Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of Ships
Effective from 1 January 2017
Part C
Machinery, Systems and Fire Protection
RINA
Via Corsica, 12 - 16128 Genova - Italy
Tel. +39 01053851 - Fax: +39 0105351000
E-MAIL info@rina.org - WEB www.rina.org
GENERAL CONDITIONS
Definitions: the responsibility of qualified service suppliers. Survey practices
"Rules" in these General Conditions means the documents below and procedures are selected by the Society based on its experi-
issued by the Society: ence and knowledge and according to generally accepted techni-
- Rules for the Classification of Ships or other special units; cal standards in the sector.
- Complementary Rules containing the requirements for product, Article 3
plant, system and other certification or containing the require- 3.1. - The class assigned to a Ship, like the reports, statements, cer-
ments for the assignment of additional class notations; tificates or any other document or information issued by the Soci-
- Rules for the application of statutory rules, containing the rules to ety, reflects the opinion of the Society concerning compliance, at
perform the duties delegated by Administrations; the time the Service is provided, of the Ship or product subject to
- Guides to carry out particular activities connected with Services; certification, with the applicable Rules (given the intended use and
- Any other technical document, as for example rule variations or within the relevant time frame).
interpretations. The Society is under no obligation to make statements or provide
“Services” means the activities described in Article 1 below, ren- information about elements or facts which are not part of the spe-
dered by the Society upon request made by or on behalf of the cific scope of the Service requested by the Interested Party or on its
Interested Party. behalf.
“Society” or “RINA” means RINA Services S.p.A. and/or all the 3.2. - No report, statement, notation on a plan, review, Certificate
companies in the RINA Group which provide the Services. of Classification, document or information issued or given as part
“Surveyor” means technical staff acting on behalf of the Society in of the Services provided by the Society shall have any legal effect
performing the Services. or implication other than a representation that, on the basis of the
“Interested Party” means the party, other than the Society, having checks made by the Society, the Ship, structure, materials, equip-
an interest in or responsibility for the Ship, product, plant or sys- ment, machinery or any other item covered by such document or
tem subject to classification or certification (such as the owner of information meet the Rules. Any such document is issued solely
the Ship and his representatives, the ship builder, the engine for the use of the Society, its committees and clients or other duly
builder or the supplier of parts to be tested) who requests the Ser- authorised bodies and for no other purpose. Therefore, the Society
vices or on whose behalf the Services are requested. cannot be held liable for any act made or document issued by
“Owner” means the registered Owner, the ship Owner, the man- other parties on the basis of the statements or information given by
ager or any other party with the responsibility, legally or contractu- the Society. The validity, application, meaning and interpretation
ally, to keep the ship seaworthy or in service, having particular of a Certificate of Classification, or any other document or infor-
regard to the provisions relating to the maintenance of class laid mation issued by the Society in connection with its Services, is
down in Part A, Chapter 2 of the Rules for the Classification of governed by the Rules of the Society, which is the sole subject
Ships or in the corresponding rules indicated in the specific Rules. entitled to make such interpretation. Any disagreement on techni-
“Administration” means the Government of the State whose flag cal matters between the Interested Party and the Surveyor in the
the Ship is entitled to fly or under whose authority the Ship is carrying out of his functions shall be raised in writing as soon as
authorised to operate in the specific case. possible with the Society, which will settle any divergence of opin-
"Ship" means ships, boats, craft and other special units, as for ion or dispute.
example offshore structures, floating units and underwater craft. 3.3. - The classification of a Ship, or the issuance of a certificate or
Article 1 other document connected with classification or certification and
1.1. - The purpose of the Society is, among others, the classifica- in general with the performance of Services by the Society shall
tion and certification of ships and the certification of their parts have the validity conferred upon it by the Rules of the Society at
and components. the time of the assignment of class or issuance of the certificate; in
The Society: no case shall it amount to a statement or warranty of seaworthi-
- sets forth and develops Rules; ness, structural integrity, quality or fitness for a particular purpose
- publishes the Register of Ships; or service of any Ship, structure, material, equipment or machin-
- issues certificates, statements and reports based on its survey ery inspected or tested by the Society.
activities. 3.4. - Any document issued by the Society in relation to its activi-
1.2. - The Society also takes part in the implementation of national ties reflects the condition of the Ship or the subject of certification
and international rules and standards as delegated by various Gov- or other activity at the time of the check.
ernments. 3.5. - The Rules, surveys and activities performed by the Society,
1.3. – The Society carries out technical assistance activities on reports, certificates and other documents issued by the Society are
request and provides special services outside the scope of classifi- in no way intended to replace the duties and responsibilities of
cation, which are regulated by these general conditions, unless other parties such as Governments, designers, ship builders, man-
expressly excluded in the particular contract. ufacturers, repairers, suppliers, contractors or sub-contractors,
Article 2 Owners, operators, charterers, underwriters, sellers or intended
2.1. - The Rules developed by the Society reflect the level of its buyers of a Ship or other product or system surveyed.
technical knowledge at the time they are published. Therefore, the These documents and activities do not relieve such parties from
Society, though committed, also through its research and develop- any fulfilment, warranty, responsibility, duty or obligation (also of a
ment services, to continuous updating, does not guarantee they contractual nature) expressed or implied or in any case incumbent
meet state-of-the-art science and technology at the time of publi- on them, nor do they confer on such parties any right, claim or
cation or that they meet the Society's or others' subsequent techni- cause of action against the Society. With particular regard to the
cal developments. duties of the ship Owner, the Services undertaken by the Society
2.2. - The Interested Party is required to know the Rules on the do not relieve the Owner of his duty to ensure proper maintenance
basis of which the Services are provided. With particular reference of the Ship and ensure seaworthiness at all times. Likewise, the
to Classification Services, special attention is to be given to the Rules, surveys performed, reports, certificates and other docu-
Rules concerning class suspension, withdrawal and reinstatement. ments issued by the Society are intended neither to guarantee the
In case of doubt or inaccuracy, the Interested Party is to promptly buyers of the Ship, its components or any other surveyed or certi-
contact the Society for clarification. fied item, nor to relieve the seller of the duties arising out of the
The Rules for Classification of Ships are published on the Society's law or the contract, regarding the quality, commercial value or
website: www.rina.org. characteristics of the item which is the subject of transaction.
2.3. - The Society exercises due care and skill: In no case, therefore, shall the Society assume the obligations
- in the selection of its Surveyors incumbent upon the above-mentioned parties, even when it is
- in the performance of its Services, taking into account the level of consulted in connection with matters not covered by its Rules or
its technical knowledge at the time the Services are performed. other documents.
