1.

26  DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS FOR JEE MAIN AND ADVANCED

tan x
(v) lim (sin x)x (vi) lim (n x)x lim e 1 1
x 0 x 0 (iii) x

tan x (iv) lim tan–1
1 2 e 1 x 0
x
x 5. Evaluate the following limits :
(vii) lim 1  sin x  (viii) lim (1) 1/x
1 1
lim sin x
x 0 x 0
(i) (ii) lim
x 1 x x 0 ln | x |
2. Suppose that limx a f(x) =  and limx a g(x) = c, tan
where c is a real number. Prove each statement. 2
e x ln 2 
2
1
– 2 
(a) lim [f(x) + g(x)] =  lim x 1  e x 
x a (iii) xlim (iv) x 0  

ex  
(b) xlim
a
[f(x) g(x)] =  if c > 0
x
x
(c) xlim
a
[f(x) g(x)] = –  if c < 0 6. Show that xlim    .
  e 
3. Let lim f ( x)  0 with f(x)  0 for x  a,
xa f (x)  5
g( x ) 7. If lim = 1, find lim f(x).
lim g(x)  b  0. Prove that lim  x4 x  2 x4
x a x a f ( x )
4. Prove that the following limits donot exist : f (x)
8. If xlim = 1, find
1  2 x2
lim tan x (2) x f (x)
(i) x
 (ii) lim
x 0
(i) lim f(x) and (ii) lim
2 tan 2x x  2 x  2 x

C
Find xlim
x 1
9. a 2 |x–a| (e) lim   ln x 
x0  x 
10. Find the following limits by inspection.
x (f) lim (x + x3)
x 
(a) lim
x0 ln x x3

x 3  3x 2  1  x 1
11. Evaluate lim  2 
(b) lim x  2x  1
x  e x  
lim 12. If f(x) = [x2 + 1][x + 1], where [.] denotes the greatest
(c) x(  /2)
(cos x)tan x
integer function, find lim f(x). x 1
(d) lim (ln x) cot x
x 0 

METHODS OF EVALUATING f ( x)
solve lim , we cancel the common factor (x – a)
xa g( x )
LIMITS from both the numerator and denominator, and again
put x = a in the given expression. If we get a
1.6 FACTORISATION AND meaningful number, then the number is the limit of the
given expression otherwise we repeat the process till
CANCELLATION OF we get rid of the indeterminate form (0/0).
COMMON FACTORS x3
Example 1. Find lim 2 .
If f(x) and g(x) are polynomials such that f(a) = g(a) = x 3 x  9
Solution Here, the denominator tends to zero as
0, then (x – a) is a factor of both f(x) and g(x). Now to
x 3 and the numerator also tends to zero. But since
x2 – 9 = (x – 3) (x + 3), we have
 LIMITS  1.27
x 3 x 3 1 1 6
lim  lim  lim  Solution lim x  24x  16
2
x 3 x  9 x  3 (x  3)(x  3) x  3 x  3 6 x 2
x3  2x  12
In the solution of this problem we cancel x – 3, and (x  2)(x 5  2x 4  4x3  8x 2  16x  8)
one may think that this is illegitimate since x 3, and = lim
x 2 (x 2  2x  6)(x  2)
the division by zero is not allowed. But this is not 168
x 3 = = 12
the case here : the functions y  2 and 14
1 x  9
y coincide identically for all x 3, and the Substitution for Limits x  a
x3
definition of a limit of a function for x a, does not Suppose that lim f(x) = 
x a
involve the value of that function at the point x = a
itself, and therefore the limits of the above functions Let x = a + t, then f(x) = f(a + t).
If x  a then t  0 and f(a + t)  , and we write
as x 3 are equal to each other. The essence of this
transformation is that the limit of the new function is lim f (a  t) = .
x a
found easier than that of the original function.
x2  4
x2  x  6 Example 4. Find lim .
Example 2. Evaluate lim
x–3 x3
x 2
cos  x
4
Solution We cannot apply direct substitution Solution We put x – 2 = z, i.e. x = z + 2, and as
because the limit of the denominator is 0. x  2 we have z  0.
lim  x 2 + x – 3 = 0
lim x  4 = lim z(z  4) = lim z(z  4)
2 2
x + x - 66 x 3

x +3 lim  x + 3 = 0 x 2
cos  x z 0 cos  (z  2) z 0 – sin  z
x 3
4 4 4
lim  x 2 + x – 6  = 0 z
x 2 + x - 66 x 3
z(z  4)  4 16
x +3 lim  x + 3 = 0 = lim = – zlim . lim (z + 4) = – .
x 3 z0 – sin  z 4 0 sin  z z 0 
Direct substitution fails here. 4 4
Because the limit of the numerator is also 0, the
numerator and denominator have a common factor
of (x + 3). Thus, for all x  – 3, we can cancel this 1. xn – an = (x – a)(xn–1 + xn–2a + xn–3a2 + xn–4a3 +...
factor to obtain + xa n–2 + a n–1 )
where n is even or odd positive integer.
x 2 + x - 6 (x  3)(x  2)
= = x – 2, x  – 3 2. xn + an = (x + a)(xn–1–xn–2a + xn–3a2 – xn–4a3 + ...
x +3 x 3
It follows that + (–1)n–1an–1)
2 where n is odd positive integer. This formula is not
lim x  x  6 = lim ( x  2)  – 5. applicable when n is even.
x  –3 x3 x  –3
Although correct, the second equality in the preceding (1  x)3  1
5

computation needs some justification, since cancelling Example 5. Find lim .

x0 x
the factor x + 3 alters the function by expanding its
Solution Let us put 1 + x = y5. As x  0, y  1.
domain. However, the two functions are identical, except at
Then we have
x = – 3. From our previous discussions, we know that this
difference has no effect on the limit as x approaches – 3. 5
(1  x)3  1 y3  1
lim = ylim
 1 y5  1
x6  24x  16 x0 x
Example 3. Find lim x 2
x3  2x  12 y2  y  1 3
lim 
y  1 y  y3  y  1
4
5
1.28  DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS FOR JEE MAIN AND ADVANCED

x3  x 2  x  1 Solution We have
Example 6. Find lim 1 2 (2x  3) 
x3  x 2  x  1 lim 
 x  2  x3  3x 2  2x 
x 1
x2 
Solution Here we have an indeterminacy of the
form 0/0. Let us factorize the numerator and the  1 2 (2x  3) 
= lim 
denominator of the function x2 
 x  2 x(x  1)(x  2) 
x3  x 2  x  1 x 2 ( x  1)  ( x  1)  x(x  1)  2(2x  3) 
lim 3  lim = lim
x 1 x  x 2  x  1 x 1 x 2 ( x  1)  ( x  1) x2 
 x(x  1)(x  2) 
(x  1) 2 (x  1) x 1 0  x 2  5x  6 
 lim  lim  0. lim
= x 2  
x 1 x  1
 x(x  1)(x  2) 
x 1 (x  1) (x  1) 2
2
x3  1000  (x  2)(x  3) 
= lim
x 2 
Example 7. Find xlim
10 x3  20x 2  100x  x(x  1)(x  2) 
 x3  1
Solution This is also an indeterminacy of the form = lim
x 2 
=–
0/0. We have  x(x  1)  2
x 3  1000  1  1 1 
lim Example 10. Find lim    
x 10 x 3  20 x 2  100 x y2  y  2  x  y  2 x 
(x  10) ( x 2  10 x  100) xx2y 1
Solution lim ·
= xlim x(x  y  2) y  2
y2
10 x(x  10)2
2
x  10 x  100 1 1
= xlim = – lim
y2 x(x  y  2)
= –
 10 x( x  10) x2
The numerator of the fraction tends to 300 and the Here, y is a variable, so that it might be thought that we
denominator tends to zero. Consequently, the fraction are dealing with functions of two variables. However,
in question is an infinitely large quantity and the fact that x as a variable plays no role in this problem;
for the moment, x can be considered a constant.
x3  1000
lim does not exist.
x 10 x  2x 2  100x
3 2 x  2 3 x  6
Example 11. Evaluate lim
x2 2  x/2  21 x
x 3  3x 2  x  3
Example 8. Find lim 2 x  2 3 x  6  form 0 
x  –3 x2  x  6 Solution lim  
Solution At the point x = – 3 both the numerator x2 2  x/2
2 1 x
 0
and the denominator turn into zero. 2 2x  8  6.2 x
We have x2 + x – 6 = (x + 3) (x – 2) and = lim
x 2 2 x/2  2
x3 + 3x2 – x – 3 = (x + 3) (x2 – 1), and hence, on
cancelling the factor (x + 3), we obtain (2  2)(2 x  4)
x
= lim
3 2 2 2 x2 2 x/2  2
lim x  3x  x  3 = lim x  1 = (–3) – 1 = – 8 (2  2)(2 x/2  2)(2 x/2  2)
x
2
x  –3 x x 6 x  – 3 x2 –3–2 5 lim
= x2
In the same manner we can find 2 x/2  2
3 2 3 2 = 2 × 4 = 8.
lim x  3x  x  3 dne, lim x  3x  x  3 = 0.
x 2 2
x x 6 x 1 2
x x 6 x3 x2 log x log x 1
Example 12. Evaluate lim
Example 9. Evaluate x 1 x2 1

lim 
1
 3
2 (2x  3) 
Solution The given limit= lim
 x3 1   x2 1 logx
x2 
 x  2 x  3x 2  2x  x1 x2 1
 LIMITS  1.29

 x –1  x 2 + x +1 –  x –1 x +1 logx Solution (i) Let l = lim  f (x)  = lim
 f (x) 2 
·x 
= lim x0 
 x
2

x 1  x -1 x +1 x 0
Now argument of G.I.F is tending towards zero and
 x -1  x 2 + x +1-  x +1 logx  from positive side as lim
f (x)
 2 and x2  0+
= lim
 x -1 x +1
2
x 1 x 0 x
f (x) 2
we have ·x  0+  l = 0.
12 +1+1- (1+1) log1 3 x2
= =
(1+1) 2.  f (x)  lim  f (x) ·x 
(ii) We write lim  = x 0  2 
x 0  x    x 
3x 2  ax  a  3
Example 13. If the limit x2 lim f (x)
x2  x  2 and assume A = ·x
exists, find a and the limit. x2
Solution We see that the denominator  0. For Now x  0+  A  0+
and x  0–  A  0–
0
the limit to exist, we must have the   form. Hence  lim [A] = 0 and lim– [A] = – 1
0 x  0 x 0
the numerator must  0, i.e.  The given limit does not exist.
lim 3x2 + ax + a + 3 = 0 Example 15. Discuss the behaviour of
x 2
 12 – 2a + a + 3 = 0  a = 15. a 0 x m  a1x m1  .....a k x m  k
2
2x  15x  18 2 (x) =
3x  ax  a  3 b 0 x n  b1x n 1  ....  b  x n 
Now lim = lim
x2 2
x x2 x2 x2  x  2 where a0  0, b0  0 as x tends to 0 by positive
3(x  2)(x  3) or negative values.
= xlim  1 .
2 (x  2)(x  1) Solution If m > n, lim (x) = 0.
x 0

f (x) If m = n, lim (x) = a0/b0.

Example 14. If lim 2 then evaluate the x 0
x2
x 0 If m < n and n – m is even, (x)   or (x)  –
following limits, giving explicit reasoning. according as a0/b0 > 0 or a0/b0 < 0.
 f (x)  If m < n and n – m is odd, then (x)   as x  0+
(i) lim  f (x)  , (ii) lim  where [ . ] and (x)  – as x  0–, or (x)  – as x  0
x 0 x 0  x 
 and (x)   as x  0–, according as a0/b0 > 0 or
denotes the greatest integer function. a0/b0 < 0.

E
1. Evaluate the following limits :
x 3  27
3 2
(x  1) 2 (ii) lim
(i) lim x  3x  9x  2 (ii) lim 2
x 3 | x  3 | (x  3)
3  (x  1)  1
x2
x x6 x0
x2  x  2
(x  h)2  x 2 1 t 3. Let f(x) = find
(iii) lim (iv) lim 5
x 2  2x – 3
h 0 h t 1 1  t
(a) lim f ( x ) (b) lim f ( x )
2. Evaluate the following limits : x –2 x1

| y  1 | y  1 (c) lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )

(d) x
(i) l im | y  1 |  y  1
x –3 0
y1
1.30  DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS FOR JEE MAIN AND ADVANCED
6. Evaluate the following limits where [.] denotes
[x 2 ]  1
4. Evaluate limit where [.] denotes the the greatest integer function :
x1 x2  1
x  [x] x  [x]
greatest integer function. (i) lim (ii) lim
x 2  x2 x  2 x2
x 2  9x  20
5. Evaluate xlim where [.] denotes [x 2 ]  [x]2 [x 3 ]  x 3
5
x  [ x] (iii) lim (iv) lim
the greatest integer function. x 1 x2 1 x 10 [x]  x

D
7. Evaluate the following limits : 1  cot 3 x
4 lim
(iii) x / 4
x  3x  2 2  cot x  cot 3 x
(i) lim
x 1 x 5  4x  3
9. Find a number c so that
x 3  4 x 2  5x  2
(ii) lim x 3  cx 2  5x  12
x1 ( x 2  1)2 lim exists. Also find the
x 3 x 2  7x  12
x 7  2x 5  1 corresponding limit.
(iii) lim
x 1 x 3  3x 2  2 10. Evaluate the one-sided limits in the following :
x 4  6x 2  27 x 2 [x 2 ]
(iv) lim (i) lim
x –3 x 3  3x 2  x  3 x 2 (1 | x  2 |)
8. Evaluate the following limits : x(e[x]|x|  2)
t t t 2 (ii) lim
(i) lim  4
x 0 [x] | x |
t 1 t  1 t 1 where [.] denotes the greatest integer
2 sin 2 x  sin x – 1 function.
(ii) lim
x / 6 2 sin 2 x – 3 sin x  1

1.7 RATIONALIZATION Example 2. Evaluate the following limits :

If in any limit, the denominator or numerator involves lim 1 x  1 x
(i)
the radical sign then we can rationalize the irrational x0
x
expression by multiplying with their conjugates to
remove the indeterminacy. (ii) lim 
(2x  3) x  1 
x 1 2
2x  x  3
4  15x  1 0
Example 1. Evaluate lim
x 1
. Solution (i) The given limit takes the form
2  3x  1 0
4  15x  1 when x  0. Rationalizing the numerator, we get
Solution lim
x 1
2  3x  1 1 x  1 x
lim
(4  15x  1)(2  3x  1)(4  15x  1) x 0
x
= lim (2  3x  1)(4  15x  1)(2  3x  1)  1 x  1 x 1 x  1 x 
x 1 = lim   
(15  5x)
x0
 x 1 x  1 x 
2  3x  1 5
= lim × =  (1  x)  (1  x) 
x 1 (3  3x) 4  15x  1 6
= x0 
lim 

 x 1  x  1  x  
 LIMITS  1.31

 2x  (x  2)( x 2  4  x  2 )
  = lim
= lim
x0  x
  1  x  1  x  x 2 (x  2)(x  1)
x2  4  x  2
 2  2 = lim = 0.
= lim
x 0   = = 1. x2 x 1
 1 x  1 x  2

 (2x  3) x  1  
(ii) We have x1  2x 2  x  3 
lim
  1 1 n 1 n 2 1 n 3 2 n 1
(x n  a n )(x n x n an x n an  .....  a n )  (x  a)


 (2x  3) x  1 

 1 1 n 1 n 2 1 n 3 2
= limx 1  (2x  3)(x  1)  (x n  a n )(x n  x n an  x n an  ...)  (x  a)if nisodd
 
  (7  x )  2
3
 (2x  3) x  1  Example 5. Evaluate lim
= lim   x  1 (x  1)
x 1  (2x  3)
  x 1 
x  1   Solution 3
(7  x) – 2
 2x  3 
lim   (7  x )  8
= x1

 (2x  3) x  1   =
(7  x)  (7  x)1/ 3 .2  4
2/3

1 1
= = . (x  1)
(5)(2) 10 = 2/3 ...(1)
(x  1)  (x  1)1/3 .2  4
1 x 
Example 3. Evaluate lim sin 1  3
(7  x)  2
 1  x   lim
x 1   x1 (x  1)

1 1  x
 (x  1)
Solution lim sin  1  x  = – xlim
x 1   1 (x  1)(7  x)2/3  (7  x)1/3 .2  4
 1  x  [from (1)]
= sin  lim 1  x 
–1
 x1 
1
= xlim 2/3
 
