Impacts of Technological Advancements in The Modern and Present Times UPDATED

IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCEMENTS IN THE MODERN AND MODULE 5

PRESENT TIMES
GEC108 - STS
Learning Outcome
By the end of this module, the students should be able to:

 explain why the first industrial revolution began in Britain;
 relate the consequences of technological advancements to the
transformation of the British society in the 19th century;
 describe how the digital age and globalization has shaped
society in present times; and
 articulate their thoughts on how social media and the online
networking sites have affected them as members of the society
living in present day.
THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 2
Lecture Outline
1. The First Industrial Revolution 4. The Third Industrial (Digital)

(1750-1860) Revolution (1970-2015)
a. Historical Background a. Computers
b. The Second Agricultural b. Rise of Robotics and Automation
Revolution c. Impacts of the Internet: Ultra-fast
c. Why did it start in Britain? Communication and Network
building
2. Results of the 1st Industrial
Revolution 5. The Fourth Industrial Revolution:
a. Social Effects of the 1st IR Industry 4.0 (2015-today)
b. The Labor Reforms a. Faster Paced Development
b. Impacts of Social Media
3. The Second Industrial c. What awaits us in the future…
Revolution (1870-1914)
Useful Resources
1. Buchanan, R. A., "History of Technology." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., October 20, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-
technology
2. Mayne, R. J., Herrin, J. E., et. al. "History of Europe." Encyclopædia Britannica,
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., February 04, 2020,
https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe
3. Sheldon, P., Rauschnabel, P. A., & Honeycutt, J. M. (2019). Social Media and Mental and
Physical Health. The Dark Side of Social Media, 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-
815917-0.00001-0
4. Sheldon, P., Rauschnabel, P. A., & Honeycutt, J. M. (2019). Social Media Privacy. The
Dark Side of Social Media, 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815917-0.00008-3
5. BBC Documentary. August 9, 2018. The Industrial Revolution | BBC Documentary.
[Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYln_S2PVYA
6. CrashCourse. September 25, 2018. The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course History of
Science #21 [Video]. https://youtu.be/FCpqN7GmLYk
Useful Resources
7. CrashCourse. November 5, 2019. The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course European
History #24 [Video]. https://youtu.be/zjK7PWmRRyg
8. CrashCourse. August 30, 2012. The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course World History #32
[Video]. https://youtu.be/zhL5DCizj5c
9. It’s History. March 25, 2015. The Workers Rights Revolution | THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
[Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gZaCpQcQPg
10.Reel Truth History Documentaries. November 26, 2018. Private Life Of the Industrial
Revolution: Social Change | History Documentary | Reel Truth History [Video].
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6As8AIbKK5Q
11.Whaptors. March 9, 2015. Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution [Video].
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RbBx9BDBJCM
12.Whaptors. March 6, 2015. Spread of the Industrial Revolution [Video].
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jeJn0WyrgY
13.Vice. February 13, 2018. The Third Industrial Revolution: A Radical New Sharing Economy
[Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX3M8Ka9vUA
DEFINITION
Industry 1 (Merriam-Webster.com/dictionary)
– manufacturing activity as a whole
– a distinct group of productive or profit-making
enterprises
– a department or branch of a craft, art, business, or
manufacture—one that employs a large personnel and
capital especially in manufacturing
– systematic labor especially for some useful purpose or
the creation of something of value
DEFINITION
Revolution 2 (Merriam-Webster.com/dictionary)
– a sudden, radical, or complete change
– a fundamental change in political organization—the
overthrow or renunciation of one government or ruler and
the substitution of another by the governed
– activity or movement designed to effect fundamental
changes in the socioeconomic situation
– a fundamental change in the way of thinking about or
visualizing something—a change of paradigm
– a changeover in use or preference especially in technology
DEFINITION
Industrial Revolution (Britannica.com)
– in modern history, the process of change from an
agrarian and handicraft economy to one
dominated by industry and machine
manufacturing
THE FOUR INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS In a nutshell…
THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL 1750-1860
REVOLUTION
1. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Why did the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION happen?

Why did it happen in 18th century Britain?
You can watch THIS documentary after reading
through the first two parts of the module as a
summary.
a. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• The industrial revolution started in the United Kingdom in the early 18th century.
The Act of Union uniting England and Scotland ushered in a sustained period of
internal peace and an internal free market without internal trade barriers. Britain
had a reliable and fast developing banking sector, a modern legal framework and
system to enforce the rule of law, and a developing transportation system.
• But an ancient Greek or Roman would have been just as comfortable in Europe in
1700 because daily life was not much different—agriculture and technology
were not much changed in 2000+ years.
• The First Industrial Revolution changed human life drastically that more was
created in the last 250+ years than in the previous 2500+ years of known human
history.
a. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• Commercial Revolution (15th, 16th, and 17th centuries)
Europeans were able to expand their power worldwide by:
Increasing geographic knowledge (expeditions)
Building colonies in the Americas and Asia
Increasing trade and commerce
• Scientific Revolution (17th and 18th centuries) – set the information base for the
technological advancements in 19th century
Discoveries of Boyle, Lavoisier, Newton, etc.
• Intellectual Revolution (17th and 18th centuries) – created an atmosphere of discovery
and free intellectual inquiry and provided greater knowledge of the world
Writings of Locke, Voltaire, etc.
Weakened superstition and tradition
Encouraged learning and the search for better and newer ways of doing things
b. The Second Agricultural Revolution Crop Rotation and New Crops
Farming was already practiced by  Norfolk four-course system – characterized by an
Europeans (1st Agricultural Revolution) at emphasis on fodder crops and by the absence of a
fallow year, which had characterized earlier
this time but was improved by several methods. Farm owners also experimented on new
factors. These are among the numerous crops imported from other places like corn.
contributions: Scientific Methods of Livestock Breeding
The Enclosure Movement  Robert Bakewell – He travelled extensively and
 large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges; collected sheep and cattle that he considered
wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once useful (by visual appraisal). It is thought that he
owned by village farmers with the help of the made wide outcrosses of diverse breeds, and then
Parliament. practiced inbreeding to fix desirable
New Machinery characteristics in the crossbred animals.
 Jethro Tull’s seed drill – economically sowed the  Overall, there was an increase in food
seeds in neat rows; this was a notable advance production that greatly supported an
over the usual practice of scattering the seeds by increase in life expectancy and population.
hand. At what age did you think people live up to before the modern times? Read more HERE.
b. The Second Agricultural Revolution
[Photograph of enclosures] (n.d.). https://socialchangecourse.wordpress.com/

Enclosures, as well as more efficient [Diagram of the Norfolk system of crop rotation] (n.d.).
https://raquelaliaga.wixsite.com/thetimejournal-4cd/single-post/1740/07/13/Farmers-Invent-
methods of farming, forced poor farmers to a-new-system-in-Norfolk
move out of the countryside and find other Norfolk four-course system has contributed to the agrarian
jobs in the big cities. revolution, with an increase on productivity, leaving food for the
livestock and avoiding the fallow.
b. The Second Agricultural Revolution
• Because of Jethro Tull’s seed drill, seed sowing became faster and more precise than doing it by hand. It
was considered as one of the breakthroughs in farm machineries at that time.
• Nowadays, automated seed drill tractors, like the one on the picture on the right, are used for sowing
which uses a similar process but is much more efficient.
Jethro Tull’s seed drill (click the photo to view the demonstration video) Seed drill today (click the photo to view the demonstration video)
(Kumar, M., 2010) (SIMA, 2014)
[Drawing of Jethro Tull’s seed drill] (n.d.). https://socialchangecourse.wordpress.com/ [Photo of a John Deere seed drill tractor] (n.d.). https://www.deere.com/sub-
saharan/en/seeding-equipment/bd11-series-end-wheel-grain-drill/
c. Why did it start in Britain?
• Aside from the significant progress from recent revolutions in Europe, it was notable that
Great Britain had abundant resources that supported industrialization. Here are the ones
identified by historians:
Local &
Human
Capital International
Resources
Markets
Raw
Materials & Geography
Technology
During the 11th up to the middle of the18th century, economy and society in Europe changed fundamentally. The introduction of new products,
such as potatoes, tobacco, coffee or maize, affected society as the import of silver increased international trade. The commercial revolution of the late
Middle Ages had already opened up new trade routes and stimulated innovative business practices. This also saw the rise of banking and formation of
join-stock companies. The maritime expansion contributed to an accumulation of wealth, growth of the middle classes and a rise of entrepreneurship
that supported the Industrial Revolution.
1. Capital – The Commercial Revolution made many English merchants very wealthy. These merchants had the capital to invest
in the factory system—money to buy buildings, machinery, and raw materials. Along with the rise of new inventions, especially
in the manufacturing industry, the production rate of top products also increased.
Domestic System of Production –“Putting Out” system
• English merchants introduced the finishing trades to England, including the spinning, weaving and dyeing of wool.
• In order to avoid the traditional town and guild restrictions, English merchants moved the wool textile industries to the
countryside (hence, “putting out”).
• The merchant acted as contractor who subcontracted the finishing trades out to individuals who did the work on their own,
usually in their own homes.
• Women: In the Domestic System, the work was usually done by women, especially in the spinning and weaving components of
the trade [Domestic System was also used in some parts of England’s iron industries (ex., pins and pots)].
Factory System – developed to replace the domestic system of production
• Faster method of production and workers concentrated in a set location
• Production anticipated demand – E.g. Under the domestic system, a woman might select fabric and have a businessperson give
it to a home-based worker to make into a dress. Under the factory system, the factory owner bought large lots of popular fabrics
and had workers create multiple dresses in common sizes, anticipating that women would buy them.
c. Why did it start in Britain? Capital (Factory System)
Table 1. The Differences in the Manufacturing Process between the Domestic System and Factory System
Domestic System Factory System
Methods Hand tools Machines
Location Home Factory
Ownership and Small hand tools owned by worker Large power-driven machines owned by the capitalist
kinds of tools
Production Small-scale production; products sold only to local Large-scale production; products sold to a world-wide
Output market; manufactured on a per-order basis market; manufactured in anticipation of demand
Nature of Work Worker manufactured entire item Worker typically made one part of the larger whole;
Done Henry Ford’s assembly line (early 20th century) kept
workers stationary
Hours of Work Worker worked as much as he/she would and Worker worked set daily hours
could, according to demand
Worker Worker had multiple sources of sustenance— Worker relied entirely on capitalist for his/her income—
Dependence on other employers, own garden or farm, and urban living made personal farming and gardening
Employer outside farm labor impractical
2. Human Resources
• The Commercial Revolution gave rise to Mercantilism which sought a favourable balance of trade,
maximizing exports and minimizing imports. One of its principles was that a state should acquire
colonies as a source of raw materials to be used in the production of finished goods. It also
encouraged utilizing the colonies for overseas production.
• Mercantilism also encouraged the government to keep wages low, which would have the effect of
driving down local consumption and, therefore, increasing the amount of finished products that
could be exported for profit.
• England had more colonies than any other nation which gave them access to enormous amounts of
raw materials, such as cotton.
• Colonies had rich textile industries for centuries. Many of the natural cloths popular today, such as
calico and gingham, were originally created in India. Silk was also sourced from China.
• In Britain, cloths were mostly made from wool and linen but the introduction of other textiles, the
demand for other types of clothing increased. The Textile Industry was the first to be mechanized.
3. Local & International Markets
• Following the discovery of a trade route to India around southern Africa by the Portuguese, the
Dutch established the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (abbr. VOC) or Dutch East India Company,
the world's first transnational corporation and the first multinational enterprise to issue shares of
stock to the public.
• The British later founded the East India Company, along with smaller companies of different
nationalities which established trading posts and employed agents to engage in trade throughout the
Indian Ocean region and between the Indian Ocean region and North Atlantic Europe.
• One of the largest segments of this trade was in cotton textiles, which were purchased in India and
sold in Southeast Asia, including the Indonesian archipelago, where spices were purchased for sale
to Southeast Asia and Europe.
• By the mid-1760s cloth was over three-quarters of the East India Company's exports. Indian textiles
were in demand in North Atlantic region of Europe where previously only wool and linen were
available; however, the amount of cotton goods consumed in Western Europe was minor until the
early 19th century.
4. Raw Materials & Technology
• Raw materials that were abundant included iron and coal which were both mined
• These mining sites were usually submerged in a body of water. This was the reason why practical
inventors began to develop machines that removed all the water and expose the mining sites.
Thomas Newcomen’s steam-powered engine in 1712 was the most
Schematic efficient at that time for almost 50 years.
Newcomen • The engine was operated by condensing steam drawn into the cylinder,
engine. thereby creating a partial vacuum which allowed the atmospheric
Steam (pink), pressure to push the piston into the cylinder.
water (blue) –
Valves open • Newcomen engines were used throughout Britain and Europe,
(green), valves principally to pump water out of mines. Hundreds were constructed
closed (red)
through the 18th century.
This pumping engine allowed more coal and iron to be mined which were
the key to the production of new, more powerful machines. Before coal, wood
was used as fuel which was far less efficient and more expensive to source.
(Emoscopes, 2006)
Click the picture to view the
c. Why did it start in Britain? video. [Video] (Videopedia,
2014)
4. Raw Materials & Technology
(Science Museum, London, 1788)
James Watt’s engine in 1769 was an improved version of the
Newcomen engine.
• The separation of the cylinder and condenser eliminated the
loss of heat that occurred when steam was condensed in the
working cylinder of a Newcomen engine. This gave the Watt
engine greater efficiency than the Newcomen engine, reducing
the amount of coal consumed while doing the same amount of
work as a Newcomen engine.
By this time, even more coal were mined that,

eventually, fueled more machines. Steel was James Watt's
rotative steam
produced in the late 1850s and was used to
engine with sun-
manufacture tools, machine parts, and and-planet gear,
construction materials because it was more original drawing,
durable than iron. 1788
4. Raw Materials & Technology – Steel Production
• By 1850, the age of iron had become fully established.
But for many uses, wrought iron was inferior to steel. The
wear and tear on wrought iron machine parts and rails
made them expensive in use, and for many uses,
especially in machines and construction, wrought iron
was insufficiently tenacious and elastic.
• The problem was not to make steel; the problem was to
make cheap steel. As is well-known, this problem was
definitively solved by Henry Bessemer (Bessemer
Converter) in 1856. The abundance of coal supported
this industry. To keep up with the rise in demand of coal,
mining methods were also improved. Bessemer Converter
(Kelham Island Museum, England, 2010)
4. Raw Materials & Technology – The Textile Industry
Flying shuttle showing metal capped ends, • In 1733, John Kay received a patent for his most
wheels, and a pirn of weft thread revolutionary device: a "wheeled shuttle" for the hand
loom. It greatly accelerated weaving.
• It was designed for the broad loom, for which it saved
(Meskauskas, A., 2007)
labour over the traditional process, needing only one
operator per loom (before Kay's improvements a
Shuttles today second worker was needed to catch the shuttle).
• He always called this invention a "wheeled shuttle",
but others used the name "fly-shuttle" (and later,
"flying shuttle") because of its continuous speed,
especially when a young worker was using it in a
narrow loom.
(Spashett, L.,, A., 2009)
Model of spinning jenny in the Museum of • The spinning jenny was invented by James
Early Industrialisation, Wuppertal, Germany
Hargreaves in 1765.
Click the picture to view the video. [Video]
(Christian Shively, 2016) • At the time, cotton production could not keep up
with demand of the textile industry, and
Hargreaves spent some time considering how to
improve the process.
• The flying shuttle (John Kay 1733) had increased
yarn demand by the weavers by doubling their
productivity, and now the spinning jenny could
supply that demand by increasing the spinners'
productivity even more. The machine produced
coarse thread.
(Schweiß, M., 2004) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 26
Richard Arkwright's famous spinning machine. • Richard Arkwright teamed up with John Kay and by the
Later it came to be called a Water Frame. late 1760's they had a workable machine that could spin
four strands of cotton yarn at the same time. He paid for a
patent in 1769 to stop others copying his invention.
• This (picture) spinning machine spins 96 strands of yarn
at once. It was one of many similar machines installed in
mills in Derbyshire and Lancashire and powered by
waterwheels, so they were called Water Frames.
• His machines did not need skilled operators so Arkwright
Click the paid unskilled women and others to work on them. His
picture to
view the
spinning mills were the earliest examples of factories
video. where hundreds of workers had to keep pace with the
[Video]
(Patrick Reed, speed of the machines.
2016) (BBC, n.d.) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 27
• In 1779, Samuel Crompton produced a machine that
An early spinning mule: showing the gearing in simultaneously drew out and gave the final twisting to the
the headstock cotton fibres fed into it, reproducing mechanically the
(Baines, 1835)
actions of hand spinning. Probably the machine was
called a (spinning) mule because it was a cross between
the machines invented by Richard Arkwright and James
Hargreaves.
• His machine vastly increased productivity, making it
possible for a single operator to work more than 1,000
spindles simultaneously, and it was capable of spinning
fine as well as coarse yarn. Several further modifications
were introduced in Britain and the United States, but the
Click the picture to view a video of an improved version of a Crompton mule effectively put yarn spinning on a mass
spinning mule. [Video] (leedsmuseums, 2019)
production basis.
Power Loom invented in 1785 • In 1785, Edmund Cartwright patented a power
(Haberkern, R., 22019)
loom which used water power to speed up the
weaving process, the predecessor to the modern
power loom. More designs and wider cloths were
weaved in less time with almost no human effort.
• With the increased speed of weaving, weavers were
able to use more thread than spinners could produce.
• His was not a commercially successful machine; his
looms had to be stopped to dress the warp. Over the
next decades, Cartwright's ideas were modified into a
reliable automatic loom. Improvements were made by
other inventors in the years that followed.
Click the picture to view a video. [Video]
(WobblyBoater, 2012) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 29
Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin, 18th Century • In 1794, U.S.-born inventor Eli Whitney patented
(ScienceSource, n.d.)
the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the
production of cotton by greatly speeding up the
process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. By the
mid-19th century, cotton had become America’s
leading export.
• His invention offered Southern planters a
justification to maintain and expand slavery even as
a growing number of Americans supported its
abolition.
Click the picture to view a video of a working model of • For his work, aside from cotton production, he is
a cotton gin. [Video] (Lindy Miller, 2013) credited as a pioneer of American manufacturing.
Elias Howe’s First Sewing Machine • Elias Howe, American inventor whose sewing
(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009)
machine helped revolutionize garment manufacture in the
factory and in the home.
• While working in a cotton machinery factory, it was
suggested to him that the man who invented a machine
that could sew would earn a fortune.
• For five years Howe spent all his spare time in the
development of a practical sewing machine, and in 1846
he was granted a patent for it. The machine attracted little
attention in the United States at first, and, when a fortune
was not forthcoming, Howe sold the patent rights in
England for £250 ($1,250).
5. Geography ^
N
• Great Britain did not suffer fighting on
its land during the wars of the 18th
century.
• Island has excellent harbors and ports.
• Damp climate benefited the textile
industry because thread did not dry out.
• There were no internal trade barriers.
• With the improvement of steel production and coal mining
and increase in supply of products came improvements in the
other aspects of the manufacturing industry:
 Transportation Revolution
Why does one
 Communications Revolution
invention or
 Printing Revolution development
usually lead to
another?
• Textiles & other goods increase in production  need for
4. Geography
better & faster transportation to get goods to markets for sale
 Transportation Revolution
• Leads to improvements to roads, canals, railroads, steamboats
I. Water Transportation
o 1807: Robert Fulton (American) builds first steamboat, the Clermont
o England’s water transport improved by system of canals
(Alexisrawl, 2013)
(G.F. and E.B. Bensell, 1870) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 34
c. Why did it start in II.Road Transportation
Britain? o British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads
4. Geography o Strong, hard roads invented by Thomas Telford and John McAdam
 Transportation o Improvement over dirt and gravel roads
Revolution o Macadamized roads have a smooth, hard surface that supports
heavy loads without requiring a thick roadbed
Laying Telford paving in Aspinwall, Pennsylvania, 1908
Construction of the
first macadamized
road in the United
States (1823). In the
foreground, workers
are breaking stones
c. Why did it start in Britain? III.Railway Age
4. Geography Steam-Driven Locomotives
 Transportation o 1804: Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven
Revolution locomotive
o 1825: George Stephenson builds world’s first railroad
A drawing of line
Stephenson’s Rocket The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
o Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to
Manchester
o 1829: Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as best
locomotive
Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain
• Cheap way to transport goods & people o Railroads spur industrial growth = create jobs
• Also boosted agricultural & fishing o Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people
industry because goods could be move to cities
transported before spoiling THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 36
c. Why did it start in Britain? • Samuel F.B. Morse (American)
4. Geography
oTelegraph (1844)
 Communications Revolution
oRapid communication across
Key-type Morse telegraph transmitter
continents
• Cyrus W. Field (American)
oAtlantic cable (1866)
oUnited States and Europe connected
by cable
The telegraph register
receives a transmitted • Alexander Graham Bell (American)
signal and transcribes oTelephone (1876)
the Morse Code
symbols onto a strip of oHuman speech heard across
paper wound from the
continents
spools.
4. Geography • Printing –1800-1830 could create a “line of
 Printing Revolution o Iron printing press type” all at one go,
o Steam-driven press rather than having to
• Rotary press –1870 individually set each
o Invented by Richard letter
Hoe • Newspapers became
o Printed both sides of a much cheaper to
page at once produce
• Linotype machine –1886 o Cost of a newspaper
o Invented by Ottmar plummeted
Mergenthaler o Number of newspapers
o A machine operator increased
Linotype machine Model 6, built in
1965 (Deutsches Museum)
The industrialization
that began in Great
Britain spreads to
other parts of the
world.
Why do you think
advancements in
transportation and
communication
played a crucial role
in the spread of
https://tomeastham.weebly.com/uploads/3/0/0/8/30089909/6904961_orig.png
industrialization? THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 39
THE RESULTS OF THE 1 ST Socio-Economic
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Effects of 1IR
2. THE RESULTS OF THE 1 ST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
What happened to the society as the drastic changes