2.4. - Surveys conducted by the Society include, but are not lim- In consideration of the above, the Interested Party undertakes to
ited to, visual inspection and non-destructive testing. Unless other- relieve and hold harmless the Society from any third party claim,
wise required, surveys are conducted through sampling as well as from any liability in relation to the latter concerning the
techniques and do not consist of comprehensive verification or Services rendered.
monitoring of the Ship or of the items subject to certification. The Insofar as they are not expressly provided for in these General
surveys and checks made by the Society on board ship do not nec- Conditions, the duties and responsibilities of the Owner and Inter-
essarily require the constant and continuous presence of the Sur- ested Parties with respect to the services rendered by the Society
veyor. The Society may also commission laboratory testing, are described in the Rules applicable to the specific Service ren-
underwater inspection and other checks carried out by and under dered.
Article 4 and International Arbitration of Milan. Arbitration will take place
4.1. – Any request for the Society's Services shall be submitted in in Genoa, Italy.
writing and signed by or on behalf of the Interested Party. Such a 6.2. - However, for disputes concerning non-payment of the fees
request will be considered irrevocable as soon as received by the and/or expenses due to the Society for services, the Society shall
Society and shall entail acceptance by the applicant of all relevant have the right to submit any claim to the jurisdiction of the Courts
requirements of the Rules, including these General Conditions. of the place where the registered or operating office of the Inter-
Upon acceptance of the written request by the Society, a contract ested Party or of the applicant who requested the Service is
between the Society and the Interested Party is entered into, which located.
is regulated by the present General Conditions. In the case of actions taken against the Society by a third party
4.2. – In consideration of the Services rendered by the Society, the before a public Court, the Society shall also have the right to sum-
Interested Party and the person requesting the service shall be mon the Interested Party or the subject who requested the Service
jointly liable for the payment of the relevant fees, even if the ser- before that Court, in order to be relieved and held harmless
vice is not concluded for any cause not pertaining to the Society. according to art. 3.5 above.
In the latter case, the Society shall not be held liable for non-fulfil- Article 7
ment or partial fulfilment of the Services requested. In the event of 7.1. - All plans, specifications, documents and information pro-
late payment, interest at the legal current rate increased by 2% vided by, issued by, or made known to the Society, in connection
may be demanded. with the performance of its Services, will be treated as confidential
4.3. - The contract for the classification of a Ship or for other Ser- and will not be made available to any other party other than the
vices may be terminated and any certificates revoked at the Owner without authorisation of the Interested Party, except as pro-
request of one of the parties, subject to at least 30 days' notice to vided for or required by any applicable international, European or
be given in writing. Failure to pay, even in part, the fees due for domestic legislation, Charter or other IACS resolutions, or order
Services carried out by the Society will entitle the Society to imme- from a competent authority. Information about the status and
diately terminate the contract and suspend the Services. validity of class and statutory certificates, including transfers,
For every termination of the contract, the fees for the activities per- changes, suspensions, withdrawals of class, recommendations/
formed until the time of the termination shall be owed to the Soci- conditions of class, operating conditions or restrictions issued
ety as well as the expenses incurred in view of activities already against classed ships and other related information, as may be
programmed; this is without prejudice to the right to compensa- required, may be published on the website or released by other
tion due to the Society as a consequence of the termination. means, without the prior consent of the Interested Party.
With particular reference to Ship classification and certification, Information about the status and validity of other certificates and
unless decided otherwise by the Society, termination of the con- statements may also be published on the website or released by
tract implies that the assignment of class to a Ship is withheld or, if other means, without the prior consent of the Interested Party.
already assigned, that it is suspended or withdrawn; any statutory 7.2. - Notwithstanding the general duty of confidentiality owed by
certificates issued by the Society will be withdrawn in those cases the Society to its clients in clause 7.1 above, the Society's clients
where provided for by agreements between the Society and the hereby accept that the Society will participate in the IACS Early
flag State. Warning System which requires each Classification Society to pro-
Article 5 vide other involved Classification Societies with relevant technical
5.1. - In providing the Services, as well as other correlated infor- information on serious hull structural and engineering systems fail-
mation or advice, the Society, its Surveyors, servants or agents ures, as defined in the IACS Early Warning System (but not includ-
operate with due diligence for the proper execution of the activity. ing any drawings relating to the ship which may be the specific
However, considering the nature of the activities performed (see property of another party), to enable such useful information to be
art. 2.4), it is not possible to guarantee absolute accuracy, correct- shared and used to facilitate the proper working of the IACS Early
ness and completeness of any information or advice supplied. Warning System. The Society will provide its clients with written
Express and implied warranties are specifically disclaimed. details of such information sent to the involved Classification
Therefore, except as provided for in paragraph 5.2 below, and also Societies.
in the case of activities carried out by delegation of Governments, 7.3. - In the event of transfer of class, addition of a second class or
neither the Society nor any of its Surveyors will be liable for any withdrawal from a double/dual class, the Interested Party under-
loss, damage or expense of whatever nature sustained by any per- takes to provide or to permit the Society to provide the other Clas-
son, in tort or in contract, derived from carrying out the Services. sification Society with all building plans and drawings, certificates,
5.2. – Notwithstanding the provisions in paragraph 5.1 above, documents and information relevant to the classed unit, including
should any user of the Society's Services prove that he has suffered its history file, as the other Classification Society may require for
a loss or damage due to any negligent act or omission of the Soci- the purpose of classification in compliance with the applicable
ety, its Surveyors, servants or agents, then the Society will pay legislation and relative IACS Procedure. It is the Owner's duty to
compensation to such person for his proved loss, up to, but not ensure that, whenever required, the consent of the builder is
exceeding, five times the amount of the fees charged for the spe- obtained with regard to the provision of plans and drawings to the
cific services, information or opinions from which the loss or dam- new Society, either by way of appropriate stipulation in the build-
age derives or, if no fee has been charged, a maximum of one ing contract or by other agreement.
hundred thousand Euro. Where the fees charged are related to a In the event that the ownership of the ship, product or system sub-
number of Services, the amount of the fees will be apportioned for ject to certification is transferred to a new subject, the latter shall
the purpose of the calculation of the maximum compensation, by have the right to access all pertinent drawings, specifications, doc-
reference to the estimated time involved in the performance of the uments or information issued by the Society or which has come to
Service from which the damage or loss derives. Any liability for the knowledge of the Society while carrying out its Services, even
indirect or consequential loss, damage or expense is specifically if related to a period prior to transfer of ownership.
excluded. In any case, irrespective of the amount of the fees Pursuant and owing to Italian legislative decree 196/2003, the
charged, the maximum damages payable by the Society will not Interested Party declares that it has read the information sheet con-
be more than 1 million Euro. Payment of compensation under this cerning the processing of personal data published on the society's
paragraph will not entail any admission of responsibility and/or website and gives its consent to such processing, also for commer-
liability by the Society and will be made without prejudice to the cial information purposes.
disclaimer clause contained in paragraph 5.1 above.