 1 (7  x )  (7  x )1/ 3 .2  4
–1 
1 x 
= sin  lim  1 1
 x 1 (1  x )(1  x )  =
424
= –
10
.
–1 
1  1  3
= sin  lim  = sin–1  . x 2  23 x  1
 x1 1  x  2 6 Example 6. Calculate lim
x2
x 1 ( x 1) 2
Example 4. Evaluate xlim 2 2
x 4  x2 Solution We substitute 3 x = t
x2 Then, for the variable t, the expression under the limit
Solution xlim 2 sign can be written in the form
x2  4  x  2
x2 ( x2  4  x  2 ) t 2  2t  1
lim .
= x2  (t 3  1)2
x2  4  x  2 ( x2  4  x  2 )
The number to which the new variable t tends, as
(x  2)( x 2  4  x  2 ) x 1, can be found as the limit of the function
= lim
x 2 (x 2  4)  (x  2) 3
t(x) = x as x 1,
2
(x  2)( x  4  x  2 )
= lim i.e. lim t ( x )  lim 3 x  1
x 2 x2  x  2 x 1 x 1
1.32  DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS FOR JEE MAIN AND ADVANCED
Thus we have ( x  2a )( x  2a )
t 2  2t  1 (t  1)2 = xlim
2a 
lim  lim x 2  4a 2 ( x  2a )
t 1 (t 3  1)2 t 1 ( t 1) 2 (t 2  t  1) 2
( x  2a )
 lim 2 1  1. + xlim
2a  ( x  2a )( x  2a )
t 1 ( t  t  1)2 9
x  2a 1
x  2a  x  2a = xlim 
Example 7. Evaluate xlim
 2a  2 2
 2a  (x  2a)(x  2a).2 2a 4a
x  4a
x  2a 1
x  2a  x  2a  0 = xlim 
Solution lim  form  x  2a 2 2a
2a  2 a
x 2a  2
x  4a 2
 0
1 1
x  2a x  2a =0+  .
= xlim  lim 2 a 2 a
 2a  2 2
x  4a x  2a
x 2  4a 2

F
1. Calculate the value of the function
x 5x  2
f(x) = (iv) lim
x 1 –1
x 1
2x  1
at several points near x = 0 and hence estimate 4  x  x2  2
the limit of f(x) as x  0. 3. Evaluate lim
x  1 x 1
2. Evaluate the following limits :
x x 1
(i) lim 4. Evaluate xlim
 1 2
x0 5 x  5 x 6x  3  3x
3 x 5. Find numbers a and b so that
(ii) lim
x9
4  2x  2 ax  b  1
3 lim  1.
x2  3 x x
(iii) lim
x 0
x 1
(x  1)

E
 x 3  1 x – 1 x
6. Evaluate lim
x 3 
log a 
 x  6  3 (iv) lim
x0 3 1 x – 1 x
7. Evaluate the following limits :
x2  2x  6  x2  2x  6
1 x  x2  7  2x  x2 8. Evaluate lim .
(i) lim x 3 x 2  4x  3
x2 x2  2x
x  7  3 2x  3
9. Evaluate xlim
2
1 2  x  3 3
x  6  2 3 3x  5
(ii) xlim
2
x2 10. Evaluate the following limits :
x  1 x 2  8  10  x 2
(iii) xlim
(i) lim
 1 4
x  17  2 x 1
x2  3  5  x2
 LIMITS  1.33

3 8  3x  2 5
1  x )3  1
(ii) xlim (iii) xlim .
0 4 16  5x  2 0
(1  x ) 3 (1  x ) 2  1

1.8 LIMIT USING EXPANSION Maclaurin's Theorem

SERIES OF FUNCTIONS x2 x3
f(x) = f(0) + xf'(0) + f " (0)  f '" (0)  ...
2! 3!
In this method basically we use the series expansion xn n
of sin x, cos x, tan x, log(1+x), ax, ex, etc. to evaluate ........  f (0)  ........
n!
the limit. Following are some of the frequently used
Example 1. Expand sin x in powers of x.
series expansions:
Solution Here f(x) = sin x, Hence f(0) = 0,
x x1na x2 1n2a x3 1n3a f'(x) = cos x, f'(0) = 1,
(i) a  1     .........a  0
1! 2! 3! f"(x) = – sin x, f"(0)= 0,
x x x2 x3 f'"(x) = – cos x, f"'(0) = – 1
(ii) e  1     ............ .............
1! 2! 3! n 
 n
x 2 x3 x 4 fn(x) = sin  x   fn(0) = sin
(iii) ln (1+x) = x     .........for  1  x  1  2  2
2 3 4 n
n
x3 x5 x7 3 5 x sin
Thus sin x = x – x x 2  ...
(iv) sin x  x     .......  – .... 
3! 5! 7! 3! 5! n!
x2 x4 x6 Example 2. Expand ln(cos x) in powers of x.
(v) cos x  1     ......
Solution Here f(x) = ln(cos x),
2! 4! 6!
f'(x) = – tan x = – t, say,
x3 2x 5
(vi) tan x = x    ........ f"(x) = – sec2 x = – (1 + t2),
3 15 f'"(x) = – 2 tan x sec2 x = – 2t (1 + t2),
x3 x 5 x 7 f(4)(x) = – 2 (1 + 3t2) (1 + t2) = – 2 (1 + 4t2 + 3t4),
(vii) tan–1x = x     ....... f(5)(x) = – 2 (8t + 12t3) (1 + t2)
3 5 7
= – 2(8t + 20t3 + 12t5),
12 3 12.32 5 12.32.52 7
(viii) sin-1x = x  x  x  x  ....... f(6)(x) = – 2 (8 + 60t2 + 60t4) (1 + t2)
3! 5! 7! = – 2(8 + 68t2 + 120t4 + 60t6)
x 2 5x 4 61x6 Hence,
(ix) sec x = 1     ...... f(0) = 0, and
2! 4! 6!
f'(0) = f(3)(0) = f(5)(0) = ...= 0, also
nx x2 f"(0) = – 1, f(4)(0) = –2, f(6)(0) = – 16.
(x) (1 + x) = 1 +
n  n(n  1) +.... for –1< x< 1,
1 2 x2 x4 x6
n  Q. Hence ln(cos x) = – –2 – 16 .............
2! 4! 6!
 1 11 2  ex  1  x
(xi) (1 + x)1/x = e1  x  x  .....  Example 3. Evaluate xlim
0 2
 2 24  x
x
e  1  x
Using the above expansions, we can Solution xlim0
x2
find other expansion series. For example to find the
 x2 
1  cos 2 x  1  x  2 ! .......   1  x
expansion series of sin2x, we write, sin2x = lim
= x0  
2 x2
and use the expansion series of cos x with x replaced 1 x x2 1
by 2x. = xlim
0
  ............ = .
2! 3! 4! 2
1.34  DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS FOR JEE MAIN AND ADVANCED
tan x  sin x
Example 4. Evaluate  5  56  81
x3 =  5 .
3!
tan x  sin x
Solution xlim x2
0
x3 n(1  x)  sin x 
3 Example 7. Evaluate xlim 2
 x   x3  0
x tan x sin x
 x  ........    x  ....... 
= xlim  3   3! 
0 x2
x 3
n(1  x)  sin x 
Solution lim 2
1 1  3 x0
 x  ........ 1 1 1 x tan x sin x
lim  3 3!  = + = .
x0
3 3 6 2
x  x 2 x3   x3 x 5  x2
1  x   x  2  3 .....    x  3!  5!  .....   2
e x  ln     
 e  =xlim 3 tan x sin x
Example 5. Evaluate lim 0
x . .
x0 tan x  x x x
x 1  x 
e  ln  1 1 1
 e  = + = .
Solution lim 3 6 2
x0 tan x  x
e x  ln(1  x)  ln e cos x3  1  n(1  x 6 )
 lim [form 0/0] Example 8. Evaluate lim 2
x0 tan x  x x0 x 2 (e x  1  x 2 )
x 2 x3  x 2 x3  cos x3  1  n(1  x 6 )
1  x    ...    x    ...   1 lim
2! 3!  2 3  Solution 2

= lim
x0
x 2 (e x  1  x 2 )
x0  x 3
2x 
5
x   x x6 x12
 3 15  1  ........  1  x 6 
 2 2
1
 x3 (1 termscontaining xand itshigher powers) = lim
x 0  x 2
x 4

