Fan is a machine used to add energy to the gaseous fluid to increase its

pressure. Fans are used where low pressures (from a few mm of water to
50 mm Hg) and comparatively large volume are required. They run at rela-
tively low speed, the casing and impeller usually built of sheet iron.
FAN TYPES
1) AXIAL FLOW FANS - the flow of the gases is parallel to the fan shaft.
a. tube axial
b. vane axial
c. Propeller
2) RADIAL OR CENTRIFUGAL FLOW FANS- the flow of gases depends
upon the centrifugal action of the impeller or rotor.
a. Straight blades
b. Forward curved blades
c. Backward curved blades
d. Double curved blades
Propeller Fan Tubeaxial Fan Vaneaxial Fan

Centrifugal Fan
Air in

Housing Air out

Rotor

Motor
 COMMON USES OF FANS
1. Ventilation and air conditioning
2. Forced and induced draft service for boilers
3. Dust collection
4. Drying and cooling of materials
5. Cooling towers
6. Mine and tunnel ventilation
7. Pneumatic conveying and other industrial process work
Head Calculations
2
1 discharge
suction

For a fan Z = 0 ; PE = 0 and Q = 0, because fans are designed to

overcome fluid friction. No cooling system is needed due to small temperature
differential between suction and discharge.
From Bernoulli’s energy theorem
1. For fans installed with both suction and discharge duct
2 2
P2  P1 v 2  v 1
ht   m of gas
γ 2g
2. For fans installed with only a suction duct; P2 = 0 gage
2 2
0  P1 v 2  v 1
ht   m of gas
γ 2g

3. For fans installed with only discharge duct; P1 = 0 gage and v1 = 0

2
P2 v 2
ht   m of gas
γ 2g
let
P2  P1
hs  m of gas
γ
2 2
v 2  v1
hv  m of gas
2g
ht = hs + hv m of gas

Where:
hs - static head at which a fan operates, m of gas
hv - velocity head at which a fan operates, m of gas
ht - total head added to the fluid, m of gas
Head Conversion: From m of gas to m of water
γ gh g ρ gh g
hw   m of water
γw ρw

htw = hsw + hvw

Where:
h - stands for ,total head, static head or velocity head
w - refers to water; g - refers to gas
FAN POWER
FP = Qwhtw KW

STATIC POWER
SP = Qwhsw KW

where Q - capacity in m3/sec

w - specific weight of water (gage fluid) in KN/m3
htw - total head in m of WG
hsw - static head in m of WG
FP - total fan power in KW
SP - Static power in KW
Static Power - is that part of the total air power, that is
used to produced the change in static head.
FAN EFFICIENCY
FP
η  x 100 %
F BP
STATIC EFICIENCY
SP
  x 100%
s BP
BP - Brake or shaft power in KW
FAN LAWS
A. Variation in speed and impeller diameter
Q  ND3
H  N2D2
B. Variation in impeller Speed
Q  N ; H  N2 ; Power  N3
C. Variation in impeller size; Tip speed = C ;  = C and
same proportions; H = C
Q  D2 ; Power  N2 ; N  1/D
D. Variation in impeller size; N = C;  = C ; Same proportions
Q  D3 ; Power  D5 ; H  D2 ; Tip Speed  D
E. Variation in density; Q = C; N =C; D = C; system = C
H   ; Power  
F. Variation in Density; D = C; H = C
1 1 1
Q ; Power  ; N
ρ ρ ρ
G. Variation in density; m = C;D = C; system = C
1 1 1 1
Q ; H  ; N  ; Power  2
ρ ρ ρ 
BLOWERS
Blower is a machine used to compressed air or gas by centrifugal force to a
final pressure not exceeding 241 KPa gage. Usually blower has no cooling
system or it is not water cooled.
COMPRESSION OF GASES
The design of blower is usually based upon either an adiabatic or isothermal
compression.
A. For Adiabatic or Isentropic Compression:

