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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 2 - Module 1
Designing Your Paper

Practical Research 1
Quarter 1 – Module 1 – Fusing Experience and Knowledge

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
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Practical Research 1
Quarter 2 – Module 1– Designing Your Paper

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every
effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Shiela Mae Bongon-Buara

Editor: Lany M. Abainza

Illustrator: Jason C. Borabo

Layout Artist: Atty. Catherine B. Panti

Reviewers: Lany M. Abainza

MASBATE CITY DIVISION (headed by Jeanette M. Romblon)

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MODULE 1
Designing Your Paper

Hello! It’s me, Teacher Jill. Welcome to another journey of learning in

Practical Research 1!

You have learned in the previous lessons that writing research paper
entails good planning. At this stage, you already know the different
approaches that you can use in writing qualitative research. In this
module, you will learn the different research design that you can use for
your research study.

Specifically. after working on this module, you should be able to

choose appropriate qualitative research design.

YOUR VOCABULARY BUILDER

As you work on this module you will encounter difficult words. These words play very
important role in understanding this lesson. Can you help me unlock the words?

Fill Me

Directions: Fill out the blank spaces by referring to the clues and guessing the word/s being
defined. Write your answers on your notebook.

1. A_ _Y_N_CE - a state of temporary inactivity or suspension

2. _O_I_T_C - relating to or concerned with wholes or with complete

systems

3. I_H_B_T_ON_ - a mental process imposing restraint upon behavior or

another mental process

4. _R_H_V_S - a place in which public records or historical materials

(such as documents) are preserved

5. P_E_O_E_A - something (such as an interesting fact or event) that can

be observed and studied and that typically is unusual or
difficult to understand or explain fully

Congratulations. You have unlocked some new vocabulary words. Good luck on your
next task!

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YOUR READINESS CHECK

Fact Check

Directions: Read the sentences. After each number, mark check (√) if you think that the
sentence is true about research approaches. Mark cross (X) if you think that it is not. Write
your answers on your notebook.

1. Historical study analyzes a group of people to understand better their culture.

2. Ethnographic study is not only limited to obtaining data from the past but also
involves relating their implications to the present and future time.

3. Case study involves a comprehensive and extensive examination of a particular

individual, group, or situation over a period of time.

4. Phenomenological study examines human experiences (lived experiences) through

the descriptions provided by subjects or respondents.

5. Grounded theory involves comparing collected units of data against one another
until categories, and hypothesis that state relations between these categories and
properties emerge.

YOUR INITIAL TASK

Does It Suit Me?

Directions: Read the scenarios below and react whether the researcher uses an appropriate
research design for his/her research study. Write your answer on a one whole sheet of
paper.

1. Bella would like to know how students in the remote area feel about online classes so
she would be writing a case study about it.

2. Kyle finds muslim culture interesting. He would like to know the wedding rites and
traditions that Muslims follow. He thought of writing an ethnographic research of it.

3. Jam would like to know the role of social media to people in this pandemic. He would
like to write a phenomenological study about this.

4. Krissy would like to study the earlier patterns of movements in the Philippines,
specifically 1939-1970 period to analyze the changes in population distribution over
time. She will be writing a historical research.

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5. Vhale interviewed ten counselors to help determine how their professional identity is
formed. She’ll be using grounded theory for this study.

You did an awesome job there! This time read Your Guide to check
whether your responses are correct.

YOUR GUIDE

Five Major Research Designs

1. The ethnographic approach to qualitative research comes largely from the field of
anthrolopogy. The emphasis in an ethnography is on studying an entire culture. Originally,
the idea of a culture was tied to the notion of ethnicity and geographic location (e.g.,culture
of Panay Islands), but it has been broadened to include virtually any group or organization.
That is, we can study the “culture” of a business or defined group (e.g.,a Rotary club).
(Trochim, 2006)

ETHNOGRAPHY
Purpose- to describe a culture’ characteristics

Method

• Identify culture, variables for study, and review literature

• Data collection-gain entrance to culture; immerse self in culture; acquire
informants; gather data through direct observation and interaction with subjects

Key Stages of Ethnographic Research

• Stage One: Research Question

• Stage Two: Participant Observation
• Stage Three: Making Field Notes
• Stage Four: Reflection and the Writing Up of Field Notes
• Stage Five: Interviewing
• Stage Six: Interpretation of Interviews
• Stage Seven: Writing Up the Ethnographic Research

Advantages of Ethnographic Research

• Direct Observation
• Links with Theory
• Detailed Data

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• Holistic
• Validity
• Contrast and Comparison
• Actor’s Perceptions
• Self Awareness
• Ecological

Disadvantages of Ethnographic Research

• Time Recruitment
• Presentation of Results
• Reliability
• Interviewer Effect
• Inhibitions
• Safety
• Invasion of Privacy
• Scale
• Ethics
• Access
• Other Concerns

Analysis- describe characteristics of culture

Outcome-description of culture

2. Phenomenology comes from academic disciplines of philosophy and psychology, and

it is based upon the work of the 20th-century philosopher Edmund Husserl, which was
then later developed by Heidegger. (Van Manen, 1990)

PHENOMENOLOGY
Purpose-to describe the experiences as they are lived

• examines the uniqueness of individual’s lived situations

• each person has own reality, reality is subjective

Research Question Development

• What does the existence of feeling or experience indicate concerning the

phenomenon to be explored?
• What are necessary and sufficient constituents of feeling or experience?
• What is the nature of the human being?