= lim 6 x2 1   .......  1  x 2 
x0 1 3  1 2 
x (1 termscontaining xand its higher powers)
3
1
1  .....
=– . 2
2 = lim 1.
5sinx  7sin2x  3sin3x x0  1 
Example 6. Evaluate lim   ....... 
x0 x2 sinx  2 
5 sin x  7 sin 2x  3 sin 3x
Solution lim esin x  sin x  1
x 0 x2 sin x Example 9. Find lim
x0 x2
 x3   (2x)3   (3x)3 
5  x   ....   7  2x   ....   3  3x   ....  esin x  sin x  1
 3!   3!   3! 
= lim Solution lim
x0
2 x3
x  x   .... 
 x0 x2
 3!   sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
 1  1  2  3  .....   sin x  1
5x3 56x3 81x3 = lim  
   x 0 x2
3! 3! 3!
= lim 3
x0  x  
2
sin x   1 sin x  1 1
x3 1   ...  = lim      ...    .
 3!  x 0  x   2 3  2 2
 LIMITS  1.35

 7  x)1/3  2  x2 x4   x3 
Example 10. Evaluate xlim 5 1   .......   bx  x  ......   5
0
x 1  2 2   3 
Limit = lim
Solution Put x  1 + h x0 x4
1/3
lim (8  h)  2  b  5  x 2   5  b  x 4  ....
   
= lim 
h0
h 2  24 6 
1/3
x0 x4
h
2 .  1   2 For limit to exist, x4 must cancell from the numerator.
lim
= h0  8 Hence we assume the coefficients of all powers of x
h 5 5
2 less than 4 to be zero  b   0  b = .
 1  1  h   2 2
 1 h   1   
2 1  .  3  3  8   .......  1  5  b  x 4  ........
 
 3 8 1. 2 5 b
Now the limit = lim 
 24 6  = 
lim 
  x 0 x 4 24 6
= h0
h
5 5 5
1 1  Limit =   .
= hlim 24 12 24
0 2 × = .
24 12
Ae x  Bcos x  Ce  x
Example 13. If lim 2,
x 7  2x 5  1 x0 xsin x
Example 11. Find lim .
x 1 x 3  3x 2  2 find A, B and C.
0 Solution The given limit is equal to
Solution This is of the form if we put x = 1.  x2   x2   x2 
0 A  1  x  .......   B  1   .......   C  1  x  ....... 
Therefore we put x = 1 + h and expand. lim 
2   2   2 
x0  x3 
7 5 x  x  ....... 
x 7  2x 5  1 lim (1  h)  2(1  h)  1  3 
lim = h 0
x 1 x 3  3x 2  2 (1  h)3  3(1  h) 2  2
A  B C 2
(A  B  C)  (A  C)x   x
(1  7h  21h 2  ...)  2(1  5h  19h 2  ...)  1 = lim  2 
= lim x 0
2 x2 
h 0 (1  3h  3h 2  ...)  3(1  2h  h 2 )  2 x  1  ...... 
 3 
3h  h 2  ... For limit to exist, x2 must cancel from the numerator.
= lim
h 0 3h  .... Hence we assume A – B + C = 0 ...(1)
and A – C = 0 ...(2)
3  h  ...
= lim = 1. A  B C
h 0 3  ....  Limit = 2. ...(3)
2
a cos x  bxsin x  5 On solving these three equations, we get A = 1, B
Example 12. If lim exists, = 2, C = 1.
x0 x4
find a, b and the limit. Example 14. Show that
1
1/x
Solution As x  0, x4  0 the limit must be in (1  x)  e  ex 11e
lim 2  .
0 x0 x 2
24
  form. Hence lim acos x + bx sin x – 5 = 0. Solution Let y = (1 + x)1/x
0 x 0

 a – 5 = 0  a = 5. 1
 ln y = ln(1  x)
x
1.36  DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS FOR JEE MAIN AND ADVANCED

1 1 2 1 3  Example 15. Let f(x) be a function such that

=  x  x  x  ... 
x 2 3  f(x)
lim = 1. Find the values of a and b such that
1 1 x 0 x
= 1  x  x 2  ..... ,
2 3 x(1  a cos x )  b sin x
1 1
1 x  x 2 ...... lim  1.
Now y  e 2 2 x 0 {f (x)}3
1 1
1 x  x 2 ...... x(1  a cos x)  bsin x
= e. e 2 2 Solution Since, lim 1
{f(x)}3

x0
 12 1 
= e 1    x  x  ......   .....   x2 x4   x3 x5 
 2 3  x1  a1      b x    .... 
 2! 4!     3! 5!
  
  .... 
2
1 1 1 2  lim =1
+   x  x  ......   x 0 {f ( x)}3
2 2 3  
a b a b
 1 1 1 2  x(1  a  b)  x3     x 5     ...
 2! 3!   4! 5! 
= e 1  2 x   3  8  x  .....  lim =1
    x0 {f(x)}3
1 11  (1  a  b)  a b  2  a b 
x  x 2  .....       x     ...
= e 1  x2  2! 3!   4! 5! 
 2 24   lim =1
 
3
1
x0 f(x)
1/ x
(1  x)  e  ex x
Now lim 2
Since the limit exists we must have 1 + a –b = 0 and
x0 x2
1 11 1 a b
e(1  x  x 2  ....)  e  ex 11e –  = 1  –3a + b = 6
2 24 2 = . 2! 3!
 lim 24
x 0 x2 Solving these, we get a = –5/2 and b = –3/2.

G
1. Evaluate the following limits : 3 sin x  sin 3x
(ii) lim
3 1 x0 x  sin x
1 x 1 x
3
(i) lim e x sin x  x(1  x)
x0 x2 (iii) xlim
0 3
x
e x sin x  x  x 2
(ii) lim 3
1  3x  1  2x
x0 x 2  x ln(1  x) (iv) xlim
0
2 x2
cos x  1  x 3 tan x  3x  x3
(iii) lim 2 3. Evaluate lim
x 0 x3 x0 x5
2 x  ln(1  2 x) sin 1 x  tan 1 x
(iv) lim 4. Evaluate lim
x 0 x2 x 0 x3
2. Evaluate the following limits : (2  x)(e x  x  2)
5. Evaluate lim
2 x  sin 1 x x0 x3
(i) lim
x0 2 x  tan 1 x 6. For what values of constants C and D is it true

that lim ( x 3 sin 7x  Cx 2  D)  2

x0
 LIMITS  1.37

F
7. Evaluate the following limits : sin x  x  x3 / 6  x 5 / 120
(ii) lim
(1  x 2 )  (1  x) x0 (sin x)7
(i) lim
x0
(1  x3 )  (1  x) e x cos x  1  x
(iii) lim
3
1  x2  1  x2
4 x0 sin( x 2 )
(ii) lim
x 0
x  x2 x2
x cos3 x  ln(1  x ) – sin –1
3 1  3x  1 (iv) lim 2
(iii) lim 50
x 0 x3
x  0 (1  x)  1  50x
1 1 x
ln 2 (1  x)  x 2 2sin x  ln – 3x
(iv) lim 10. Evaluate lim 2 1 x
x0 x3 x0 x 5

8. Evaluate the following limits : x4 3

3 4 2 2
m
1  ax  n 1  bx 11. Evaluate lim x e – sin x
(i) lim (m, n  N) x0 x7
x0 x
12. Find the values of a and b so that
m
1  ax n 1  bx  1
(ii) lim
x 0 x
(m, n  N) lim (1  axsin x)  b cos x
x0 x4
3
1  2 x  4 1  9x may tend to a definite limit and also find limit.
(iii) lim
x0 x 13. For what values of the constants a, b is ,
1 1
2 sin 3x a
lim  3  2  b  = 0 ?
4 2 x2 x0  x x 
4 1  x  4e
(iv) lim
x0 tan 1 x  x 1  1 1  ax 
14. If lim 3 
  exists and has
9. Evaluate the following limits : x 0 x  1  x 1  bx 
x3 x 5 the value equal to , then find the value of
sin x(1  cos x)  
(i) lim 2 8 1 2 3
x0 x7   .
a  b