5.3. - Any claim for loss or damage of whatever nature by virtue of Article 8
the provisions set forth herein shall be made to the Society in writ- 8.1. – Should any part of these General Conditions be declared
ing, within the shorter of the following periods: THREE MONTHS invalid, this will not affect the validity of the remaining provisions.
from the date on which the Services were performed or THREE 8.2. - In the event of doubts concerning the interpretation of these
MONTHS from the date on which the damage was discovered. General Conditions, the Italian text will prevail.
Failure to comply with the above deadline will constitute an abso- Article 9
lute bar to the pursuit of such a claim against the Society. 9.1. – When the Society provides its Services to a consumer - i.e. a
Article 6 natural person who does not act within the scope of his business
6.1. - Any dispute arising from or in connection with the Rules or or professional activity - the following provisions do not apply: art.
with the Services of the Society, including any issues concerning 3.2. (as far as the Society is solely entitled to the interpretation of
responsibility, liability or limitations of liability of the Society, will the Rules); art. 4.2., (as far as the payment of the fees is also due
be determined in accordance with Italian Law and settled through for services not concluded due to causes not attributable to the
arbitration assigned to a board of three arbitrators who will pro- Interested Party); art. 5.1. (as far as the exclusion of liability is con-
ceed in compliance with the Rules of the Chamber of National cerned); art. 5.2.; art. 5.3.; and art. 6.1. (as far as the jurisdiction
of a Board of Arbitrators based in Genoa is concerned).
EXPLANATORY NOTE TO PART C
CHAPTER 2
Section 1: [1.1.3], [2.1.2] (NEW);
Section 3: [2.2.3], [2.3.16] (NEW), [3.6.3];
Section 4: [4.4.1], [4.4.4], [4.7.1];
Section 6: [2.1];
Section 7: [1.1.2];
Section 11: [6.1.6] (NEW);
Section 13: [2.3.2], [2.4.2], [4.1.1], [7.2.3], [7.2.4], [7.2.5]
(NEW), [8.1.1], [8.2.3], [8.2.6];
CHAPTER 3
Section 2: [2.1.1] (NEW);
Section 6: [2.5.1];
RULES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS
Part C
Machinery, Systems and Fire Protection
Chapters 1 2 3 4
Chapter 1 MACHINERY
Chapter 2 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
Chapter 3 AUTOMATION
Chapter 4 FIRE PROTECTION, DETECTION AND EXTINCTION
C HAPTER 1
MACHINERY
Section 6 Gearing
1 General 123
1.1 Application
1.2 Documentation to be submitted
2 Design of gears - Determination of the load capacity 124
2.1 Symbols, units, definitions
2.2 Principle
2.3 General influence factors
2.4 Calculation of surface durability
2.5 Calculation of tooth bending strength
3 Design and construction - except tooth load capacity 132
3.1 Materials
3.2 Teeth
3.3 Wheels and pinions
3.4 Shafts and bearings
3.5 Casings
3.6 Lubrication and clutch control
3.7 Control and monitoring
4 Installation 134
4.1 General
4.2 Fitting of gears
5 Certification, inspection and testing 134
5.1 General
5.2 Workshop inspection and testing
Section 8 Propellers
1 General 145
1.1 Application
1.2 Definitions
1.3 Documentation to be submitted
2 Design and construction 146
2.1 Materials
2.2 Solid propellers - Blade thickness
2.3 Built-up propellers and controllable pitch propellers
2.4 Skewed propellers
2.5 Ducted propellers
2.6 Features
3 Arrangement and installation 149
3.1 Fitting of propeller on the propeller shaft
4 Testing and certification 150
4.1 Material tests
4.2 Testing and inspection
4.3 Certification
Section 12 Thrusters
1 General 238
1.1 Application
1.2 Definitions
1.3 Thrusters intended for propulsion
1.4 Documentation to be submitted
2 Design and Construction 238
2.1 Materials
2.2 Transverse thrusters and azimuth thrusters
2.3 Water-jets
2.4 Alarm, monitoring and control systems
3 Testing and certification 241
3.1 Material tests
3.2 Testing and inspection
3.3 Certification
Section 14 Turbochargers
1 General 244
1.1 Application
1.2 Documentation to be submitted
Chapter 1
MACHINERY
1 General aggregate a total power output of not less than 375 kW,
or
1.1 Application • any oil fired boiler or fuel oil unit, or
• gas generators, incinerators, waste disposal units, etc.,
1.1.1 Chapter 1 applies to the design, construction, instal-
which use oil fired equipment.
lation, tests and trials of main propulsion and essential aux-
iliary machinery systems and associated equipment, boilers
1.4.2 Machinery spaces
and pressure vessels, piping systems, and steering and
manoeuvring systems installed on board classed ships, as Machinery spaces are all machinery spaces of Category A
indicated in each Section of this Chapter. and all other spaces containing propulsion machinery, boil-
ers, fuel oil units, steam and internal combustion engines,
generators and major electrical machinery, oil filling sta-
1.2 Additional requirements
tions, refrigerating, stabilising, ventilation and air condition-
1.2.1 Additional requirements for machinery are given in: ing machinery, and similar spaces, and trunks to such
spaces.
• Part E, for the assignment of the service notations
• Part F, for the assignment of additional class notations. 1.4.3 Fuel oil unit
Fuel oil unit is the equipment used for the preparation of
1.3 Documentation to be submitted fuel oil for delivery to an oil fired boiler, or equipment used
for the preparation for delivery of heated oil to an internal
1.3.1 Before the actual construction is commenced, the combustion engine, and includes any oil pressure pumps,
Manufacturer, Designer or Shipbuilder is to submit to the filters and heaters dealing with oil at a pressure of more than
Society the documents (plans, diagrams, specifications and 0,18 N/mm2.
calculations) requested in the relevant Sections of this
Chapter. For the purpose of this definition, inert gas generators are to
be considered as oil fired boilers and gas turbines are to be
The list of documents requested in each Section is to be
considered as internal combustion engines.
intended as guidance for the complete set of information to
be submitted, rather than an actual list of titles.
1.4.4 Dead ship condition
The Society reserves the right to request the submission of
Dead ship condition is the condition under which the
additional documents to those detailed in the Sections, in
whole propulsion system, including the main power supply,
the case of non-conventional design or if it is deemed nec-
is not in operation and auxiliary means for bringing the
essary for the evaluation of the system, equipment or com-
main propulsion machinery into operation and for the resto-
ponent.
ration of the main power supply, such as compressed air
Plans are to include all the data necessary for their interpre- and starting current from batteries, are not available, but
tation, verification and approval. assuming that means are available to start the emergency
Unless otherwise stated in the other Sections of this Chapter generator at all times.
or agreed with the Society, documents for approval are to
be sent in triplicate if submitted by the Shipyard and in four 2 Design and construction
copies if submitted by the equipment supplier. Documents
requested for information are to be sent in duplicate.
