (17.135 kN/m3)(1.6m) + (20.408 –
9.81 kN/m3)(1.4m) + (18.598 –
c. Primary settlement for normally 9.81kN/m3)(2m/2)
consolidated clay. ρo = 51.037 kPa

Δρ = h  S = log ()
c

Δρ = (17.3 kN/m3)(3m) Sc= log ()

Δρ = 51.900 kPa = 85.693 mm
 EXAMPLE
Primary Consolidation Settlement Problem
4
QUESTION
: The soil profile shown in the figure consist of a 9m layer of sand underlain by 6m
layer of clay. The location of water table is 3m from the ground level. The building to be
constructed will cause an additional pressure of 50 kPa on the ground. What is the
Primary Settlement of clay if:
a. Clay is normally consolidated.
b. Preconsolidation Pressure Pc = 190 kPa.
c. Preconsolidation Pressure Pc = 170 kPa.

FIGURE: 50 kPa
s.s.
3m Sand s = 16 kN/m3
w.s.
6m Sand ss = 18.5 kN/m3

6m Clay c = 19 kN/m3
e = 0.95, Cc = 0.36
EXAMPLE
Primary Consolidation Settlement Problem
4
SOLUTION:
FIGURE:
50 kPa a. Sc if clay is normally consolidated.
s.s.
3m Sand s = 16 kN/m3
w.s.
ρo = shs + sshss + chc
6m Sand ss = 18.5 kN/m3 ρo = (16 kN/m3)(3m) +
(18.5 – 9.81 kN/m3)(6m) + (19
6m Clay c = 19 kN/m3
– 9.81kN/m3)(6m/2)
e = 0.95, Cc = 0.36
ρo = 127.710 kPa
Po = 127.710 kPa
 
Sc= log ()

Sc= log ()
Sc= 158.939 mm
EXAMPLE
Primary Consolidation Settlement Problem
4
SOLUTION:
FIGURE:
50 kPa b. Sc if Pc = 190 kPa.
s.s.
3m Sand s = 16 kN/m3   __ Pc
w.s.
6m Sand ss = 18.5 kN/m3 = 127.71 + 50 = 177.71 kPa
< Pc Therefore, use a
Clay c = 19 kN/m 3
6m
e = 0.95, Cc = 0.36  
Po = 127.710 kPa
Sc= log ()

Sc= log ()
Sc= 31.788 mm
EXAMPLE
Primary Consolidation Settlement Problem
4

FIGURE: SOLUTION:
50 kPa
s.s. c. Sc if Pc = 170 kPa.
3m Sand s = 16 kN/m3
w.s.   __
Pc
6m Sand ss = 18.5 kN/m3
= 127.71 + 50 = 177.71 kPa
 = 19 kN/m 3
b
6m Clay c > Pc Therefore, use
e = 0.95, Cc = 0.36
Po = 127.710 kPa

 
Sc= log () + log ()

Sc= log () + log ()

Sc= 48.858 mm
 EXAMPLE
Secondary Consolidation Settlement Problem
5
QUESTION
: A soil profile is shown in the figure. A uniformly distributed load of 50 kPa is
applied at the ground surface. The clay is normally consolidated.
a. Compute the secondary settlement 8 years after the completion of primary
settlement. Time for completion of Sc is 2 years. Assume C∞=0.025.

FIGURE:
50 kPa
s.s.
3m Sand s = 16 kN/m3
w.s.
6m Sand ss = 18 kN/m3

6m Clay c = 19.08 kN/m3

e = 0.80, Gs = 2.70 Cc = 0.332, C∞=0.025
EXAMPLE
Secondary Consolidation Settlement Problem
5
SOLUTION:
FIGURE:
a. Compute the secondary settlement
50 kPa ρo = shs + sshss + chc
s.s.
Sand s = 16 kN/m3
ρo = (16 kN/m3)(3m) +
3m w.s.
(18 – 9.81 kN/m3)(6m) +
6m Sand ss = 18 kN/m3 (19.08 – 9.81kN/m3)(6m/2)
6m Clay c = 19.08 kN/m3 ρo = 124.950 kPa
e = 0.80, Gs = 2.70 Cc = 0.332 , C∞=0.025  

Δe = log ()
 
Ss = log () Δe = 0.332 log ()
Δe = 0.049
Ss = log () ep = e – Δe
Ss = 51.576 mm ep = 0.80 – 0.049 = 0.751
 EXAMPLE
Elastic Settlement Problem
6
QUESTION
: A rectangular footing 1m x 2m is shown in the figure. Compute the elastic
settlement if μs = 0.3 and Ip = 1.2.

FIGURE: SOLUTION:

s.s.  S = qβ ()lp
e
1m Sand q = 150 kN/m3 Se= (150)(1000) ()(1.2)
s = 16.5 kN/m3
1m x 2m μs = 0.3, Ip = 1.2 Se= 16.157 mm
1.5m Es = 10,000 kN/m3
w.s.
0.5m Sand ss = 17.5 kN/m3

Clay c = 16 kN/m3
2.5m
e = 0.8, Cc = 0.32