1.9 STANDARD LIMITS (sin 2 x)  sin x  1

2

= xlim 2 = xlim  
Following are some basic limits which are used fre- 0 x (1  cos x)  0  x  (1  cos x)
quently in solving the limits. 1
sin x tan x = .
lim 2
(i) x 0
= 1 = xlim

x 0 x ax 1
1 (ii) xlim = ln a (a > 0).
tan 1 x lim sin x
0 x
= xlim
0
= x 0
x x ex  1
[ where x is measured in radians ] In particular xlim
0
=1
x
1  cos x (1  cos x)(1  cos x) ln(1  x)
Also, xlim = xlim (iii) lim =1
0 x 2  0 x 2 (1  cos x) x0 x
1.38  DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS FOR JEE MAIN AND ADVANCED

log a (1  x) When angles are measured in degrees, this limit

lim = loga e, ( a > 0, a  1) is not 1. Let sin  denote the sine of an angle of 
x 0 x
degrees. The following table suggests that the limit
(1  x ) n  1 is much smaller (angles measured in degrees; data to
(iv) lim =n
x 0 x four significant figures):
n n
lim x  a  n a n 1 .  10 5 1 0.1
x a x  a
sin  0.1736 0.08716 0.01745 0.001745
sinθ
0.01736 0.01743 0.01745 0.01745
(i) These limits help in finding limits in 0/0 form and θ
most of them are based on x approaching 0. In sin 
The data suggest that lim is about
case, if x approaches a, we use the substitution 0 
x = a + t so that t approaches 0 when x approaches a. 0.01745. We can find that the limit is precisely /180.
(ii) These formulae are also applicable when a tan x
Example 1. lim
function, say f(x) has been replaced for x. But it x 0 x
must be ensured that as x approaches a, f(x) must 
approach 0. Solution x  x radian
sin f (x) 180
For instance, lim = 1, if f(x) x
x a f (x)
approaches 0 as x approaches a. tan
tan x 180
Now lim  lim
x0 x x0 x
x
tan
sin f (x) 180 . x
But lim x
x a g(x) where f(x) and g(x) approach 0 as 180
180  .
x approaches a, should not be immediately taken as 1.  lim 
x 0 x 180
sin 2x lim sin 2x
For example, lim = x 0 .2 =2
x 0 x 2x e3x  1
sin f (x) Example 2. Evaluate lim
x 0 x/2
Further, lim
x a f (x) should not be taken as 1 when 3x 3x
sin f(x) approaches 0 as x approaches a, but f(x) itself Solution lim e  1 = lim 2 × 3 e  1 = – 6.
x 0 x / 2 x 0 3x
does not approach 0.
sin(  x) sin 2x
For example, lim 1, since  – x does not Example 3. Compute lim
x 0 x x  0 sin 3x
approach 0 as x approaches 0. In fact, the limit is equal
to 0. sin 2x
Solution We have lim
x  0 sin 3x
Why Radian Measure is Used
 sin 2x 2x  3x
= xlim
0 
. .
Throughout calculus, angles are measured in radians, as  2x 3x sin 3x 
is customary in calculus. If we measured angles in degrees
instead, the formulas for the limits of the trigonometric  lim sin 2x  2  lim 3x 
=  2x . . ,x0
functions would be more complicated. Each formula  0 2x  3 3x0 sin 2x 
would have an extra factor, /180, as we will now show. 1
Earlier, it was shown that when angles are measured 2  sin 3x  2 2
=1. .  lim = ×1= .
sin  3 3x0 3x  3 3
in radians, lim  1.
 0 
 LIMITS  1.39

x3  8  sin x 
Example 8. Evaluate lim
x 0 
.
Example 4. Evaluate lim
2
x 2 x  4
 x 
Solution The given expression is of the form sin x  sin x 
Solution Since, 0   1,  x  = 0 in the
x3  (2)3 x3  (2)3 x 2  (2)2 x
2 2 = / neighbourhood of x = 0.
x  (2) x2 x2
 sin x 
Hence lim
x 0 
= 0.
 x 
3 3 3 2 2
 lim x  8 = lim x  (2) / lim x  (2)
x 2
x  4 x 2 x  2
2 x 2
x2  tan 1 x 
With a similar reason, lim
x0   0.
xn  a n  x 
= 3(22)/(2(21)) (using lim = nan–1 )
x a
xa  tan x 
Example 9. Evaluate lim
x 0 
.
= 12 /4 = 3.  x 
1  x1/ 3 tan x
Example 5. Find lim 1/ 5 . Solution Since, 1   2 in the neighbourhood
x 1 1  x x

Solution We have lim

x 
1/ 5 5
 (1)
 5( 1) 4 = 5
 ta n x 
of x = 0, 
 x   = 1 . Hence, lim
 tan x 
x 0 
 x 
= 1.
1/ 5
x 1 x  (1)
 sin 1x 
( x )  (1)
1/ 3 3 With a similar reason, lim
x0    1.
and lim = 3 (–1)2 = 3  x 
x 1 x1 / 3  ( 1)
  2x 
Example 10. Evaluate lim
x0   , where [.]
x 1/ 3
 (1) 5  tan x 
Hence the limit = xlim 1/ 5 = . denotes greatest integer function.
1 x  (1) 3
Example 6. Evaluate Solution We know when x  0
x x
a x  h  a x  h  2a x  1   1
lim , a>0 tan x tan x
h 0 h 2x
 –2 <  1
tan x
 a h  a h  2 
Solution lim
Limit = h  0 a 
x

h2   2x 
  lim 
x 0  tan x 
So, = –2.

2h 2
x a  2a h  1  2
x  a 1 ln x  1
lim a
= h 0  a
=   Example 11. Evaluate lim .
 h2   h  xe
x e

= ax ln2a. ln x / e
Solution Limit = lim
x e  x 
ax  aa e  1
Example 7. Evaluate lim , a > 0.
xa x a e 
Solution Put x = a + h ln t
= lim
t 1  t  1 e (putting x/e = t)
a a  h  a a lim a a (a h  1)
Limit = lim = h 0  aa lna ln 1  y  1
h 0 h h Put t = 1 + y = lim 
y0 ey e
1.40  DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS FOR JEE MAIN AND ADVANCED

tan x  sin x = 1×1=1

Example 12. Evaluate xlim Since, L.H.L.  R. H.L. the limit does not exist.
0 x3
lim tan x  sin x cos x ln(x  a)
Solution Example 15. Evaluate lim
x 0 x3 x a ln(e x  ea )
tan x(1  cos x) cos x ln(x  a)
= xlim lim
0 x3 Solution x a ln(e x  ea )
Put x = a + h
x
tan x . 2 sin 2 ln h
= xlim 2 = cos a · lim ah
0
x3
h 0 ln(e  ea )
2 ln h
 sin x  = cos a · lim
h 0   eh  1  
tan x  2 ln  e a ·  · h 
= xlim .  x  = 1.   h  
0 x  
 2  ln h
= cos a · lim
sin( cos x) 2 h 0  eh  1 
Example 13. Evaluate lim a  ln    ln h
x2
x0  h 
Solution Here cos x   as x  0.
2
1
We change cos2x to sin2x, so that it tends to 0. = cos a · lim = cos a.
h0 a ln(e h h)
sin( cos 2 x) sin{(1  sin 2 x)}  1
lim = lim ln h ln h
x0 x2 x0 x2
sin(   sin 2 x) sin( sin 2 x) 1  cos 2 x
= lim = lim Example 16. Evaluate xlim
0
x0 x2 x0 x2 x

 sin( sin 2 x)  sin 2 x  1  cos 2 x

  2  Solution f(x) =
= lim  2 x
x0
  sin x 1 x 

sin(  sin 2 x) sin 2 x 2 sin 2 x 2 | sin x |

   =  ,
= lim lim x x
x0  sin 2 x x 0 x 2

= 1 ×  × 1 =   sin x, if 0  x   / 2,
` but |sin x| = 
x sin{x}  – sin x, if –  / 2  x  0
Example 14. Evaluate lim , where {x} sin x 
x 1 x-1 f(x)  lim – 2 
Hence f(0–) = xlim – 2
denotes the fractional part of x. 0 x0  x 
Solution As x  1– , {x} can be replaced by 1– sin x 
h, where h is a small positive quantity. and f(0+) = lim f(x)  lim  2  2 .

x 0 
x 0  x 
As x  1+ , {x} can be replaced by h, where h is a
small positive quantity. n cos x
Example 17. Evaluate lim .
x sin{x} 1 h x0 4
1  x2  1
 xlim  lim sin(1  h) = – 
1 x 1 h  0 h n(1  cosx 1)(cosx 1)
lim
lim
x sin{x}
= lim+ (1 + h)
sin h Solution Limit = x0
(cosx 1)
(1 x2 )1/4 1 x2
x ® 1+ x-1 h ® 0 h
x2
 LIMITS  1.41