in the economy continued?
What makes the 1st Industrial Revolution a pivotal
event in the modern human civilization?
THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS
• Social Classes - a division of a society based on social and economic status
• Before the Industrial Revolution, British economy was fundamentally agricultural.
There was only two classes the upper and lower.
• Because of the commercial revolution, there was more monetary power given to the
merchants and skilled craftsmen. There were three distinct social classes:
‒ the Upper Class (did not usually perform manual labor; were landowners and hired lower class
workers to work for them, or made investments to create a profit),
‒ the Middle Class (the merchants, artisans, shopkeepers, and skilled government and bank
employees; referred to as the Bourgeoisie; can support themselves and their families), and
‒ the Lower Class (those who were helpless and depended on the support of others; poor and young
orphans relied on donations to survive; unskilled women became prostitutes).
• The upper class was subdivided into: Royal, those who came from a royal family,
Middle Upper, important officers and lords, and Lower Upper, wealthy men and
business owners.
• The middle class was subdivided into two: the Higher Level and Lower Level. Those
in the lower level usually work for the higher level.
THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS

• However, during the Industrial Revolution, British economy switched to industrial
products. This created a new middle class—the Working Class.
• Working Class
– consisted of unskilled laborers who worked in brutal and unsanitary conditions in the
factories
– did not have access to clean water and food, education for their children, or proper clothing
– lived on the streets and were far from the work they could get, so they would have to walk
to where they needed to get to
– Unfortunately, many workers resorted to the use of drugs like opium and alcohol to cope
with their hardships.
• The factory system changed the
way people lived and worked,
introducing a variety of problems.
Factories pay more than farms
and spurred demand for more
expensive goods.
• Urbanization – city-building and
movement of people from farms
to cities.
• Growing population provides
work force, market for some
cheaper factory goods.
• British industrial cities: London,
Industrial Manchester, Showing is a drawing by Mary Evans Picture
Birmingham, Manchester, Library which was uploaded on January 7th, 2018 in
Liverpool fineartamerica.com
LIVING CONDITIONS in the cities

• A marked increase in population caused the decrease in decent liveable spaces
in the cities. Because of this, sickness became more widespread and epidemics,
like cholera, sweep urban slums and killed many.
• Life span in one large city is only 32 years, where more than half of its
inhabitants are factory workers while wealthy merchants and factory owners
live in luxurious suburban homes.
• Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes, adequate housing,
education, and fire/police protection.
• Consequently, there was a distinct odor about the cities due to solid waste,
water, and air pollution.
WORKING CONDITIONS for the working class
• Average factory work was 14 hours a day, 6 days a week (year round).
• Factory work was also very monotonous which greatly affected the workers
psychologically. Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers; many coal miners killed by coal
dust.
• Because the government was influenced by the wealthy to invest in luxury rather than
promote protection for laborers, many children suffered at work.
• Children from poor families have always started work as soon as their parents
could find employment for them. But in much of pre-industrial Britain, there simply
was not very much work available for children.
• Because of the increasing number of factories in the industrialized cities, there was an
increasing demand for non-skilled workers as well.
• The result was a surge in child labour – presenting a new kind of problem that 19th
century British society had to tackle.
ACTIVITY 8: Facets of Industrialization
THE MILLS OF MANCHESTER: Something to think about…
 READ the pdf file on Industrialization in Manchester and WATCH the video on
Child Labor in the British Cotton Mills HERE.
 After doing so, you may choose to convene with your classmates and discuss your
answers OR answer on your own these guide questions below:
• How do you describe Child Labor? Does it have the same definition then and now?
• As a child in the 19th century, was it better to be a factory worker than go to school? Why or why
not?
• Do you know any laws against it here in the Philippines?
• Do you think Child Labor still exists in the Philippines today?
 After your brainstorming, in a Forum set up by your instructor on Moodle, give a
100- to 150-word answer to these questions:
• Have you seen facets of child labor in your area recently?
• How does your community respond to reports of violation of children’s rights?
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL 1870-1914
REVOLUTION
THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM
48
2020-2021
3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
How and to where did the Industrial Revolution

