Welcome to 3.

091

Lecture 24

November 6, 2009

Diffusion

 Substitutional
(vacancy)

Qv
Energy

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Adapted from Fig. 5-4 in Askeland, Donald R. The Science and Engineering of Materials. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: PWS-Kent, 1989. ISBN: 0534916570.
 70,000 Q vs melting point
Fe
60,000

Activation energy (cal/mol)

Cu
50,000

Ag

40,000 Au
Al

30,000 Pb

20,000

10,000
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Temperature (oC)
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Adapted from Fig. 5-8 in Askeland, Donald R. The Science and Engineering of Materials. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: PWS-Kent, 1989. ISBN: 0534916570.
 Energy

Qi

Interstitial

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Adapted from Fig. 5-4 in Askeland, Donald R. The Science and Engineering of Materials. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: PWS-Kent, 1989. ISBN: 0534916570.
 Hot! Hot!
59 60 59 59 60 59
Co Co Co Co Co Co

Courtesy of The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society. Used with permission.

 Temperature (oC)

_
2000 1500 1200 1000 900 800 700 600 500

3
10
_ H in BCC iron
10 4 H in F
CC ir
on
_
10 5
C
_
6
in
10 FC
C
iro
n

Diffusion coefficient (cm2/s)

_
7 C in
10 BC
C ir
on
_
8
10
_ Fe
10 9 in F
eO
_
10 10

Fe
in
FC
_
M
10 11 gi

Fe
nM

iro

in
n
gO

BC
_
10 12

C
iro
Ca

n
_
10 13
C in g

in
Ca
O

_
10 14
raphit
e

_
10 15
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
1000

T(K)

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Adapted from Fig. 5-7 in Askeland, Donald R.

The Science and Engineering of Materials. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: PWS-Kent, 1989. ISBN: 0534916570.

 bulk

grain boundary

surface

Courtesy of John Wiley & Sons. Used with permission.

lattice or bulk

Courtesy of John Wiley & Sons. Used with permission.

 surface

log10D grain boundary

lattice or bulk

1/T Courtesy of John Wiley & Sons. Used with permission.

 diffusion

in molten

ferrous alloys

Courtesy of The Minerals, Metals, and Materials

Society. Used with permission.
 helium ingress into
various oxide glasses

Tighter Packing

Courtesy of John Wiley & Sons. Used with permission.

 _
8
10
7230 7900
T = 300 oC 7240 SiO2
7070
7160
7740
_ 7720
9
10
7052 7040
K, Permeation rate
7050
helium ingress into
7056
various oxide glasses
_
10
10
0010
9010
8160 0120
0080

_ 1715
11
10

1720
1723
_
12
10
60 70 80 90 100

SiO2 + B2O3 + P2O5 (mole %)

Courtesy of John Wiley & Sons. Used with permission.

Courtesy of John Wiley & Sons. Used with permission.

 Window
100

NO
CO
80 HC

Conversion efficiency (%)

60

40

20

0
13:1 14:1 15:1
A/F ratio
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
 Electromechanical carburetor

Electronic control module

Air pump

Catalytic converter
(dual-bed pellet type)

Exhaust oxygen sensor

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

How an Oxygen Sensor Works

* faster diffusion of oxygen

 shorter response time
cold start issues!

Electromechanical carburetor

Electronic control module Semiconductors

Air pump

Catalytic converter Catalysis, Ceramics

(dual-bed pellet type)

Diffusion, Defects Exhaust oxygen sensor

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

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3.091SC Introduction to Solid State Chemistry

Fall 2009

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