1  1 n n r n
1 1
= 
1  2 
 2 . Now  a r b n r =  2r  2  =
2n
 22r
r 0 r 0
4
1 n 1
Example 18. Evaluate lim
n cos(sin t) =
2n
 4r = 2n [1 + 4 + 42 + ...... + 4n]
t 0 t2 r 0

lim
n cos(sin t) 1  4 n 1  1 4n 1  1
Solution = n  = .
t 0 t2 2  3  3.2n
 (sin t)   2  sin t  
n 1  2sin 2   2sin  
2    2  e x  ln(x  e)
 lim  . Example 21. Evaluate lim .
t 0  sin t  t2 x0 ex  1
2sin 2  
 2  x
2 (e x  ln  e  1   
 sin  sin t     e 
  2   sin 2 t 1 Solution lim
= lim  2.   .  . x0  ex  1 
x 
 sin t  4.t
2
t 0 2
 x 
 2 
Example 19. Find the limiting value of  (e x  1) ln 1  (x e)  
= lim   
x0  x x
tan 2x  2 sin x
as x tends to zero.
x3 ln 1  (x e) 
= 1 – lim
sin 2x  2sin x cos 2x x0 x
e·
Solution lim e
x 0 x3 cos 2x
2sin x[cos x  cos 2x]
1
= lim =1– .
x 0
x3 .1 e
3x  n(cos3x) . 2sinx 
2 sin 2 sin x2 Example 22. Evaluate lim  .
x0  x2 ex  e x 
= 2 xlim
0
x2 Solution
3x
3 sin 2 sin x2
= 2 xlim n(cos3x).2sin x n(cos3x).2sin x.e x
0 3x . x = 3. lim  lim
2 2 2 x0 x 2 (e x  e  x ) x 0 x 2 (e 2x  1)
Example 20. Let a = min [x2 + 2x + 3, x  R] and  n(1  cos3x  1)  (cos3x  1)
= lim 
sin x cos x n x 0  (cos3x  1)
b = lim
x0 ex  ex
, then find the value of  a r b n r . 2sin x 1 
r 0   2x
x  e 1 2 
Solution a = minimum value of (x + 1)2 + 2  2x  2x 
 a=2   

sin 2x 1   2 3x 
b = lim = .   n(1  cos3x  1)  2sin 
x0 2(e 2x  1).2x 2 = lim
x0   2 
2x  (cos3x  1) 2x 2
1.42  DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS FOR JEE MAIN AND ADVANCED

2sin x 1  1
  2x  = .
x  e 1 2 
 x  
 
tanx  sin{tan1(tanx)}
9 9 Example 25. Solve lim
= 1 × (–1) × ×2×1=– . x
 tanx  cos2 (tanx)
4 2 2

Solution Here, RHL

Example 23. Evaluate lim 1  x .
x 1
cos 1 x  2

= lim
tan x  sin{tan 1 (tan x)}
Solution Put cos-1 x = y and x  1–  y  0+ 
x
 tan x  cos 2 (tan x )
2
1 x 1  cos y
lim = lim
x 1
cos x 1 2
y 0 y2 = lim
tan x  sin(x  )

x
 tan x  cos2 (tan x)
Now rationalizing the numerator, we get 2

1  cos y  
= lim 
y 0 y 2 1  cos y  { tan–1 (tan x) = x – , when x >
2
}

1  cos y 1 1 1 1 sin x
= lim 2
. lim
y 0 1  cos y
= .  . 1 1 0
y0 y 2 2 4 tan x
= lim = = 1.
cos2 (tan x) 1 0
 .

sin 1   cos1 x
x
2 1
tan x
Example 24. Evaluate lim 
x 1 1  x2 Now, LHL
Solution
tan x  sin{tan 1 (tan x)}

lim
sin 1    cos 1 x    cos x  1 =
lim
x
 tan x  cos2 (tan x)

 x  1 x
2
x1
  cos 1 2

tan x  sin(x)
lim
= tan x  cos 2 (tan x)
 · 

x
  cos 1 x   cos 1 x 2
lim
 x
= 
  cos 1

x1
1  x2  1
as tan (tan x)  x, when x  
 2
1    cos1 x 
= lim sin x
x1 2  1  x2 1 1 0
= lim tan x = =1

 cos2 (tan x) 1 0
1 cos 1 (  x) x
1
= xlim
2
tan x
1 2  1  x2
put cos–1(–x) =   x = – cos  tan x  sin{tan 1 (tan x)}
 lim = 1.
1  1  x
 tan x  cos2 (tan x)
= lim = lim 2
2  0 | sin  | 2  0 sin 
 LIMITS  1.43

(x  h) xh
x x 1 1 1
Example 26. Evaluate hlim = .  .
0
h 2 2 2
(x > 0).  1 sin( x / 2) 1
and RHL = lim . .
x  h  n (x  h)
e x nx

x 0 2 x / 2 1  cos x
Solution lim e
h0
h 1 11
= . . 
e x  h  n (x  h)  x  n x
 1 2 2 2
= hlim  
x n x
0
e h Hence, limit does not exist.
 
Use of Substitution
x  es  1
=x  slim
0 s Sometimes in solving limit problem we convert lim
x a
f(x)

x  h  n (x  h)  x  n x  by substituting x = a + h or x = a – h as lim f(a + h) or

lim h 0
h0 
h lim f(a – h) according to the need of the problem.
h0
where s = x  h  n (x  h)  x  n x
e x  e3
  h  Example 28. Compute lim
x  h  nx  n1     x nx x3 x 3

x   x  Solution Put y = x – 3. So, as x  3, y  0.

= x . lim
h0 h 3 y 3
Thus lim
e x  e3
= lim e  e
x  ( x  h  x) x 3
x3 y0 y
= x  hlim nx
0 h
lim e3 . e y  e3
(x  h) h
x/h
 = y0
 lim  n  1   
y
h0 x  x 
ey  1
 nx 1  = e3 lim
y0 = e3 . 1 = e3 .
 y
= x x  .
 2 x x 
ln tan x
Example 29. Find lim
x /4 1  cot x
1  cos x
Example 27. Evaluate lim Solution Put x = t + /4
x0 x
ln tan(t   / 4)
lim
1  cos x t 0 1  cot(t   / 4)
Solution lim
x0 x
1  tan t 
ln 
1  cos x 1  1  tan t 
= lim x
. = lim cot t  1 
1 
x 0 t 0
1  cos x
 cot t  1 
2 | sin( x / 2) | 1
= lim 2( x / 2 )
. ln(1  tan t) ln(1  tan t)
x 0
1  cos x lim
=
2 tan t + lim
t 0 t 0 2 tan t
Now, we have 1  tan t 1  tan t
 1 sin( x / 2) 1
lim . . 1 2
LHL = x 0  2 x / 2 = [1.1 + 1.1] = = 1.
1  cos x 2 2
1.44  DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS FOR JEE MAIN AND ADVANCED

  2 tan h
sin x   = lim
 6 h 0  (1  cos h)(1  cos h) 
Example 30. Evaluate lim (1  tan h)   sin h 
x  / 3 (1  2 cos x) 2 / 3  (1  cos h) 

 tan h
Solution Putting x – z = –2 lim
3 h 0  sin 2 h 
(1  tan h)   sin h 
  1  cos h 
cos   z 
= lim 2  sin h
z0 (1  2 cosz  3 sin z) 2/3 = –2 lim
h 0  sin 2 h 
(1  cos h  sin h)   sin h 
 sin z  1  cos h 
= lim
z0 (1  cos z  3 sin z) 2 / 3 1
= –2 lim
z z
h 0  sin h 
 2 sin  cos  (cos h  sin h)   1
2 2  1  cos h 
lim 2 / 3 2/3
= z 0   z    z   z  1
 2 sin      sin  3 cos   = –2 . = 2.
  2    2   2  (1  0)(0  1)

  z 1 / 3   z  xx  a x
 21 / 3 sin    cos  Example 32. Let xlim
a x  a = l , a > 0 and
  2    2   21 / 3.0.1
= lim = 0.
z 0

2/3 ( 3 )2 / 3
z  z  x a
2 sin  2   3 cos 2  lim a  x = m , a > 0 . If l = m then find the value
     xa x  a