2.1 General
In any case, the Society reserves the rights to require addi-
tional copies when deemed necessary.
2.1.1 The machinery, boilers and other pressure vessels,
associated piping systems and fittings are to be of a design
1.4 Definitions and construction adequate for the service for which they
are intended and shall be so installed and protected as to
1.4.1 Machinery spaces of Category A reduce to a minimum any danger to persons on board, due
Machinery spaces of Category A are those spaces and regard being paid to moving parts, hot surfaces and other
trunks to such spaces which contain: hazards.
• internal combustion machinery used for main propul- The design is to have regard to materials used in construc-
sion, or tion, the purpose for which the equipment is intended, the
• internal combustion machinery used for purposes other working conditions to which it will be subjected and the
than main propulsion where such machinery has in the environmental conditions on board.
2.2 Materials, welding and testing vibrations shall not cause undue stresses in this machinery
in the normal operating ranges.
2.2.1 General
Materials, welding and testing procedures are to be in 2.4 Operation in inclined position
accordance with the requirements of Part D and those given
in the other Sections of this Chapter. In addition, for 2.4.1 Main propulsion machinery and all auxiliary machin-
machinery components fabricated by welding the require- ery essential to the propulsion and the safety of the ship are,
ments given in [2.2.2] apply. as fitted in the ship, be designed to operate when the ship is
upright and when inclined at any angle of list either way
2.2.2 Welded machinery components and trim by bow or stern as stated in Tab 1.
Welding processes and welders are to be approved by the
The Society may permit deviations from angles given in
Society in accordance with Part D, Chapter 5.
Tab 1, taking into consideration the type, size and service
References to welding procedures adopted are to be clearly conditions of the ship.
indicated on the plans submitted for approval.
Machinery with a horizontal rotation axis is generally to be
Joints transmitting loads are to be either: fitted on board with such axis arranged alongships. If this is
• full penetration butt-joints welded on both sides, except not possible, the Manufacturer is to be informed at the time
when an equivalent procedure is approved the machinery is ordered.
• full penetration T- or cruciform joints.
2.5 Ambient conditions
For joints between plates having a difference in thickness
greater than 3 mm, a taper having a length of not less than 4 2.5.1 Machinery and systems covered by the Rules are to
times the difference in thickness is required. Depending on be designed to operate properly under the ambient condi-
the type of stress to which the joint is subjected, a taper tions specified in Tab 2, unless otherwise specified in each
equal to three times the difference in thickness may be Section of this Chapter.
accepted.
T-joints on scalloped edges are not permitted. 2.6 Power of machinery
Lap-joints and T-joints subjected to tensile stresses are to
have a throat size of fillet welds equal to 0,7 times the thick- 2.6.1 Unless otherwise stated in each Section of this Chap-
ness of the thinner plate on both sides. ter, where scantlings of components are based on power,
the values to be used are determined as follows:
In the case of welded structures including cast pieces, the
latter are to be cast with appropriate extensions to permit • for main propulsion machinery, the power/rotational
connection, through butt-welded joints, to the surrounding speed for which classification is requested
structures, and to allow any radiographic and ultrasonic • for auxiliary machinery, the power/rotational speed
examinations to be easily carried out. which is available in service.
Where required, preheating and stress relieving treatments
are to be performed according to the welding procedure 2.7 Astern power
specification.
2.7.1 Sufficient power for going astern is to be provided to
secure proper control of the ship in all normal circum-
2.3 Vibrations
stances.
2.3.1 Special consideration is to be given to the design, The main propulsion machinery is to be capable of main-
construction and installation of propulsion machinery sys- taining in free route astern at least 70% of the maximum
tems and auxiliary machinery so that any mode of their ahead revolutions for a period of at least 30 min.
The use of boil-off gas as fuel for boilers or propulsion Particular care is to be taken to obtain a perfect levelling
engines is allowed on gas carriers subject to the require- and general alignment between the propulsion engines and
ments of Pt E, Ch 9, Sec 16. their shafting (see Sec 7).
The use of liquefied or compressed natural gas as fuel is 3.3.2 Chocking resins are to be type approved.
allowed on other ship types subject to the specific require-
ments given in Appendix 7 or on ships in compliance with
the latest edition of the International Code of Safety for 3.4 Safety devices on moving parts
Ships Using Gases or Other Low-Flashpoint Fuels (IGF
Code), as amended, or equivalent arrangements. The 3.4.1 Suitable protective devices are to be provided in way
arrangement on ships of less than 500 gross tonnage is con- of moving parts (flywheels, couplings, etc.) in order to avoid
sidered by the Society on a case by case basis. The use of injuries to personnel.
other gases as fuel is considered by the Society on a case-
by-case basis. 3.5 Gauges
Note 1: The use of gas as fuel in ships requires additional accept-
ance by the Administration of the State whose flag the ship is enti- 3.5.1 All gauges are to be grouped, as far as possible, near
tled to fly. each manoeuvring position; in any event, they are to be
clearly visible.
2.10 Use of asbestos
2.10.1 (1/1/2011) 3.6 Ventilation in machinery spaces
New installation of materials which contain asbestos is pro- 3.6.1 (1/1/2012)
hibited. Machinery spaces of category A are to be sufficiently venti-
lated so as to ensure that when machinery or boilers therein
3 Arrangement and installation on are operating at full power in all weather conditions,
including heavy weather, an adequate supply of air is main-
board tained to the spaces for the safety and comfort of personnel
and the operation of the machinery.
3.1 General
Any other machinery space shall be adequately ventilated
3.1.1 Provision shall be made to facilitate cleaning, inspec- in relation to the purpose of that machinery space.
tion and maintenance of main propulsion and auxiliary This sufficient amount of air is to be supplied through suita-
machinery, including boilers and pressure vessels. bly protected openings arranged in such a way that they can
Easy access to the various parts of the propulsion machinery be used in all weather conditions, taking into account Reg-
is to be provided by means of metallic ladders and gratings ulation 17(3) and Regulation 19 of the 1966 Load Line Con-
fitted with strong and safe handrails. vention as amended by the Protocol of 1988.
Spaces containing main and auxiliary machinery are to be Special attention is to be paid both to air delivery and
provided with adequate lighting and ventilation. extraction and to air distribution in the various spaces. The
quantity and distribution of air are to be such as to satisfy
machinery requirements for developing maximum continu-
3.2 Floors ous power.
3.2.1 Floors in engine rooms are to be metallic, divided The ventilation is to be so arranged as to prevent any accu-
into easily removable panels. mulation of flammable gases or vapours.
