Most 

objects are electrically neutral, which means that they have an equal number of positive
and negative charges. In order to charge an object, one has to alter the charge balance of
positive and negative charges. There are three ways to do it: friction, conduction and induction.
Friction is the resistance to motion of one object moving relative to another. It is not a
fundamental force, like gravity or electromagnetism. Instead, scientists believe it is the result of
the electromagnetic attraction between charged particles in two touching surfaces.

Conduction, in general, is the process of transmission of energy from one particle of the
medium to the other but here each particle of the medium stays at its own position.
One method is known as induction. In the induction process, a charged object is brought near
but not touched to a neutral conducting object. ... When an object is charged by induction, the
charge received by the object is opposite the charge of the object which was used to charge it.
Opposites attract. And likes repel. Info for 1.2
These two fundamental principles of charge interactions will be used throughout the unit to
explain the vast array of static electricity phenomena. As mentioned in the previous section of
Lesson 1, there are two types of electrically charged objects - those that contain more protons
than electrons and are said to be positively charged and those that contain less protons than
electrons and are said to be negatively charged. These two types of electrical charges - positive
and negative - are said to be opposite types of charge. And consistent with our fundamental
principle of charge interaction, a positively charged object will attract a negatively charged
object. Oppositely charged objects will exert an attractive influence upon each other. In contrast
to the attractive force between two objects with opposite charges, two objects that are of like
charge will repel each other. That is, a positively charged object will exert a repulsive force upon
a second positively charged object. This repulsive force will push the two objects apart.
Similarly, a negatively charged object will exert a repulsive force upon a second negatively
charged object. Objects with like charge repel each other.

Charging by Induction 1.3

When charging a conductor by induction, a charged object is brought close to but does not touch
the conductor. In the end the conductor has charge of the opposite sign as the charge on the
object.

One way to carry out the four-step process:

1. Bring the charged object close to, but not touching, the conductor. Charge on the
conductor shifts in response to the nearby charged object.
2. Connect the conductor to ground. Ground is basically a charge reservoir - anything that
can give up or receive charge without noticing the change. Electrons flow from ground to
the conductor if the charged object is positive, and the opposite way if the object is
 negative. The conductor now has a net charge with a sign opposite to the sign on the
charged object.
3. Remove the ground connection. The transferred electrons can't get back to where they
came from.
4. Remove the charged object. The net charge distributes itself over the surface of the
conductor.

Electric Field 1.4

Definition: The region around the electric charge in which the stress or electric force act is
called an electric field or electrostatic field. If the magnitude of charge is large, then it may create
a huge stress around the region. The electric field is represented by the symbol E. The SI unit of
the electric field is newton per coulomb which is equal to volts per meter.

pg 232 AND 233 DRAWINGS

1. 5 describe one hazard and one useful application of static charge.
Electrostatic painting; Lightning strikes, dust extraction, photocopying, static build up on
vehicles. The effects of a local charged ionised atmosphere.
2.
2.2 An electric current is usually thought of as a flow of electrons. When two ends of
a battery are connected to each other by means of a metal wire, electrons flow out of
one end (electrode or pole) of the battery, through the wire, and into the opposite end of
the battery.
Conventional Current assumes that current flows out of the positive terminal, through
the circuit and into the negative terminal of the source. This was the convention chosen
during the discovery of electricity. They were wrong!
Electron Flow is what actually happens and electrons flow out of the negative terminal,
through the circuit and into the positive terminal of the source.

Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. Many textbooks are available in
both formats.

2.4 unit of electrical current = Ampere or A

apply the relationship Q = It