Appendix CB

Appendix CB
Bridge Design Manual - 2002 Composite Bridge Design
APPENDIX CB - COMPOSITE BRIDGE, 24 M SPAN, 7.32 m Width
The following calculations is an example of a documentation for a composite bridge with a

span of 24m and a width of 7.32m. The principle dimensions of the bridge are shown in the
figures below.
Figure Longitudinal section
Figure Typical cross section
Four design conditions are checked:
• Strength I
• Service I
• Fatigue
• Construction stage
Ethiopian Roads Authority Page CB-1

Appendix CB
Composite Bridge Design Bridge Design Manual - 2002
CB.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
The calculations are based on: ERA BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL-2002

AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL-1996
Resistance factors – steel (Table 10-2)
Plate girders, transverse beams: φf =φc = 1.0 (both flexure and shear)
Shear connectors: φsc = 0.85
Bearing: φb = 1.0
Axial compression: φc = 0.9
Resistance factors – concrete (Table 9-7)
Flexure of reinforced concrete φ = 0.9
Material - Steel
E- modulus: 200 000 Mpa Section 10.1

Poisson ratio: 0.3
Density: γs = 7850 kg/m3 Table 3-4
Thermal expansion: 11.7E-6/deg C Section 10.1
Yield strength
Rolled plates
AASHTO Designation: M270 -Grade 345 Table 10-1

Equivalent to European steel S355
Fy = 345 MPa
Rolled profiles
AASHTO Designation: M270 -Grade 250 Table 10-1

Equivalent to European steel S275
Fy = 250 MPa
Shear connectors
Shear connectors shall be made from cold-drawn bars, Grades 1015, 1018 or 1020, either
semi- or fully killed, conforming to AASHTO M169.
Fy = 345 MPa (minimum yield strength)

Fu = 400 MPa (minimum tensile strength)
Page CB-2 Ethiopian Roads Authority

Appendix CB
Reinforcement bars
fy = 350 Mpa
Material - Concrete:
Poisson ratio: 0.2 Section 9.3

Thermal expansion: 10.8E-6/°C Section 9.3
Grade: C25
fc' = 20 Mpa Table 9-1
Density: γc = 2400 kg/m3 Section 9.3
Ec = 0.043*γc 1.5*SQR(fc') Equation 9.3
Ec = 22600 Mpa
Concrete cross section area transferred to equivalent steel area.
The equivalent steel area can be calculated by a modular ratio factor for C25 concrete of:
(see AASHTO 6.10.5.1.b)
n=10 Short term loads
n=30 Long term loads
CB.2 COMPUTER PROGRAMS
Following PC-programs have been used:
• Main analysis: STAAD3, ver 22.0

• Cross section program: SECTION, ver 3.0
SECTION is a general cross section program for calculation of section properties (see
section CB-8:Appendix A)

Appendix CB
CB.3 STRUCTURAL CROSS SECTIONS
Steel cross section
The steel cross section has a shape as shown in the figure below.
Topflange 325x20
Web 1345x15
Bottom flange 400x35
Figure Steel cross section
Concrete slab - Effective flange width
The gross section for one girder is shown in the figure below.
1410*) 2250
230**)
325
*) exclusive edge beam

**) exclusive cover at top surface (50 mm)
The effective flange width shall be taken as the minimum of:

(ref AASHTO ch. 4.6.2.6.1-interior beam)
1. ¼*24=6m
2. 12*0.23+0.5*0.325=2.92
3. 1.41+2.25=3.66
This means that the effective width is 2.92m.

Appendix CB
For this exampe, the effective width is reduced to 2.0 m for the strength loadcase. This gives
the plastic neutral axis in the web.
Cross section for Strength loadcase
The capacity for the section is based on the plastic moment capacity. This can be calculated
according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.1.3.The forces in the longitudinal reinforcement is
conservatively neglected.
Cross section for Service and Fatigue loadcase
For calculating deflection for the Service loadcase and fatigue stresses, the concrete width is
reduced with a factor of n according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.1.1.b. This represents the short
term composite section. With n=10 for concrete with fc'=20, this gives a concrete effective
width of:
W = 2910/10=291 mm
CB.4 BASIC LOADS
Dead load - DC
Steel
Dead load of steel is 79 kN/m3 Table 3-4
For one beam, the dead load is assumed to be
DCs = 4 kN/m.
Concrete
The following is calculated for one girder.
Overhang slab
The railing including posts is estimated to 2.75 kN/m.
Edge beam including slab to c/l of girder has a cross section of:
A = 1.81*0.258 + 0.4*(0.4-0.24)= 0.531 m2
Slab between girders.
The slab has a thickness of 0.28 m

Appendix CB
A = 2.25*0.28 =0.63 m2
Total load from concrete:
DCc = 2.75 + 24*(0.531+0.632)= 30.7 kN/m
Wearing surface - DW
The wearing surface is estimated to have a thickness of 50 mm. With a density of 22.5
kN/m2, this gives a load of:
DW = 0.05*22.5= 1.125 kN/m2
Or for one girder
DW = 1.125*7.32/2 = 4.1 kN/m
Live load - LL
Strength and service load combinations
Number of lanes: 7.32/3=2 Section 3.8
Lane load: (Section 3.8)
LL = 9.3 kN/m (per lane; design lane=3.0m)
With the lever arm method, the load for one girder can be calculated to:
3000 3000
LL
B A
1410 4500
Moment @ A Î
Rb = 2*LL*(4.5+1.41-3)/4.5 =LL*1.293
LL= 9.3*1.293 = 12.028 kN/m

Appendix CB
Truck load (Section 3.8)
Reacton force on one girder is the total truckload multiplied with a lever arm factor of 1.293.
This means that following truck load is acting on one girder
P2 P1 P1
4300 a = 4300-9000
P1 =145*1.293 = 188 kN
P2 =35*1.293 = 45 kN
Tandem load (Section 3.8)
Reacton force on one girder is the total tandem load multiplied with a lever arm factor of
0.647. This load will not be governing for this bridge.
Fatigue load combination
Number of lanes: 1 (Section 3.8)
With the lever arm method, the load for one girder can be calculated to:
3000
Q
B
A
1410 4500
Moment @ A Î
Rb = Q*(4.5+1.41-1.5)/4.5 =Q*0.98
Truck load (Section 3.8)
Reaction force on one girder is the truckload multiplied with a lever arm factor of 0.98. This
means that following truck load is acting on one girder.
P2 P1 P1
4300 a = 9000

Appendix CB
P1 =145*0.98=142 kN
P2 =35*0.98= 34 kN
Note: a is 9000 for fatigue load Section 3.8
Dynamic Load Allowance - IM
The dynamic load allowance is 33%, ref. Section 3.13, which means a load factor of 1.33.
This load factor is only valid for truck loads and tandem loads.
Wind on Vehicles -WL
Wind on vehicles results in an additional vertical load to be considered in the SERVICE I

loadcase. The wind pressure is 1.5 kN/m acting 1.8m above the road. This gives following
additional vertical load for one beam.
P=1.5 kN/m
1800
1000
B
A
4500
The reaction force at beam B is then
Rb=P*2.8/4.5= 1 kN/m
Temperature
Since the bridge can elongate freely and the thermal expansion coefficent is nearly the same
for concrete and steel, the temperature differnace has no influence on the bridge.
Fatigue load
The average daily number (ADT=average daily traffic) of vehicles is estimated to 300. This
results in an ADDT (number of trucks per day) in one direction of
ADDT = 0.4 * ADT= 120
Based on an rural highway (Section 3.8).
The ADDTSL (number of trucks per day in a single-lane averaged over the design life) can
then be calculated to:

Appendix CB
ADDTSL = 0.85* ADDT = 102
corresponding to a P=0.85 (two lanes, Section 3.8).
Number of cycles can then be calculated to:
N = 365*75*n*ADDTSL = 365*75*1*102 = 2.8E6 according to AASHTO ch 6.6.1.2.4
Based on
n=1 (number of stress ranges per truck; l>12m)

life time = 75 year
Calculations are made with the computer program STAAD in section CB-9:Appendix B.
CB.5 LOAD COMBINATIONS
STRENGTH I - Construction stage
SECTION/Loadfactor
Loads STEEL
Steel 1.25
Concrete 1.25
Wearing surface 1.25
STRENGTH I - Normal stage
SECTION/Loadfactor
Loads STEEL COMPOSIT
Steel 1.25
Concrete 1.25
Wearing surface 1.25
Live load – lane load 1.75
Live load – truck load 1.75*1.33
SERVICE I - Camber
SECTION/Loadfactor
Loads STEEL
Steel 1.0
Concrete 1.0
Wearing surface 1.0

Appendix CB
SERVICE I - Normal stage
Loads Load factors

Wearing surface 1.0
Wind load 1.0
Live load – lane load 1.0
Live load – truck load 1.0*1.33
FATIGUE
Loadfactor
Loads COMPOSIT
Live load – truck load 0.75*1.33=1.0
CB.6 STEEL
STRENGTH - I
Construction stage – ref AASHTO ch 6.10.10
Prior to the concrete hardening, the member is a non-composite beam section, ref figure
below.
Topflange 325x20
Web 1345x15
Bottom flange 450x35
Figure. Section during construction stage
Following cross section values have been calculated by the PC-program SECTION, ref
section CB-8: Appendix A.
Dc = 801 mm (Depth of the web in compression in the elastic range)