spread after it began in Britain?
What was the “Second” Industrial Revolution?
You can watch THIS summary after reading
through the third part of the module.
• It is usually dated between 1870 and 1914 although most precursors for
the breakthrough technologies during this time were those from 1825
onwards.
• The great path-breaking inventions in energy, materials, chemicals, and
medicine were crucial not because they themselves had necessarily a huge
impact on production, but because they increased the effectiveness of
research and development in micro-inventive activity.
• The second Industrial Revolution witnessed the growth in some industries
of huge economies of scale* and output. Some vast concerns emerged, far
larger than anything seen before. This change occurred because of
manufacturing.
* ECONOMY OF SCALE – the saving in cost of production that is due to mass production
STEEL
Open Hearth Process
• Continental metallurgists jointly developed the Siemens-Martin
open hearth process
• based on the idea of co-fusion, melting together low-carbon
wrought iron and high-carbon cast iron
• took longer to make than Bessemer steel, but as a result permitted
better quality control
• This stronger, cheaper kind of steel were used to create stronger
machine parts and construction materials.
CHEMICALS
• Germans took the lead – In 1840, Justus von Liebig, a chemistry
professor at Giessen, published his Organic Chemistry in Its Applications
to Agriculture and Physiology, which explained the importance of
fertilizers and advocated the application of chemicals in agriculture.
• Charles Goodyear, the American tinkerer invented in 1839 the
vulcanization process of rubber that made widespread industrial use
of rubber possible.
• Another American, John Wesley Hyatt, succeeded in creating the first
synthetic plastic in 1869, which he called celluloid. Although, the
breakthrough in synthetic materials were not developed until the 1920s.
CHEMICALS
• Disinfectants and antiseptics, particularly phenol and

bromines were produced in large quantities after Joseph Lister's
re-discovery of the role of microbes in the infection of wounds.
• In 1897, a Bayer chemist by the name of Felix Hoffman was able

to produce acetylsalicylic acid, later known as aspirin, was a true
wonder drug: effective, without serious negative side effects, and
cheap to produce.
Want to know more about the history of electricity?
Find out HERE and HERE!

ELECTRICITY
• Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821 and the dynamo in 1831.
• The first effective application of electricity was not in power transmission, but in
communication. (Telegraph)
• The early 1880s saw the invention of the modern lightbulb by Joseph Swan in
England and Thomas A. Edison in the United States. An electric polyphase motor
using alternating current was built by the Croatian-born American Nikola Tesla in
1889, and improved subsequently by Westinghouse. Of equal importance was the
transformer originally invented by the Frenchman Lucien Gaulard and his British
partner John D. Gibbs and later improved by the American William Stanley who
worked for Westinghouse.
• What followed was a string of microinventions that increased reliability and
durability and reduced cost. All the same, the effects of electricity on manufacturing
productivity were slow to be realized, as factories only slowly learned the
advantages of electricity as a form of industrial power
COMMUNICATIONS
• Guglielmo Marconi (Italian)
oWireless telegraph, an early form of the
radio (1895)
oNo wires needed for sending messages Vladimir
• Lee de Forest (American) Zworykin de-
monstrates
oRadio tube (1907) electronic
oRadio broadcasts could be sent around television
(1929)
the world
• Vladimir Zworykin (American)
oTelevision (1925)
oSimultaneous audio and visual broadcast
The three-wheeled Benz
TRANSPORTATION Patent Motor Car, model no. 1
The Automotive and Dawn of Air Transport
Gottlieb Daimler (German)
• Gasoline engine (1885)
• Led to the invention of the automobile (Karl
Benz in 1886)
Rudolf Diesel (German)
• Diesel engine (1892)
• Cheaper fuel
Orville and Wilbur Wright (American)
Click on the picture to watch a short video
• Airplane (1903) on how Ford’s first Assembly Line type
• Air transport Factory looks like.
TRANSPORTATION
Railroads
• Industrialized nations first laid track in their own countries, then in their
colonies and other areas under their political influence
• Russia –Trans-Siberian Railroad (1891-1905)
• Germany –Berlin-to-Baghdad Railroad across Europe to the Middle East
• Great Britain –Cape-to-Cairo Railroad vertically across Africa
Canals
• Suez Canal (1869) –provided access to the Indian Ocean from the
Mediterranean Sea without the need to sail around Africa
• Kiel Canal (1896) –North Sea connected to the Baltic Sea
• Panama Canal (1914) –provided access from one side of the Americas to the
other without the need to sail around the tip of South America
AGRICULTURE & FOOD PROCESSING
• A few “general-purpose” technologies such as barbed wire (invented in
1868) were made, but the bulk of technology was site- and crop-
specific.
• Agricultural productivity owed much to the extended use of fertilizers.
Farmers learned to use nitrates, potassium, and phosphates produced by
the chemical industries. In addition to the guano, the large American
stockyards produced fertilizers made from animal bones combined with
sulphuric acid. The productivity gains in European agriculture are hard to
imagine without the gradual switch from natural fertilizer, produced
mostly by farm animals, to commercially produced fertilizers.
• The use of fungicides, such as Bordeaux mixture, invented in 1885 by the
French botanist M. Millardet in 1885, helped conquer the dreaded potato
blight that had devastated Ireland forty years earlier.
• Technological progress outside agriculture slowly but certainly improved
productivity and expanded the supply of food and raw materials.
• Of special interest to historians interested in economic welfare is the
development of food preparation and preservation. Much human
suffering has been caused over the ages by nutritional deficiencies and by
the unwitting consumption of contaminated foods.
• Canned food played an important role in provisioning the armies in the
American Civil War, and led to vastly increased consumption of vegetables,
fruit, and meat in the rapidly growing cities. Other food preservatives
were also coming into use. Gail Borden invented milk powder (via
dehydration) in the 1850s and helped win the Civil War for the Union and
a fortune for himself.
• Technological changes reduced the price of food in general to the point
where after 1870 in many countries farmers, rather than consumers, turned
to their governments for help. The decline of the price of proteins relative to
carbohydrates helped to augment and improve European diets, thus,
extending life expectancies (along with improvements in medicine).
Important Points
• The second Industrial Revolution was, in a number of ways, a
continuation of the first where in many industries, it was more
direct.
What do you think
• There were certain differences, though. First, the second Industrial
were the Revolution had a direct effect on real wages and standards of
differences in the living which differed significantly in 1914 from 1870.
challenges that • Second, it shifted the focus of technological leadership from
the industrialized Britain to a more dispersed setting, most distinctly that observed
nations faced in in the USA. (Though, leadership remained held by the
the 1st and the 2nd industrialized Western world)
Industrial • Lastly, by changing the relation between knowledge of nature and
Revolutions? how it affected technological practices, it irreversibly changed
the way technological change itself occurs. Because of this, what
was learned in these years paved the way for many more Industrial
Revolutions to come.
THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL 1970-2014
REVOLUTION
4. THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
What did the electronics offer to mankind?
How has the internet affected the way we live?
What has our continued fossil fuel
consumption affected the environment?
You can watch THIS summary after reading
through the third part of the module.
• The most significant technological breakthroughs at the beginning of the
I. The Computer & The 3rd Industrial Revolution might probably be the invention of the Micro-
Internet computer, later called the Personal Computer and the mobile phones.
• Later on, was the development of the internet and, eventually, the world
wide web. These new technologies spurred the invention of all the other
innovations in electronics at that time that not only served in
communications but in several other industries as well.
• During the rise of the internet and its possibilities in the late 1990s and
early 2000s, the world has both become bigger and smaller when
communication, business, and education can now all be accessed through
Click on this picture the internet using computers and cellphones.
to watch a short • Along with innovations in electronics, air transport have also been
history on the
internet and improving, increasing international travel. All these gave birth to
computers! globalization for almost all industries.
II. Automation in Manufacturing• Another remarkable innovation that the manufacturing
By 1961, the Unimate 1900 series became
industry has started utilizing during this time were robots.
the first mass produced robotic arm for • There are many definitions for robots, but in general, these
factory automation. are machines capable of carrying out a series of actions
(Robotic Industries Assoc., n.d.) automatically, guided by computer control.
• Revolutionizing manufacturing the world over, the Unimate
was the very first industrial robot. Conceived from a design
for a mechanical arm patented in 1954 (granted in 1961) by
American inventor George Devol, the Unimate was
developed as a result of the foresight and business acumen
of Joseph Engelberger who is now considered as the Father
of Robotics. The development of robots for production moved
the industry forward and began the automation of many
Click on this picture to watch a short
video on the history of robots!
processes.
II. Automation in Manufacturing • The first machines controlled by computers emerged in the
Although more stiff and can only do one late 1940s. These Computer Numerical Control, or CNC,
task, CNC machines are considered as a machines, could run programs that instructed a machine to
technology that are similar to robots.
perform a series of operations. This level of control also
Robots, generally, can do more tasks than
CNC machines but they still do play a big enabled the creation of new manufactured goods, like milling
role in the manufacturing industry a complex propeller design out of a block of aluminium—
(Alex Owen-Hill, 2019) something that was difficult to do using standard machine
tools, and with tolerances too small to be done by hand. CNC
machines were a huge boon to industry, not just due to
increased capability and precision, but also in terms of
reducing labor costs by automating human jobs.
• During the 2IR, machines were still maneuvered by humans to
do its job but during the 3IR, machines were beginning to
Click on this picture to watch a short
need lesser human intervention.
video on how CNC machines work!
• One of the more recent users of robots in their field is in medicine.
III. Robots in Medicine
The picture on the left shows a daVinci Xi Robotic System which is a
machine interface between a surgeon and the patient. Surgeons
who want to employ this technology would need proper training as
well.
• Robotic surgery is a type of minimally invasive surgery that uses
physician-controlled, computer-enhanced robotic system to operate
on a patient through small incisions. After placing the instruments
within the patient, the surgeon sits at an adjacent control console.
The console allows the surgeon a 3D view of the working space,
magnified and enhanced. From the console, the surgeon controls the
movements of the robotic arms and instruments that work on the
patient.
• For the most part, the most significant advantage known for using
Click on this picture to watch a short video this machine are increased precision for the surgeon and better
describing robotic laparoscopy surgery! outcome for the patient.
Want to know more about long-standing technologies in agriculture
that are advocated more now? Find out HERE and HERE!

