Aviation Electronics Technology Department: Philippine State College of Aeronautics

Philippine State College of Aeronautics
Aviation Electronics Technology Department
223@
MODULEs Airport & airways Flexible Modalities
1
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• 1: Express ideas effectively a comprehensive understanding of the key elements related to

established airport, active runway and taxiway signs, distinctive markings, and lighting as
needed on or in the direct vicinity of a principal airport.
CLO • 3: Identify and interpret signs, markings and lighting systems at airports.
• 1: Demonstrate familiarization and clarify the importance of various types of runway

markings.
• 2: Demonstrate understanding of the basic theory of runway markings of different types.
MLO • 3: Solve any fundamental problem involving the identification of various markings installed
on runways
• 3: Identify and interpret the standard meaning of airport signs, markings and lighting.
• 4: Explain why airport markings, signs, and lights should be in accordance with the
international standard.
TLO • 5: Discuss runway types and explain their identifications.
Week Topics/Activities Allotted Hours

Runway Markings 1.80
2 Use of Runway Declared Distances 1.80
Modular Activity No. 2 0.33
Total Hours 3.93
223@
2
LEARNING MATERIALS
To help you successfully completed on a productive fashion on this course, we have

included the following Learning Materials.
MODULES
This module includes a sequence of discussions; workshop activity at the end of the topics;
separate online assignments and quizzes through Google Classroom, covering the key
points of its topic. The key assignment questions and quizzes are put to assess your
understanding of the concepts discussed. Following confirmation of the activities carried
out, the answers for your clarification are provided. Other course requirement for your
interpretations and discussion will be present on the first day of classes.
In these modules, the responsibility for matters refers only to your instructor. You will be
encouraged to appropriately address any errors, inconsistencies or suggestions, as this
manual might be intended for improvements.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
The rubrics on the last page are used to evaluate the Modular activities and assignments
given.
223@
3
CONTENTS
Introduction ..........................................................................................................................5
2.0 Runway Markings ....................................................................................................5
2.1 Markings Precedence ....................................................................................................6
2.2 Runway Marking Requirements ...............................................................................6
2.3 Runway Designator ....................................................................................................5
2.4 Types of Runway Markings ..........................................................................................7
2.5 Use of Runways Declared Distances ..................................................................12
2.6 Declared Distances ..................................................................................................12
2.7 Types of Apron Markings ........................................................................................15
Modular Activity No. 2 ..................................................................................................18
Rubrics ........................................................................................................................19
Honesty Clause .............................................................................................................20
References ........................................................................................................................21
223@
4
INTRODUCTION
In operating an airport safely and effectively, the correct marking of the paved surfaces of
an airport is fundamental. It is equally as important to make sure these markings stay
visible. The Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) Aerodrome Standard Manual
describes the paved area marking standards used at airports. Information on the marking of
paved runways, taxiways and closed or hazardous areas will be provided by this module.
The CAAP Aerodrome Standard Manual, which includes the figures and diagrams, is
attached to the enclosed references.
2.0 Runway Markings

 Runways are defined as rectangular, airport-based surfaces prepared or suitable for
aircraft landing or take-off. The colors of markings on runways are white.
o A runway should be marked according to its usage. The three classifications of

runways are Visual Runways, Non-precision Instrument Runways, and Precision
Instrument Runways.
o A Visual Runway does not have an existing or planned straight-in instrument

approach procedure.
o A Non-precision Instrument Runway has an existing instrument approach

procedure which uses navigational aids with only horizontal or lateral guidance to the
airport or runway.
o A Precision Instrument Runway has an existing instrument approach procedure

using a precision instrument landing system, which provides both lateral and vertical
guidance to a runway end.
o These airport markings and signs, both in the Philippines and internationally, are
standardized by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to enhance safety
and improve efficiency.
223@
5
2.1 Marking Precedence

 Where several runways intersect, the markings on the higher classification runway
proceed through the intersection, while the lower classification markings are interrupted.
 One exception is that, in order to avoid the intersection area, the runway threshold
marking, designation, marking, and touchdown zone markings are moved along the
lower classification runway.
 For runway intersections of the same classification, the preferred runway (lowest or most
frequently used approach minimum) is considered to have a higher order of precedence.
For marking purposes, the descending order of the classifications is as follows:
2.2 Runway Marking Requirements
2.3 Runway Designator