3.7 Hot surfaces and fire protection The engine room telegraph is required in any case, even if
the remote control of the engine is foreseen, irrespective of
3.7.1 (1/7/2004) whether the engine room is attended.
Surfaces, having temperature exceeding 60°C, with which For ships assigned with a restricted navigation notation
the crew are likely to come into contact during operation these requirements may be relaxed at the Society’s discre-
are to be suitably protected or insulated. tion.
Surfaces of machinery with temperatures above 220°C, e.g.
steam, thermal oil and exhaust gas lines, silencers, exhaust 3.9 Machinery remote control, alarms and
gas boilers and turbochargers, are to be effectively insulated safety systems
with non-combustible material or equivalently protected to
prevent the ignition of combustible materials coming into 3.9.1 For remote control systems of main propulsion
contact with them. Where the insulation used for this pur- machinery and essential auxiliary machinery and relevant
pose is oil absorbent or may permit the penetration of oil, alarms and safety systems, the requirements of Chapter 3
the insulation is to be encased in steel sheathing or equiva- apply.
lent material.
3.9.2 An engineers’ alarm shall be provided to be operated
The insulation of hot surfaces is to be of a type and so sup- from the engine control room or at the manoeuvring plat-
ported that it does not crack or deteriorate when subject to form as appropriate, and shall be clearly audible in the engi-
vibration. neers’ accommodation.
In addition to the requirements of this Section, those given c) The engine designer arranges for a Surveyor to attend an
in Sec 1 apply. engine type test
d) Upon satisfactory testing and examination of relevant
1.2 Type approval certificate reports, the Society issues a type approval certificate.
1.2.1 (1/7/2016)
1.4.2 Document flow for engine certificate
For each type of engine that is required to be certified, a (1/7/2016)
type approval certificate is to be obtained by the engine
designer. a) The engine type must have a type approval certificate.
For the first engine of a type, process and the engine cer-
The type approval process consists of: tification process (ECP) may be performed simultane-
• drawing and specification approval, ously.
• conformity of production, b) Engines to be installed in specific applications may
• approval of type testing programme, require the engine designer/licensor to modify the
design or performance requirements. The modified
• type testing of engines, drawings are forwarded by the engine designer to the
• review of the obtained type testing results, engine builder/licensee to develop production docu-
• evaluation of the manufacturing arrangements, mentation for use in the engine manufacture in accord-
ance with Tab 3.
• issue of a type approval certificate upon satisfactorily
meeting the Rule requirements. c) The engine builder/licensee develops a comparison list
of the production documentation to the documentation
listed in Tab 1 and Tab 2.. An example comparison list
1.3 Engine certificate
is provided in App 9. If there are differences in the tech-
1.3.1 (1/7/2016) nical content on the licensee's production draw-
ings/documents compared to the corresponding
Each diesel engine manufactured for a shipboard applica- licensor's drawings, the licensee must obtain agreement
tion per [1.1.1] is to have an engine certificate: to such differences from the designer using the template
The certification process consists of: in App 10.
• the engine builder/licensee obtaining design approval of If the designer agreement is not confirmed, the engine is
the engine application specific documents, if any, by to be regarded as a different engine type and is to be
subjected to the complete type approval process by the speed, in the period of time between two consecutive over-
licensee. hauls.
d) The engine builder/licensee is to submit the comparison Power, speed and the period of time between two consecu-
list and the production documentation to the Society tive overhauls are to be stated by the Manufacturer and
review/approval. agreed by the Society.
e) The reviewed/approved documentation is to be used by The rated power is the maximum power at ambient refer-
the engine builder/licensee and their subcontractors and ence conditions [1.5.2] which the engine is capable of
attending Surveyors. The attending Surveyors may delivering as set after works trials (fuel stop power) at the
request the engine builder/licensee or their subcontrac- maximum speed allowed by the governor.
tors to provide the actual documents indicated in the
The rated power for engines driving electric generators is
list, in which case these are to be made available for the
the nominal power, taken at the net of overload, at ambient
Surveyors.
reference conditions [1.5.2], which the engine is capable of
f) The attending Surveyors, at the engine builder/licen- delivering as set after the works trials [7.4].
see/subcontractors, will issue product certificates as
necessary for components manufactured upon satisfac- 1.5.4 Society Certificate (SC) (1/7/2016)
tory inspections and tests. This is a document issued by the Society stating:
g) The engine builder/licensee assembles the engine, tests • conformity with Rule requirements
the engine with a Surveyor present.
• that the tests and inspections have been carried out on
h) An engine certificate is issued by the Surveyor upon sat- the certified product itself, or on sam-ples taken from
isfactory completion of assembly and tests. the certified product itself
• that the inspection and tests were performed in the pres-
1.5 Definitions ence of the Surveyor or in accordance with special
agreements, i.e. ACS.
1.5.1 Engine type (1/7/2016)
A type of engine is defined: 1.5.5 Work’s Certificate (W) (1/7/2016)
• bore and stroke This is a document signed by the manufacturer stating:
• injection method (direct or indirect) • conformity with requirements
• valve and injection operation (by cams or electronically • that the tests and inspections have been carried out on
controlled) the certified product itself, or on samples taken from the
• kind of fuel (liquid, dual-fuel, gaseous) raw material, used for the product to be certified
• working cycle (4-stroke, 2-stroke) • that the tests were witnessed and signed by a qualified
• turbo-charging system (pulsating or constant pressure) representative of the applicable department of the man-
ufacturer.
• the charging air cooling system (e.g. with or without
intercooler) A Work's Certificate may be considered equivalent to a
• cylinder arrangement (in-line or V) Society Certificate and endorsed by the Society under the
• cylinder power, speed and cylinder pressures. following cases:
• the test was witnessed by the Society Surveyor; or
1.5.2 Ambient reference conditions (1/7/2016)
• an Alternative Certification Scheme (ACS) agreement is
The power of engines as per [1.1.1] (a), (b) and (c) is to be in place between the Class Society and the manufac-
referred to the following ambient reference conditions:
turer or material supplier; or
• barometric pressure = 0,1 MPa
• the Work's certificate is supported by tests carried out
• relative humidity = 60% by an accredited third party that is accepted by the Soci-
• ambient air temperature = 45° ety and independent from the manufacturer and/or
• sea water temperature (and temperature at inlet of sea material supplier.
water cooled charge air cooler) = 32°C.
1.5.6 Test Report (R) (1/7/2016)
In the case of ships assigned with a navigation notation This is a document signed by the manufacturer stating:
other than unrestricted navigation, different temperatures
• conformity with requirements
may be accepted by the Society.
• that the tests and inspections have been carried out on
The engine Manufacturer is not expected to provide the
samples from the current production.
above ambient conditions at a test bed. The rating is to be
adjusted according to a recognized standard accepted by 1.5.7 (1/7/2016)
the Society. Low-Speed Engines means diesel engines having a rated
speed of less than 300 rpm.