Dcp = 923 mm (Depth of the web in compression in the plastic range)
Ix = 1.207E10 mm4 (Moment of inertia)
Sx1 = 1.470E7 mm3 (Section modulus for top flange)
Sx2 = 2.084E7 mm3 (Section modulus for top flange)
J = 8.096E6 mm4 (S.T Venant torsional constant)

Appendix CB
Moment:
The beam shall carry the dead load from the steel beam, the concrete slab and the wearing
surface. Even if the wearing surface not is applied, this load is also representing the deck
form load during the construction stage.
Total load on the beam is :
Q = 4.1 + 30.7 + 4 = 38.8 kN/m
The beam is a simply supported beam with a span of 24m.
Q=38.8 kN/m
A
24000
This gives a moment including a loadfactor of 1.25 of:
M = 1.25*ql2/8 = 1.25*38.8*242/8 = 3492 kNm
The stress in the top flange is then
Sigx= 3492E6/1.470E7= 238Mpa
The reaction force can be calculated to:
RA = 1.25*38.8*24/2=582 kN
Control if the section is a compact section according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.2.2.c
Requirement for a compact section is
2*Dcp/tw<=3.76*Sqr(E/Fyc)
Dcp <= 15/2*3.76*Sqr(2E5/345) = 679
Not fulfilled
Control if the section is a non-compact section according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.3.2.b

Appendix CB
The web slenderness is checked
2*Dc/tw<=6.77*Sqr(E/fc)
with fc = 238 MPa, this gives
Dc<=1472 mm
With Dc= 801, this requirement is fulfilled.
Compression flange slenderness according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.3.3.c
Bf/(2*tf)<=1.38*Sqr(E/(fc*Sqr(2*Dc/tw))
This gives
Bf <= 2*20*1.38*Sqr(2E5/(238*Sqr(2*824/15)) = 494
With bf=325, this requirement is fulfilled
Compression flange bracing according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.3.3.d and 6.10.6.4
Lb<=1.76*rt*Sqr(E/Fyc)
rt = Sqr(1/12*(20*3253+801/3*153)/(20*325+15*801/3) = 73.85
Î
Lb<= 1.76*73.85*Sqr(2E5/345) = 3129 mm
With Lb= 6000 mm, this requirement is not fulfilled.
Moment capacity is then calculated according to AASHTO ch 6.10.6.4
If 2*Dc/tw<=λb*Sqr(E/Fyc)
then
Mn=3.14*E*Cb*Rh*(Iyc/Lb)*Sqr(0.772*(J/Iyc)+9.87*(d/Lb)2)
λb = 4.64 according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.4.2.a

Cb= 1.0
Rh=1.0
Iyc=1/12*20*3253=57.2E6
Lb=6000
J=8.811E6
d=1400

Appendix CB
Dc<=4.64*15/2*Sqr(2E5/345)= 838
With Dc=801, the moment capacity can be calculated to:
Mr=Mn= 4850 MNm
With the acual moment of 3492 kNm , the capacity of the beam is fulfilled.
Distance between braces = 6000 mm
Operating stage
After the concrete has hardened, the member has a composite cross section as shown in the
figure below.
2000
230
25 theor. clearance 325
First the section is controlled if it’s a compact according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.2 or non-
compact section according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.3.
Requirement for a compact section is
2*Dcp/tw<=3.76*Sqr(E/Fyc)
Dcp <= 14/2*3.76*Sqr(E/Fyc) = 633
Dcp (assumed to be placed in the web) can be calculated as according to AASHTO ch

6.10.5.1.4.b:

Appendix CB
Dcp =D/2*((Fyt*At-Fyc*Ac-0.85*fc’*As-Fyr*Ar)/(Fyw*Aw) + 1)
With
Fyt=Fyc=Fyw=345
Ar = 0
At = 400*35=14000
Ac=325*20=6500
Aw=15*1345=20175
fc’=20
As = 2000*230=460000
D = 1345
Dcp= 167
This means that the member fulfills the requirement for a compact section.
Since the concrete supports the compression flange, there is no other requirements to the
section.
The moment capacity can then be calculated to:
Mp=Pw/2/D*(Dcp2+(D-Dcp)2)+Ps*ds+Pc*dc+Pt*dt
according to AASHTO Appendix A6.1
(Note reinforcement forces are neglected according to AASHTO ch 6.10.5.1.3)
with
Pc=325*20*345=2.245E6
Pt=400*35*345=4.83E6
Pw=1345*15*345=6.96E6
Ps=2000*230*0.85*20=7.82E6
ds=230/2+25+20+Dcp=327
dt=1400-20-Dcp-35/2=1195
dc=Dcp+20/2=177
Moment capacity is:
Mr=Mn=Mp=3662+2557+397+5772=12389 kNm
The shear capacity can be calculated as: (according to AASHTO ch 6.10.7.2)

Appendix CB
If D> tw*3.07*Sqr(E/Fyw)
Then
Vn=4.55*tw3*E/D
With
tw=15
E=2E5
Fyw=345
D=1345
Î
D>1108
Vr=Vn=4.55*153*2E5/1345 = 2283 kN
Actual moment and shearforces are calculated based on following factored loads:
Uniform load
Q= 1.25*38.8=49 kN/m (dead load)

Q=1.75*12=21 kN/m (lane load)
Totally: Q = 70 kN/m
Point loads
P2 P1 P1
4300 a = 4300-9000
P1 =1.75*1.33*188=438 kN
P2 =1.75*1.33*45=105 kN
To get max moment and shear at support points, a shall be 4.3m, i.e. the pointloads shall be
as close as possible.
In Section CB-9: Appendix B, the simple beam model has been run to calculate max
moments and shear forces.

Appendix CB
Two controls are done, one at the support and one in the midspan.
Support
Max reaction force is:
V=1697 kN <Vrd = 2282 kN OK!
Midspan:
Max moment is:
M=9769 kN <Mr = 12389 kN OK!
SERVICE - I
Camber
The steel-beams shall be fabricated with a camber so the beams in principle not have any
deflection without traffic load. The camber is calculated based on that the steel section
carries the deadload before the concrete has hardened. This means that the moment of inertia
for this section can be calculated to:
Ix = 1.207E10 mm4 (ref section CB-8)
Total load on the beam is:
Q = 4.1 + 30.7 + 4 = 38.8 kN/m
The beam is a simply supported beam with a span of 24m. This gives a deflection of
D=5ql4/(384EI)= 5*38.8*240004/(384*2E5*1.207E10) = 69 mm
Choose an overheigth of the beam of 80 mm
Deflection by traffic
This loadcase is covered by the SERVICE I loadcombination according to Section 3.3. The
deflection limit is l/500 (Section 2.5).

Appendix CB
The member section in this case is a composite section according the figure below.
2910
230
25 theor. clearance
The concrete area can be transferred to an equivalent steel area by reducing the width with a
factor of 10 accounting for a short term composite section. This means that the moment of
inertia and shear area i vertical direction for this section can be calculated to:
Ix = 3.572E10 mm4
Ref also section CB-8 Appendix A for cross section calculations with the PC-program
SECTION.
Since STAAD takes into account shear deformations, also the shear area is required. This is
calculated only from the steel beam.
Ay = 1345*15= 20175 mm2 (ref CB-8: Appendix A)
Deflection of the composite section is based on following factored loads:
Uniform load
Q= 1.0 kN/m (wind load)

Q=12 kN/m (lane load)
Totally: Q = 13 kN/m
Point loads
P2 P1 P1
4300 a = 4300-9000
P1 =1.33*188 = 250 kN
P2 =1.33*45 = 60 kN

Appendix CB
To get max deflection, a is chosen to 4.3m.
In Section CB-9: Appendix B, the simple beam model has been run to calculate max
deflection.
Max deflection is calculated to 29.2 mm. This means a deflection ration of 24000/29.2 Î
l/822.
Max allowable is 1/500 according to Section 2.3.
Î OK
FATIGUE
Fatigue requirements for web
Flexure
Requirement to webs without longitudinal stiffeners shall satisfy according to AASHTO ch

6.10.4.3
Dcp <= 15/2*5.76*Sqr(2E5/345) = 1040
Calculated Dcp from the construction stage (prior ro composite section) is Dcp= 923 mm.
After the concrete has hardened the composite section results in a Dcp of much less than
923mm. This menas that the allowable elastic flexural stress in the compression flange fcf is:
fcf = Rh*Fyk= 345 MPa
Î no reduction to capacity
DETAIL DESIGN
Shear connectors
The pitch of shear connectors is calculated based on:
• Pitch at fatigue loading

• Pitch at fatigue loading
• Minimum 6 times the stud diameter
Pitch at fatigue loading according to AASHTO ch 6.10.7.4.1.b
The pitch for the shear connectors can be calcualted as:
P = n*Zr*I/(Vsr*Q)

Appendix CB
Where
P = pitch in longitudinal direction in mm

n = number of shear connnectors transverse
I = moment of inertia of short-term composite
Q = first moment of the transformed area about the neutral axis of the short-term composite
Vsr = shear force range under LL+I determined for the fatigue limit state
Zr = shear fatigue resistance of an individual shear connector
Zr can be calculated as .
Zr = α*d2>=38*d2
With
d = 20 (diameter of stud)
α = 238 – 29.5*logN = 238-29.5*log(2.8E6)=47.8
Zr = 47.8*202 = 19.12 kN
I= 3.572E10 mm4 (ref Section CB-8: Appendix A)
Q = 291*230*(1425+230/2-1176.8.)=24.308E6
In Section CB-9: Appendix B, the shear forces are calculated for the beam with following
truckload:
P2 P1 P1
4300 a = 9000
P1 =142 kN
P2 = 34 kN
Max shear at support is 245 kN Î
Vsr = 245 kN
Î
P = 229 mm
Pitch at strength loading according to AASHTO ch 6.10.7.4.4.a
Qr = φsc*Qn
φsc = 0.85

Appendix CB
Qn = 0.5*Asc*Sqr(fc’*Ec)<=Asc*Fu
fc’ = 20 Mpa
Ec = 22600 Mpa
Asc = π*202/4=314 mm2
Fu = 400 Mpa (minimum)
Î
Qn = 0.5*314*Sqr(20*22600) = 105 kN <= 314*400 =125 kN

Î
Qr = 0.85*105 = 89 kN
The nominal horizontal shear force Vh is then calculated as the minimum of:
Vhc = 0.85*fc’*b*ts
Or
Vhs = Fyw*D*tw + Fyt*bt*tt + Fyc*bc*tc
fc’=20 Mpa
b = 2000 mm
bc = 325 mm
bt = 400 mm
ts =230 mm
tt = 35 mm
tc = 20 mm
tw = 15 mm
D = 1345 mm
Fyw = Fyc = Fyt = 345 Mpa
Vhc = 0.85*20*2000*230 = 7820 k N
Vhs = 345*(1345*15 +325*20 + 400*35) = 14032 kN
Vh = 7820 kN
Minimum number of shear connectors (n) between mid point of beam to endsupport is then
n = 7820 / 89 = 87
With two shear connnectors in transverse direction, this gives a pitch of
p = 12000/(87/2) = 275 mm

Appendix CB
Minimum required pitch according to AASHTO ch 6.10.7.4.1.b
p >= 6*D= 6*20 =120 mm
The pitch distance is thus decided to be c/c 120 mm
Stud φ20 c/c 120mm
Bearing stiffeners
The bearing stiffeners are controlled for the strength load combination. This menas that the
maximum reaction force is 1697 kN.
It’s assumed that the bearing stiffners are connected to the bottom flange with a full contact,
thus all vertical force is tranferred by contact between the bottom flange and the bearing
stiffener.
The following calculations follws in principle the requirements from AASHTO ch 6.10.8.2.
Projecting width according to AASHTO ch 6.10.8.2.2
Each stiffener shall have a width limited to:
bf <= 0.48*tp*Sqr(E/Fys)
E = 2E5 Mpa
Fys = 345 Mpa
tp = 20 mm
Î
bf <= 231 mm
Since the bottom flange is 400 mm, this requirement is fulfilled.
Bearing resistance according to AASHTO ch 6.10.8.2.3
Br = φb*Apn*Fys
With
φb = 1.0
Apn = 20*(400-3*15-2*10) =6700 (compenstaed for web to flange weld)
Fys = 345 MPa
Î

Appendix CB
Br = 1.0*6700*345=2311 kN
Br > V = 1697 kN Î OK!
Axial resistance of bearing resistance
The cross section as shown in the figures below is checked for axial compression
130
Pl 20
178
h
400
I I
d = 20+2*9*tw = 20+2*9*15 =290 mm

h= 2*178 + 15 = 371 mm

Appendix CB
As = 290*15+20*(371-15) =11470 mm2

Is = 20*3713/12+(290-20)*153/12 = 85.18 E6 mm4
radius of gyration of the cross section is
rs = Sqr(Is/As)= 86 mm
buckling length is 0.75*D=0.75*1345=1009mm
λ = (1009/86/π)2*Fy/E = 0.023
Pn = 0.66λ*Fy*As= 3975 kN
Pr = 0.9*Pn = 3578 kN
Pr >> Vr =1697 kN Î OK
The stiffener and the web shall fit to the bottom flange so the vertical force can be
transferred by direct contact.
End beam at support
A transverse endbeam is located at each support. This beams can be if the bearings need to
be changed. Lift points are located 500mm from each main girder, see figure below.
HEB400
500 P P
500
4500
Figure. End beam at support for lifting the bridge
Reaction force for one beam is (ref Section 10.2) 582 kN including a loadfactor of 1.25.
Moment and sherforce for the beam is thus
Ms = 582*0.5=291 kNm

Appendix CB
Vs = 582 kN
HEB 400 has following capacities:
Mrd = 250*2.884E6=721 kNm>Ms (elastic)
Since D < 2.46*tw*Sqr(E/Fyk), then
Vrd = 0.58*250*D*tw=0.58*250*(400-2*24)*13.5=689kN > Vs
The profile is thus OK!
Construction stage
During the construction stage, lateral torsional buckling is prevented by transverse beams
every 6 m along the beams, as shown in the figure below.
+-Pu +-Pu
Max
600 HEA 300
4500
Max flange force in the top flange is, (ref Section 10.1)
F =238*325*20=1547 kN
The horizontal force Pu is estimated to be 0.02*P, i.e.:
Pu = 0.02* 1547 = 31 kN
Additional moments from top flange to center of beam:
M = 31*0.6 = 18.6 kNm
The moment is transferred through the flange welds, see figure below.

Appendix CB
120
300
F = 18.6/0.3 = 62 kN
Tau = 62E3/(2*120*5)=55 Mpa < (Fyk/Sqr3) Î OK
The axial stress in the HEA 300 member can be calculated to
Sig = 31E3/11250 = 3 MPa
Î no buckling problem
If the beam is used as support for the formwork during casting of the slab, the beam can be
checked for following load case:
q
4500
q = 0.3*24*6 + 6 (formwork)= 49.2 kN/m
M = q*4.52/8= 125 kNm
W(HEA300) =1.259E6 mm3
Siq = 125E6/1.259E6 = 99 Mpa > Fyk = 250 MPa
The beam can act as support for formwork during construction stage.

Appendix CB
CB.7 CONCRETE
Overhang
400
cL girder
1810
Load and moments:
Dead load
Railing: The railing including posts is estimated to 2.75 kN/m.
Concrete: Edge beam including slab to c/l of girder has a cross section of:
A1= 1.81*0.258 = 0.467 m2 (slab)

A2= 0.4*(0.4-0.24)= 0.064 m2 (edge beam)
DCc1 = 24*0.467 = 11.208 kN/m

DCc2 = 24*0.064 = 1.536 kN/m
Wearing surface: The wearing surface is estimated to have a thickness of 50 mm. With
a density of 22.5 kN/m2, this gives a load of:
D = 0.05*22.5= 1.125 kN/m2
DW = 1.125*1.81 = 2.036 kN/m
Total load: DD = 2.75 + 11.208 + 1.536 + 2.036 = 17.5 kN/m
Moment: MDL = 2.75*1.61 + 11.208*1.81/2 + 1.536*1.61 + 2.036*1.81/2 =

18.886 kNm
Rail load
P = 44.51 kN (Ref Art 2.7 AASHTO 1996)

Appendix CB
I 900+280/2=1140
1610
Mi = 44.51*1.14=50.741 kNm
Effective length for moment:
E = 1140 + 0.833X according to AASHTO ch 4.6.2.1.3
X = 1610
Î
E = 1140 + 0.833*1610= 2.481 m
MRL = 50.741/2.481=20.451 kNm/m
Truck load: (145kN axle)
300
P I
1110
P = 145/2 = 72.5 kN (one wheel)
M = 72.5*1.11=80.5 kNm
E = 1140 + 0.833X
X = 1.11

Appendix CB
E = 1.14+0.833*1.11 = 2.065
MLT = 80.5/2.065 = 39 kNm/m
Lane load: (3.1 kN/m)
Q I
1410
MLL = 3.1*1.412/2= 3.08 kNm/m
Total moment:
Loadcase a) – Deadload+railload:
M = 1.25*MDL + 1.75*MRL = 1.25*18.89 + 1.75*20.45 = 59.4 kNm/m
Loadcase b) – Deadload+truck + lane load:
M = 1.25*MDL + 1.75*1.33*MLT + 1.75*MLL = 1.25*18.89 + 1.75*1.33*39 + 1.75*3.08 =
= 119.8 kNm/m
Design for flexure:
Top layer reinforcement
Assume reinforcement bars: φ = 20 mm

Cover – top surface: 50 mm
Cover – bottom surface: 25 mm
Slab gross thickness: D = 280 mm
d = 280 - φ/2 – top cover = 280 –10-50 = 220 mm
c = As*Fy/(0.85*fc’*b) according to AASHTO ch 5.7.3.1.1

with
fc’ = 20 Mpa

Appendix CB
b = 1000 mm
fy = 350 Mpa
As = 2000 mm2 (assumed)
Î
c = 2000*350/(0.85*20*1000) = 41.17 mm
a = c*β1 = 41.17*0.85= 35mm
As = M /(φ*Fy*(d-a/2)=119.8E6/(0.9*350*(220-35/2))= 1878 mm
according to AASHTO ch 5.7.3.2
Î
φ 20 c/c 165 mm or alternative
φ 12 c/c 160 mm + φ 16 c/c 160 mm
Bottom layer reinforcement
Minimum reinforcement according to AASHTO ch 5.7.3.3.2
δmin > 0.03*fc’/fy = 0.03*20/350=0.002

Î
As = 0.002*280*1000=560mm2
Î
φ 12 c/c 200 mm (bottom minimum reinforcement)
Slab between girders - transverse
400
cL bridge
1810 2250