 The runway designator consists of a two digit number indicating the magnetic
runway heading, rounded to the nearest 10 degrees.
 Where parallel runways are located at an aerodrome with the same magnetic heading,
the runway designator will include a letters:
 L (Left) indicates the runway situated on the left as seen from the approach,
 R (Right) indicates the runway situated on the right.
 C (Centre) exists if there is a third parallel runway, the runway situated in the
middle will be designated with the letter C.
o If there are more than 3 parallel runways, the runway designator number must change
as per example:
 1 runway = 26
 2 runways = 26L, 26R
 3 runways = 26L, 26C, 26R
 4 runways = 26L, 26R, 27L, 27R
 5 runways = 26L, 26C, 26R, 27L, 27R
223@
6
2. 4 Types of Runway Markings
 Runway Centerline Markings

 Runway Centerline Markings Centerline markings on runways identify the runway’s
physical center and provide guidance during landing and take-off for alignment.
 The runway centerline markings are white and are located along the centerline of the
runway between the runway designation markings.
 These markings consist of a line of uniformly spaced stripes and gaps. The stripes are
120 feet long and have gaps that are 80 feet in length.
 Any adjustments to the length and gaps of the stripes that may be needed because of
runway length are to be made near the runway midpoint.
 The minimum width of each stripe is 12 inches for visual approach runways, 18 inches
for non-precision instrument runways, and 36 inches for precision instrument runways.
 Runway centreline markings are 30 meters long and separated by 30 meters between
each mark.
 Runway Threshold Markings

 The beginning of the runway that is available and suitable for landing is identified by a
threshold marking. The runway threshold markings consist of eight uniform-dimensional
white longitudinal stripes arranged evenly around the centerline of the runway. These
markings start from the threshold of the runway 20 feet away.
 Runway threshold markings are depending on runway width.
Source: FAA AC 150/5340-1K
223@
7
 Runway Aiming Point Markings

 An aiming point marking provides a visual target point for landing operations for jet
aircraft. The aiming points are white and 1,020 feet from the threshold is the beginning of
these markings.
 Two rectangular markings, 150 feet in length, located on each side of the runway
centerline, consist of the targeting points. For a runway with a width of 150 feet or
greater, the width of each mark is 30 feet. For a runway width of 150 feet or greater, the
separation between the inner sides of the markings is 72 feet.
 The width of the markings and the space between the inner sides of the markings are
reduced in proportion to the decrease in the width of the runway for runways that are less
than 150 feet wide. The space between the inner sides of the markings should be the
same as that of the touchdown markings when there are touchdown zone markings.
 Runway Touchdown Zone Markings

 The touchdown zone markings identify the landing touchdown zone and are coded to
provide information on distances. These markings are white and consist of groups of
rectangular bars of one, two, and three, equally arranged in pairs along the centerline of
the runway.
 The markings and spaces are reduced proportionally for runways less than 150 feet in
width, but the lengths stay the same. The pairs of markings which extend to within 900
feet of the runway midpoint are eliminated on runways with touchdown zone markings at
both ends.
 The fixed distance markings are part of the touchdown zone markings, but 4,000 feet in
length or longer used by jet aircraft are used alone on non-precision instrument runways
and visual runways. On runways with precision instrument approaches, touchdown zone
markings are required.
223@
8
 Runway Side Stripe Markings
 A visual distinction between the runway and the surrounding terrain is provided by
runway side stripe markings and the runway width is also outlined. The side stripes of the
runway are white and consist of continuous stripes on each side of the runway.
 The maximum distance is 200 feet between the outer edges of the stripes. For precision
instrument runways, the stripes have a minimum width of 36 inches and are at least
equal to the width of the centerline runway strips on other runways.
 The stripes extend to the end of the areas of displaced thresholds used for take-offs and
rollouts. On precision instrument runways, side stripes are required.
 Runway Threshold Bar
 When there is pavement aligned with the runway on the approach side of the threshold,
a threshold bar identifies the beginning of the runway that is available for landing.
 The threshold bar is white and the threshold is located on the landing runway. The
threshold bar is 10 feet wide and stretches across the runway’s width.
 Demarcation Bar
 A demarcation bar identifies a runway with a displaced threshold that precedes the
runway from a blast pad, stopway or taxiway. The demarcation bar is yellow and at the
point where the runway intersects is located on the blast pad, stopway or taxiway. The
demarcation bar is 3 feet wide and extends across the width of the blast pad, stopway or
taxiway.
 Arrows and Arrowheads
 To define a displaced threshold area, arrows are used and are useful for centerline
guidance for takeoff sand/or rollouts.
 Arrowheads are used to highlight the beginning of a runway in connection with a

