International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management
Volume-3, Issue-4, April-2020
www.ijresm.com | ISSN (Online): 2581-5792
A Review on Hybrid Grid-Connected
Renewable Energy Systems
K. Saravanan
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and
Research Institute, Chennai, India
Abstract: Rapid industrialization, together with globalization,
urbanization and explosive growth human population has caused
greater stress on the world energy demand. The increasing
demand for energy resulted in the exploitation of natural
resources including fossil fuels. The utilization of these non-
renewable resources is increasing the risks related to global
warming and climate change. In recent years’ organizations are
increasingly focusing on green energy as an alternative to
conventional energy sources like coal, diesel, petrol, and natural
gas. Research shows that with the support of an efficient power
management and control system renewable energy resources
based energy system can be designed with better efficiency and
reliability to overcome the present crisis.
The objective of this paper is to review the current status of
research in the Micro-grid connected Hybrid Renewable Energy
(HRE) generation system. A micro-grid is built by integrating
different renewable energy systems like wind energy, solar power,
fuel cell technology, Ultra-capacitor, etc.
Keywords: Fuel cells, Hydro power, Micro-grids, Solar
photovoltaic system, Ultra-capacitor, Wind energy.
1. Introduction
Increasing focus toward the concept of green energy in the
society has fueled further research on how efficiently the
renewable energy resources can be used to the maximum
potential. The intermittent nature of the availability of
renewable energy from sources like wind, and solar has
necessitated the technique of integrating several renewable
energy systems from different sources. The quantum of benefits
and potentiality of such integration has been phenomenal. The
main areas of focus in designing an efficient electrical power
system using renewable sources include generation,
distribution, management, control, and storage of power from
different sources effectively and efficiently.
2. Hybrid Grid Connected Renewable Energy Systems
Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) is built by
integrating two or more renewable or conventional energy
sources and connecting to a common grid. The main advantage
of HRES is that such integration can successfully exploit the
operating characteristics of the energy sources and produce
better efficiency. A hybrid energy system can be realized using
different renewable energy sources like solar, wind, tidal, fuel
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cell, etc. The major advantage of the grid-connected hybrid
power system is that even if anyone of the energy sources fails
to generate power and supply to the load, the other sources
could continue to provide uninterruptible supply at any point in
time. Thus, the overall sustainability of the power system is
guaranteed by ensuring continuous supply to the distribution
system.
3. Review of Studies on Hybrid Grid Connected
Renewable Energy Systems
Some of the important research works on hybrid grid
connected renewable energy systems that guided the current
research are reviewed in this section.
T. F. El-Shatter et al. [1] have designed and simulated a
hybrid power generation system consisting of Photovoltaic
(PV) system and fuel cell (FC) system. The proposed model
used electrolyzer for hydrogen generation. In the proposed
model, Fuzzy regression model (FRM) was applied for
maximum power point tracking in order to derive maximum
power from solar PV arrays. The design also included a
controller that ensures continuous supply of power to the load
from solar PV array, or fuel cell, or both. The innovation in the
proposed system lies in the provision of isolation circuit that
isolates the electrolyte from the electrolysis cell to prevent
corrosion of electrolyzer’s electrodes after sunset.
D. Sapiro et al. [2] have developed an integrated photovoltaic
– electrolyzer - fuel cell system for delivering continuous,
consistent and eco-friendly power to facilities located in remote
areas. The suitability of the module for telecommunications and
medical facilities in remote location was also successfully
tested.
O. C. Onar et al. [3] have stated for sustained power
generation various renewable energy sources like wind, fuel
cell (FC) and ultra-capacitor (UC) systems has to be combined
in an efficient manner. They suggested that UC bank can be
integrated with wind turbine as the output power from the wind
turbine depends on the wind speed and varies from time to time.
This ensures that performance of the system is unaffected under
all conditions. The dynamic model consisting of wind/FC/UC
hybrid power generation system used power flow controllers.
In this work, a novel topology has been developed to account
for voltage fluctuations due to rapid changes in wind speed. The
 International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management
Volume-3, Issue-4, April-2020
www.ijresm.com | ISSN (Online): 2581-5792
system has effectively suppressed effects because of
fluctuations in the equipment side voltage. The system showed
excellent performance under variable wind speed and load
power requirements and can be used in remote areas with no
interconnectivity as a standalone isolated power system or as a
cogeneration power system.
J. D. Maclay et al. [4] have developed a photovoltaic (PV)
powered stand-alone system by integrating photovoltaic
modules with reversible fuel cells, batteries and ultra-
capacitors. Also evaluated the proposed system in terms of
capital costs, sizing techniques, control strategies, etc.
B. Paul and J. Andrews [5] have examined the techniques in
attaining maximum power transfer between photovoltaic array
by directly coupling with PEM Electrolyzer stack. They
determined an optimal configuration of series- parallel
connection involving PV panels and PEM cell. Practically, four
PV modules with 75 W capacity was directly coupled with five
PEM electrolyzer stacks of 50 W capacity. The study predicted
the energy transfer between the units both theoretically and
measured the actual energy transfer experimentally.
O. C. Onar et al. [6] have modelled and simulated a hybrid
power system consisting of the combination of wind turbine
(WT), photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell (FC) and ultra-capacitor
(UC) systems for grid-independent applications. In order to
achieve maximum control system is used to achieve adequate
performance for the overall system. In this work, control system
has been designed to improve the overall performance and
deriving maximum available energy from the WT and PV
sources. The system has the provision to store the excess energy
using ultra-capacitor and for the electrolyzer cells to produce
hydrogen. During the time when the energy produced from WT
and PV systems becomes inadequate to meet the load demand,
stored hydrogen was supplied to the FC system to produce
power. The control system ensures that the mismatch in the load
demand when fed by FC system is compensated using Ultra-
capacitor bank. The authors have carried out several
simulations by careful designing and sizing of hybrid systems
to function under different loading and meteorological
conditions. The advantage of this work included design of an
energy management strategy that took care of deficiencies of
each of the renewable systems. In this work, modeling and
simulations were carried out using MATLAB / Simulink and
SimPower Systems software packages.
C. H. Li et al. [7] have analyzed the performance of three
stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) power systems by employing
different energy storage technologies like Fuel Cell (FC) and
Battery. The modelling of three hybrid power systems viz.
PV/Battery system, PV/FC system, and PV/FC/Battery system.
The results of performance evaluation indicate that
PV/FC/Battery hybrid system is highly efficient, cost effective
and require less PV modules.
M. Uzunoglu et al. [8] have focused on the hybridization of
alternate energy sources by integrating photovoltaic, fuel cell
and ultra-capacitor systems for stand-alone applications. In the
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proposed system, PV system continuously feeds electrolyze to
produce hydrogen and transfers energy to the load side if
possible. When the PV system fails to meet the load demand,
FC system provides power to meet the remaining load.
Whenever the PV system cannot completely meet load
demands, the FC system can be used to meet the load demands.
Further, if the load demand increases further beyond the limits
of FC capacity, UC can be utilized to meet the overall demand
in load. This work focused on the long and short-term storage
strategies using FC systems and appropriate design of power
controllers and control strategies to develop an autonomous
power system. In this work both mathematical and electrical
models were proposed. The entire model was developed in the
MATLAB, Simulink and SimPower Systems environment.
J. Lagorse et al. [9] have developed a hybrid standalone street
lighting system that couples three power sources like
photovoltaic, battery and fuel cell. The main focus of the work
was conducting optimization analysis to identify the cheapest
sizing configuration using algorithms like genetic algorithm
and simplex algorithm. A simulated model was developed and
validated using various hybrid configurations.
W. X. Shen [10] performed sizing optimization of solar
photovoltaic (PV) array and battery in a standalone solar
photovoltaic system. Using energy efficiency model, the study
calculated loss of power supply probability (LPSP) of power
system for different sizing combinations of solar array and
battery. Finally, the study was successful in identifying optimal
LPSP for the specified load demand.
J. Hui et al. [11] have developed a Hybrid Wind-Solar
Energy System that uses New Multi-Input Rectifier Stage
Topology. In the proposed system configuration, a fusion of
Cuk and SEPIC converters was used. The new converter
eliminated the need for separate input filters to remove
frequency harmonics. The proposed converter configuration
provides excellent support for step up/down operations for PV
and wind input. The fused multi-input rectifier stage enables
extraction of maximum power from the wind and solar
irradiation using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). In
this work, adaptive MPPT algorithm was developed for the
wind system and a standard perturb and observe method was
used for the PV system. Simulation were carried out to analyze
the performance of the proposed system.
A. Ganguly et al. [12] have modeled and analyzed the
performance of a greenhouse-integrated power system
consisting of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, electrolyzer bank
and Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell stacks.
Using an array of solar photovoltaic panels, electric power was
generated and the excess energy after meeting the requirements
of the greenhouse during peak sunshine hours was used to feed
the electrolyzer bank to generate hydrogen gas. The hydrogen
gas in turn was consumed by the PEM fuel cell stack to provide
power during the energy deficit hours. The study performed
several analysis to predict performance of the integrated system
under different climatic conditions for the specified location
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Volume-3, Issue-4, April-2020
www.ijresm.com | ISSN (Online): 2581-5792
Kolkata, India. The study shows that the proposed hybrid
integrated power system could help supplying power to the
stand-alone greenhouses in a self-sustained manner.