P
2
P2 PVk = C

P1 1
V
 k 1
T2  P2  k
  
T1  P1 

kP1Q  P2  k
k 1

W    1
k  1  P1  
 
W  QγH
where Q  V1
Q - capacity in m3 /sec
H - adiabatic head in meters

1000kRT1  P2  k 
 k 1

H    1 m of gas
gk  1  P1  
 
B. For Isothermal Compression:
P
2 where
P2 PV = C H - isothermal head in meters
Q - capacity in m3/sec
g - gravitational acceleration in m\sec2
P1 1
V

P1V1  P2 V2  C
P2 P2
W  P1Q ln  mRT1ln KW
P1 P1
W  QγH KW
1000RT1 P2
H ln meters
g P1
Efficiency:
A. Adiabatic or Isentropic Efficiency
Isentropic Work
ηk  x 100%
Actual Work
B. Isothermal Efficiency
Isothermal Work
ηI  x 100%
Actual Work
RATIO OF THE ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE RISE TO THE
ACTUAL TEMPERATURE RISE

 P  k 1k 
T1  2   1
 P1  
Y  ' 

T2  T1 
RELATIONSHIP FOR CORRECTING PERFORMANCE CURVES
1. Volume Flow
Q B NB

Q A NA
2. Weight Flow
mB  NB   P1B   T1A 
      
m A  N A   P1A   T1B 
3. Pressure Ratio
 P  k 1k 
 2   1

 P1   2
  B  NB   T1A 

  
 P  k 
k 1
 N A   T1B 
 2   1

 P1  
 A
P2
 rp (pressure ratio)
P1
4. Head
HB NB2 Where:
 2 1 - suction
HA NA 2 - discharge
A - 1st condition
5. Brake Power B - 2nd condition
R - gas constant, KJ/kg-K
3
P - absolute pressure in KPa
BPB  NB   P1B  T1A 
       - density, kg/m3
BPA  N A   P1A  T1B  T - absolute temperature, K
 P  k 1k  H - head, m  - specific weight, KN/m3
 2   1 Q - capacity, m3/sec

 P   BP - brake power, KW
BPB  P1B  Q B   1  B
    N - speed, RPM
BPA  P1A  Q A    k 1k  W - work, KW
 P2   1 m - mass flow rate, kg/sec
 
 P1  
 A
1. An industrial fan is rated at 152 mm WG static pressure for 10 m3/sec of
air at 21C, 1200 RPM and 69% static efficiency. At what speed should
this fan operate to develop 130 mm WG if the temperature is 320C? Also
determine the capacity and power at this temperature.
Given: at 21C (294 K)
H1 = .152 m; Q1 = 10 m3/sec ; N1 = 1200 RPM
Assuming P = 101.325 KPaa, density at 21C = 1.2 kg/m3
At variable speed with out a change in density
Q  N ; H  N2 ; Power  N3
2 2
H2 N2 Q 2 N2 P2 N2
 2   2
H1 N1 Q1 N1 P1 N1
For a variation in density Q = C ; N = C
H   ; Power  
At 320C and P = 101.325 Kpa; d320 = 0.60 kg/m3
H320 = .130 m
 H2 = 1.06 x 10-7N22 H2 = H294
N2 = 1566 RPM
H 320 d 316 Q2 = 13.05 m3/sec

H 294 d 294 Q2 = Q320

Q 320 γH320
BP320 
0.69
BP320  24.12 KW

2. Find the air power of an industrial fan that delivers 26 m 3/sec of air through
a duct 92 cm x 124 cm outlet. Static pressure is 127 mm WG. Air tempe-
rature is 21C and barometric pressure is 760 mm Hg. ( 41 KW)
2
0.92 m
1
1.24 m
Besides of centrifugal fans with low pressure,
medium pressure, and high pressure,
manufacturers also produce customs-made
products to get the beat match between
economy and performance.
Features
Applying optimizing design method, modular
design, quality process control, and customs-made
etc. different way to meet the different needs of the
customs.
The Max. Efficiency can be 90%, which is 5%
higher than the competitors.
Wide range of technical parameter ensures the fans
run at its best efficiency at the specified
applications.
Duty：
Flow：1～800 m3/s，
Pressure：300～50000Pa.
Applications：
 Power station,
 Environmental protection,
 Mining,
 Metallurgy,
 Petro-chemical,
 Subway, tunnel, and wind tunnel etc.
fields.