Viscous Flow

 Analysis helps in predicting

 Shear stress
 Heat transfer
 Mass transfer
 Flow Separation
 In this course we are interested in

 Shear stress
 Flow Separation

Izhar KAZMI
 Viscous Flow and Shear Stress

 As a fluid flows over a surface:

 The fluid because of its viscosity, exerts a tugging force in

direction of its motion on the surface
 As per Newton third law an equal and opposite tangential
force acts on the body surface . This force per unit area is
called the shear stress.
 Which results in to Skin Friction Drag

Izhar KAZMI
 Viscous Flow and Flow Separation

 As a fluid flows over a surface with adverse pressure gradient

i.e. pressure increases in direction of flow separates because of
combine effect of
 Friction
 And Adverse pressure gradient
 Flow separation causes Pressure Drag

Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
  The boundary layer thickness, , is typically defined as the
distance y from the surface at which u 0.99u.

 the boundary layer region, in which the viscous effects and

the velocity changes are significant,

Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
 Shear Stress

The fluids that that obey the linear relationship above

are called Newtonian fluids

Izhar KAZMI
 Thickness of the thermal
boundary layer
The thickness of the thermal boundary layer δ at any
location along the surface is defined as the distance
from the surface at which the temperature difference
T-Ts equals 0.99(Tα - Ts).

Note that for the special case of Ts = 0, we have

T = 0.99Tα at the outer edge of the thermal boundary
layer, which is analogous to u = 0.99uα for the velocity
boundary layer.

Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
 Velocity BL and Transition
from Laminar to Turbulent

Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
 Reynold’s Number

Izhar KAZMI
 HEAT AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN
TURBULENT FLOW
 Turbulent flow is characterized by random and rapid fluctuations of
groups of fluid particles, called eddies, throughout the boundary layer.

 These fluctuations provide an additional mechanism for momentum and heat

transfer.

 In laminar flow, fluid particles flow in an orderly manner along streamlines,

and both momentum and heat are transferred across streamlines by
molecular diffusion.

 In turbulent flow, the transverse motion of eddies transport momentum and

heat to other regions of flow before they mix with the rest of the fluid and lose
their identity, identity, greatly enhancing momentum and heat transfer.

 As a result, turbulent flow is associated with much higher values of

friction and heat transfer coefficients

Izhar KAZMI
 HEAT AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN
TURBULENT FLOW
Velocity can be expressed as the sum of a
mean value and a fluctuating component

The mean value of a property at some

location is determined by averaging it over
a time interval that is sufficiently large so
that the net effect of fluctuations is zero.
Therefore, the time average of fluctuating
components is zero, e.g.,

Similarly others quantities

Izhar KAZMI
 HEAT AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN
TURBULENT FLOW

 Reynold’s Stresses

 Turbulent Viscosity

 Turbulent thermal conductivity

Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
 Conservation of mass Or Continuity Equation

Conservation of Momentum in X direaction

Izhar KAZMI
 RECALL FROM CHAPTER 2

Izhar KAZMI
 CONTINUITY EQUATION IN TERMS OF SUBSTANTIAL
DERIVATIVE

20
Izhar KAZMI
 MOMENTUM EQUATION IN TERMS OF SUBSTANTIAL
DERIVATIVE

21
Izhar KAZMI
 MOMENTUM EQUATION IN TERMS OF SUBSTANTIAL
DERIVATIVE

22
Izhar KAZMI
 MOMENTUM EQUATION IN TERMS OF SUBSTANTIAL
DERIVATIVE

23
Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
  Where

Izhar KAZMI
 Complete Navier-Strokes Equations

Izhar KAZMI
 Solution of Navier-Strokes Equations

 Exact Solutions
 Couette flow
 Poiseuille Flow
 Approximate Solutions
 Boundary Layer
 Numerical Solutions

Izhar KAZMI
 Couette Flow

Izhar KAZMI
  For this type of flow

Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
 Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI
 Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI
 Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI
 Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI
 Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI
 Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI
 Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI
 Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
 BOUNDARY LAYER
 Boundary Layer region
 Boundary Layer thickness
 Velocity BL
 Thermal BL

Izhar KAZMI
 Displacement Thickness

Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
 Basic Assumption

Izhar KAZMI
 BL approximations

Izhar KAZMI
 BL Equations

Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
 when y=0

when y is
infinity

Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
 Numerical Solution

Numerical Solution

Gives skin
friction or
drag

Gives BL
thickness

Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
 Total Drag on upper surface

Izhar KAZMI
 BL Thickness

Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
Izhar KAZMI
 Critical Reynolds
Number

Izhar KAZMI
 Local Values of BL Thickness and
Skin Friction

Where x is the distance from the leading edge of the plate and Rex is
the Reynolds number at location x.

Note that Cf, x. is proportional to x-1/2 for laminar flow. Therefore, Cf, x
is supposedly infinite at the leading edge (x 0) and decreases by a
factor of x-1/2 in the flow direction.

Izhar KAZMI
 Variations with Distance
from LE

Izhar KAZMI
 Average Friction
Coefficient

Izhar KAZMI
 Average Friction Coefficient
for entire length

Izhar KAZMI
 Skin Friction when both Laminar
and turbulent regions exist

Izhar KAZMI
 Nusselt Number local
values

Izhar KAZMI