threshold bar where the use of chevrons is not suitable. Arrows and arrowheads are
white when used in a displaced threshold area. Yellow are the arrowheads used on the
taxiway before the threshold of a runway.
223@
9
 The rows and arrowheads are located in the portion of the runway before the displaced
threshold when a runway threshold is permanently displaced. Where the pavement area
is used as a taxiway before a runway, prior to the threshold bar, arrowheads is located.
o Permanent displaced threshold marking

 A threshold which is temporarily displaced but for any duration of six months or
more, is considered as permanently displaced for the appropriate marking.
o Temporarily displaced threshold marking

 The threshold is displaced for a period shorter than six months.
o The white cross indicates that the surface is unfit for normal aircraft movement, and
unsuitable as stop way.
o Chevrons
 Chevrons are used to identify pavement areas unusable for landing, takeoff,
and taxiing. Chevrons are yellow and are located on pavement areas that are
aligned with and adjacent to the runway.
o Markings for Blast Pads and Stop ways
 To reduce the erosive effect of jet blast and propeller wash, a runway blast pad is a
surface near the ends of runways.
 A runway stop is a defined surface beyond the end of the runway that was
designed during an aborted takeoff to be suitable for supporting an aircraft, without
223@
10
harming that aircraft. All the markings are painted yellow on blast pads and stop
ways.
223@
11
2.5 Use of Runways Declared Distances

 Airport proprietors are responsible for taking the lead in local aviation noise control
 Accordingly, they may propose specific noise abatement plans to the FAA which, if
approved, are applied in the form of Formal or Informal Runway Use Programs for noise
abatement purposes
 At airports where no runway use program is established, ATC clearances may specify:
 The runway most nearly aligned with the wind when it is 5 knots or more;
 The "calm wind" runway when wind is less than 5 knots; or
 Another runway if operationally advantageous
 If a pilot prefers to use a different runway from that specified, or the one most nearly
aligned with the wind, the pilot is expected to inform ATC accordingly
 At airports where a runway use program is established, ATC will assign runways deemed
to have the least noise impact
 If in the interest of safety a runway different from that specified is preferred, the pilot is
expected to advise ATC accordingly
 ATC will honor such requests and advise pilots when the requested runway is noise
sensitive
 When use of a runway other than the one assigned is requested, pilot cooperation is
encouraged to preclude disruption of traffic flows or the creation of conflicting patterns
2.6 Declared Distances

 The maximum distances available and appropriate for meeting the requirements of
takeoff and landing distance performance are declared distances for a runway.
 In accordance with FAA runway design standards, these distances are determined by
adding any clearway or stop way to the physical length of the paved runway and
subtracting from that sum any lengths necessary to obtain the standard runway safety
areas, runway object free areas, or runway protection zones.
 As a result of these additions and subtractions, the distances declared for the runway
may be greater than or less than the physical length of the runway, as shown in the
aeronautical charts and related publications, or may be made available in the electronic
navigation databases provided by the CAAP or by commercial undertakings.
 The airport's Manual of Aerodrome Standards (MOS) has declared distances for each
runway. If necessary to comply with runway design standards or to indicate the presence
of a clearway or stop way, other airports may also report declared distances for a
runway.
223@
12
 Take off Run Available (TORA)

 The length of the runway that has been declared available and appropriate for the
ground running of an aircraft taking off.
o Typically, the TORA is the physical length of the runway, but it may be shorter
than the length of the runway necessary to meet the standards of runway design.
o For example, if a portion of the runway has to be used to meet the requirements
of the runway protection zone, the TORA may be shorter than the runway length.
 Take Off Distance Available (TODA)

 The available takeoff run plus the duration of any remaining runway or clearway beyond
the far end of the available takeoff run.
o The TODA is the distance declared available for aircraft to meet takeoff distance
requirements where the certification and operating rules and performance data
available allow for the consideration of a clearway in the calculation of takeoff
performance.
o Within the Chart Supplement CAAP, the length of any available clearway will be
included in the TODA published in the entry for that runway end.
 Accelerate Stop Distance Available (ASDA)