Method

• No clearly defined steps to avoid limiting creativity of researcher

• Sampling and data collection
➢ Seek persons who understand study and are willing to express inner
feelings and experiences

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➢ Describe experiences of phenomenon
➢ Direct observation
➢ Audio or videotape
• Methodology of Phenomenology
a. Bracketing-process of identifying and holding in abeyance any
preconceived beliefs and opinions that one may have about
phenomenon that is being researched

b. Intuition-occurs wen the researcher remains open to the meaning

attributed to the phenomenology those who have experienced it.

c. Analysis-involves process such as coding (open, axial, and selective),

categorizing and making sense of the essential meanings of the
phenomenon

Advantages of Phenomenology
Phenomenology provides for:

• in depth understanding of individual phenomena

• rich data from the experiences of individuals. (Van Manen, 1990)

Disadvantages of Phenomenology

• The subjectivity of the data leads to difficulties in establishing reliability and

validity of approaches and information.
• It is difficult to detect or to prevent researcher induced bias.
• There can be difficulty in ensuring pure bracketing –this can lead to interference
in the interpretation of the data.
• The presentation of results-the highly qualitative nature of results can make
them difficult to present in a manner that is usable by practitioners.
• Phenomenology does not produce generalizable data.
• Because the samples are generally very small, can we ever say that the
experiences are typical?
• The original Husserlian/Heideggerian texts were written in German, and
translations of words could lose the special meaning that was assigned to them
by Husserl and Heidegger.
• On a particular note, it is important to consider the possible difficulties of
participants expressing themselves.
• Participants need to be interested and articulate-problems that can cause
difficulties in being able to express themselves include foreign language, age,
brain damage, and embarrassment. (Van Manen, 1990)

Data Analysis

• Classify and rank data

• sense of wholeness
• examine experiences beyond human awareness or cannot be communicated

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Outcomes

• Findings described from subject’s point-of-view

• Researcher identifies themes
• Structural explanationof findings is developed

3. Grounded theory is a qualitative research approach that was originally developed by

Glaser and Strauss in the 1960s. The self-defined purpose of grounded theory is to
develop a theory about phenomena of interest. But it is not just abstract theorizing they’re
talking about. Instead , the theory needs to be grounded or rooted in observation-hence
the term. (Trochim, 2006)

Grounded Theory
Purpose-theory development

• Used in discovering what problems exist in a social science and how persons
handle them
• Involves formulation, testing and redevelopment of propositions until a theory is
developed

Stages of Grounded Theory

• Data collection
• Note taking
• Coding (open, axial, selective) into categories and properties
• Memoing
• Sorting/Integration
• Writing (Glasser & Strauss, 1967)

Advantages of Grounded Theory

• systematic and rigorous procedure

• rich data from the experiences of individuals (Glaser & Strauss, 1967)

Disadvantages of Grounded Theory

• The subjectivity of data leads to difficulties in establishing reliability and validity

of approaches and information.
• It is difficult to detect or to prevent researcher-induced bias.
• The presentation of results-the highly qualitative nature of the results can make
them difficult to present in a manner that is usable by practitioners. (Glaser &
Strauss, 1967)

Method-steps occur simultaneously; a constant comparative process

• Data Collection-interview, observation, record review, or combination

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Analysis

• Concept formation
• Concept development-reduction; selective sampling of literature; selective
sampling of subjects; emergence of core concepts
• Concept modification and integration

Outcome-theory supported by examples from data

4. The historical approach “is employed by researchers who are interested in reporting
events and/or conditions that occurred in the past. An attempt is made to establish facts
in order to arrive at conclusions concerning past events or predict future events.” (Key,
1997)

Historical
Purpose-describe and examine events of the past to understand the present and
anticipate potential effects

Method

• Formulate idea-select topic after reading related literature

• Develop research questions
• Develop an inventory of sources-archives, private libraries, papers
• Clarify validity and reliability of data-primary sources, authenticity, biases
• Develop research outline to organize investigative process
• Collect data

Analysis-synthesis of all data; accept and reject data; reconcile conflicting evidence

Outcomes-select means of presentation-biography, chronology, issue paper

Examples of Historical Research

1. A study of the factors leading to the historical development and growth of

cooperative learning
2. A study of the effects of the historical decisions of the Philippine Supreme Court on
Philippine prisons
3. A study of the evolution of print journalism in the Philippines through a study of
collections of newspapers (BCPS, 2010)

5. A case study is an intensive study of a specific individual or specific context. For

instance, Freud developed case studies of several individuals as the basis for the theory
of psychoanalysis and Piaget did case studies of children to study developmental
phases. (Trochim, 2006)

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Case Study
Purpose-describe in-depth the experience of one person, family, group, community, or
institution
Method

• Direct observation and interaction with subject

Analysis-synthesis of experience
Outcomes-in-depth description of the experience

YOUR DISCOVERY TASK

Task 1: Word Web

Directions: Create a word web of the different research designs. Follow the instructions
below.

