ASSIGNMENT # 1

SUBJECT: IICT
SECTION “G”

SUBMITTED BY: SHAHZAIB ISLAM (SAP ID:70078578)

TANZEEL SHAHZAD (SAP ID:70077397)

SUBMITTED TO: SIR ADEEM ALI.

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OPERATING SYSTEM
DEFINITION:-
OPERATING SYSTEM IS THE SOFTWARE WHICH IS USED TO CONTROL THE FUNCTIONING OF
COMPUTER HARDWARE. OPERATING SYSTEM CREATES A RELATION BETWEEN HARDWARE AND THE
USER OF THE COMPUTER. OPERATING SYSTEM IS THE COLLECTION OF SOFTWARE WHICH CONTROL
THE WORKING OF THE COMPUTER HARDWARE.IT MANAGES COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
RESOURCES
FOLLOWING ARE SOME COMMONLY USED OPERATING SYSTEM
 MICROSOFT WINDOWS
 LINUX
 UBUNTU
 UNIX
OPERATING SYSTEM PROVIDES A USER-FRIENDLY INTERFACE WHICH CAN BE EASILY USED BY A
COMMON PERSON IN EARLY COMPUTERS THERE WERE NO USER-FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENT FOR THE
USER OF THAT COMPUTER THE USER OF THAT COMPUTER HAVE TO MEMORIZE CODES AND
COMMANDS TO OPERATE THE HARDWARE OF COMPUTER SYSTEM SO IT WAS DIFFICULT TO USE THOSE
COMPUTERS BUT NOW IN MODERN DAYS THE OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE USED TO PERFORM TASK
WHICH USES SIMPLE HUMAN LANGUAGE TO INTERACT WITH THE USER AND GIVES COMMAND TO THE
COMPUTER HARDWARE IN BINARY JUST LIKE OLDER COMPUTERS. THE OPERATING SYSTEM WHICH
USE COMMANDS TO EXECUTE THE INSTRUCTIONS IS GIVEN BELOW:

TASKS PERFORMED BY AN OPERATING SYSTEM:-

FOLLOWING ARE THE TASKS PERFORMED BY AN OPERATING SYSTEM:
 MEMORY MANAGEMENT
 PROCESSOR MANAGEMENT
 DEVICE MANAGEMENT
 FILE MANAGEMENT
 SECURITY
 CONTROL OVER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
 ERROR DETECTING AIDS
 COORDINATION BETWEEN OTHER SOFTWARE AND USERS.
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MEMORY MANAGEMENT
MEMORY MANAGEMENT REFERS TO MANAGEMENT OF PRIMARY MEMORY OR MAIN
MEMORY. MAIN MEMORY IS A LARGE ARRAY OF WORDS OR BYTES WHERE EACH WORD OR
BYTE HAS ITS OWN ADDRESS.
MAIN MEMORY PROVIDES A FAST STORAGE THAT CAN BE ACCESSED DIRECTLY BY THE CPU.
FOR A PROGRAM TO BE EXECUTED, IT MUST IN THE MAIN MEMORY. AN OPERATING SYSTEM
DOES THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES FOR MEMORY MANAGEMENT −
1. KEEPS TRACKS OF PRIMARY MEMORY, I.E., WHAT PART OF IT ARE IN USE BY WHOM, WHAT PART ARE
NOT IN USE.
2. IN MULTIPROGRAMMING, THE OS DECIDES WHICH PROCESS WILL GET MEMORY WHEN AND HOW
MUCH.
3. ALLOCATES THE MEMORY WHEN A PROCESS REQUESTS IT TO DO SO.
4. DE-ALLOCATES THE MEMORY WHEN A PROCESS NO LONGER NEEDS IT OR HAS BEEN TERMINATED.

PROCESSOR MANAGEMENT
IN MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT, THE OS DECIDES WHICH PROCESS GETS THE
PROCESSOR WHEN AND FOR HOW MUCH TIME. THIS FUNCTION IS CALLED PROCESS
SCHEDULING. AN OPERATING SYSTEM DOES THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES FOR PROCESSOR
MANAGEMENT −
1. KEEPS TRACKS OF PROCESSOR AND STATUS OF PROCESS. THE PROGRAM RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS
TASK IS KNOWN AS TRAFFIC CONTROLLER.
2. ALLOCATES THE PROCESSOR (CPU) TO A PROCESS.
3. DE-ALLOCATES PROCESSOR WHEN A PROCESS IS NO LONGER REQUIRED.

DEVICE MANAGEMENT
AN OPERATING SYSTEM MANAGES DEVICE COMMUNICATION VIA THEIR RESPECTIVE
DRIVERS. IT DOES THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES FOR DEVICE MANAGEMENT −
1. KEEPS TRACKS OF ALL DEVICES. PROGRAM RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS TASK IS KNOWN AS THE I/O
CONTROLLER.
2. DECIDES WHICH PROCESS GETS THE DEVICE WHEN AND FOR HOW MUCH TIME.
3. ALLOCATES THE DEVICE IN THE EFFICIENT WAY.
4. DE-ALLOCATES DEVICES.

FILE MANAGEMENT
A FILE SYSTEM IS NORMALLY ORGANIZED INTO DIRECTORIES FOR EASY NAVIGATION
AND USAGE. THESE DIRECTORIES MAY CONTAIN FILES AND OTHER DIRECTIONS.
AN OPERATING SYSTEM DOES THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES FOR FILE MANAGEMENT −
1. KEEPS TRACK OF INFORMATION, LOCATION, USES, STATUS ETC. THE COLLECTIVE FACILITIES ARE
OFTEN KNOWN AS FILE SYSTEM.
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2. DECIDES WHO GETS THE RESOURCES.