 The length of the runway plus stop way declared available and appropriate for the
acceleration and deceleration of an aircraft that aborts a takeoff.
o The ASDA may be longer than the physical length of the runway if the airport operator
has designated a stopway available, or may be shorter than the physical length of the
runway if a portion of the runway needs to be used to meet runway design standards;
for example, if the airport operator uses a portion of the runway to meet the
requirement of the runway safety area.
o ASDA is the distance used to meet the requirements for accelerate-stop distance
performance of airplanes where accelerate-stop distance computations are required
by certification and operating rules.
o NOTE-The length of any available stop way will be included in the ASDA published in
the Chart Supplement CAAP entry for that runway end.
 Landing Distance Available (LDA)

 The runway length declared available and suitable for a landing airplane
o If necessary to meet runway design standards, the LDA may be less than the physical
length of the runway or the length of the runway remaining beyond a displaced
threshold; for example, where the airport operator uses a portion of the runway to
achieve the requirement of the runway safety area.
223@
13
o Although information may be available on certain runway elements (such as stop way
length and clearway length), pilots must use the declared distances determined by the
airport operator and not attempt to calculate the declared distances independently by
adding those elements to the reported physical length of the runway operator.
 The airplane operating rules and/or airplane operating limitations set minimum takeoff
and landing distance requirements and is based on performance data provided in the
Airplane Flight Manual or Operating Handbook of the Pilot.
o The minimum distances required for take-off and landing, obtained either in the pre-
take-off planning or in the performance assessments carried out at the time of landing,
must fall within the declared distances applicable before the pilot can accept that take-
off or landing path.
 Runway design standards may impose restrictions on the quantity of runways that are
not apparent from the reported physical length of the runway or from runway markings
and lighting for use at takeoff and landing.
o The Runway Safety Area (RSA), Runway Object Free Area (ROFA) and Runway
Protection Zone (RPZ) runway elements may reduce the declared distances of a
runway at geographically restricted airports to less than the physical length of the
runway.
o The declared distances published for a runway must always be used in place of the
physical length of the runway when considering the amount of runway available for use
in takeoff or landing performance calculations.
 While some of the runway elements associated with declared distances can be identified
by runway markings or lighting (e.g. a shifted threshold or stop), the individual declared
distance limits are not marked or otherwise indicated on the runway.
 During take-off, landing or taxi operation, an aircraft shall not be prohibited from
operating beyond a declared distance limit provided that the runway surface is
appropriately marked as a usable runway.
EXAMPLE:
 The declared LDA for runway 9 must be used when demonstrating compliance with the
landing distance requirements of the applicable operating rules for aircraft and/or
operating limitations for aircraft or when assessing performance before landing.
 Not only because of the displaced threshold, but also because of the subtractions
necessary to meet the RSA beyond the far end of the runway, the LDA is less than the
physical runway length. However, it is permissible for the plane to roll beyond the
unmarked end of the LDA during the actual landing operation.
 When demonstrating compliance with the accelerate-stop distance requirements of the

applicable airplane operating rules and/or airplane operating limitations, the declared
223@
14
ASDA for runway 9 must be used. Due to subtractions needed to attain the full RSA
requirement, the ASDA is less than the physical length of the runway. However, it is
permissible for the airplane to roll beyond the unmarked end of the ASDA in the event of
an aborted takeoff, as it is brought to a full stop on the remaining usable runway.
2.7 Types Apron Markings
 Apron Safety Line (ASL)

 The ASL shall define the areas for the use of ground vehicles and other aircraft
maintenance equipment, etc., in order to ensure a safe separation from the aircraft.
 Equipment Restraint Area (ERA)

 This is a closed area in which, during ground handling, the aircraft is parked. The ERA
dimensions are determined by the largest aircraft type which uses the parking position.
 The ERA is identified on the ground by the Apron Safety Line, drawn in red. While an
aircraft is taxiing into the aircraft parking stand, vehicles, ground handling equipment or
objects must stay away from the ERA.
223@
15
 Equipment Parking Area
 This is a closed area, painted white, intended for the parking of vehicles / equipment for
ground handling (it is used for long-term parking in other airports and leased under a
tenancy agreement to ground handling agents).
 Equipment Staging Area
 This is an area set outside the ERA to position ground handling equipment on standby
prior to the arrival of the aircraft.
 This area is located on the starboard side of each aircraft stand and marked by white
outline before the equipment restraint area.
 Passenger Boarding Bridge Safety Zone