1. Take a long size bond paper and draw a circle.

2. Then, draw five more circles around the central circle.
3. Draw arrows pointing from the central circle to the outer circles.
4. The outer circles should contain key words that make you understand the research
design well.

Task 2: What design fits me?

Directions: Read and analyze each question and identify what research design is
appropriate for each. Choose your answers from the choices in the box. Write the letter of
the correct answer in a ½ sheet of paper.

A. Phenomenology C. Case Study E. Grounded Theory

B. Ethnographic D. Historical

1. What were the roles of women in the Katipunan?

2. What are the effects of cyber bullying among victims?
3. What are the effects of having absentee parents to students?
4. What coping mechanisms do patients employ after major surgery?
5. What are the spending practices of parents with children attending college?
6. What are the reactions of parents towards the new normal setting in education during
the pandemic?
7. What are the trainings of Aeta teachers from Cantillejos, Zambales for the past ten
years to provide insights into the formulation of a teacher education model for
indigenous people?
8. What are the demographic profile and migratory adaptations of squatter families in
Barangay Cutcut, Angeles City (Dela Cruz, 1994)?

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9. What were the experiences of Filipino people during the declaration of Martial Law in
the time of Marcos’ rule?
10. How did the Reming survivors recover from the physical devastation and haunting
memories brought about by the typhoon?

LET’S SUM IT UP

Five Major Research Designs

1. Phenomenological Study
➢ It examines human experiences (lived experiences) through the descriptions
provided by subjects or respondents.
➢ The goal of this study is to describe the meaning that experiences hold for
each subject.
2. Ethnography
➢ This study analyzes a group of people to understand better their culture.
➢ Key Informants are the key persons who provide information for the study.
➢ The main purpose of this study is the development of cultural theories.
3. Historical Study
➢ Identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data from past events.
➢ This is not only limited to obtaining data from the past but also involves
relating their implications to the present and future time.
4. Case Study
➢ This involves a comprehensive and extensive examination of a particular
individual, group, or situation over a period of time.
5. Grounded Theory Study
➢ The method involves comparing collected units of data against one another
until categories, and hypothesis that state relations between these categories
and properties emerge.

If you would like to know more about the characteristics,

processes and ethics of research, you may visit the links below:

http://www.umsl.edu/~lindquists/qualdsgn.html

https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchdesigns

https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/c.php?g=864846&p=662676
3

https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/research-center/student-
research/research-design

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YOUR FINAL TASK

Task 1: Complete Me!

Directions: Complete the following phrases by referring to your research study. Write
your answer on a one whole sheet of paper.

1. The title of my research is ____________________________________________

2. The research design that I will be using is_____________________________

3. I chose this research design because _________________________________

Task 2: Exit Slips

Directions: Reflect on the learning that you gained in this module by completing the prompts
below. Write your answers on your notebook.

Excellent! You have shared your research knowledge and

experiences. See you again in our next journey.

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References

Cristobal, A. P. & Cristobal, M. C. D. (2017). Practical research for senior high school.

Quezon City, Manila: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Jerusalem, V. L., Garcia, M. D.R., Palencia, J. M. & Palencia, M. M. (2017).Practical

research 1: Basics of qualitative research. Sampaloc, Manila: Fastbooks.

Matira, M. D.(2016).Practical research for the 21st century learners. Sampaloc, Manila: St.

Augustine Publications, Inc.

Prieto, N. G., Naval, V. C., & Carey, T. G. (2017). Practical research 1. Quezon City, Metro

Manila: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). abeyance.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved October 1,

2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abeyance

Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Holistic.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved October 1,

2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/holistic

Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Inhibitions.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved October1,

2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inhibitions

Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Archives.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved October 1,

2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archives

Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Phenomena.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved October

1, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phenomena

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Answer Key
Your Vocabulary Builder

Fill Me
1. abeyance
2. holistic
3. inhibitions
4. archives
5. phenomena

Your Readiness Check

Fact Check
1. X
2. X
3. √
4. √
5. √

Your Initial Task

Does It Suit Me?

(Answers may vary.)

Your Discovery Task

Task 1: Word Web

(Answers may vary.)

Task 2: What Design Fits Me?

1. D
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. E
7. B
8. B
9. D
10. C

Your Final Task

Task 1: Complete Me!

(Answers may vary.)

Task 2: Exit Slips

(Answers may vary)