Appendix CB
Max positive moment:
Max positive moment is by placing one lane in the mid of the bridge.
Dead load moment from overhang
Moment has been calculated for the overhang as: MDL = -18.9 kNm/m
Dead load moment from slab between girder
Concrete: DCc = 24*0.28 = 6.72 kN/m
Wearing surface: D = 0.05*22.5= 1.125 kN/m
Total dead load: D = 6.72+1.125 = 7.845 kN/m
Moment: M = 7.845*4.52/8 = +19.9 kNm/m
P P
CL girder
1350 1800
4500
P = 145/2 = 72.5 kN (one wheel)
M = 72.5*1.35=98 kNm
E = 660 + 0.55S according to AASHTO ch 4.6.2.1.3
With S=4.5 Î
E = 3.13
MLT = 98/3.13 = +31.3 kNm/m

Appendix CB
Lane load: (3.1 kN/m)
Q = 3.1 kN/m
MLL = 3.1*3/2*(0.75+3/4) = +7 kNm/m
Total moment:
Deadload+truck + lane load:
M = 1.25*MDL + 1.75*1.33*MLT + 1.75*MLL = 1.25*(19.9-18.9) + 1.75*1.33*31.2 + 1.75*7
= 86.1 kNm/m
Max negative moment:
Max negative moment is by placing two lanes as far out as possible to the railings.
Dead load moment
From earlier calculations: MDL = 19.9-18.9 = +1.0 kNm/m

600 *)
P P
810 990
CL girder
4500
P = 145/2 = 72.5 kN (one wheel)
M = 72.5*0.81 = -59 kNm (exterior wheel)
M = 72.5*0.99 = +72 kNm (interior wheel)
MLT = 72-59 = 13 kNm/m
E = 1220 + 0.25S AASHTO ch 4.6.2.1.3

Appendix CB
With S=4.5 Î
E = 2345
MLT = 13/2.345 = +5.5 kNm/m
As can be seen from the dead load moment and the truck load moment, there will not be any
negative moment for this bridge.
Design for flexure – positive moment:
Assume reinforcement bars: φ = 16 mm

Cover – top surface: 50 mm
Cover – bottom surface: 25 mm
Slab gross thickness: D = 280 mm
d = 280 - φ/2 – top cover = 280 –8-50 = 222 mm
c = As*Fy/(0.85*fc’*b) according to AASHTO ch 5.7.3.1.1

with
fc’ = 20 Mpa
b = 1000 mm
Fy = 350 Mpa
As = 1500 mm2 (assumed) according to AASHTO ch 5.7.3.2
Î
c = 1500*350/(0.85*20*1000) = 30.82 mm
a = c*β1 = 30.82*0.85= 26.25mm
As = M /(φ*Fy*(d-a/2)=86.1E6/(0.9*350*(220-26/2))= 1321 mm
Î
φ 16 c/c 150 mm (bottom reinforcement)
δmin > 0.03*fc’/fy = 0.03*20/350=0.002

Î
As = 0.002*280*1000=560 mm2
Î
φ 12 c/c 200 mm (top minimum reinforcement)

Appendix CB
Distribution reinforcement – longitudinal direction
The amount of distribution reinforcement in the bottom of the slab shall be a percantage of
the primary reinforcement in transverse direction for positive moment according to
AASHTO ch 5.7.3.3.2:
As = 3840/Sqr(S) <= 67%
With S =4500 Î
As = 3840/Sqr(4500) = 57%
Asreq = 0.57*1321 = 752 mm2

Î
φ 12 c/c 150 mm (bottom longitudinal reinforcement)

Î
φ 12 c/c 200 mm (top longitudinal minimum reinforcement)

Appendix CB
CB.8 APPENDIX A CROSS SECTION CALCULATIONS
CB.8.1 Calculations with SECTION 3.0

Appendix CB

Appendix CB
CB.8.2 Formulas for manual calculations
In the following tables, formulas in bold are the outputs given by SECTION 3.0
CB.8.2.1 I-shaped Steel section characteristics
b1
flange 1 tf1
tw
y G h
Z
ezel web
tf2
flange 2 z
b2
Flange 1 Flange 2 Web Complete Section

Thickness tf1 tf2 tw
Width b1 b2 hw = h-b1-b2
Area A1 = tf1 b1 A2 = tf2 b2 Aw = tw hw A=A1+A2+Aw
Ordinate of Zg1 = tf1/2 Zg2= h-tf2/2 Zgw=tf2 + hw/2 ezel=
center of (Zg1A1+Zg2A2+ZgwAw)
gravity A1+A2+Aw
Moment of Igy1 = b1 tf13/12 Igy2 = b2 tf23/12 Igyw = tw hw3/12
Inertia / Gi / y
axis 1
Moment of In. Iy1=Igy1 + Iy2=Igy2 + Iyw=Igyw + Iy=Iy1+Iy2+Iyw

/G/y axis A1 (Zg1-ezel)2 A2 (Zg2-ezel)2 Aw (Zgw-ezel) 2
Moment of Iz1 = tf1 b13/12 Iz2 = tf2 b23/12 Izw = hw tw3/12 Iz = Igz1 + Igz2 + Igzw
Inertia / z axis
Sec. modulus / Wey1 = Iy _ Wey2 = Iy _
y axis h-ezel ezel
Sec. modulus / Wez1 = 2Iz /b1 Wez1 = 2Iz /b2
z axis
Torsional Ix1= b1 x ft13/3 Ix2= b2 x tf23/3 Ixw=hw tw3/3 Ix = Ix1 + Ix2 + Ixw
2
Constant
Ordinate of the neutral axis in ezpl =A1-A2+h-tf1+tf2
the plastic range. 2tw 2
1
In this formulas, Gi is the Center of Gravity of the considered component ( web or Flanges )
2
This formula is an approximation valid only for section made of thin plates ( like most of I shaped section). The
condition is that ai/bi < 10 for each of the component of the section ( web and flanges) where ai is the thickness and
bi the width of one component.

Appendix CB
CB.8.2.2 Calculation of compostite sections characteristics
bc (Effective width, see paragraph CB3)
concrete tc
flange 1
tw
y G h
ezel web
Z
tf2
flange 2 z
b2
Characteristics Concrete Steel Section Composite Section

(Steel ( Calculated as per
equivalent) previous table)
Thickness tc
Width bc /n
Area Ac=tcbc /n As A=A1+A2+Aw
Ordinate of Zgc = h+ tc/2 Zgs ezel=ZgcAc+ZgsAs
center of gravity Ac+As
Moment of Igyc = bc tc3/12n Igys
Inertia / Gi / y
axis 1
Moment of Iyc=Igyc + Iys=Igys + Iy=Iyc+Iys
Inertia / Center Ac (Zgc-ezel)2 As (Zgs-ezel)2
of Gravity/yaxis
Moment of Izc = tfc bc3/12n Izs Iz =Igz1+Igz2 +Igzw
Inertia / z axis
Section modulus Weyc =Iy /(h+tc-ezel) Wey1 = Iy/ (h-ezel)
/ y axis Wey2 = Iy/ ezel
1
In this formulas, Gi is the Center of Gravity of the considered component ( Concrete stab or steel
beam )

Appendix CB
CB.9 APPENDIX B - Calculations by STAAD
STRENGTH
On the following page, moment and sheardiagram are shown. Therafter, the computer run is
attached.

Appendix CB
PAGE NO. 1

Appendix CB
**************************************************
* *
* S T A A D - III *
* Revision 22.3 *
* Proprietary Program of *
* Research Engineers, Inc. *
* Date= DEC 14, 1999 *
* Time= 16:15:57 *
* *
* USER ID: Research Engineers *
**************************************************
1. STAAD SPACE STRENGTH

2. INPUT WIDTH 72
3. UNIT MMS NEWTON
4. JOINT COORDINATES
5. 1 .000 .000 .000
6. 2 500.000 .000 .000
7. 3 1000.000 .000 .000
8. 4 1500.000 .000 .000
9. 5 2000.000 .000 .000
10. 6 2500.000 .000 .000
11. 7 3000.000 .000 .000
12. 8 3500.000 .000 .000
13. 9 4000.000 .000 .000
14. 10 4500.000 .000 .000
15. 11 5000.000 .000 .000
16. 12 5500.000 .000 .000
17. 13 6000.000 .000 .000
18. 14 6500.000 .000 .000
19. 15 7000.000 .000 .000
20. 16 7500.000 .000 .000
21. 17 8000.000 .000 .000
22. 18 8500.000 .000 .000
23. 19 9000.001 .000 .000
24. 20 9500.001 .000 .000
25. 21 10000.000 .000 .000
26. 22 10500.000 .000 .000
27. 23 11000.000 .000 .000
28. 24 11500.000 .000 .000
29. 25 12000.000 .000 .000
30. 26 12500.000 .000 .000
31. 27 13000.000 .000 .000
32. 28 13500.000 .000 .000
33. 29 14000.000 .000 .000
34. 30 14500.000 .000 .000
35. 31 15000.000 .000 .000
36. 32 15500.000 .000 .000
37. 33 16000.000 .000 .000
38. 34 16500.000 .000 .000
39. 35 17000.000 .000 .000
40. 36 17500.000 .000 .000
41. 37 18000.000 .000 .000
STRENGTH -- PAGE NO. 2
42. 38 18500.000 .000 .000

