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How is Heat Transferred?

There are THREE ways heat can move.

• Conduction
Heat Transfer By Convection
• Convection

• Radiation

Convection
• It is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent
liquid or gas in motion and it involves the combined effect of conduction and
fluid motion.
• The faster the fluid motion, the greater is the convection.
• The rate equation for the convective heat transfer between a surface and an
adjacent fluid is described by Newton’s Law of Cooling.
• Q=h.A(Ts-Tf)
• Q= rate of conductive heat transfer
• A= area exposed to heat transfer
• Ts=Surface Temperature
• Tf=Fluid Temperature
• h=coefficient of convective heat transfer. Units of h are W/m2K or W/m2ᵒC
3 4
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Coefficient of Convective Heat Transfer Typical Heat Exchange Equipment

• Defined as “the amount of heat transmitted for a unit temperature
difference between the fluid and unit area of surface in unit time.”
• The value of ‘h’ depends on:
• Thermodynamic and transport properties
• Nature of fluid flow
• Geometry of Surface
• Prevailing thermal conditions

What is a Heat Exchanger (HEX) Classification of Heat Exchangers

• Heat exchangers are devices that provide the flow of thermal energy 1. Recuperators /regenerators
between two or more fluids at different temperatures. 2. Transfer processes:
• Direct contact
• Heat exchangers are used in a wide variety of applications. These include • Indirect contact
• Power production 3. Geometry of construction:
• Process • Tubes
• Chemical • Plates
• Food industries; • Extended surfaces
• Electronics 4. Heat transfer mechanisms:
• Single-phase
• Environmental engineering • Two-phase
• Waste heat recovery 5. Flow arrangements:
• Manufacturing industry • Parallel
• Air-conditioning, refrigeration • Counter
• Space applications • Crossflows
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Counterflow HEX Temperature Profile

Flow Arrangements in Heat Exchangers
1. Parallel-flow
2. Counterflow
3. Crossflow
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Parallel Flow HEX Temperature Profile

Parallel Flow HEX Counter Flow Flow HEX

Variation of fluid temperatures in a heat exchanger when one

of the fluids condenses or boils Enthalpy Balances in HEX
• General Energy balance is written as:

• In HEX, there is No Shaft Work, No Mechanical, Potential and Kinetic

Energy Changes. So for one stream at Steady State:
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Enthalpy Balances in HEX Enthalpy Balances in HEX

• For Hot Stream: • Heat lost by hot fluid is gained by cold fluid, so

• For Cold Stream: • Combining above equation, we get Overall Energy Balance:

• For transfer of only Sensible Heat:

Enthalpy Balances in HEX: Condensers

• Assumptions for eq 11.7:

• Vapors enter as saturated vapor NO SENSIBLE HEAT
• Condensate leaves at condensing temperature TRANSFERS
• If both sensible and Latent heats are involved then: