12.

6 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
12.7 HEALTH ISSUES RELATED TO THE HUMAN
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENDOCRINE AND
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Endocrine system
ductless endocrine gland
message in form of chemical
substance (hormones)
carried by blood to target
organs
response takes a longer time to
occur
long term effect
one hormone produce response
in various organs
Nervous system
network of million neurones
message in the form of
electrical impulse
impulse transmitted along axon
and dendrites
response takes shorter time to
occur
short term effect
one impulse produce response
on one organ
 HOW HORMONES ARE TRANSPORTED
TO TARGETED CELLS?

8/17/2020
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GLAND AND THE HORMONES

8/17/2020
 1. PITUITARY GLAND
 Pituitary gland (master gland) controlled by
hypothalamus and secretes:-

8/17/2020
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GLAND AND THE
HORMONES

 Pituitary gland (master gland) controlled by hypothalamus and secretes:

 GH (growth hormone): increase growth during childhood (maintain healthy

muscle and bone mass)

 ACTH (adrenocorticotropic): stimulate adrenal cortex release hormones

 TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone): stimulate thyroxin secretion (metabolism

level)

 LH (luteinising hormone): stimulate ovulation

 FSH (follicle stimulating hormone): stimulate spermatogenesis and follicles

development in the ovary

 Oxytocin: promote milk flow in nursing mother, cause contraction of uterus in

pregnant woman

 ADH (antidiuretic): regulate water balance in body

 2. THYROID GLAND
 Secretes thyroxine

 Stimulates growth

 Mental development

 Regulate metabolic rate

8/17/2020
 4. PANCREAS
 Produces:

 Insulin (convert glucose to glycogen) – reduce sugar level

 Glucagon (convert glycogen to glucose) – increase sugar level

8/17/2020
 5. ADRENAL GLAND
 Adrenal gland (kidney at the medulla part) produces:

 Adrenaline– respond to emergency case

 Aldosterone: controls absorption of sodium ions in kidneys

8/17/2020
 6. OVARY GLAND
 Ovaries gland produces:

 Oestrogen: develop sexual organ and sexual characteristic

 Progesterone: thickening of uterine during pregnancy, inhibit

ovulation during pregnancy

8/17/2020
 6. TESTES GLAND
 Testes gland produces:

 Testosterone: promote growth of sexual organ in male (body

hair, facial hair, deepening of voice)

 GH: sent to bone

 Prolactin: sent to ovary

 ACTH: sent to kidney

 TSH: in thyroid gland

 LH, FSH: in female and male sex organ

 ADH: sent to kidney

 Oxytocin: sent to ovary

 Insulin and glucagon: in pancreas and liver

 Progesterone and oestrogen: in ovary

 Thyroxine: in all tissues

 Testosterone: in male sex organ

  Emergency case (in fear, danger):

Hypothalamus send Increase production Increase breathing

impulse to adrenal of adrenaline and rate, increase blood
gland noradrenaline sugar level

Heart contraction increases (pump more oxygen and breakdown more

glucose to supply energy to muscle cell)
EFFECT OF HORMONAL IMBALANCE
 GH:

 Too much: gigantism;

 Too low: dwarfism

EFFECT OF HORMONAL IMBALANCE
Thyroxine:
 Too low: hyporthyroidism – sensitive to cold, tiredness, weight gain

 Too high: high metabolic rate, excessive sweating, rapid heart rate
(reduction of weight) – hyperthyroidism)
Goitre
enlargement of thyroid gland in neck lack of Iodine
Over production of thyroxine
 EFFECT OF
HORMONAL IMBALANCE

 Insulin:
 High: hypoglycaemia (weight gain, hunger feeling; as glucose
being stored all the time)
 Low: diabetes mellitus (can’t produce or can’t use)

 ADH:
 High: too much IF in body (oedema) – keeps more water
 Low: high urine production (dehydration; diabetes insipidus) –
loses more water