3. ALLOCATES THE RESOURCES.
4. DE-ALLOCATES THE RESOURCES.

SECURITY:-
BY MEANS OF PASSWORD AND SIMILAR OTHER TECHNIQUES, IT PREVENTS UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS TO
PROGRAMS AND DATA.IT PROTECT THE DATA TO ILLELGAL PERSON. THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURE
OF OPERATING SYSTEM.

CONTROL OVER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE:-

RECORDING DELAYS BETWEEN REQUEST FOR A SERVICE AND RESPONSE FROM THE SYSTEM.

ERROR DETECTING AIDS:-

PRODUCTION OF DUMPS, TRACES, ERROR MESSAGES, AND OTHER DEBUGGING AND ERROR DETECTING
AIDS.

COORDINATION BETWEEN OTHER SOFTWARE’S AND USERS:-

COORDINATION AND ASSIGNMENT OF COMPILERS, INTERPRETERS, ASSEMBLERS AND OTHER SOFTWARE TO
THE VARIOUS USERS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEMS.

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

 SINGLE USER OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

 MULTI-USER OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

 EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

SINGLE USER OPERATING SYSTEM:-

A SINGLE-USER OPERATING SYSTEM IS A TYPE OF SYSTEM THAT HAS BEEN DEVELOPED AND
DESIGNED TO USE ON A COMPUTER.it can be used on a similar device, and it only has one user at a time.
It’s the most common system used for home computers. It’s also used in offices and other work
environments. There are two types of this operating system – single-task and multitask. It can connect to
other systems in a network, but it is only ever used by one person.
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AN OPERATING SYSTEM CAN BE USED FOR A VARIETY OF TASKS. IT IS MEANT TO ORGANIZE MEMORY
USAGE, HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY, AND HELPS TO PROPERLY EXECUTE APPLICATIONS. SINGLE-TASK
OPERATING SYSTEMS CAN FUNCTION ON ELECTRONIC DEVICES, LIKE A COMPUTER, AND WILL RUN
ONLY APPLICATION AT A TIME. IT CAN BE USED ON WIRELESS PHONES AND TWO-WAY MESSAGING
SYSTEMS. THIS SYSTEM IS ONLY ABLE TO RUN ONE PROGRAM AT A TIME, SO IT CANNOT BE USED WITH
COMPUTERS AND DEVICES THAT NEED MULTIPLE PROGRAMS RUNNING.

MULTI-USER OPERATING SYSTEM:-

A MULTI-USER OPERATING SYSTEM (OS) IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS MULTIPLE
USERS THAT ARE ON DIFFERENT COMPUTERS TO ACCESS A SINGLE SYSTEM'S OS RESOURCES
SIMULTANEOUSLY. USERS ON THE SYSTEM ARE CONNECTED THROUGH A NETWORK. THE OS SHARES
RESOURCES BETWEEN USERS, DEPENDING ON WHAT TYPE OF RESOURCES THE USERS NEED. THE OS
MUST ENSURE THAT THE SYSTEM STAYS WELL-BALANCED IN RESOURCES TO MEET EACH USER'S NEEDS
AND NOT AFFECT OTHER USERS WHO ARE CONNECTED. SOME EXAMPLES OF A MULTI-USER OS ARE
UNIX, VIRTUAL MEMORY SYSTEM (VMS) AND MAINFRAME OS.
MULTI-USER OPERATING SYSTEMS WERE ORIGINALLY USED FOR TIME-SHARING AND BATCH
PROCESSING ON MAINFRAME COMPUTERS. THESE TYPES OF SYSTEMS ARE STILL IN USE TODAY BY
LARGE COMPANIES, UNIVERSITIES, AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND ARE USUALLY USED IN
SERVERS, SUCH AS THE UBUNTU SERVER EDITION OR WINDOWS SERVER 2016. THE SERVER ALLOWS
MULTIPLE USERS TO ACCESS THE SAME OS AND SHARE THE HARDWARE AND THE KERNEL,
PERFORMING TASKS FOR EACH USER CONCURRENTLY.

EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEM:-

AN EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEM (OS) IS A SPECIALIZED OPERATING SYSTEM DESIGNED TO
PERFORM A SPECIFIC TASK FOR A DEVICE THAT IS NOT A COMPUTER. AN EMBEDDED OPERATING
SYSTEM’S MAIN JOB IS TO RUN THE CODE THAT ALLOWS THE DEVICE TO DO ITS JOB. THE EMBEDDED
OS ALSO MAKES THE DEVICE’S HARDWARE ACCESSIBLE TO THE SOFTWARE THAT IS RUNNING ON TOP
OF THE OS.
AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM IS A COMPUTER THAT SUPPORTS A MACHINE. EXAMPLES INCLUDE
COMPUTERS IN CARS, TRAFFIC LIGHTS, DIGITAL TELEVISIONS, ATMS, AIRPLANE CONTROLS, POINT OF
SALE (POS) TERMINALS, DIGITAL CAMERAS, GPS NAVIGATION SYSTEMS, ELEVATORS, DIGITAL MEDIA
RECEIVERS AND SMART METERS, AMONG MANY OTHER POSSIBILITIES.