 Describe as red hatched lines under the passenger boarding bridge area. The red
hatching defines safety areas that must remain clear at all times. Vehicles must not park
or hold in these areas. (NO PARKING OR STOPPING WITHIN THIS AREA)
223@
16
 Bay Designation
 These markings help pilots maneuvering aircraft on aprons by providing supplementary

information.
 Marshaller Stop Lines (Stop Bar)
 A yellow line located on the right hand side of, and at right angles to, the alignment line
as seen by the marshaller facing the incoming aircraft where the aircraft nose wheel is to
stop.
 Tug Parking position Line
 A red line and located at aerobridges and other aircraft parking positions; this is to
ensure that tug is clear of incoming aircraft.
223@
17
Activity No. 2 (30 minutes to answer this Activity)
1. What are the three runway types? Explain briefly their specific functions.
2. What is the purpose of the threshold bar markings for the runway? How do we identify
them?
3. How can runway markings be identified? Provide a comprehensive example?
4. Why do we need to be familiar with the different markings for runways?
5. Identify the various types of runway markings and clarify their particular purpose?
6. Explain the difference between takeoff run available and takeoff distance available.
7. What do you understand about declared distances from the runway? Briefly explain
your answer.
8. Identify and explain the purposes of the different types of Apron Markings? Why
should we be familiar with them?
9. What are the important things to take into account when working on airport aprons?
Why?
10. What significant lesson on runway markings did you learn? Provide detailed example?
After your class schedule your appropriate response to these activity woks through
the Google Classroom platform. (Deadline of Submission to be discuss)
- End of Module 2 -
223@
18
Rubrics: Modular Activity/Assignment
Criteria Poor Fair Good Very Good Excellent Score

(1.0 – 1.9) (2.0 – 2.9) (3.0 – 3.9) (4.0 – 4.9) (5.0) (%)
Content Incomplete Content is an Content is not The content is The content is
Development content is not incomplete the comprehensive and comprehensive, comprehensive,
clearly pointed topic is not encouraging, even precise and precise and
out and not clearly though the topic is encouraging, clearly encouraging,
encouraging (1 indicated and is not well supported stated and well clearly stated and
out of 5 not but addressed.) To supported by the well supported by
questions had encouraging (2 have the subject subject. The the subject. The
been addressed of the 5 matter inconsistent scripture and its writing and its
with) questions with its content and purpose are clear. purpose are very
addressed) to clarify thoughts. (4 of the 5 clear
(It addressed 3 out questions were (Exceptionally, all
of 5 questions addressed in an questions were
exceptional way) addressed)
Organization Organization Paper The paper's The paper structure Paper structure and
& Structure and structure are structure and organization and and organization is organization are
not suitable for organization is structure are clearly very clear and easy excellent easy to
the topic. not easy to easy to follow. to follow. Paragraph follow. The
Paragraph is follow. The Paragraph transitions transitions of
confused and transitions to transitions throughout the paragraphs are
thought is lacking paragraphs throughout the paper are present present and very
transition. need paper are present and logical and logical and maintain
improvement and logical and maintain the flow of the thought flow
maintain the flow of thought. throughout the
thought. paper.
Format and Paper disorder Paper complies Most of the The paper follows Paper follows the
References made of lacks of with some guidelines go most guidelines and exact designated
elements guidelines. through paper. includes incorrect guidelines and
incorrect Included are Borderlines, size of spacing between correctly includes
formatting this borderlines, paper, text lines, using complete
include as such: paper size, inappropriate ink different font sizes references.
borderlines, inappropriate used and 3 with 4 references.
paper size, ink used and 2 references are
improper ink references. included.
used, overlap
text, copied
plagiarized or
prepared by
another person
with 1 reference
are included.
Grammar Language Paper made Grammar rules, Grammar rules, Grammar rules,
Punctuation utilizes few mistakes in usage is followed usage is followed usage are fully
and Spelling misleading grammar and and spelling is and spelling is followed, spelling is
conversional spelling, correct. correct. The correct. Language
tone, made of language lacks Language is clear language is very is very clear and
numerous clarification or and precise; clear and precise; precise; sentences
grammatical and includes some sentences display the structure of consistently display
spelling errors. misleading varied structure phrases is strong, varied
The activity was conversional consistently strong. consistently strong structure.
submitted two tone. The activity was and varied. The activity was
weeks late. The activity submitted four days The activity was submitted on time
was submitted late. submitted two days
one week late. late.
Total Points (%)
Points earn
Total Points (%) X 100
Total points
223@
19
Honesty Clause
This honesty clause establishes a fundamental social contract within which the College
community agrees to live. This contract relies on the conviction that the personal and
academic integrity of each individual member strengthens and improves the quality of life
for the entire community. It recognizes the importance of honesty, trust, fairness, respect,
and responsibility and wishes these principles to be a defining part of Philippine State
College of Aeronautics
The Institute of Engineering and Technology values and fosters an environment of
academic and personal integrity, supporting the ethical standards of the engineering
profession, where we design and build for the benefit and safety of society and our
environment.
I agree that the submission of any academic work shall constitute a representation on my
part both that such work has been done, and its submission is being made, in compliance
with honesty and integrity. Furthermore, my responsibility includes taking action when I
have witnessed or am aware of another’s act of academic dishonesty.
____________________________
Students Name Over Signature
223@
20
REFERENCES
Airport Operation Chapter 13

