COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND

ARCHITECTURE
Dr.M.Sindhuja
Assistant Professor(Senior Grade)
School of Electronics
VIT, Chennai
 MODULE 1

INTERCONNECTION OF COMPONENTS
• A computer has set of three basic components or modules (processor,
memory, I/O) that communicate with each other.

• Need a paths for connecting the modules.

•Collection of paths connecting the various modules is called the interconnection

structure.

•The interconnection structure must support the transfers between various

components
INTERCONNECTION OF COMPONENTS
 DATA TRANSFER
Memory to processor:
processor reads an instruction or data from memory.

Processor to memory:
The processor writes a data to memory.

I/O to processor:
The processor reads data from an I/O device via an I/O module.

Processor to I/O:
The processor sends data to the I/O device.

I/O to or from memory:

I/O module exchange data directly with memory, without going through processor,
using direct memory access.
 BUS INTERCONNECTION
• The most common interconnection structure is BUS

• Bus structures are still commonly used for Embedded systems, particularly
Microcontroller

• Communication pathway connecting two or more devices

• Characteristic of a bus is a shared transmission medium

•Bus has multiple communication pathways or lines.

•Each line capable of transmit signals representing binary 1 and 0

•8 bit unit of data can transmit over eight bus lines

BUS INTERCONNECTION SCHEME

SYSTEM BUS

Control Lines

BUS
Address Lines

Data Lines
 SYSTEM BUS

• A bus which connects major computer components is called a system Bus.

• Most common computer interconnection structures are based on use of one or

more system bus

• It has 50 to 100s of separate lines.

 DATA LINES
• Data lines provide a path for moving data among system modules, called data
bus

• Data bus has 8, 16, 32 or even more separate lines,

No of lines =width of the data bus

 Key factor is the width of the data bus

 Example,

Width of data bus = 32 bits, instruction =64 bits long

Processor access the memory module twice during each instruction cycle
 ADDRESS LINES

• designate the source or destination of the data on the data bus.

• For example,
if processor wishes to read a word (8, 16, or 32 bits) of data from memory,
it puts the address of the desired word on the address lines.

•Width of address bus determine maximum possible memory capacity

•Address lines are also used to address I/O ports.

 CONTROL LINES

• Control the access to and the use of the data and address lines.

• Transmit both command and timing information among system modules.

• Timing signals indicate validity of data and address information.

• Command signals specify operations to be performed.

• Control signals:
Memory write/Read, Interrupt request, I/O write/Read