1.

Critically evaluates the concept of Demography and analyzes its current trends with the help of
relevant examples?

 Demography :-
Demography is defined as the statistical study of populations, especially human beings.
Demographic analysis may cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as
education, nationality, religion, and ethnicity.

OR

Demography is the scientific study of human populations specially with respect to their size,
their structure and their development. it takes into account the quantitative aspects of their
general characteristics.  The best meaning of demography that I prefer the most is that the  it is
the branch of social sciences that are concerned with the study of human populations, their
strengths, their structure and change (through births, deaths, and migration), and their
relationship with the natural environment and with social and economic change.
One definition among many is “Demography is the study that may be identified as natality,
mortality, territorial movement (migration), and social mobility (change of status).

Around the whole world populations are aging. This might be a relatively new
demographic phenomenon because for most of human history populations were
young and lives were short. Population aging is largely caused by two main
demographic trends. Most obviously, people today are living longer than before and
they turned advanced. A second and less obvious cause of population aging is maybe
a risk of a decline in the birth rate. With lower birth rates, younger generations are
smaller relative to older generations, due to which raising the average age of the
population. There are other demographic processes that affect aging, including
migration, but they generally play a smaller role.
Here are the trends in the United States, starting with improvements in life
expectancy and their implications for the individual life cycle.

Current trends about demography with examples :-

1.Women’s role in the labor force and leadership positions has grown
immediately:-
 The labor force participation rate for the country American women has risen steadily since
the 1960s. In fact, all the  mothers were the sole or primary breadwinner in a record 40% of
all households with children in 2011. The gender pay gap has been narrowed over this
period of time, especially for young women just entering the labor force, but it still persists.
As we know that more women have entered the workforce, the share of women in top
 leadership jobs has risen, but they still make up a very small share of the nation’s political
and business leaders relative to men. 

2. The Demographic Drivers of Aging :-

The amount of aging the U.S. population will experience in the future mostly depends on
trends such as in mortality, fertility, and migration. In general, the lower the levels of fertility,
oldness, mortality, and migration, the older the population will become. It should be stressed that
if the infant and younger-adult mortality rates remain relatively low for a prolonged time, as has
been the case in most developed countries for many decades it must changes in life expectancy at
older ages become increasingly important to changes in overall life expectancy for sure. The
demographic assumptions are somehow described as fertility, mortality, and migration.

3. INDICATORS OF POPULATION AGING AND ITS ECONOMIC

IMPACT:-
Demographers and economists use a very strict range of indicators to compare
the degree of population aging over time and between countries. The most basic and
important fact of these measures can be calculated for all countries but have
shortcomings that limit their usefulness , the more complex ones require more
detailed data but are much better suited to analyses of the economic impact of
aging. One of the main key point is that the correspondence between chronological
age on the one hand and health and vitality on the other has changed dramatically in
recent decades, as reflected as in the popular saying we heared that “70 is the new
60.”

4. UNCERTAINTY IN POPULATION PROJECTIONS:-

It is obvious that many of the assumptions are required for a population
projection. Painful actions that are happening now a days are such as raising the
retirement age might be taken. Demographers and statisticians have mainly used it
for four different methods to assess the uncertainty of population projections. The
traditional method, which can be called “scenarios,” is familiar to all that The
projections are made in high, medium, and low variants, based on expert opinion
about how high or low each of the key inputs fertility, mortality, and net
immigration might be happening in current situation. This is certainly helpful, but
there are difficulties with this approach.
5.Ethnicity:

It is another factor/trend retailers consider when choosing merchandise to carry.

Data show that ethnicity affects spending habits as much as other demographic
characteristics, such as income and age. Tastes in goods and services sometimes
vary between ethnic groups, and local retailers are wise  to cater to the different
needs of ethnic groups in their trade area. Ethnicity influences retailers the product
mix, including the lines of clothing they carry, and their advertising. Retailers that
use segmentation based on race and ethnic groups must to make sure their efforts
effectively measure the exactly true preferences and behaviors of the community.
6. The world’s religious makeup will look a lot different by 2050:-

 Over the next four decades, Christians will remain the largest religious group, but
Islam will grow more faster than any other major religion, mostly because Muslims are
younger and have more children than any other religious group globally. By 2050, it is
assuming that the number of Muslims will nearly equal the number of Christians. In the
U.S., the Muslim population will remain small, but is projected to grow rapidly.

7. Comparison between the Primary Trade Area with Other Areas:-

Demographic statistics are especially useful if they are presented in comparison
with many other places. To see how your trade area differs from other places, it
is useful to provide two comparison sets of data: 1. comparable communities and
2. the state or United States as a whole. Comparing or discussing your trade
area with other communities and the states will allows demographic baselines to
be established. These baselines will helps sometime to determine whether your
trade area has low, median, or high values in each demographic category.