1.5.3 Engine power (1/7/2016)
The maximum continuous power is the maximum power at 1.5.8 (1/7/2016)
ambient reference conditions [1.5.2] which the engine is Medium-Speed Engines means diesel engines having a
capable of delivering continuously, at nominal maximum rated speed of 300 rpm and above, but less than 1400 rpm.
2.10.1 (1/7/2016)
2.5 Type approval test
The assignment of documents to Tab 1 for information does
2.5.1 (1/7/2016) not preclude possible comments by the Society.
A type approval test is to be carried out in accordance with
[6] and is to be witnessed by the Classification Society. 2.10.2 (1/7/2016)
Where considered necessary, the Society may request fur-
The manufacturing facility of the engine presented for the
ther documents to be submitted. This may include details or
type approval test is to be assessed in accordance with
evidence of existing type approval or proposals for a type
[7.1].
testing program in accordance with [6].
The documents listed in Tab 3 may be submitted by: 3.4 Alternative execution
• the engine designer (licensor), 3.4.1 (1/7/2016)
• the manufacturer/licensee. If there are differences in the technical content on the licen-
see's production drawings/documents compared to the cor-
responding licensor's drawings, the licensee must provide
3.2 Document development for production to the Society a "Confirmation of the licensor's acceptance
of licensee's modifications" approved by the licensor and
3.2.1 (1/7/2016) signed by licensee and licensor. Modifications applied by
Prior to the start of the engine certification process, a design the licensee are to be provided with appropriate quality
approval is to be obtained per [2.2] through [2.4] for each requirements.
type of engine. Each type of engine is to be provided with a
type approval certificate obtained by the engine 3.5 Manufacturer approval
designer/licensor prior to the engine builder/licensee begin-
ning production manufacturing. For the first engine of a 3.5.1 (1/7/2016)
type, the type approval process and the certification process The Classification Society assesses conformity of production
may be performed simultaneously. with the Classification Society's requirements for produc-
tion facilities comprising manufacturing facilities and pro-
The engine designer/licensor reviews the documents listed cesses, machining tools, quality assurance, testing facilities,
in Tab 1 and Tab 2 for the application and develops, if nec- etc. See [7.1] Satisfactory conformance results in the issue
essary, application specific documentation for the use of the of a class approval document.
engine builder/licensee in developing engine specific pro-
duction documents. 3.6 Document availability
If substantive changes have been made, the affected docu- 3.6.1 (1/7/2016)
ments are to be resubmitted to the Classification Society as
In addition to the documents listed in Tab 3, the engine
per [2.7].
builder/licensee is to be able to provide to the Surveyor per-
forming the inspection upon request the relevant detail
3.3 Documents to be submitted for inspec- drawings, production quality control specifications and
tion and testing acceptance criteria. These documents are for supplemental
purposes to the survey only.
3.3.1 (1/7/2016)
3.7 Engine assembly and testing
[2.7] lists the production documents, which are to be sub-
mitted by the engine builder/licensee to the Classification 3.7.1 (1/7/2016)
Society following acceptance by the engine designer/licen- Engine assembly and testing procedure are to be carried out
sor. The Surveyor uses the information for inspection pur- under survey of a Society surveyor unless an Alternative
poses during manufacture and testing of the engine and its Certification Scheme is agreed between manufacturer and
components. See [3.3] through [3.6]. the Society.
No. Item
1 Engine particulars (e.g. Data sheet with general engine information (see App 9), Project Guide, Marine Installation Man-
ual)
2 Engine cross section
3 Engine longitudinal section
4 Bedplate and crankcase of cast design
5 Thrust bearing assembly (1)
6 Frame/framebox/gearbox of cast design (2)
7 Tie rod
8 Connecting rod
9 Connecting rod, assembly (3)
10 Crosshead, assembly
11 Piston rod, assembly (3)
12 Piston, assembly (3)
13 Cylinder jacket/ block of cast design (2)
14 Cylinder cover, assembly (3)
15 Cylinder liner
16 Counterweights (if not integral with crankshaft), including fastening
17 Camshaft drive, assembly (3)
18 Flywheel
19 Fuel oil injection pump
20 Shielding and insulation of exhaust pipes and other parts of high temperature which may be impinged as a result of a
fuel system failure, assembly
For electronically controlled engines, construction and arrangement of:
21 • Control valves
22 • High-pressure pumps
23 • Drive for high pressure pumps
24 Operation and service manuals (4)
25 FMEA (for engine control system) (5)
26 Production specifications for castings and welding (sequence)
27 Evidence of quality control system for engine design and in service maintenance
(1) If integral with engine and not integrated in the bedplate.
(2) Only for one cylinder or one cylinder configuration.
(3) Including identification (e.g. drawing number) of components.
(4) Operation and service manuals are to contain maintenance requirements (servicing and repair) including details of any special
tools and gauges that are to be used with their fitting/settings together with any test requirements on completion of mainte-
nance.
(5) Where engines rely on hydraulic, pneumatic or electronic control of fuel injection and/or valves, a failure mode and effects
analysis (FMEA) is to be submitted to demonstrate that failure of the control system will not result in the operation of the
engine being degraded beyond acceptable performance criteria for the engine. The FMEA reports required will not be explic-
itly approved by the Classification Society.
(6) Tests are to demonstrate the ability of the control, protection and safety equipment to function as intended under the specified
testing conditions per Ch 3, Sec 6.
No. Item
28 Evidence of quality control system for engine design and in service maintenance
29 Type approval certification for environmental tests, control components (6)
(1) If integral with engine and not integrated in the bedplate.
(2) Only for one cylinder or one cylinder configuration.
(3) Including identification (e.g. drawing number) of components.
(4) Operation and service manuals are to contain maintenance requirements (servicing and repair) including details of any special
tools and gauges that are to be used with their fitting/settings together with any test requirements on completion of mainte-
nance.
(5) Where engines rely on hydraulic, pneumatic or electronic control of fuel injection and/or valves, a failure mode and effects
analysis (FMEA) is to be submitted to demonstrate that failure of the control system will not result in the operation of the
engine being degraded beyond acceptable performance criteria for the engine. The FMEA reports required will not be explic-
itly approved by the Classification Society.
(6) Tests are to demonstrate the ability of the control, protection and safety equipment to function as intended under the specified
testing conditions per Ch 3, Sec 6.
