SAS 24

LESSON PREVIEW
1. An enlarged heart is called cardiomegaly. It is not a disease, but a sign of another condition. Causes include: congenital (patients are
born with the condition based on a genetic inheritance), high blood pressure (which can enlarge the left ventricle causing the heart
muscle to weaken over time), and coronary artery disease.
2. Atherosclerosis, sometimes called "hardening of the arteries," occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the
walls of arteries. Most common causes include high cholesterol, High blood pressure, Inflammation (like from arthritis or lupus),
Obesity or diabetes, and Smoking.
3. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious condition that occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein located deep inside your body that
typically forms in the thigh or lower leg. Causes include: damage to a vein from surgery, trauma, and inflammation due to infection
or injury.
4. Aortic stenosis occurs when the heart's aortic valve narrows. It restricts the blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta and may
also affect the pressure in the left atrium. Common causes include: calcium Build-up, Birth Defects, Rheumatic Fever, and
Radiation Therapy.
5. A thrombotic stroke occurs when a blood clot, called a thrombus, blocks an artery to the brain and stops blood flow to the brain.
These are caused by Atherosclerosis or narrowing of the blood vessels, High blood pressure, High cholesterol, Diabetes, Blood
clotting disorders, Smoking, Recreational drugs and Transient ischemic attacks.
6. Clogged Arteries result from a buildup of a substance called plaque on the inner walls of the arteries. Arterial plaque can reduce
blood flow or, in some instances, block it altogether.
7. Rheumatic fever is a disease that can affect the heart, joints, brain, and skin. It is an inflammatory reaction that can develop as a
complication of a Group A streptococcal infection, such as strep throat or scarlet fever. It is caused by a bacterium called group A
Streptococcus. This bacterium causes strep throat or, in a small percentage of people, scarlet fever.
8. Pericarditis is an inflammation of the heart lining which makes the membrane around the heart becomes red and swollen, like the
skin around a cut that becomes inflamed. The cause of pericarditis is often unknown, though viral infections are a common cause
and often occurs after a respiratory infection.

CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING

Multiple Choice

1. D. Mechanically altered diet with nectar thick liquids

Rationale: When a patient has a stroke they are at risk for aspiration due to the decrease ability to swallow. Many times a stroke with
affect speech as well the patient‘s ability to utilize the swallowing muscles. Generally, when garbled speech is noted in a
stroke victim this is a sign there is a problem with the patient’s ability to use their swallowing muscles. A mechanically
altered diet with nectar thick liquid will usually be prescribed. However, a speech evaluation will determine what is needed.

2.A. Avocado toast

Rationale: 75% of an average-size avocado is made up of monounsaturated fats. According to the American Heart Association,
monounsaturated fats can help reduce bad cholesterol levels and lower the risk of heart disease. The Mayo Clinic says that
they may also help with blood sugar control. Therefore, choice A is the best option.

3. C. Fish
Rationale: In general, red meats (beef, pork and lamb) have more saturated (bad) fat than chicken, fish and vegetable proteins such as
beans. Saturated and trans fats can raise your blood cholesterol and make heart disease worse. The unsaturated fats in fish,
such as salmon, actually have health benefits. Therefore, choice C is the best option.

4. B. Tea
Rationale: Regular tea consumption can lead to fewer heart-related events, such as heart attacks and stroke. Coffee, however, did not
have such a beneficial effect. Diterpenes in coffee have been found to raise LDL, or bad cholesterol, levels. While regular
 consumption of these ingredients in the high quantities you find in Coke (cola) and other processed foods and drinks can lead to
higher blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. Therefore, choice B is the best option.

5. D. Neither
Rationale: Milk chocolate contains about 10 percent cocoa liquor – the paste made from ground, roasted, shelled and fermented cocoa
beans that contains both nonfat cocoa solids and cocoa butter. On the other hand, dark chocolate with 70 percent to 85 percent
cacao contains about 600 calories and 24 grams of sugar which is important because the amount of cocoa solids in dark
chocolate indicates he amount of dietary flavonoids, which are antioxidants found in fruits, vegetables and certain drinks.
Research suggests consuming more dietary flavonoids is linked to a lower risk of coronary heart disease. Researchers found that
eating raw almonds, dark chocolate and cocoa helped lower "bad" LDL cholesterol in people who are overweight or obese. But
when investigators took the almonds away, dark chocolate and cocoa alone didn't appear to aid heart health. In conclusion, while
dark chocolate has more flavanols than other types of chocolate, the data to suggest there is enough to have a health effect is thin
at this point.

LESSON WRAP-UP
Cat: 3-2-1

Three things you learned:

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Two things that you’d like to learn more about:

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One question you still have:

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