For example, after examining demographics for your examine of trade area, it
may appear that there is a high proportion of white-collar workers. However, this
observation cannot be verified until you know what constitutes an average
number of white-collar workers.

8.The share of Americans who live in middle class households is shrinking day
by day:-

The share of U.S. adults that are living in middle-income households fell in 50%  in
2015, after it more than four decades in which those households served as the nation’s
economic majority. And the financial gaps between middle- and upper-income
Americans have tight and widened, with upper-income households holding 49% of U.S.
aggregate household income up from 29% in 1970 and this as somehow nearly seven
times as much wealth as middle-income households up from three times as much in
1983. Mostly American people says that the government do nothing hardwork to help
the middle class families, and neither political party is widely viewed as a champion for
middle-class interests.

For example I have mentioned a table of share of adults living in middle income
household is falling:-

Low income Middle income Upper income

2015:- 29% 50% 21%

1971:- 25% 61% 14%

9.People that are financially affected by COVID-19 outbreak are experiencing

more psychological distress than others:-

Health experts have been concerned about the potential mental health effects of the corona virus
outbreak in the United States, and also mental health hotlines report a substantial uptick in calls
since the outbreak began. Nearly one-in-five U.S. adults (18%) say they have had a physical
reaction at least some or a little of the time when thinking about the outbreak, according to a new
Pew Research Center survey conducted March 19-24. This is particularly true of those who were
affected financially. When asked more broadly how they’ve felt and a look in the past seven
days, not in the context of the corona virus outbreak, 18% report experiencing nervousness or
anxiety most or all of the time during the past week and it assumes that it is much more difficult
to handle this situation for the needy and poor. For context, a 2018 federal survey  which was not
taken in the midst of a national crisis that have been found 9% of U.S. adults reported feeling
nervous most or all of time over the past 30 days, indicating that the current level might be above
normal. People who report difficulty dealing with child and care responsibilities during
this time of school closings and work from home obligations about one-third of those
with young children may be experiencing more higher levels of psychological distress.
Among those who have children under 12 living in the home and who say that child care
responsibilities during the outbreak have been somewhat or very difficult, 34% fall into
the high distress group, a number that rises to 42% among women.
10.The shift in global migration:-
One of the most significant and important demographic trends today is global
migration’s rapid rise. Today, 244 million people lives far from their countries or outside
their birth countries three times the rate in 1960. The migrant population would rank as
the fifth largest country in the worldwide. Athough the European refugee crisis has
received much more attention, Dimock said once that, it actually is only a small part of
the broader global migration picture. Some people relocate due to violence or weather,
he said, but the biggest driver is opportunity.Migrants “aren’t necessarily fleeing
something in particular but it is due to moving toward something better,” Dimock said.
In our interconnected world, people see much better options available for their children
and families, than he said, noting this is especially true of those moving from middle-
income nations to high-income nations.this is very important trend nowadays.

11.Socioeconomic and Geographic Variations in U.S. Life Expectancy:-

In addition to between-country variation in life expectancy there is substantial

within-country variation, e.g., among racial and ethnic groups, among states and
counties, and among groups with different levels of education and income. presents
life expectancy for whites and blacks in 2008. White life expectancy at birth exceeds
black life expectancy by 5 years (75.9 vs. 70.9) among males and by 3.4 years (80.8
vs. 77.4) among females. By age 65, these racial differences have declined to 1.8
years for males and 1.0 year for females. Analyses of ethnic differences usually find
mortality among Hispanics to be lower than among whites. This so-called “Hispanic
paradox” is probably due to a selection for good health among immigrants from
Latin America and a tendency of Hispanic immigrants to return to theirLarge
mortality differences due to education level are found in the United States as well as
in other countries. As shown in Table 3-3, life expectancy at age 25 in 1998 was 7.6
years less for males with less than 9 years of schooling compared to males with 13
or more years of schooling. Among females the difference between these two groups
was 4.9 years. At age 65 these differences narrowed but remained a substantial 3.4
years for males and 2.5 years for females. A more recent analysis of trends through
2008 found that adults with fewer than 12 years of education in 2008 had life
expectancies similar to the U.S. average in the 1950s and 1960s.

12.Marriage and Cohabitation in the U.S:-

One of the most global demographic trend is marriage and cohabation. As more U.S.
adults are delaying marriage – or forgoing it altogether – the share who have ever lived
with an unmarried partner has been on the rise. Amid these changes, most Americans
find cohabitation acceptable, even for couples who don’t plan to get married, according
to a new Pew Research Center survey. Even so, a narrow majority says society is better
off if couples in long-term relationships eventually get married.

The survey also examines how adults who are married and those who are living with an
unmarried partner are experiencing their relationships. It finds that married adults are
more satisfied with their relationship and more trusting of their partners than those who
are cohabiting.