B. Panahandeh et al. [13] have modelled and simulated a
hybrid power system consisting of photo voltaic and wind
energy systems combined with hydrogen storage. They used
Alternative Power Library (APL) for simulations. The library
of APL was used to develop models for the simulation of
regenerative power supply systems. The work also
demonstrated the efficient integration of hydrogen storage path
in hybrid system operation.
R. F. Coelho et al. [14] have developed a grid-connected
renewable energy system which comprised of five units a 1 kW
photovoltaic (PV) array and a 1 kW wind turbine (WT). The
power generated from the units like photovoltaic array, wind
turbine and fuel cell was processed by independent DC-DC
converters and fed to a common DC bus. The researchers used
a 1.2 kW fuel cell (FC) and a super capacitor bank (SCB) as
backup instead of battery units in order to ensure that dc critical
load was supplied continuously. They operated SCB as
temporary storage device for short term operations. In addition,
SCB was used as 120 Hz voltage ripple attenuation. In this
work, dc bus power was delivered to the main grid with
appropriate power factor. The work has discussed on the MPPT
strategies adopted for PV and WT generators and the control
strategies for the system operation on grid-connected and
standalone modes. PSIM software was used to model the
system and validate the results.
Y. Shivrath et al. [15] have developed a hybrid energy system
that integrated solar and wind energy generation system. The
proposed hybrid system was optimally designed for a
standalone drip irrigation system. The system was designed to
power a submersible pump that consumes 2.4 units of energy
per day. In this work, the authors have undertaken cost
optimization of the proposed hybrid system in order to provide
guidelines for small scale wind-solar hybrid system
manufacturers.
A. Menshsari et al. [16] have designed a hybrid energy
system consisting of water storage based hydroelectric power
system, wind energy and solar energy system. The authors have
identified and assessed the important parameters required for
optimal performance of the proposed power system in order to
achieve economical operation. They used ant colony algorithm
for realizing optimality and for minimization of operating and
execution costs. The simulation results has revealed the
successful design and deployment of a small renewable
hydroelectric, wind and solar resources based on hybrid
hydrogen storage that provides reliable load supply and
improved system reliability throughout the year.
E. M. Natsheh [17] have proposed a novel adaptive scheme
for energy management of hybrid power systems comprising of
solar PV array, wind turbine, battery storage, and proton
exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The focus of this work
was on designing an effective management strategy based on
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artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy logic controllers to
ensure efficient power flow between hybrid power system and
energy storage elements as per the load requirements. The
neural network controller was used to derive maximum power
point (MPP) for different types of photovoltaic (PV) panels
based on Levenberg Marquardt learning algorithm. In this
work, fuzzy logic controller was deployed for distributing
power among the hybrid system and managing the charging and
discharging current flow for performance optimization. In
addition, the fuzzy logic controller was also used to enhance the
performance and life of PEMFC by controlling the stack
temperature. In this work, the performance of perturb and
observe (P&O) algorithm with two different controller
techniques namely linear PI and non-linear passivity-based
controller (PBC) was compared with the proposed MPPT
controller system.
N. H. Samrat et al. [18] have proposed a standalone hybrid
photovoltaic (PV), Wave energy conversion system with
energy storage. In the proposed hybrid renewable power
system, bidirectional buck-boost DC-DC converter (BBDC)
was used for controlling and maintaining constant dc-link
voltage. The main controller also helps in accumulating the
excess hybrid power using an array of battery banks and
supplying this excess power to the system load during the
shortage of hybrid power. In this work, a three-phase complex
vector control scheme voltage source inverter (VSI) was
designed and developed to control the load side voltage in terms
of the frequency and voltage amplitude. Based on the
simulation results using Matlab/Simulink, the study proved that
the hybrid system was capable of working under the variable
weather and load conditions effectively.
M. Sharafi and T. Y. ELMekkawy [19] have proposed
particle swarm optimization (PSO) based simulation approach
for multi-objective optimization of hybrid renewable energy
systems (HRES) consisting of different systems like wind
turbine, photovoltaic (PV) panels, fuel cell (FC), diesel
generator, batteries, electrolyzer and hydrogen tank. The
authors used ε-constraint method in order to reduce the total
cost of the system, unmet load, and fuel emission in a
simultaneous fashion. The study also included stability analysis
to analyses the sensibility of different parameters in the
developed model. The proposed PSO based multi-objective
optimization approach was computationally efficient and
simple.