FAA Handd books
NAVAID Advisory Circular, Retrieved from:

https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/150-5340-26c.pdf
Classification of airspace, Retrieved from:

https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Classification_of_Airspace
Runway Lighting system, Retrieved from:

https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Runway_Lighting
Aircraft Signs, Markings and Lighting, Retrieved from:

https://mycfibook.com/lesson-plans/airport-signs-markings-and-lighting/
Airport and Navigation Lighting, Retrieved from:

https://www.flightliteracy.com/airport
223@
21

Aviation Electronics Technology Department: Philippine State College of Aeronautics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aviation Electronics Technology Department: Philippine State College of Aeronautics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Philippine State College of Aeronautics

Aviation Electronics Technology Department

• 1: Express ideas effectively a comprehensive understanding of the key elements related to

• 1: Demonstrate familiarization and clarify the importance of various types of runway

Week Topics/Activities Allotted Hours

To help you successfully completed on a productive fashion on this course, we have

2.0 Runway Markings

o A runway should be marked according to its usage. The three classifications of

o A Visual Runway does not have an existing or planned straight-in instrument

o A Non-precision Instrument Runway has an existing instrument approach

o A Precision Instrument Runway has an existing instrument approach procedure

2.1 Marking Precedence

2.2 Runway Marking Requirements

2.3 Runway Designator

2. 4 Types of Runway Markings

 Runway Centerline Markings

 Runway Threshold Markings

 Runway threshold markings are depending on runway width.

Source: FAA AC 150/5340-1K

 Runway Aiming Point Markings

 Runway Touchdown Zone Markings

 Runway Side Stripe Markings

 Runway Threshold Bar

 Arrows and Arrowheads

 Arrowheads are used to highlight the beginning of a runway in connection with a

o Permanent displaced threshold marking

o Temporarily displaced threshold marking

o Markings for Blast Pads and Stop ways

2.5 Use of Runways Declared Distances

2.6 Declared Distances

 Take off Run Available (TORA)

 Take Off Distance Available (TODA)

 Accelerate Stop Distance Available (ASDA)

 Landing Distance Available (LDA)

 When demonstrating compliance with the accelerate-stop distance requirements of the

2.7 Types Apron Markings

 Apron Safety Line (ASL)

 Equipment Restraint Area (ERA)

 Equipment Parking Area

 Equipment Staging Area

 Passenger Boarding Bridge Safety Zone

 These markings help pilots maneuvering aircraft on aprons by providing supplementary

 Marshaller Stop Lines (Stop Bar)

 Tug Parking position Line

Activity No. 2 (30 minutes to answer this Activity)

Rubrics: Modular Activity/Assignment

Criteria Poor Fair Good Very Good Excellent Score

Airport Operation Chapter 13

NAVAID Advisory Circular, Retrieved from:

Classification of airspace, Retrieved from:

Runway Lighting system, Retrieved from:

Aircraft Signs, Markings and Lighting, Retrieved from:

Airport and Navigation Lighting, Retrieved from:

You might also like