(1  tan ) of 'a'.
Example 31. lim
Evaluate  /4 (1  2 sin ) lim ex  n x  ex  n a
Solution l = x  a
(1  tan ) xa
 form 0 
Solution Let P = lim  
x0 (1  2 sin )  0 e x  n a  e x(  n x   n a)  1 x( n x   n a)
= lim .
 xa
x( n x   n a) xa
Put  = +h
4
h
 (a  h)  n  1  
1  tan   h   a
4  = aa . hlim
0 = aa.
 P = hlim h

1  2 sin   h 

0

4  e x  n a  ea  n x
m = xlim
a
xa
 1  tan h 
1  
 1  tan h   form 0  ea  n x  e x  n a  a  n x  1
= lim   = xlim
1 1  0
1  2  sin h 
h0 a
cos h  xn a  an x
 2 2 
2 tan h xn a  an x
= lim .
h0 (1  tan h)(1  cos h  sin h)
xa
 LIMITS  1.45

(a  h)  n a  a  n (a  h) /2 
= aa . hlim
0 =1. = .
h 2 2 2
 
a /h
= aa hlim  n a   n 1  h  = aa (ln a  1)
0  a  1  sin 2 x
Example 34. Evaluate lim
Now l = m  a = e 2 x  / 4 (   4 x)
Example 33. Let 1  sin 2 x
1 1 Solution Let L = lim
sin (1  {x}).cos (1  {x}) x  / 4 (   4 x)
f(x) = , then find xlim f(x)
2{x}.(1  {x}) 0 
1 1  sin 2 x
= lim
and xlim
0 
f(x), where {x} denotes the fractional part of x. 4 x / 4   
  x
Solution We have f(x)  4 
sin (1  {x}).cos 1 (1  {x})
1

= Put x = h
2{x}.(1  {x}) 4
 lim f(x) = lim f(0 + h)
x0  h 0  
1  sin 2  h 
1 1
sin (1  {0  h}). cos (1  {0  h}) 1 4 
 L = lim
= lim 4 h  0   
h 0 2{0  h}.(1  {0  h})    h
4 4 
sin 1 (1  h).cos 1 (1  h)
= lim
h 0 2h.(1  h) 1 (1  (cos 2 h ) )
=  lim
4 h  0 h
sin 1 (1  h) cos 1 (1  h)
= lim . lim
h 0 (1  h) h 0 2h 1 (1  (cos 2 h) ) (1  (cos 2 h) )
=  lim .
(In second limit put cos–1 (1 – h) =  4 h 0 h
1 – h = cos ) (1  (cos 2 h) )

sin 1 (1  h) cos 1 (cos ) 0

= lim lim
. 0 (form )
h 0 (1  h) 2(1  cos ) 0

sin 1 (1  h)  1 1  cos 2h
= lim . lim (  > 0) =  4 lim
h 0
(1  h)
h 0 0 2sin(  / 2) h (1  (cos 2h))
= sin–1 1 . 1 = /2
1 2 | sinh |
=  . lim
and xlim f(x) = lim f(0 – h) 4 h 0
0  h 0
h (1  (cos 2 h) )
1 1
sin (1  {0  h}).cos (1  {0  h})
= lim 1 1 | sin h|
h 0 2{0  h}.(1  {0  h}) =  . 2 lim lim
4 h  0
(1+ (cos2h))
h  0 h
sin 1 (1  h  1).cos 1 (1  h  1)
= lim 1 1 1
h0 2( h  1).(1  h  1) =  . 2. P P
4 2 4
1
sin 1 h lim cos h | sin h|
= lim . h 0 where P = lim .
h 0 h 2(1  h) h 0 h
1.46  DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS FOR JEE MAIN AND ADVANCED
We show that the limit P does not exist :
1 1 1 
| sin h| | sin(0  t |  l=   .64 
 lim 64  4 2 
L.H.L. = hlim
0 h t 0 (0  t)
l 1 1
sin t    l= .
= lim  1 2 4.64 128
t 0 t
e x  e  x  2x
sin h | sin(0  t) | Example 36. Evaluate lim
and R.H.L. = hlim  lim x 0 x  sin x
0 
h t 0 (0  t)
e x  e  x  2x
sin t Solution lim
= lim 1 x 0 x  sin x
t 0 t
 L.H.L.  R.H.L. Hence P does not exist. e x  e  x  2x l1
 The limit L also does not exist. = lim = (say), where
x0 x  sin x 3 l2
. x
Special limits x3
Let us evaluate some limits with the help of the e x  e  x  2x x  sin x
following special limits :
l1  lim and l2  lim
x 0 x3 x 0 x3
x  sin x 1 ex  1  x 1 x  sin x lim 3t  sin 3t
(i) lim  (ii) lim  Now l2 = lim = t 0 Put x =3t
x 0 x 3
6 x0 x 2
2 x 0
x3 27 t 3
3t  (3 sin t  4 sin 3 t )
e x  e  x  2x 1 = lim
(iii) lim 3
 t 0
27 t 3
x 0 x 3
3(t  sin t) 4 sin 3 t 1 4
x  tan x 1 = lim  lim = l2 
(iv) lim 3
 t 0
27 t 3 t  0 27t 3
9 27
x0 x 3
8l2 4 1
e x  1  x3
3
   l2  .
Example 35. Evaluate lim 9 27 6
x0 sin 6 2x
e x  e  x  2x
x3 3 Now l1 = lim Put x = 3y
e 1 x x0 x3
Solution Let l = lim
x0 sin 6 2x
e 3 y  e 3 y  6 y
e 1 x x3 3 = lim
= lim
y0
27 y 3
(2x)6
x0

( ) ( )
3
Now put x3 = t ey - e- y + 3 e y - e - y - 6y
= lim
y0
1 t
e 1 t 27y 3
l= lim again put t = 2y
64 t 0 t2 3
8  e 2y  1  1  e y  e  y  2y 
1 e 2y  1  2y = lim    lim  
y0 27
 2y  y 0 9  y3 
= 64 ylim
0 4y 2
8 1
1 y 2
(e  1)  2e  2  2y y =  l1
= 64 ylim
27 9
0 4y 2 8l1 8 1
   l1 
 1  ey  1  9 27 3
1 ey  y  1
2
1
lim 
= 64 y  0 4  y     The required limit = 1 . 6  2 .
   2 y2  3 1
 LIMITS  1.47

 1 1 x2 1
Example 37. Evaluate xlim x  x 2 n  1   . . 2
  x Solution Solving lim
x 0 2 1 2
x
x (sin x ) x
 1  1  
lim
Solution x  x 1   n    Put x = 1/y 1 1
  x  = lim 2
 2 = 0, is wrong.
x 0
x x
 1 n(1  y)  The correct way is to put x = sin 
= lim 
y0 
y y 2 
1 1
Put ln(1+y) = t  1+y = et  lim 1 2

x 0 (sin x ) x2
 y = et –1  as y0, t0
1 1 sin 2   2
 1 t  = lim  2 = lim 2 2
= lim  t 0 2
 sin   0
 sin 
t 0 
 e t
 1 (e  1) 2

(sin   ) (sin   )
 e t  1  t et  t  1 1

= lim
 0
4
= lim = lim
t 0 t
 e 1 2
2 t 0 t2 2
sin     1 1
 t  .t = 2.lim = 2     .
   0 3
 6 3
(using special limit(ii)) (using special limit(i))
sinx  x2 {x}.{x}
Example 40. Evaluate lim
xcosx  x2 {x}.{x}
x 0

 1 ln (1  y) 1  1 1 where {.} denotes the fractional part function.