J. K. Shiau et al. [20] have proposed a fuzzy-logic-based
voltage-regulated solar power maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) system for hybrid power systems. The hybrid system
considered in the study was a solar voltaic power system and
battery system. They optimized the design of the hybrid power
system in such a way that the solar photovoltaic power system
feeds power to the electric motor continuously at a
predetermined level when it has sufficient power. However,
when the solar voltaic power was inadequate, maximum power
point (MPP) was activated in the proposed work so that solar
 International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management
Volume-3, Issue-4, April-2020
www.ijresm.com | ISSN (Online): 2581-5792
voltaic system extracts maximum power output. In addition,
battery backup was used to compensate for the inadequacy in
the power. The MPP technique developed in the study was a
variant of the incremental conductance MPP condition in which
the voltage-regulated MPPT system was designed as a feedback
control system. The purposed MPP technique based on fuzzy
controller required MPP condition and voltage regulation
requirements as the system inputs. Entire system was designed
and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK model. In addition,
a piecewise linear electric circuit simulation (PLECS) tool for
controlling the dc motor velocity was developed to verify the
voltage-regulated solar power MPPT system.
Y. Varetsky et al. [21] have proposed a hybrid renewable
energy system for micro grid applications using wind turbine,
photovoltaic generator and energy storage system. In the
proposed system, statistic indices of wind speed and solar
irradiation data was used to simulate power flow in the system.
The climate characteristics were implemented in the
mathematical model using the statistic indices. The simulation
of the proposed model show that the model can be used as a tool
for sizing components of the hybrid renewable energy system
and predicting the energy management in the chosen sites.
A. U. Moon and R. R. Shaha [22] have developed a novel
design of the front-end rectifier for hybrid renewable energy
system which included wind and photovoltaic systems. The
proposed model used Cuk-SEPIC fused converter which
eliminated the need for input filters to filter out high frequency
harmonics components. In addition, the fused multi-input
rectifier stage enhances maximum extraction of power from
solar and wind energy sources using Maximum Power Point
Tracking (MPPT) technique. The study used an adaptive MPPT
algorithm for the wind energy system and a standard perturb
and observe method for the PV system.
S. S. Martin et al. [23] have modeled, simulated and
developed control strategy for a hybrid power system (HPS)
consisting of wind energy conversion system (WECS), solar
photovoltaic system (SPV) and biodiesel generator (BDG) with
capacity of 400 W along with storage battery backup of 200
Ah/24 V. They designed hybrid power system using wind
turbine (Capacity: 300 W), photovoltaic panels (Capacity: 50
W), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), power
converters and maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
controllers. In the proposed work, Perturb and observe (P&O)
algorithm was applied for deriving maximum power from PV
and Tip speed ratio (TSR) controller was used for the WECS.
The performance of the proposed HPS was evaluated under
different conditions by varying wind speed and solar radiations.
In the proposed system, biodiesel generator was operated only
when the charge of the battery backup goes below 45%. A
Hysteresis technique was employed for controlling biodiesel
generator startup using variation of the battery storage. Several
simulation studies were carried out in order to prove the power
reliability under all conditions using renewable energy systems.
A. Buonomano et al. [24] have proposed a hybrid renewable
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power plant using wind turbine system and photovoltaic
technology, integrated with an energy storage system. The
capacity of the hybrid plant was 200 kW (190 kW by
photovoltaic and 10 kW by wind turbine). The capacity of the
energy storage capacity was 400 kWh. They conceived the
hybrid renewable power generation system with the mission to
guarantee power minimum fluctuations and reduce amounts
spend on electricity purchases. They also proposed a thermo-
economic simulation model using TRNSYS environment for
determining the best system configuration and increasing the
economic profitability by considering the time-dependent
tariffs applied to the electricity exchanged with the grid and the
possibility to store electricity.
4. Conclusion
In this paper, a detailed review of the existing hybrid micro-
grid renewable energy system is presented. The review has
clearly shown that the majority of the existing hybrid grid
systems are developed by integrating two or three renewable
power resources like wind/solar, solar/fuel cell, etc. This has
lead to design and develop an HRES consisting of a maximum
number of renewable sources like solar, wind, fuel cell, ultra-
capacitor, and battery storage into a single DC network.
Besides, the application of soft computing techniques like fuzzy
logic controller systems (FLCS) can be used to enhance the
performance of renewable energy systems like solar
photovoltaic energy systems by optimizing the performance of
maximum power point tracking capability. This review is a part
of a large work on the design of a micro-grid connected hybrid
renewable energy generation system using different
components like solar arrays, wind energy, fuel cells, capacitor
bank, etc.
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