• Recently, automation has also begun to be applied in agriculture.
IV. Automation in Agriculture Some of them are those seen in farms that can aid in harvesting
Click HERE to watch a such as picking arms that have sensors to detect which to pick,
short video on some automated tractors built with sensors that can analyze soil in real-
examples of automation time and deploy optimal amounts of fertilizers or weed killers, etc.
in farms!
• These technologies have very exciting applications and the
Click on the picture below to watch a possibilities are mind-blowing if one would think about it.
video of an interview of Dept. of Unfortunately, innovations like these can only reach countries who
Agriculture Secretary William Dar on
have the capacity to invest on them.
plans for Philippine Agriculture in
2020! • Third world countries, like ours, still have a long way to go in terms
of program management that would help improve the current
status of this agriculture and national food security as a whole.
More recent modernization programs in the Philippines have been
launched but must continue to be productive also to increase the
reach.
V. Genetic • From the 1IR, world population has significantly increased while basic human
resources have been declining. Many countries have seen many famines and
Engineering &
have implemented programs to battle these problems.
RDT
• Innovations in technology and a steady supply of scholars who work on
scientific research have been the driving force to numerous advancements in
food production, among many other things.
• One of the most remarkable of these are genetically-modified organisms or
GMOs. Most of GMOs were developed to battle challenges in production
brought about by either weather disasters or diseases. Gene editing and
Click on the picture to Recombinant DNA Technology also offered multiple applications in other
watch a video on the industries which rendered it quite an exciting but frightening novel
process of genetic technology during this time.
engineering and
recombinant DNA • Although this technology was not without issues, scientists continue to create
technology. developments. Eventually, as time passed by, we witnessed that the intention
in creating an innovative technology is not enough to shield it from misuse by
greedy entities.
VI. The Rise of Social Media
• Not long after the WWW was available
widely, social media started gaining
popularity. It’s primary goal is to create
digital networks among peers even overseas.
• Most of these began with very customizable
profiles such as SixDegrees, Friendster,
MySpace, and Tumblr. It was the selling point
for the younger users since it allows for
expression by visual and verbal
personalization of a space in the wide web.
• By the 2010s, smartphones revolutionized
the digital environment. Along with it, was
the noticeable change in how most people
(Selected Papers Network, 2018)
use social media and the internet as a whole.
Want to know more about the truths about the current
situation in recycling? Find out more HERE and HERE!