Doing lim  
y0  y y
·     0 using
y y y sin h  h 2  {h}{h}
ln (1  y) Solution f(0 ) = lim+

lim  1 , is not correct.

h0 h cos h  h 2  {h}{h}
y0 y
sin h  h 2  h (1  h )
(1  x)1/x  e = lim
h  0 h cos h  h 2  h (1  h )
Example 38. Evaluate lim
x0 x
sin h  h
(1  x)1/x  e = lim
Solution lim h 0 h cos h  h
x0 x
h  sin h h3 1 1
 ln(1 x ) 1  = lim · = ·2 = .
 e x  1 e h 0
h 3
h (1  cos h ) 6 3
 ln(1 x)
=
lim   , assume M = 1
 sin h  h 2  (1  h )h
x
x 0 x
Similarly f (0 ) = lim
–

eM  1 e M eM
h0  h cos h  h 2  (1  h )h
= lim . = lim
x 0 M x x 0 x  (sin h  h )
= lim
ln(1  x)  x e h 0  h (1  cos h )
= e.lim =
x 0 x2 2 sin h
1 2
{using previous example} h =
= lim = 1.
h 0 1  cos h 2
1 1
Example 39. Evaluate lim 1 2
 Since f (0–) f (0+), the limit does not exist.
x 0 (sin x ) x2
1.48  DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS FOR JEE MAIN AND ADVANCED

Example 41. Evaluate xlim

x  n  1  x  x
2 Put 1 + y = ez ; as y  0, z  0
1 z 2z
0
= lim 2 z ez  1  e
 
3
x 2 z0 e 1
. z3
z
Solution Let 1 x x = t 2

 x  0 , t  1 1 lim e 2 z  2 z ez  1
=
1  t2 2 z0 z3
Also 1 + x = t + x + 2 t x 
2 2 2
x= . 1 lim e z (e z  e  z  2 z) 1
2t = = .l
z0 3
1  t2 2 z 2
2t  nt e3 u  e  3 u  6 u
The given expression = 8 t3  l = ulim when z = 3 u
(1  t )
2 3
0 3
27 u
2 t  n t  1  t2
= 8 t3 = lim
(e u  e  u )3  3 (e u  e  u )  6 u
2 t . (1  t 2 )3 u0
27 u 3
2
2 t n t  1  t 3
2u 1
= lim  e  1  +
= . 4 t2
(1  t)3 (1  t)3 l
u0   9
 2u 
1 2 t n t  1  t 2
= . 4 t2 8 8 1
2 (1  t)3 (1  t)3  l =  l =
9 27 3
Put t = 1 + y; as t  1 , y  0
2 1
1 lim 2 (1  y)  n (1  y)  1  (1  y)  The required limit = .
Limit = 6
2 y0  y3

H
1. Evaluate the following limits : 4. Evaluate the following limits :
lim sin x
o
tan x 3 ln (1  x) ln sec x
(i) (ii) lim (i) xlim x (ii) lim
x0
x x0
x 0 3 1 x 0 x2
2. Evaluate the following limits : 5. Evaluate the following limits :
sin 2x 1/m 1/n
(i) xlim (ii) lim sin8x cot 3x (i) lim (1  x)  (1  x)
0 5x x 0 x0
x
sin 3x 1  cos 5x a x  bx
(iii) lim (iv) lim (ii) lim
x  sin 2x x 0 3x 2 x0
x 1  x2
3. Evaluate the following limits : 6. Evaluate the following limits :
e 4x  1 sin 2x
(i) lim (i) lim
x 0 tan x x  0 tan 3x
xn  1 cos x  sec x
lim
(ii) x 1 m (m, n  N) (ii) lim
x 1 x0 x2
log 2 (1  x ) cos 7x  cos9x
(iii) lim
x0
(iii) lim
x 0 cos x  cos 5x
x
ln (1  8x) n(1  sin 4x)
(iv) xlim
 0 ln (1  7x) (iv) lim
x 0 e sin 5x  1
 LIMITS  1.49
7. Find whether the following limits exists:
(5  1) ( 4   1)
(i) lim 1 1  cos x (iii) lim
0 (3  1) (6   1)
x  0 x 1  cos x

1 1  2x  1
cot 1 (iv) xlim
0
x tan 3x
(ii) lim
x 0 x 11. Evaluate the following limits :
| x  1| (1  cos )2
(iii) lim
x 1 tan 1 (x  1)
(i) lim
 0 tan 3   sin 3 

(iv) xlim
4
0 
x sin (2 x ) x(1  1  x 2 )
(ii) xlim
8. Evaluate the following limits : 0
1  x 2 (sin 1 x)3
e tan x  e x 1  cos x
(i) lim  x 2 for x  0
x 0 tan x  x
12. Find lim f(x) if f(x) = 
n cos x x 0
 x
(ii) lim for x  0
x0 4
1  x2  1  2x  x 2
1  sin 3x  1 13. Evaluate the following limits :
(iii) lim sin x  cos x
x 0 ln (1  tan 2x) (i) lim
x/ 4   4x
1  x  x2  1 sin(e x 1  1)
(iv) lim
x0 sin 4x (ii) lim
x 1 ln x
9. Evaluate the following limits : 3
7  x3  3  x 2
1  x sin x  1 1  cos 5x (iii) lim
(i) lim 2
(ii) xlim
 0 1  cos 3x
x1 x 1
x0 x
cos x
sin 3x  sin x ln(1  3x sin x) lim
(iv) x
(iii) xlim (iv) lim /2 3
(1  sin x)2
0 ln(x  1) x0 tan x 2
14. Evaluate the following limits :
10. Evaluate the following limits :
x ln x  1
8x  7 x (i) lim (1  x) tan (ii) lim
x1 2 x e x  e
(i) lim
x  0 6 x  5x
x3  x 2  2
(iii) lim (1  x) log x 2 (iv) lim
sin 2 3x x1 x 1 sin(x  1)
(ii) xlim
0 ln 2 (1  2 x)

G
sin(1  x)  sin(1  x) cos(x e x )  cos(xe  x )
15. Show that lim = 2cos 1. 17. Evaluate lim
x0 x x0 x3
1  tan x  1  sin x 1 tan([   2 ]x 2 )  tan([   2 ]) x 2
16. Prove that lim = 18. Evaluate lim
x 0 x 3
4 x0 sin 2 x
where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
1.50  DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS FOR JEE MAIN AND ADVANCED

sin( n )  ya y 
(ii) lim  sin . tan 
19. Evaluate lim (m and n positive integers) y a
 2 2a 
0 (sin )m
27. Evaluate the one-sided limits and find whether
sin(a  2 h)  2 sin(a  h )  sin a the limit exists:
20. Evaluate lim
h0 h2
(i) lim x sin(x  [x])
21. Evaluate the following limits : x 1 x 1
n(1  a sin x)
(i) lim 1  cos 2(x  1)
x 0 sin x (ii) lim
x 1
x 1
1  cos x
(ii) xlim
0 
{x}sin(x  2)
28. Evaluate xlim
4
sin 3 x , (where {.} denotes
2  ( x  2) 2
sin 3x 2 the fractional part function.)
(iii) lim
x 0 ln cos(2x 2  x)
29. Evaluate the following limits :
2sin x  sin 2x
(iv) lim cos 1 (1  x)
x 0 x3 (i) lim
22. Evaluate the following limits :
x 0 x
x
1  sin
lim 3sin x  x 2  x3 (ii) lim 2
(i) x0
tan x  2sin 2 x  5x 4 x x x x
cos  cos  sin 
1  cos x  2 sin 1 x  sin 3 x 2 4 4
(ii) lim
x 0 3 tan 1 x  x 2  x 5 xx  a a
(iii) lim (a  0)
sin 2x  (sin 1 x)2  (tan 1 x)2 xa x  a
(iii) lim
x 0
3x 30. Evaluate the following limits :
23. Evaluate the following limits : ln(1  x  3x 2  2 x3 )
(i) lim
sin 3 x ln(1  3x) x 1 ln(1  3x  4 x 2  x 3 )
(i) lim
x 0

(tan 1 x )2 e5
3
x

1
(ii) lim
x x 1
2 x 1x ln x
e x  33x
(ii) lim 31. Evaluate the following limits :
x 0  x2 
sin    sin x   cos 1 x
 2  (i) lim
logsec x/2 cos x
x  1 x 1
(iii) lim
x0
logsec x cos x / 2 ln x
(ii) lim
1  cos 7 (  – x)
x1 x4  1
24. Evaluate lim , n  1, 2. 32. Evaluate the following limits :
x  5 ( x – ) n
5
25. Evaluate the following limits : (i) lim 4 2  (cos x  sin x)
x  /4
1  sin 2x
1  3 tan x x2 x  x sin(x   / 6)
(i) lim lim
(ii) x 1
x3  / 4 1  2 cos 2 x 1  cos x (ii) xlim
 /6
3  2 cos x
26. Evaluate the following limits :
33. Evaluate the following limits :
sin 2   sin 2  log10 (1  2x  3x 2  4x 3 )
(i) lim lim
   2  2 (i) x  0 log (1  x  2x 2  7x 3 )
10