43. 39 19000.000 .000 .000
44. 40 19500.000 .000 .000
45. 41 20000.000 .000 .000
46. 42 20500.000 .000 .000
47. 43 21000.000 .000 .000
48. 44 21500.000 .000 .000
49. 45 22000.000 .000 .000
50. 46 22500.000 .000 .000
51. 47 23000.000 .000 .000
52. 48 23500.000 .000 .000

Appendix CB
53. 49 24000.000 .000 .000

54. MEMBER INCIDENCES
55. 1 1 2
56. 2 2 3
57. 3 3 4
58. 4 4 5
59. 5 5 6
60. 6 6 7
61. 7 7 8
62. 8 8 9
63. 9 9 10
64. 10 10 11
65. 11 11 12
66. 12 12 13
67. 13 13 14
68. 14 14 15
69. 15 15 16
70. 16 16 17
71. 17 17 18
72. 18 18 19
73. 19 19 20
74. 20 20 21
75. 21 21 22
76. 22 22 23
77. 23 23 24
78. 24 24 25
79. 25 25 26
80. 26 26 27
81. 27 27 28
82. 28 28 29
83. 29 29 30
84. 30 30 31
85. 31 31 32
86. 32 32 33
87. 33 33 34
88. 34 34 35
89. 35 35 36
90. 36 36 37
91. 37 37 38
92. 38 38 39
93. 39 39 40
94. 40 40 41
95. 41 41 42
96. 42 42 43
97. 43 43 44
98. 44 44 45
99. 45 45 46
100. 46 46 47
101. 47 47 48
102. 48 48 49
103. MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
104. 1 TO 48 PRI YD 500. ZD 100.
105. CONSTANT
106. E STEEL ALL
107. DENSITY STEEL ALL
108. POISSON STEEL ALL
109. SUPPORT
110. 1 PINNED
111. 49 FIXED BUT FX MX MY MZ
112. UNITS KNS MET
113. DEF MOV LOAD
114. * TRUCK LOAD
115. TYPE 1 LOAD 105. 438. 438. DIS 4.3 4.3
116. *
117. LOAD 1 DEADLOAD
118. MEMBER LOAD
119. 1 TO 48 UNI GY -70.
120. *
121. LOAD GENERATION 100 ADD LOAD 1

Appendix CB
122. TYPE 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 XINC 0.2

123. PERFORM ANALYSIS
P R O B L E M S T A T I S T I C S
-----------------------------------
NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS = 49/ 48/ 2

ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH = 1/ 1
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = 101, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM = 289
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = 3468 DOUBLE PREC. WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE = 12.61/ 989.6 MB, EXMEM = 1967.5 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix. 16:16: 0

++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix. 16:16: 0
++ Processing Triangular Factorization. 16:16: 0
***WARNING - IMPROPER LOAD WILL CAUSE INSTABILITY AT JOINT 49

DIRECTION = MX PROBABLE CAUSE MODELING PROBLEM -.320E-09
++ Calculating Joint Displacements. 16:16: 0
++ Calculating Member Forces. 16:16: 1
124. PLOT BEND FILE

125. PRINT MAX FORCE ENV
MEMBER FORCE ENVELOPE

---------------------
ALL UNITS ARE KNS MET
MAX AND MIN FORCE VALUES AMONGST ALL SECTION LOCATIONS
MEMB FY/ DIST LD MZ/ DIST LD

FZ DIST LD MY DIST LD FX DIST LD
1 MAX 1585.62 .00 2 .02 .00 57

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 805.01 .50 1 -771.76 .50 5
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
2 MAX 1526.01 .00 5 -411.24 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 770.02 .50 1 -1509.69 .50 7
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
3 MAX 1466.56 .00 8 -804.98 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 735.03 .50 1 -2203.33 .50 9
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
4 MAX 1415.25 .00 10 -1181.26 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 700.00 .50 1 -2867.68 .50 12
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
5 MAX 1355.40 .00 13 -1540.00 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 664.96 .50 1 -3489.43 .50 14
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
6 MAX 1305.75 .00 2 -1881.19 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 630.13 .50 1 -4126.71 .50 2
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101

Appendix CB
7 MAX 1270.37 .00 2 -2204.99 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 595.07 .50 1 -4753.20 .50 2
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
8 MAX 1235.59 .00 2 -2511.22 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 559.96 .50 1 -5362.27 .50 2
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
9 MAX 1200.15 .00 2 -2799.98 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 524.99 .50 1 -5938.06 .50 3

.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
10 MAX 1148.73 .00 4 -3071.35 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 489.39 .50 1 -6448.33 .50 6
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
11 MAX 1098.41 .00 6 -3325.03 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 455.47 .50 1 -6940.66 .50 8
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
12 MAX 1037.72 .00 9 -3561.32 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 420.33 .50 1 -7370.90 .50 11
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
13 MAX 986.68 .00 11 -3779.88 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 385.19 .50 1 -7791.46 .50 13
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
14 MAX 927.23 .00 14 -3981.17 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 350.19 .50 1 -8141.66 .50 16
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
15 MAX 876.16 .00 16 -4164.99 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 314.94 .50 1 -8490.63 .50 18
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
16 MAX 816.90 .00 19 -4331.37 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 280.13 .50 1 -8761.79 .50 20
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
17 MAX 765.05 .00 21 -4479.89 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 245.36 .50 1 -9037.92 .50 23
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
18 MAX 704.42 .00 24 -4611.38 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -42.34 .50 4 -9236.94 .50 25
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
19 MAX 653.75 .00 26 -4725.09 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -92.57 .50 6 -9433.43 .50 28
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
20 MAX 594.94 .00 29 -4821.22 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1

Appendix CB
MIN -152.53 .50 9 -9561.12 .50 30

.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
21 MAX 543.45 .00 31 -4900.07 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -203.36 .50 11 -9677.43 .50 33
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
22 MAX 484.28 .00 34 -4961.20 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -263.73 .50 14 -9733.13 .50 35
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
23 MAX 432.33 .00 36 -5004.94 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -315.77 .50 16 -9769.53 .50 38
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
24 MAX 372.71 .00 39 -5031.41 .00 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -375.64 .50 19 -9769.45 .00 38
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
25 MAX 322.07 .00 41 -5031.22 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -426.13 .50 21 -9753.16 .00 40
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
26 MAX 262.12 .00 44 -5005.02 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -486.01 .50 24 -9709.81 .00 43
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
27 MAX 209.18 .00 46 -4961.37 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -536.89 .50 26 -9621.68 .00 45
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
28 MAX 150.90 .00 49 -4900.00 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -595.62 .50 29 -9535.26 .00 27
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
29 MAX 98.89 .00 51 -4821.12 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -646.79 .50 31 -9461.49 .00 29
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
30 MAX 40.98 .00 54 -4724.82 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -707.08 .50 34 -9343.67 .00 32
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
31 MAX -10.59 .00 56 -4611.31 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -758.55 .50 36 -9198.19 .00 34

.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
32 MAX -70.23 .00 59 -4479.99 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -818.59 .50 39 -9000.54 .00 37
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
33 MAX -121.71 .00 61 -4331.35 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -868.15 .50 41 -8783.27 .00 39
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101

Appendix CB
34 MAX -181.86 .00 64 -4164.98 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -928.77 .50 44 -8505.69 .00 42
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
35 MAX -232.68 .00 66 -3981.32 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -980.85 .50 46 -8216.54 .00 44
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
36 MAX -292.83 .00 69 -3780.12 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -1040.12 .50 49 -7858.90 .00 47
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
37 MAX -343.37 .00 71 -3561.27 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -1091.31 .50 51 -7498.15 .00 49
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
38 MAX -402.99 .00 74 -3324.91 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -1150.63 .50 54 -7060.38 .00 52
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
39 MAX -454.51 .00 76 -3071.18 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -1202.00 .50 56 -6627.85 .00 54
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
40 MAX -504.18 .00 100 -2799.82 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -1261.57 .50 59 -6117.08 .00 56
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
41 MAX -558.00 .00 81 -2511.20 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -1312.53 .50 61 -5605.56 .00 59
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
42 MAX -595.19 .00 1 -2205.02 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -1372.31 .50 64 -5023.52 .00 61

.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
43 MAX -630.19 .00 1 -1881.19 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -1423.17 .50 66 -4431.72 .00 64
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
44 MAX -664.91 .00 1 -1540.06 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -1483.17 .50 69 -3777.78 .00 66
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
45 MAX -700.11 .00 1 -1181.22 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -1534.73 .50 71 -3106.28 .00 69
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
46 MAX -735.11 .00 1 -804.99 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -1593.90 .50 74 -2380.46 .00 71
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
47 MAX -769.94 .00 1 -411.27 .50 1

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -1645.34 .50 76 -1628.99 .00 74
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101

Appendix CB
48 MAX -804.97 .00 1 .03 .50 28

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -1696.69 .50 78 -831.43 .00 76
.00 .50 101 .00 .50 101 .00 .50 101
********** END OF FORCE ENVELOPE FROM INTERNAL STORAGE **********
126. FINISH
*************** END OF STAAD-III ***************
**** DATE= DEC 14,1999 TIME= 16:16:19 ****
*********************************************************
* For questions on STAAD-III, contact: *
* Research Engineers, Inc at *
* West Coast: Ph- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 *
* East Coast: Ph- (508) 688-3626 Fax- (508) 685-7230 *
*********************************************************
SERVICE - Deflection
On the next page, the max deflection is plotted. Therafter, the computer run is attached.

