ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Unit 5 – Skeletal System - Class Lecture Notes

Section 5.1 - Overview

I. Introduction

The skeletal system includes connective tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
These tissues are combined with the various types of muscle tissue to form the Musculo-Skeletal
System.

1) Bone itself has five functions, including:

Movement
Support
Calcium Storage
Production of Red Blood Cells
Protection

2) Cartilage serves as the fetal template for bone formation, and covers the ends of bone, most
especially at the joints, or points of articulation.

3) Tendons connect muscles to bone

4) Ligaments connect bone to bone

II. Bone Biology

1) Bone is composed of organic material (mostly collagen, a spongy protein), within an inorganic
matrix called hydroxyapatite (mostly calcium and potassium).

2) Bone tissue consists of three specialized cell types, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

a. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, which line the surface of a bone’s structure.

b. Osteocytes are bone cells and are found within the bone’s structure.

c. Osteoclasts are cells that resorb bone trough a degradation process.

3) Process of Bone Formation

At birth, most of the skeletal system is composed of cartilage, which over time is replaced by
bone. By the early twenties, most bone growth is complete, although bone is remodeled
throughout life.

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Through the process of remodeling, osteoclasts circulate throughout the bone and look for old or
damaged osteocytes to break down, which are then replaced by osteoblasts which lay down new
bone tissue.

This breakdown and buildup occurs throughout the bone, but is most visible at the growth plates
of the bone which form at the junction of the epiphysis (bone ends), and the diaphysis (bone
shaft). This junction is called the epiphyseal plate, located towards the end of the bone shaft.

Finally, some growth occurs in the periosteum, which is a thin sheaf of tissue that covers the
outside of the bone surface. The periosteum also serves as an intake of nutrition and gasses.

III. Bone Anatomy

1) There are approximately 206 bones in the human body

2) They can be classified into four main classes

a. Long bones: main components of limbs, include the femur, humerus, radius and ulna,
tibia and fibula.

b. Short Bones: include metacarpals of hands and metatarsals of feet

c. Flat Bones: includes cranial bones, innominates and scapula, offer protection and large
muscle attachments

d. Irregular Bones: includes vertebra, carpals (hand) and tarsals (feet), many of the
cranial bones. These bones are generally complex in design and serve specialized
purposes

3) The skeleton can also be divided into two parts, the axial skeleton, and the appendicular
skeleton.

a. The axial skeleton includes the skull or cranium, the vertebral column, and the ribs.

b. The appendicular skeleton includes the pelvic and pectoral girdles, as well as the upper
and lower limb bones.

i. The pectoral girdle includes the scapula and clavicle, and forms the shoulder

ii. The pelvic girdle includes innominate or hip bones.

iii. The upper limbs include the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and
hand phalanges.

iv. The lower limbs include the femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals,
and foot phalanges.