• There is no doubt that technological advances during this time has
opened numerous new opportunities for improvement in
manufacturing, education, health & medicine, food processing,
agriculture, research & education, architecture & engineering, and even
space exploration. This inevitably caused the rate of innovation to
accelerate as well.
Click on this picture to watch a
short video on e-waste • Along with these innovations in the manufacturing industry,
management! improvements in mass production has brought both benefits and harm
to mankind. Mass production has allowed even the lower class to
short video a city in Japan that
afford clothing and household utilities & accessories because business
practices zero waste! owners can sell them at a cheaper price. The downside to this is the
generation of more solid waste. This includes plastic, steel, textile,
and paper products.
• Among the many types of waste that people generate, the most difficult
to dispose of would be electric appliances and electronics or e-waste
such as computers, printers, and phones.
• During this time, as the new innovations in the world of electronics poured into the markets,
most of us also continue to be dependent on the benefits of electricity. Along with this is the
continued depletion of fossil fuel like coal, natural gas, and crude oil.
• Apparently, there has also been a quickly escalating problem on changing climates
worldwide. Numerous evidences point to burning of fossil fuel as the main reason for this.
This led many nations to collectively do something to slow the progress of the problem. But
how has it been since? Were all the efforts enough or could we have done more in the
past decade or two?
• We also cannot deny that the increasing world population continue to create more
problems. This may mean, to most, that more land has to be developed to convert into
residential, commercial, or agricultural areas to accommodate the needs of the booming
population. Many of these developed areas were forests. What do you think happens to
the wild animals that were left homeless? How does that affect the human inhabitants
of these newly developed areas? If this continues, what will happen to humans and
the environment in the near future?
THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL 2014-Today
REVOLUTION
5. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
What is the “Internet of Things” and how

does it work with SMART technology and
“Big Data”?
What does Industry 4.0 mean to the world?
What will it mean to developing countries
like the Philippines?
“ With great power comes great responsibility. ”
• Now a Fourth Industrial Revolution is building on the Third,
I. What is Industry 4.0? the digital revolution that has been occurring since the middle
of the last century. It is characterized by a fusion of technologies
that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and
biological spheres. It was first coined by
Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World
Economic Forum in 2016.
• There are three reasons why today’s transformations represent
not merely a prolongation of the Third Industrial Revolution
but rather the arrival of a Fourth and distinct one: velocity,
(Automation Revolution, 2020)
scope, and systems impact. The speed of current
Click on this picture to watch a breakthroughs has no historical precedent. When compared
short video on the
characteristics of the 4IR!
with previous industrial revolutions, the Fourth is evolving at
an exponential rather than a linear pace.
I. What is Industry 4.0? • Moreover, it is disrupting almost every industry in every country.
And the extent of these changes usher the transformation of
entire systems of production, management, and governance.
• The possibilities of billions of people connected by mobile
devices, with unprecedented processing power, storage
capacity, and access to knowledge, are unlimited. And these
possibilities will be multiplied by emerging technology
breakthroughs, yet again, in fields such as artificial intelligence,
(Risk Bites, 2018) robotics, the Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles, 3-D
printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials science,
short video on a simplified view energy storage, and quantum computing.
on how 4IR is going to affect
mankind! What is innovation ethics?
Why is it important?
I. What is Industry 4.0? • Already, artificial intelligence (AI) is all around us, from self-
driving cars and drones to virtual assistants and software
that translate or invest. Impressive progress has been made in
AI in recent years, driven by exponential increases in computing
power and by the availability of vast amounts of data, from
software used to discover new drugs to algorithms used to predict
our cultural interests.
• Digital fabrication technologies, meanwhile, are interacting with
(CNBC International, 2019)
the biological world on a daily basis. Engineers, designers, and
Click on this picture to watch a architects are combining computational design, additive
short video from CNBC on how manufacturing, materials engineering, and synthetic biology to
4IR might affect the economy! pioneer a symbiosis between microorganisms, our bodies, the
products we consume, and even the buildings we inhabit.
II. More Innovations in
the 4IR – Robotics • Although robotics has been seen by the world in the 3IR
already, this technology is taken to a further step by
incorporating AI. In the 3IR, automation was revolutionary,
automation in the 4IR just got more powerful by adding
autonomous decisions to the computer powered machines.
• For this, aside from the big western power nations, Asian
nations have risen in the innovation aspect. In the video linked
on the picture here, we see how much Japan, China, and
(BBC Click, 2018) South Korea have accomplished to date.
video on the newest robot
revolution in Japan!
Link: https://youtu.be/zKhm89FWOy8
Click on each of the pictures below • Technological breakthroughs in agriculture,
II. More Innovations in the to watch insightful videos on the especially in farming, have continued to
newest technologies in modern
4IR – Future of Farms city farming! improve.
• Although we have already been seeing
numerous examples of indoor and
backyard vertical farms in the last decade,
vertical and indoor farming of today (and
the future) have just become more
(The Daily Conversation, 2017)
impressive.
(Venture City, 2019)
• These kinds of farms in cities have already
seen admirable results for many leafy
greens and herbs that are usually served in
nearby restaurants. Conveniently, the city
locations of these farms help in the
reduction of spoilage and transport cost.
(Freethink, 2019)
• SMARTechnology is a technology that uses AI, machine learning,
II. More Innovations in the and big data analysis to provide cognitive awareness to objects that
4IR – IoT & Big Data were in the past considered inanimate.
• It helps conserve energy by automating home energy usage. Many
of us forget to switch off the lights or turn off the appliances before
we leave home, resulting to a huge waste of energy and money.
Some examples would be a smart bulb, smart security
camera, smart refrigerator or a smartphone.
• This technology introduced us to the Internet of Things. IoT
devices are software-defined products that are a combination of
(Arirang TV, 2016) product, application, analytics and the Internet/networking. By
Click on this picture to watch a special combining these connected devices with automated systems, it is
episode on the technological possible to gather information, analyse it and create an action to
breakthroughs that the Industry 4.0 help someone with a particular task, or learn from a process.
has introduced to us so far!
TIP! Change the play speed to 1.25x or
• A very distinct application of this are smart cities and
1.5x autonomous (self-driving) cars.
Want to read more on how you can make IoT
Networks more secure? Find out more HERE!

II. More Innovations in the 4IR – IoT & Big Data
• With the rise of globalization and favouring network-building, the advancements on

communication devices have also become fast-paced. New models of smartphones, tablets, and
laptops are introduced every year, outdating many predecessor models very quickly.
• Even so, many futurists have predicted that smartphones can become unnecessary in the next few
years.
• With the rise of smart appliances and smart home utilities equipped with various sensors,
commands can now be directly given to them without the smartphone interface. This possibility is
both exciting and unnerving at the same time.
• One danger in this technology, though, is when security of privacy is broken. Since the devices
communicate through the internet, cybercriminals can easily manipulate your devices and can
even cause harm in real life. If they can successfully hack through a house’s security system,
breaking and entering houses is fairly easy.
II. More Innovations in the 4IR – Social Media & Data Security
• Unfortunately, it is not just our devices that have become more intelligent but the internet as well.
Newer algorithms have been employed to gather more information on people according to their social
media posts and the content that they consume.
• Even if you do not intend to share these information about yourself, the internet has found a way to
target you with advertisements that can, sometimes, feel creepy. Like, how can the internet know I was
looking for a new set of watercolour paints?
• Although this has been existing already in the last few years, it has become smarter and many social
media platforms have exploited this. It is also known nowadays that with the advent of over-sharing
in SNS, data privacy is very easily put in harm’s way.
• The last few years have also witnessed how more people have subscribed to online shopping and
online ordering of goods and services. In cases of un-secure data transfer, cybercriminals can be
attracted as well.
• But who should be blamed when numerous people with SNS accounts nowadays have no qualms on
posting updates about their activities and whereabouts in real time?
II. More Innovations in the 4IR – Social Media & Data Security
Click on each of the pictures below to view insightful • As members of the generation who have been born with the
discussions on mankind’s relationship with social media
and how it has shaped the way we socialize nowadays. internet already existing, I believe there is a range of
Is Social Media Hurting Your Mental How the media affects youth | Oda influence that social media has on students and young
Health? | Bailey Parnell | TEDxRyersonU Faremo Lindholm | TEDxOslo
adults nowadays.
• Interestingly, there have been several discussions about this
that have surfaced recently. There were even scientific
studies also focusing on teens and below-30 adults and their
(TEDx Talks, 2017)
relationship with social media and online social
(TEDx Talks, 2015)
networking.
How social media makes us unsocial
Social Media: Too Much of a Good
Thing? | Samia Khan | TEDxTerryTalks
| Allison Graham | TEDxSMU • Ultimately, handling anything that is of novelty should really
come with maturity, accountability, and self-evaluation.
Social media, like any other technology, is neither good nor
bad. It is, however, our responsibility to treat it with the
correct mentality and always in moderation.
(TEDx Talks, 2016)
(TEDx Talks, 2014) THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 83
ACTIVITY 9: Done in 75 Seconds

What to do?
• Answer these questions:
 What are the influences of social media platforms and online networking sites on
you and the way you have become as a member of your society today?
 What do you think will the Fifth Industrial Revolution look like?
• Prepare a 60- to 75-second video discussing your answers. Make sure that you are visually
present in the video while you are talking. The video file to be submitted should be in mp4 file
type.
• READ THE RUBRICS on the next page to know how to best create your output.
• This is an individual activity. Your output will be submitted to your respective GEC108 Google
Classrooms. Deadline for this is on November 13,
May 28, 2020,
2021, 11:59pm.
11:59 PM
ACTIVITY 9: Done in 75 Seconds
Rubrics for Grading (highest possible score = 20 points)
Advanced = 5pts Proficient = 4pts Average = 3pts Developing = 2pts Beginning = 1pt
• Vlog is not engaging, and
• Appropriate, relevant,
discussion was irrelevant,
engaging, reflective, and • The discussion was in
• Appropriate and • Vlog done, but lacks or are difficult to follow in
respectful to others. line with the topic
Content respectful to others. Vlog engagement, analysis or meaning.
• Vlog is in-depth, analytical, and is engaging but
Quality reflective, make a point and
has a purpose or main
lacks analysis and
substantial reflection, or • The video was too short
topic and is reflective. may be off topic. (less than 60 seconds) to
make connections beyond reflection.
have significant amount
the text (module).
of information.
• Video includes a clear

• Information is connected • The video has a • The video lacks a central
statement of purpose.
to a theme. theme and point of theme, clear point of
• Events and messages are • Much of the information is
Content • Details are logical and view but discussion view, and logical
presented in a logical order, irrelevant to the overall
Organization with relevant information
information is relevant has no logical sequence of information.
message.
throughout most of the sequence at some • Some parts are repeated
that supports the video’s
video. parts of the video. unnecessarily.
main ideas.
Video • Video is well lit and frames • Video is well lit and • Video is well lit with • Video is fairly well lit • Camera is jerky, making
Quality subject appropriately. frames the subject within minimal movement. within minimal it difficult to view, poorly
• Editing and transition the frame without • Subject is usually movement. lit, or subject not clearly
enhances cohesiveness of excessive movement. within the frame. • Subject is oftentimes in video.
vlog. outside the frame.
Sound • Sound is very clear and • Vlog is understandable • Sound is • Vlog is difficult to hear or • Vlog has damaged or no
Quality volume is appropriate. for most of the video and understandable in is occasionally too loud. sound at all.
volume is appropriate. some parts only.
III. Alternative Energy Sources • The continued increase in worldwide energy demand
has pushed nations more to explore and innovate on
alternative and renewable energy sources.
• Not only do they help in augmenting energy supplies,
renewable sources are also known to produce greener
energy that can be of great help in decreasing the
world’s carbon emissions.
(CNBC International, 2019) • Before the 2010s, renewable energy was costly to
harness, but now, with the studies by materials
scientists and with the 3D printing technology,
mechanical parts needed have been produced relatively
inexpensively.
Click on each of the pictures on the left to view short videos
on the new advances in the renewable energy industry.
(Tech Insider, 2019)

IV. What will the future look like for us?
• In these times where big data analysis is common, projection software are becoming more common as
well. Although no one can really tell for sure what the world may face in the future, like how nobody
predicted how shaken we would be facing CoViD-19, more sophisticated software are now developed to
help us, at least, prepare for what is to come.
• It is predicted that new technology, lifestyle, and challenges are very likely to induce a new revolution in
economy, governments, and sociology. Many human jobs may become obsolete and unemployment rates
can rise. Although there might be a different set of jobs that technological advancements might create,
these jobs are very probable to be more technical than just manual.
• One thing’s for sure, though. Change is inevitable. We live alongside other nations and it is for everybody’s
benefit that we all work together on helping each other in moving forward into the direction of
development and progress. It may seem slow but little progress is still progress.
• It may seem very daunting absorbing all these changes in the world but all we really need is accountability,
responsibility, and an open mind when in comes to new developments. As it has always been said,
technology is neither good nor bad. The results of its usage come from how humans have managed
them.
This is the last slide. THIS MODULE IS A PROPERTY OF RHEA P. VILLARENTE, SCIENCE DEPT., MSU-GSC | 1ST SEM 2020-2021 87

Impacts of Technological Advancements in The Modern and Present Times UPDATED

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IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL

ADVANCEMENTS IN THE MODERN AND MODULE 5

By the end of this module, the students should be able to:

1. The First Industrial Revolution 4. The Third Industrial (Digital)

Why did the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION happen?

[Photograph of enclosures] (n.d.). https://socialchangecourse.wordpress.com/

By this time, even more coal were mined that,

What happened to the society as the drastic changes

THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS

LIVING CONDITIONS in the cities

How and to where did the Industrial Revolution

• Disinfectants and antiseptics, particularly phenol and

• In 1897, a Bayer chemist by the name of Felix Hoffman was able

3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

4. THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

4. THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

What is the “Internet of Things” and how

5. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• With the rise of globalization and favouring network-building, the advancements on

5. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Video includes a clear

(Tech Insider, 2019)

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