Appendix CB

Appendix CB
PAGE NO. 1
**************************************************
* *
* S T A A D - III *
* Revision 22.3 *
* Date= DEC 13, 1999 *
* Time= 9:29:41 *
* *
**************************************************
1. STAAD SPACE SERVICE

2. INPUT WIDTH 72
3. UNIT MMS NEWTON
5. 1 .000 .000 .000
6. 2 500.000 .000 .000
7. 3 1000.000 .000 .000
8. 4 1500.000 .000 .000
9. 5 2000.000 .000 .000
10. 6 2500.000 .000 .000
11. 7 3000.000 .000 .000
12. 8 3500.000 .000 .000
13. 9 4000.000 .000 .000
14. 10 4500.000 .000 .000
15. 11 5000.000 .000 .000
16. 12 5500.000 .000 .000
17. 13 6000.000 .000 .000
18. 14 6500.000 .000 .000
19. 15 7000.000 .000 .000
20. 16 7500.000 .000 .000
21. 17 8000.000 .000 .000
22. 18 8500.000 .000 .000
23. 19 9000.001 .000 .000
24. 20 9500.001 .000 .000
25. 21 10000.000 .000 .000
26. 22 10500.000 .000 .000
27. 23 11000.000 .000 .000
28. 24 11500.000 .000 .000
29. 25 12000.000 .000 .000
30. 26 12500.000 .000 .000
31. 27 13000.000 .000 .000
32. 28 13500.000 .000 .000
33. 29 14000.000 .000 .000
34. 30 14500.000 .000 .000
35. 31 15000.000 .000 .000
36. 32 15500.000 .000 .000
37. 33 16000.000 .000 .000
38. 34 16500.000 .000 .000
39. 35 17000.000 .000 .000
40. 36 17500.000 .000 .000
41. 37 18000.000 .000 .000
SERVICE -- PAGE NO. 2
42. 38 18500.000 .000 .000

43. 39 19000.000 .000 .000
44. 40 19500.000 .000 .000
45. 41 20000.000 .000 .000
46. 42 20500.000 .000 .000
47. 43 21000.000 .000 .000
48. 44 21500.000 .000 .000
49. 45 22000.000 .000 .000
50. 46 22500.000 .000 .000

Appendix CB
51. 47 23000.000 .000 .000

52. 48 23500.000 .000 .000
53. 49 24000.000 .000 .000
55. 1 1 2
56. 2 2 3
57. 3 3 4
58. 4 4 5
59. 5 5 6
60. 6 6 7
61. 7 7 8
62. 8 8 9
63. 9 9 10
64. 10 10 11
65. 11 11 12
66. 12 12 13
67. 13 13 14
68. 14 14 15
69. 15 15 16
70. 16 16 17
71. 17 17 18
72. 18 18 19
73. 19 19 20
74. 20 20 21
75. 21 21 22
76. 22 22 23
77. 23 23 24
78. 24 24 25
79. 25 25 26
80. 26 26 27
81. 27 27 28
82. 28 28 29
83. 29 29 30
84. 30 30 31
85. 31 31 32
86. 32 32 33
87. 33 33 34
88. 34 34 35
89. 35 35 36
90. 36 36 37
91. 37 37 38
92. 38 38 39
93. 39 39 40
94. 40 40 41
95. 41 41 42
96. 42 42 43
97. 43 43 44
98. 44 44 45
99. 45 45 46
100. 46 46 47
101. 47 47 48
102. 48 48 49
103. MEMBER PROPERTY
104. 1 TO 48 PRI AX 1E5 IX 1E8 IY 1E8 IZ 3.572E10 AY 1E5 AZ 20175
105. CONSTANT
106. E STEEL ALL
109. SUPPORT
110. 1 PINNED
112. UNITS KNS MET
113. DEF MOV LOAD
114. * TRUCK LOAD - SERVICE
115. TYP 1 LOA 60 250 250 DIS 4.3 4.3
116. *
117. LOAD 1 DEADLOAD
118. MEMBER LOAD
119. 1 TO 48 UNI GY -13.

Appendix CB
120. *
121. LOAD GENERATION 20 ADD LOAD 1
122. TYPE 1 5.0 0.0 0.0 XINC 0.2
-----------------------------------

++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix. 9:29:42

++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix. 9:29:42
++ Processing Triangular Factorization. 9:29:42

DIRECTION = MX PROBABLE CAUSE MODELING PROBLEM .000E+00
++ Calculating Joint Displacements. 9:29:42
++ Calculating Member Forces. 9:29:42
124. UNITS MMS NEWS

125. PLOT DISP FILE
126. PRINT JOINT DISPL LIST 20 TO 30
JOINT DISPLACEMENT (CM RADIANS) STRUCTURE TYPE = SPACE

------------------
JOINT LOAD X-TRANS Y-TRANS Z-TRANS X-ROTAN Y-ROTAN Z-ROTAN
20 1 .0000 -.7573 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0003

2 .0000 -2.7578 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0012
3 .0000 -2.7621 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0012
4 .0000 -2.7645 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0012
5 .0000 -2.7653 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0012
6 .0000 -2.7648 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0012
7 .0000 -2.7628 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0012
8 .0000 -2.7594 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0013
9 .0000 -2.7547 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0013
10 .0000 -2.7485 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0013
11 .0000 -2.7411 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0013
12 .0000 -2.7323 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0013
13 .0000 -2.7221 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0013
14 .0000 -2.7108 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0013
15 .0000 -2.6980 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0013
16 .0000 -2.6841 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0013
17 .0000 -2.6690 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0013
18 .0000 -2.6525 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0013
19 .0000 -2.6350 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0013
20 .0000 -2.6161 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0013
21 .0000 -2.5962 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0013
21 1 .0000 -.7721 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0003
2 .0000 -2.8100 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0009
3 .0000 -2.8151 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0009
4 .0000 -2.8190 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0010
5 .0000 -2.8214 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0010
6 .0000 -2.8218 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0010
7 .0000 -2.8206 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0010
8 .0000 -2.8177 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0010
9 .0000 -2.8136 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0010

Appendix CB
10 .0000 -2.8079 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0010

11 .0000 -2.8009 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0010
12 .0000 -2.7925 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0011
13 .0000 -2.7826 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0011
14 .0000 -2.7716 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0011
15 .0000 -2.7590 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0011
16 .0000 -2.7453 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0011
17 .0000 -2.7303 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0011
18 .0000 -2.7138 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0011
19 .0000 -2.6963 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0011
20 .0000 -2.6774 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0011
21 .0000 -2.6574 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0011
22 1 .0000 -.7836 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0002
2 .0000 -2.8498 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0007
3 .0000 -2.8557 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0007
4 .0000 -2.8603 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0007
5 .0000 -2.8636 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0007
6 .0000 -2.8649 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0007

------------------
7 .0000 -2.8653 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0007

8 .0000 -2.8638 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0008
9 .0000 -2.8604 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0008
10 .0000 -2.8553 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0008
11 .0000 -2.8489 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0008
12 .0000 -2.8410 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0008
13 .0000 -2.8315 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0008
14 .0000 -2.8209 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0008
15 .0000 -2.8086 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0008
16 .0000 -2.7952 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0009
17 .0000 -2.7804 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0009
18 .0000 -2.7641 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0009
19 .0000 -2.7468 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0009
20 .0000 -2.7279 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0009
21 .0000 -2.7080 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0009
23 1 .0000 -.7919 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0001
2 .0000 -2.8773 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0004
3 .0000 -2.8839 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0004
4 .0000 -2.8892 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0005
5 .0000 -2.8932 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0005
6 .0000 -2.8953 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0005
7 .0000 -2.8964 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0005
8 .0000 -2.8956 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0005
9 .0000 -2.8935 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0005
10 .0000 -2.8900 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0005
11 .0000 -2.8845 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0006
12 .0000 -2.8772 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0006
13 .0000 -2.8684 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0006
14 .0000 -2.8582 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0006
15 .0000 -2.8465 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0006
16 .0000 -2.8334 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0006
17 .0000 -2.8190 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0006
18 .0000 -2.8030 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0006
19 .0000 -2.7860 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0006
20 .0000 -2.7673 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0007
21 .0000 -2.7475 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0007
24 1 .0000 -.7968 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0001
2 .0000 -2.8922 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0002
3 .0000 -2.8995 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0002
4 .0000 -2.9056 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0002
5 .0000 -2.9102 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0002
6 .0000 -2.9130 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0002

Appendix CB
7 .0000 -2.9149 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0002

8 .0000 -2.9148 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0003
9 .0000 -2.9134 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0003
10 .0000 -2.9107 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0003
11 .0000 -2.9060 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0003
12 .0000 -2.9004 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0003

------------------
13 .0000 -2.8928 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0003

