Assignment

hAfiz noor-ul-Amin bmAf17e117

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Course nAme; AlgebrA-2
Course Code; mAth-309
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university of sArgodhA
Q.NO.01: In ring Z6 and Z8. Find the followings
1) The units
2) The zero divisors
SOLUTION:
𝑍 = {0,1,2,3,4,5}
× 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2 0 2 4 0 2 4
3 0 3 0 3 0 3
4 0 4 2 0 4 2
5 0 5 4 3 2 1
So, 1 and 5 are units in Z6
And 2,3,4 are zero divisors in Z6
𝑍 = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
× 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6
3 0 3 6 1 4 7 2 5
4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4
5 0 5 2 7 4 1 0 3
6 0 6 4 2 0 6 4 2
7 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
So, 1,3,5,7 are units in Z8
And 2,4,6 are zero divisors in Z8
Q.NO.02: Let R be set of all matrices over the field of complex numbers of the form
𝟏 𝟐
, where denotes the conjugate of complex number Z.
𝟐 𝟏
ANSWER:
1) CLOSURE (+)
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑒 + 𝑓𝑖 𝑔 + ℎ𝑖
Let , ∈𝑅
−𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 −𝑔 + ℎ𝑖 𝑒 − 𝑓𝑖
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑒 + 𝑓𝑖 𝑔 + ℎ𝑖
𝑆𝑜, +
−𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 −𝑔 + ℎ𝑖 𝑒 − 𝑓𝑖
(𝑎 + 𝑒) + (𝑏 + 𝑓)𝑖 (𝑐 + 𝑔) + (𝑑 + ℎ)𝑖
= ∈𝑅
(−𝑐 − 𝑔) + (𝑑 + ℎ)𝑖 (𝑎 + 𝑒) − (𝑏 + 𝑓)𝑖
𝑆𝑜, 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2) ASSOCIATIVE (+)
Since associativity holds in set of complex numbers and in ℝ. So ring R is associative w.r.t addition.
3) IDENTITY
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 0 + 0𝑖 0 + 0𝑖
∀ ,∃
−𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 −0 + 0𝑖 0 − 0𝑖
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 0 + 0𝑖 0 + 0𝑖 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖
𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 + = ∈𝑅
−𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 −0 + 0𝑖 0 − 0𝑖 −𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖
𝑆𝑜, 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑅.
4) INVERSES
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 −𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 −𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖
∀ ,∃
−𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖 −𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 −𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 −𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖 0 + 0𝑖 0 + 0𝑖
𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 + =
−𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖 −𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 −0 + 0𝑖 0 − 0𝑖
𝑆𝑜, 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑅

5) COMMUTATIVE
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑒 + 𝑓𝑖 𝑔 + ℎ𝑖
+
−𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 −𝑔 + ℎ𝑖 𝑒 − 𝑓𝑖
(𝑎 + 𝑒) + (𝑏 + 𝑓)𝑖 (𝑐 + 𝑔) + (𝑑 + ℎ)𝑖
=
(−𝑐 − 𝑔) + (𝑑 + ℎ)𝑖 (𝑎 + 𝑒) − (𝑏 + 𝑓)𝑖
(𝑒 + 𝑎) + (𝑓 + 𝑏)𝑖 (𝑔 + 𝑐) + (ℎ + 𝑑)𝑖
=
(−𝑔 − 𝑐) + (ℎ + 𝑑)𝑖 (𝑒 + 𝑎) − (𝑓 + 𝑏)𝑖
𝑒 + 𝑓𝑖 𝑔 + ℎ𝑖 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖
= +
−𝑔 + ℎ𝑖 𝑒 − 𝑓𝑖 −𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖
𝑆𝑜, 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
6) CLOSURE (×)
1 + 2𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 1+𝑖 2+𝑖
𝐿𝑒𝑡 , ∈𝑅
−2 + 3𝑖 1 − 2𝑖 −2 + 𝑖 1 − 𝑖
1 + 2𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 1+𝑖 2+𝑖
𝑆𝑜, ×
−2 + 3𝑖 1 − 2𝑖 −2 + 𝑖 1 − 𝑖
(−1 + 3𝑖)(−7 − 4𝑖) (0 + 5𝑖)(5 + 𝑖)
=
(−5 + 𝑖)(0 + 5𝑖) (−7 + 4𝑖)(−2 − 3𝑖)
20 − 17𝑖 −5 + 25𝑖
= ∈𝑅
−5 − 25𝑖 20 + 17𝑖
𝑆𝑜, 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
7) ASSOCIATIVITY (×)
Matrix multiplication is associative. So, Associativity holds in R
8) DISTRIBUTIVE LAW
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑒 + 𝑓𝑖 𝑔 + ℎ𝑖 𝐼 + 𝑗𝑖 𝑘 + 𝑙𝑖
Let , , ∈𝑅
−𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 −𝑔 + ℎ𝑖 𝑒 − 𝑓𝑖 −𝑘 + 𝑙𝑖 𝐼 − 𝑗𝑖
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑒 + 𝑓𝑖 𝑔 + ℎ𝑖 𝐼 + 𝑗𝑖 𝑘 + 𝑙𝑖
× +
−𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 −𝑔 + ℎ𝑖 𝑒 − 𝑓𝑖 −𝑘 + 𝑙𝑖 𝐼 − 𝑗𝑖
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑒 + 𝑓𝑖 𝑔 + ℎ𝑖 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝐼 + 𝑗𝑖 𝑘 + 𝑙𝑖
+
−𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 −𝑔 + ℎ𝑖 𝑒 − 𝑓𝑖 −𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 −𝑘 + 𝑙𝑖 𝐼 − 𝑗𝑖
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑤 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝑆𝑜, 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
9) IDENTITY (×)
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 1 + 0𝑖 0 + 0𝑖
∀ ,∃
−𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 −0 + 0𝑖 1 − 0𝑖
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 1 + 0𝑖 0 + 0𝑖 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖
𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = ∈𝑅
−𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 −0 + 0𝑖 1 − 0𝑖 −𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖
10) INVERSES (×)
𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖
∀ ,∃ 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑐 +𝑑
−𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 −𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
𝑐 +𝑑 𝑎 +𝑏
 1 + 0𝑖 0 + 0𝑖
𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑠
−0 + 0𝑖 1 − 0𝑖
𝑆𝑜, 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑅.
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑹 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈.
11) COMMUTATIVE (×)
We know that, in matrix multiplication 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴. 𝑆𝑜, 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒.
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝑹 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒂 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅

Q.NO.03: Let R be a ring with 1. Prove that

1.
𝟏 𝟏
2.
PROOF:
(1) (−1)𝑎 = 𝑎(−1) = −𝑎 … … … … … … … … (1)
𝑎 + (−1)𝑎 = 1 + (−1) 𝑎
= (0)𝑎
=0
= (−1 + 1)𝑎
= (−1) + 1 𝑎 + 𝑎
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒. 𝑆𝑜,
(−1)𝑎 = −𝑎 … … … … … … … … … (2)
𝑎 + 𝑎(−1) = 𝑎(1 + (−1))
= 𝑎(0)
=0
= 𝑎 (−1) + 1
= −𝑎 + 𝑎
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒.
𝑆𝑜, 𝑎(−1) = −𝑎 … … … … … … … (3)
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 (2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3)
(−1)𝑎 = −𝑎 = 𝑎(−1)
(2) 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑅. ∃ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑎𝑏 = 1 = 𝑏𝑎 … … … … … … … … (1)
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 (−𝑎) 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑅.
𝑆𝑜, (−𝑎)𝑏 ≠ 1 ≠ 𝑏(−𝑎)
−𝑎𝑏 ≠ 1 ≠ (−𝑏𝑎)
−𝑎𝑏 ≠ −1 ≠ 𝑏𝑎
𝑎𝑏 ≠ 𝑏𝑎
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞 (1), 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑎𝑏 = 1 = 𝑏𝑎
𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎
𝑆𝑜, (−𝑎) 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑅.
𝐴𝑁𝐷
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (−𝑎)
= (−1 × 𝑎)
= (−1) × (𝑎) ; (𝑎𝑏) = 𝑎 𝑏
= −1 × (𝑎)
= −(𝑎)
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Q.NO.04: Prove that R is commutative iff
PROOF:
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎. 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑎 + 𝑏. 𝑏
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑎 + 𝑏
𝐴𝑠, 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒. 𝑆𝑜, 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑦, 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 … … … … … … … … … (1)
𝑏𝑢𝑡 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑎 + 𝑏 … … … … … … … … … (2)
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞 (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞 (2)
𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑎 + 𝑏
2𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑎
𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑎
𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎
𝑆𝑜, 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒.
𝟐 𝟐
Q.NO.05: Prove that R is commutative iff
PROOF:
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
= 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑎 − 𝑏
𝐴𝑠, 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑆𝑜, 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑎 − 𝑏
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑎 − 𝑏
0 = −𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑎
𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅
𝟑
Q.NO.06: Let R be a ring. If . Prove that R is commutative.
PROOF:
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑎 ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅
(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝐴𝑁𝐷 (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 𝑦 … … … … … … … … (1)
(𝑥 + 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)
(𝑥 + 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦 )(𝑥 + 𝑦)
(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞 (1)
(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦
0 = 𝑥𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥𝑦 … … … … … … … … … (2)
(𝑥 − 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)
(𝑥 − 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦 )(𝑥 − 𝑦)
(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑥 − 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞 (1)
(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑥 − 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦
0 = −𝑥𝑦𝑥 − 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥𝑦 … … … … … … … … … (3)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞 (3) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞 (2), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
2𝑥𝑦𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 0
2(𝑥𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦) = 0
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
2(𝑥 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦) = 0 … … … … … … … … … … (4)
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
2(𝑥𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦𝑥) = 0 … … … … … … … … … … (5)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞 (5) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞 (4), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑥 = 0
2(𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥) = 0 … … … … … … … … (6)
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒,
(𝑥 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑥 + (𝑥 )
𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑥 = 4𝑥 + 4𝑥
0 = 4(𝑥 + 𝑥 ) − (𝑥 + 𝑥 )
0 = 3(𝑥 + 𝑥 ) … … … … … … … … … (7)
𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞 (7)
0 = 3[(𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑥 + 𝑦) ]
0 = 3(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦 )
0 = 3[(𝑥 + 𝑥 ) + (𝑦 + 𝑦 ) + (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥)]
0 = 3(𝑥 + 𝑥 ) + 3(𝑦 + 𝑦 ) + 3(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥)
0 = 0 + 0 + 3(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥)
0 = 3(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥) … … … … … … … … … … (8)
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 6𝑥𝑦 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
0 = 3(𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥) … … … … … … … … … (9)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞 (6) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞 (9), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
0 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅
Q.NO.08: If a and b are elements of a ring; m and n are integers. Then prove that
1.
2.
3.
PROOF:
(1) (𝑛𝑎)(𝑚𝑏) = (𝑛𝑚)(𝑎𝑏)
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1
𝑎(𝑚𝑏) = 𝑚(𝑎𝑏)
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0
(0𝑎)(𝑚𝑏) = (0𝑚)(𝑎𝑏)
0=0
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘
(𝑘𝑎)(𝑚𝑏) = (𝑘𝑚)(𝑎𝑏)
𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑏 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
(𝑘𝑎)(𝑚𝑏) + 𝑚𝑎𝑏 = (𝑘𝑚)(𝑎𝑏) + 𝑚𝑎𝑏
(𝑘𝑎 + 𝑎)(𝑚𝑏) = (𝑘𝑚 + 𝑚)(𝑎𝑏)
(𝑘 + 𝑎)𝑎 (𝑚𝑏) = (𝑘 + 1)𝑚 (𝑎𝑏)
⇨ 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 + 1
⇨ 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
(2) 𝑛(𝑎𝑏) = (𝑛𝑎)𝑏 = 𝑎(𝑛𝑏)
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒.
𝐴𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑏 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑛(𝑎𝑏) + 𝑎𝑏 = (𝑛𝑎)𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎(𝑛𝑏) + 𝑎𝑏
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑎𝑏) = (𝑛𝑎 + 𝑎)𝑏 = (𝑛𝑏 + 𝑏)𝑎
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑎𝑏) = (𝑛 + 1)𝑎 𝑏 = (𝑛 + 1)𝑏 𝑎
⇨ 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 + 1
⇨ 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍

(3) 𝑛(−𝑎) = −(𝑛𝑎)

𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘
𝑘(−𝑎) = −(𝑘𝑎)
𝑎𝑑𝑑 − 𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑘(−𝑎) − 𝑎 = −(𝑘𝑎) − 𝑎
(𝑘 + 𝑎)(−𝑎) = − (𝑘 + 1)𝑎
⇨ 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 + 1
⇨ 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