No. Item
1 Bedplate and crankcase of welded design, with welding details and welding instructions (1), (2)
2 Thrust bearing bedplate of welded design, with welding details and welding instructions (1)
3 Bedplate/oil sump welding drawings
4 Frame/framebox/gearbox of welded design, with welding details and instructions (1), (2)
5 Engine frames, welding drawings (1), (2)
6 Crankshaft, details, each cylinder No.
7 Crankshaft, assembly, each cylinder No.
8 Crankshaft calculations (for each cylinder configuration) according to App 9
9 Thrust shaft or intermediate shaft (if integral with engine)
10 Shaft coupling bolts
11 Material specifications of main parts with information on non-destructive material tests and pressure tests
Schematic layout or other equivalent documents on the engine of:
12 • Starting air system
13 • Fuel oil system
14 • Lubricating oil system
15 • Cooling water system
16 • Hydraulic system
17 • Hydraulic system (for valve lift)
18 • Engine control and safety system
19 Shielding of high pressure fuel pipes, assembly (4)
20 Construction of accumulators (common rail) (for electronically controlled engine)
(1) For approval of materials and weld procedure specifications. The weld procedure specification is to include details of pre and
post weld heat treatment, weld consumables and fit-up conditions.
(2) For each cylinder for which dimensions and details differ.
(3) For comparison with Society requirements for material, NDT and pressure testing as applicable.
(4) All engines.
(5) Only for engines of a cylinder diameter of 200 mm or more or a crankcase volume of 0.6 m3 or more.
(6) The documentation to contain specifications for pressures, pipe dimensions and materials.
(7) The type test report may be submitted shortly after the conclusion of the type test.
No. Item
21 Construction of common accumulators (common rail) (for electronically controlled engine)
22 Arrangement and details of the crankcase explosion relief valve (5)
23 Calculation results for crankcase explosion relief valves
24 Details of the type test program and the type test report) (7)
25 High pressure parts for fuel oil injection system (6)
26 Oil mist detection and/or alternative alarm arrangements
27 Details of mechanical joints of piping systems (see Sec 10)
28 Documentation verifying compliance with inclination limits (see Sec 1)
29 Documents as required in Ch 3, Sec 3 as applicable
(1) For approval of materials and weld procedure specifications. The weld procedure specification is to include details of pre and
post weld heat treatment, weld consumables and fit-up conditions.
(2) For each cylinder for which dimensions and details differ.
(3) For comparison with Society requirements for material, NDT and pressure testing as applicable.
(4) All engines.
(5) Only for engines of a cylinder diameter of 200 mm or more or a crankcase volume of 0.6 m3 or more.
(6) The documentation to contain specifications for pressures, pipe dimensions and materials.
(7) The type test report may be submitted shortly after the conclusion of the type test.
No. Item
1 Engine particulars as per data sheet in App 9
2 Material specifications of main parts with information on non-destructive material tests and pressure tests (1)
3 Bedplate and crankcase of welded design, with welding details and welding instructions (2)
4 Thrust bearing bedplate of welded design, with welding details and welding instructions (2)
5 Frame/framebox/gearbox of welded design, with welding details and instructions (2)
6 Crankshaft, assembly and details
7 Thrust shaft or intermediate shaft (if integral with engine)
8 Shaft coupling bolts
9 Bolts and studs for main bearings
10 Bolts and studs for cylinder heads and exhaust valve (two stroke design)
11 Bolts and studs for connecting rods
(1) For comparison with Society requirements for material, NDT and pressure testing as applicable.
(2) For approval of materials and weld procedure specifications. The weld procedure specification is to include details of pre and
post weld heat treatment, weld consumables and fit-up conditions.
(3) Details of the system so far as supplied by the engine manufacturer such as: main dimensions, operating media and maximum
working pressures.
(4) All engines.
(5) The documentation to contain specifications for pressures, pipe dimensions and materials.
(6) Only for engines of a cylinder diameter of 200 mm or more or a crankcase volume of 0.6 m3 or more.
(7) Including identification (e.g. drawing number) of components.
(8) Operation and service manuals are to contain maintenance requirements (servicing and repair) including details of any special
tools and gauges that are to be used with their fitting/settings together with any test requirements on completion of mainte-
nance.
(9) Required for engines that rely on hydraulic, pneumatic or electronic control of fuel injection and/or valves.
(10) Documents modified for a specific application are to be submitted to the Classification Society for information or approval, as
applicable. See [3.2], App 9 and App 10.
No. Item
12 Tie rods
Schematic layout or other equivalent documents on the engine of:
13 • Starting air system
14 • Fuel oil system
15 • Lubricating oil system
16 • Cooling water system
17 • Hydraulic system
18 • Hydraulic system (for valve lift)
19 • Engine control and safety system
20 Shielding of high pressure fuel pipes, assembly (4)
21 Construction of accumulators for hydraulic oil and fuel oil
22 High pressure parts for fuel oil injection system (5)
23 Arrangement and details of the crankcase explosion relief valve (see [2.3]) (6)
24 Oil mist detection and/or alternative alarm arrangements (see [2.3])
25 Cylinder head
26 Cylinder block, engine block
27 Cylinder liner
28 Counterweights (if not integral with crankshaft), including fastening
29 Connecting rod with cap
30 Crosshead
31 Piston rod
32 Piston, assembly (7)
33 Piston head
34 Camshaft drive, assembly (7)
35 Flywheel
36 Arrangement of foundation (for main engines only)
37 Fuel oil injection pump
38 Shielding and insulation of exhaust pipes and other parts of high temperature which may be impinged as a result of a
fuel system failure, assembly
39 Construction and arrangement of dampers
(1) For comparison with Society requirements for material, NDT and pressure testing as applicable.
(2) For approval of materials and weld procedure specifications. The weld procedure specification is to include details of pre and
post weld heat treatment, weld consumables and fit-up conditions.
(3) Details of the system so far as supplied by the engine manufacturer such as: main dimensions, operating media and maximum
working pressures.
(4) All engines.
(5) The documentation to contain specifications for pressures, pipe dimensions and materials.
(6) Only for engines of a cylinder diameter of 200 mm or more or a crankcase volume of 0.6 m3 or more.
(7) Including identification (e.g. drawing number) of components.
(8) Operation and service manuals are to contain maintenance requirements (servicing and repair) including details of any special
tools and gauges that are to be used with their fitting/settings together with any test requirements on completion of mainte-
nance.
(9) Required for engines that rely on hydraulic, pneumatic or electronic control of fuel injection and/or valves.
(10) Documents modified for a specific application are to be submitted to the Classification Society for information or approval, as
applicable. See [3.2], App 9 and App 10.
No. Item
For electronically controlled engines, assembly drawings or arrangements of:
40 • Control valves
41 • High-pressure pumps
42 • Drive for high pressure pumps
43 • Valve bodies, if applicable
44 Operation and service manuals (8)
45 Test program resulting from FMEA (for engine control system) (9)
46 Production specifications for castings and welding (sequence)
47 Type approval certification for environmental tests, control components (10)
48 Quality requirements for engine production
(1) For comparison with Society requirements for material, NDT and pressure testing as applicable.