14 .0000 -2.8833 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0004
15 .0000 -2.8721 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0004
16 .0000 -2.8597 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0004
17 .0000 -2.8457 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0004
18 .0000 -2.8302 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0004
19 .0000 -2.8135 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0004
20 .0000 -2.7952 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0004
21 .0000 -2.7758 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0004
25 1 .0000 -.7985 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
2 .0000 -2.8948 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
3 .0000 -2.9027 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
4 .0000 -2.9094 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
5 .0000 -2.9147 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
6 .0000 -2.9182 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
7 .0000 -2.9207 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
8 .0000 -2.9213 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
9 .0000 -2.9207 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
10 .0000 -2.9186 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
11 .0000 -2.9146 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0001
12 .0000 -2.9097 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0001
13 .0000 -2.9029 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0001
14 .0000 -2.8947 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0001
15 .0000 -2.8852 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0001
16 .0000 -2.8736 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0001
17 .0000 -2.8603 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0001
18 .0000 -2.8454 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0002
19 .0000 -2.8292 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0002
20 .0000 -2.8114 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0002
21 .0000 -2.7924 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.0002
26 1 .0000 -.7968 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
2 .0000 -2.8848 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003
3 .0000 -2.8934 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003
4 .0000 -2.9008 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003
5 .0000 -2.9067 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003
6 .0000 -2.9109 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003
7 .0000 -2.9140 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003
8 .0000 -2.9153 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002
9 .0000 -2.9153 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002
10 .0000 -2.9139 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002
11 .0000 -2.9106 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002
12 .0000 -2.9064 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002
13 .0000 -2.9003 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002
14 .0000 -2.8929 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002
15 .0000 -2.8840 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
16 .0000 -2.8734 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
17 .0000 -2.8617 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
18 .0000 -2.8481 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001

Appendix CB
------------------
19 .0000 -2.8327 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001

20 .0000 -2.8156 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
21 .0000 -2.7971 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
27 1 .0000 -.7919 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
2 .0000 -2.8624 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0006
3 .0000 -2.8716 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0006
4 .0000 -2.8796 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0005
5 .0000 -2.8862 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0005
6 .0000 -2.8910 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0005
7 .0000 -2.8948 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0005
8 .0000 -2.8967 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0005
9 .0000 -2.8973 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0005
10 .0000 -2.8966 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0005
11 .0000 -2.8940 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0004
12 .0000 -2.8905 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0004
13 .0000 -2.8851 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0004
14 .0000 -2.8784 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0004
15 .0000 -2.8703 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0004
16 .0000 -2.8604 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0004
17 .0000 -2.8495 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0004
18 .0000 -2.8367 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003
19 .0000 -2.8226 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003
20 .0000 -2.8072 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003
21 .0000 -2.7897 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003
28 1 .0000 -.7836 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002
2 .0000 -2.8276 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0008
3 .0000 -2.8374 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0008
4 .0000 -2.8460 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0008
5 .0000 -2.8533 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0008
6 .0000 -2.8587 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0008
7 .0000 -2.8631 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0008
8 .0000 -2.8657 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0007
9 .0000 -2.8670 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0007
10 .0000 -2.8669 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0007
11 .0000 -2.8650 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0007
12 .0000 -2.8621 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0007
13 .0000 -2.8574 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0007
14 .0000 -2.8514 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0007
15 .0000 -2.8440 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0006
16 .0000 -2.8349 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0006
17 .0000 -2.8248 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0006
18 .0000 -2.8127 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0006
19 .0000 -2.7995 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0006
20 .0000 -2.7849 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0006
21 .0000 -2.7684 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0005
29 1 .0000 -.7721 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003
2 .0000 -2.7789 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0011
3 .0000 -2.7903 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0011

------------------
4 .0000 -2.8000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0010

5 .0000 -2.8079 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0010
6 .0000 -2.8139 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0010
7 .0000 -2.8190 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0010
8 .0000 -2.8222 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0010
9 .0000 -2.8242 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0010
10 .0000 -2.8248 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0010

Appendix CB
11 .0000 -2.8235 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0009

12 .0000 -2.8214 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0009
13 .0000 -2.8173 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0009
14 .0000 -2.8121 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0009
15 .0000 -2.8054 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0009
16 .0000 -2.7970 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0009
17 .0000 -2.7877 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0009
18 .0000 -2.7764 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0008
19 .0000 -2.7640 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0008
20 .0000 -2.7502 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0008
21 .0000 -2.7346 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0008
30 1 .0000 -.7573 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003
2 .0000 -2.7181 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0013
3 .0000 -2.7299 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0013
4 .0000 -2.7402 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0013
5 .0000 -2.7492 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0013
6 .0000 -2.7567 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0013
7 .0000 -2.7626 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0012
8 .0000 -2.7665 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0012
9 .0000 -2.7691 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0012
10 .0000 -2.7704 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0012
11 .0000 -2.7698 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0012
12 .0000 -2.7684 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0012
13 .0000 -2.7651 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0012
14 .0000 -2.7605 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0011
15 .0000 -2.7546 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0011
16 .0000 -2.7470 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0011
17 .0000 -2.7384 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0011
18 .0000 -2.7280 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0011
19 .0000 -2.7163 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0011
20 .0000 -2.7034 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0010
21 .0000 -2.6887 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0010
************** END OF LATEST ANALYSIS RESULT **************
127. FINISH
*************** END OF STAAD-III ***************
**** DATE= DEC 13,1999 TIME= 9:29:43 ****
*********************************************************
* West Coast: Ph- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 *
* East Coast: Ph- (508) 688-3626 Fax- (508) 685-7230 *
*********************************************************

Appendix CB
FATIGUE
On the following page, sheardiagram is shown. Therafter, the computer run is attached.

Appendix CB

Appendix CB
PAGE NO. 1
**************************************************
* *
* S T A A D - III *
* Revision 22.3 *
* Date= DEC 14, 1999 *
* Time= 16:30:26 *
* *
**************************************************
1. STAAD SPACE FATIGUE

2. INPUT WIDTH 72
3. UNIT MMS NEWTON
5. 1 .000 .000 .000
6. 2 500.000 .000 .000
7. 3 1000.000 .000 .000
8. 4 1500.000 .000 .000
9. 5 2000.000 .000 .000
10. 6 2500.000 .000 .000
11. 7 3000.000 .000 .000
12. 8 3500.000 .000 .000
13. 9 4000.000 .000 .000
14. 10 4500.000 .000 .000
15. 11 5000.000 .000 .000
16. 12 5500.000 .000 .000
17. 13 6000.000 .000 .000
18. 14 6500.000 .000 .000
19. 15 7000.000 .000 .000
20. 16 7500.000 .000 .000
21. 17 8000.000 .000 .000
22. 18 8500.000 .000 .000
23. 19 9000.001 .000 .000
24. 20 9500.001 .000 .000
25. 21 10000.000 .000 .000
26. 22 10500.000 .000 .000
27. 23 11000.000 .000 .000
28. 24 11500.000 .000 .000
29. 25 12000.000 .000 .000
30. 26 12500.000 .000 .000
31. 27 13000.000 .000 .000
32. 28 13500.000 .000 .000
33. 29 14000.000 .000 .000
34. 30 14500.000 .000 .000
35. 31 15000.000 .000 .000
36. 32 15500.000 .000 .000
37. 33 16000.000 .000 .000
38. 34 16500.000 .000 .000
39. 35 17000.000 .000 .000
40. 36 17500.000 .000 .000
41. 37 18000.000 .000 .000
FATIGUE -- PAGE NO. 2
42. 38 18500.000 .000 .000

43. 39 19000.000 .000 .000
44. 40 19500.000 .000 .000
45. 41 20000.000 .000 .000
46. 42 20500.000 .000 .000
47. 43 21000.000 .000 .000
48. 44 21500.000 .000 .000
49. 45 22000.000 .000 .000
50. 46 22500.000 .000 .000
51. 47 23000.000 .000 .000

Appendix CB
52. 48 23500.000 .000 .000

53. 49 24000.000 .000 .000
55. 1 1 2
56. 2 2 3
57. 3 3 4
58. 4 4 5
59. 5 5 6
60. 6 6 7
61. 7 7 8
62. 8 8 9
63. 9 9 10
64. 10 10 11
65. 11 11 12
66. 12 12 13
67. 13 13 14
68. 14 14 15
69. 15 15 16
70. 16 16 17
71. 17 17 18
72. 18 18 19
73. 19 19 20
74. 20 20 21
75. 21 21 22
76. 22 22 23
77. 23 23 24
78. 24 24 25
79. 25 25 26
80. 26 26 27
81. 27 27 28
82. 28 28 29
83. 29 29 30
84. 30 30 31
85. 31 31 32
86. 32 32 33
87. 33 33 34
88. 34 34 35
89. 35 35 36
90. 36 36 37
91. 37 37 38
92. 38 38 39
93. 39 39 40
94. 40 40 41
95. 41 41 42
96. 42 42 43
97. 43 43 44
98. 44 44 45
99. 45 45 46
100. 46 46 47
101. 47 47 48
102. 48 48 49
103. MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
104. 1 TO 48 PRI YD 500. ZD 100.
105. CONSTANT
106. E STEEL ALL
109. SUPPORT
110. 1 PINNED
112. UNITS KNS MET
113. DEF MOV LOAD
114. * TRUCK LOAD
115. TYPE 1 LOAD 34 142 142 DIS 4.3 9.
116. *
117. LOAD GENERATION 100
118. TYPE 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 XINC 0.2

Appendix CB
-----------------------------------

++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix. 16:30:28

++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix. 16:30:28
++ Processing Triangular Factorization. 16:30:28

DIRECTION = MX PROBABLE CAUSE MODELING PROBLEM -.320E-09
++ Calculating Joint Displacements. 16:30:28
++ Calculating Member Forces. 16:30:29
120. PLOT BEND FILE

121. PRINT MAX FORCE ENV
MEMBER FORCE ENVELOPE

---------------------
ALL UNITS ARE KNS MET
MAX AND MIN FORCE VALUES AMONGST ALL SECTION LOCATIONS
MEMB FY/ DIST LD MZ/ DIST LD

FZ DIST LD MY DIST LD FX DIST LD
1 MAX 213.86 .00 1 .00 .00 15

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 5.95 .50 100 -102.96 .50 4
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
2 MAX 205.92 .00 4 -2.97 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 5.95 .50 100 -200.61 .50 6
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
3 MAX 197.98 .00 7 -5.95 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 5.95 .50 100 -289.57 .50 8
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
4 MAX 192.67 .00 9 -8.93 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 5.95 .50 100 -374.73 .50 11
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
5 MAX 184.72 .00 12 -11.90 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 5.95 .50 100 -451.77 .50 13
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
6 MAX 179.84 .00 1 -14.87 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 5.95 .50 100 -539.60 .50 1
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
7 MAX 179.91 .00 1 -17.85 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1

Appendix CB
MIN 5.95 .50 100 -629.54 .50 1

.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
8 MAX 179.80 .00 1 -20.83 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 5.95 .50 100 -719.46 .50 1
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
9 MAX 179.86 .00 1 -23.80 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 5.95 .50 100 -804.26 .50 2

.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
10 MAX 174.52 .00 3 -26.77 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 5.96 .50 100 -873.52 .50 5
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
11 MAX 169.28 .00 5 -29.75 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 5.96 .50 100 -942.63 .50 7
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
12 MAX 161.25 .00 8 -32.72 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 5.95 .50 100 -997.32 .50 10
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
13 MAX 156.11 .00 10 -35.70 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 5.95 .50 100 -1054.44 .50 12
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
14 MAX 148.10 .00 13 -38.68 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN 3.48 .50 14 -1094.56 .50 15
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
15 MAX 142.72 .00 15 -41.65 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -4.64 .50 17 -1139.80 .50 17
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
16 MAX 134.91 .00 18 -44.63 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -9.70 .46 19 -1166.40 .42 19
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
17 MAX 129.52 .00 20 -47.60 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -17.75 .50 22 -1198.66 .50 22
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
18 MAX 121.45 .00 23 -50.57 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -23.02 .50 24 -1214.40 .42 24
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
19 MAX 116.20 .00 25 -53.55 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -31.08 .50 27 -1230.98 .50 27
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
20 MAX 108.29 .00 28 -56.52 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -36.37 .50 29 -1235.89 .42 29

.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100

Appendix CB
21 MAX 103.05 .00 30 -59.50 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -44.26 .50 32 -1236.92 .29 31
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
22 MAX 95.06 .00 33 -62.47 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -49.52 .46 34 -1236.85 .00 32
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
23 MAX 89.61 .00 35 -65.45 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -57.45 .50 37 -1226.78 .00 34
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
24 MAX 81.89 .00 38 -68.42 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -62.79 .46 39 -1216.17 .00 37
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
25 MAX 76.34 .00 40 -71.40 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -70.85 .50 42 -1194.19 .00 39
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
26 MAX 68.60 .00 43 -74.38 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -75.99 .46 44 -1169.02 .00 42
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
27 MAX 63.32 .00 45 -77.35 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -106.83 .50 2 -1135.15 .00 44
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
28 MAX 55.38 .00 48 -80.32 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -112.01 .50 4 -1133.15 .50 5
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
29 MAX 49.88 .00 50 -83.30 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -119.89 .50 7 -1140.33 .50 7
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
30 MAX 43.48 .00 74 -86.28 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -125.31 .50 9 -1140.32 .17 8
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
31 MAX 39.10 .00 77 -89.25 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -133.39 .50 12 -1138.82 .08 10

.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
32 MAX 36.18 .00 79 -92.23 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -138.67 .50 14 -1132.90 .00 12
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
33 MAX 31.75 .00 82 -95.20 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -146.42 .50 17 -1115.71 .08 15
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
34 MAX 28.79 .00 84 -98.18 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -151.87 .50 19 -1099.00 .00 17

Appendix CB
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
35 MAX 24.45 .00 87 -101.15 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -159.75 .50 22 -1067.17 .00 20
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
36 MAX 21.50 .00 89 -104.12 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -165.01 .50 24 -1038.61 .00 22
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
37 MAX 17.07 .00 92 -107.10 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -173.10 .50 27 -992.21 .00 25
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
38 MAX 14.16 .00 94 -110.07 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -178.30 .50 29 -951.66 .00 27
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
39 MAX 9.76 .00 97 -113.05 .00 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -186.33 .50 32 -891.66 .00 29
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
40 MAX 6.82 .00 99 -112.20 .50 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -191.58 .50 34 -838.28 .00 32
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
41 MAX .69 .00 80 -98.17 .50 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -199.51 .50 37 -766.34 .00 34
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
42 MAX -3.74 .00 83 -84.15 .50 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -204.86 .50 39 -698.36 .00 37

.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
43 MAX -6.62 .00 85 -70.12 .50 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -212.74 .50 42 -614.51 .00 39
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
44 MAX -11.04 .00 88 -56.10 .50 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -218.11 .50 44 -531.95 .00 42
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
45 MAX -13.98 .00 90 -42.08 .50 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -226.04 .50 47 -436.16 .00 44
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
46 MAX -18.37 .00 93 -28.05 .50 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -231.36 .50 49 -339.05 .00 47
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
47 MAX -21.30 .00 95 -14.02 .50 100

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1
MIN -239.29 .50 52 -231.33 .00 49
.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
48 MAX -25.71 .00 98 .00 .50 29

.00 .00 1 .00 .00 1 .00 .00 1

Appendix CB
MIN -244.58 .50 54 -119.64 .00 52

.00 .50 100 .00 .50 100 .00 .50 100
********** END OF FORCE ENVELOPE FROM INTERNAL STORAGE **********
122. FINISH
*************** END OF STAAD-III ***************
**** DATE= DEC 14,1999 TIME= 16:30:45 ****
*********************************************************
* West Coast: Ph- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 *
* East Coast: Ph- (508) 688-3626 Fax- (508) 685-7230 *
*********************************************************

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Appendix CB

Bridge Design Manual - 2002 Composite Bridge Design

APPENDIX CB - COMPOSITE BRIDGE, 24 M SPAN, 7.32 m Width

The following calculations is an example of a documentation for a composite bridge with a

Figure Longitudinal section

Figure Typical cross section

Four design conditions are checked:

Ethiopian Roads Authority Page CB-1

CB.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

The calculations are based on: ERA BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL-2002

Resistance factors – steel (Table 10-2)

Resistance factors – concrete (Table 9-7)

Flexure of reinforced concrete φ = 0.9

E- modulus: 200 000 Mpa Section 10.1

AASHTO Designation: M270 -Grade 345 Table 10-1

AASHTO Designation: M270 -Grade 250 Table 10-1

Fy = 345 MPa (minimum yield strength)

Page CB-2 Ethiopian Roads Authority

Poisson ratio: 0.2 Section 9.3

fc' = 20 Mpa Table 9-1

Density: γc = 2400 kg/m3 Section 9.3

Ec = 0.043*γc 1.5*SQR(fc') Equation 9.3

Concrete cross section area transferred to equivalent steel area.

CB.2 COMPUTER PROGRAMS

Following PC-programs have been used:

• Main analysis: STAAD3, ver 22.0

Ethiopian Roads Authority Page CB-3

CB.3 STRUCTURAL CROSS SECTIONS

Steel cross section

Bottom flange 400x35

Figure Steel cross section

Concrete slab - Effective flange width

*) exclusive edge beam

The effective flange width shall be taken as the minimum of:

Page CB-4 Ethiopian Roads Authority

Cross section for Strength loadcase

Cross section for Service and Fatigue loadcase

CB.4 BASIC LOADS

Dead load of steel is 79 kN/m3 Table 3-4

For one beam, the dead load is assumed to be

The following is calculated for one girder.

The railing including posts is estimated to 2.75 kN/m.

A = 1.81*0.258 + 0.4*(0.4-0.24)= 0.531 m2

Slab between girders.

The slab has a thickness of 0.28 m

Ethiopian Roads Authority Page CB-5

Total load from concrete:

DCc = 2.75 + 24*(0.531+0.632)= 30.7 kN/m

DW = 0.05*22.5= 1.125 kN/m2

Or for one girder

DW = 1.125*7.32/2 = 4.1 kN/m

Strength and service load combinations

Number of lanes: 7.32/3=2 Section 3.8

Lane load: (Section 3.8)

LL = 9.3 kN/m (per lane; design lane=3.0m)

Page CB-6 Ethiopian Roads Authority

Truck load (Section 3.8)

Tandem load (Section 3.8)

Fatigue load combination

Number of lanes: 1 (Section 3.8)

Truck load (Section 3.8)

Ethiopian Roads Authority Page CB-7

Note: a is 9000 for fatigue load Section 3.8

Dynamic Load Allowance - IM

Ec = 0.043γc 1.5SQR(fc') Equation 9.3

A = 1.810.258 + 0.4(0.4-0.24)= 0.531 m2

N = 36575nADDTSL = 365751102 = 2.8E6 according to AASHTO ch 6.6.1.2.4

M = 1.25ql2/8 = 1.2538.8*242/8 = 3492 kNm

Dcp <= 15/23.76Sqr(2E5/345) = 679

Bf <= 2201.38Sqr(2E5/(238Sqr(2*824/15)) = 494

Dcp <= 14/23.76Sqr(E/Fyc) = 633