(2) For approval of materials and weld procedure specifications. The weld procedure specification is to include details of pre and
post weld heat treatment, weld consumables and fit-up conditions.
(3) Details of the system so far as supplied by the engine manufacturer such as: main dimensions, operating media and maximum
working pressures.
(4) All engines.
(5) The documentation to contain specifications for pressures, pipe dimensions and materials.
(6) Only for engines of a cylinder diameter of 200 mm or more or a crankcase volume of 0.6 m3 or more.
(7) Including identification (e.g. drawing number) of components.
(8) Operation and service manuals are to contain maintenance requirements (servicing and repair) including details of any special
tools and gauges that are to be used with their fitting/settings together with any test requirements on completion of mainte-
nance.
(9) Required for engines that rely on hydraulic, pneumatic or electronic control of fuel injection and/or valves.
(10) Documents modified for a specific application are to be submitted to the Classification Society for information or approval, as
applicable. See [3.2], App 9 and App 10.
The Society, at its discretion and subject to special condi- 4.3 Crankcase
tions (such as restrictions in ship navigation), may accept
crankshafts made of cast carbon steel, cast alloyed steel or 4.3.1 Strength (1/7/2016)
spheroidal or nodular graphite cast iron of appropriate qual- Crankcase construction and crankcase doors are to be of
ity and manufactured by a suitable procedure having a ten- sufficient strength to withstand anticipated crankcase pres-
sile strength as follows: sures that may arise during a crankcase explosion taking
into account the installation of explosion relief valves
a) between 400 N/mm2 and 560 N/mm2 for cast carbon required in [4.3.4]. Crankcase doors are to be fastened suffi-
steel ciently securely for them not be readily displaced by a
crankcase explosion.
b) between 400 N/mm2 and 700 N/mm2 for cast alloyed
steel.
4.3.2 Ventilation and drainage (1/7/2016)
The acceptable values of tensile strength for spheroidal or Ventilation of the crankcase, or any arrangement which
nodular graphite cast iron will be considered by the Society could produce a flow of external air within the crankcase, is
on a case by case basis. in principle not permitted except for dual fuel engines,
where crankcase ventilation is to be provided in accord- installation arrangements that will be used on an engine
ance with App 2, [2.1.2] in accordance with App 5.
Where provided, crankcase ventilation pipes are to be as Where relief valves are provided with arrangements for
small as practicable to minimise the inrush of air after a shielding emissions from the valve following an explo-
crankcase explosion. sion, the valve is to be type tested to demonstrate that
the shielding does not adversely affect the operational
If forced extraction of the oil mist atmosphere gases from effectiveness of the valve.
the crankcase is provided (for mist smoke detection pur-
c) Relief valves are to be provided with a copy of the Man-
poses, for instance), the vacuum in the crankcase is not to
ufacturer's installation and maintenance manual that is
exceed 2,5 x10-4 N/mm2. pertinent to the size and type of valve being supplied for
To avoid interconnection between crankcases and the pos- installation on a particular engine.
sible spread of fire following an explosion, crankcase venti- The manual is to contain the following information:
lation pipes and oil drain pipes for each engine are to be 1) Description of valve with details of function and
independent of any other engine. design limits
Lubricating oil drain pipes from the engine sump to the 2) Copy of type test certification
drain tank are to be submerged at their outlet ends. 3) Installation instructions
4.3.3 Warning notice (1/7/2016) 4) Maintenance in service instructions to include test-
ing and renewal of any sealing arrangements
A warning notice is to be fitted either on the control stand
or, preferably, on a crankcase door on each side of the 5) Actions required after a crankcase explosion.
engine. A copy of the installation and maintenance manual
required above is to be provided on board ship.
This warning notice is to specify that, whenever overheating
Plans showing details and arrangements of crankcase
is suspected within the crankcase, the crankcase doors or
explosion relief valves are to be submitted for approval
sight holes are not to be opened before a reasonable time
in accordance with Tab 1.
has elapsed, sufficient to permit adequate cooling after
stopping the engine. Valves are to be provided with suitable markings that
include the following information:
4.3.4 Relief valves (1/7/2016) • Name and address of Manufacturer
a) Diesel engines of a cylinder diameter of 200 mm and • Designation and size
above or a crankcase gross volume of 0,6 m3 and above • Month/Year of manufacture
are to be provided with crankcase explosion relief • Approved installation orientation.
valves according to the requirements of this item d) Engines of a cylinder diameter of 200 mm and above,
[4.3.4]. but not exceeding 250 mm, are to have at least one
The total volume of the stationary parts within the valve near each end; however, for engines with more
crankcase may be discounted in estimating the crank- than 8 crankthrows, an additional valve is to be fitted
case gross volume (rotating and reciprocating compo- near the middle of the engine.
nents are to be included in the gross volume). Engines of a cylinder diameter of 250 mm and above,
but not exceeding 300 mm, are to have at least one
b) Relief valves are to be provided with lightweight spring-
valve in way of each alternate crankthrow, with a mini-
loaded valve discs or other quick-acting and self-closing
mum of two valves.
devices to relieve a crankcase of pressure in the event of
an internal explosion and to prevent the inrush of air Engines of a cylinder diameter exceeding 300 mm are
thereafter. to have at least one valve in way of each main crank-
throw.
The valve discs in relief valves are to be made of ductile
e) Additional relief valves are to be fitted on separate
material capable of withstanding the shock of contact
spaces of the crankcase, such as gear or chain cases for
with stoppers at the full open position.
camshaft or similar drives, when the gross volume of
Relief valves are to be designed and constructed to open such spaces is 0,6 m3 or above.
quickly and be fully open at a pressure not greater than Scavenge spaces in open connection to the cylinders
0,02 N/mm2. are to be fitted with explosion relief valves.
The free area of each crankcase explosion relief valve is
4.3.5 Oil mist detection/monitoring arrangements
not to be less than 45 cm2. The aggregate free area of
(1/7/2016)
the valves fitted on an engine is not to be less than 115
Oil mist detection arrangements (or engine bearing temper-
cm2 per cubic metre of the crankcase gross volume.
ature monitors or equivalent devices) are required:
Relief valves are to be provided with a flame arrester • for alarm and slowdown purposes for low speed diesel
that permits flow for crankcase pressure relief and pre- engines of 2250 kW and above or having cylinders of
vents passage of flame following a crankcase explosion. more than 300 mm bore (see Note 1)
Relief valves are to be type approved. Type testing is to • for alarm and automatic shut-off purposes for medium
be carried out in a configuration that represents the and high speed diesel engines of 2250 kW and above or
having cylinders of more than 300 mm bore (see The oil mist detection system is to provide an indication that
Note 1). any lenses fitted in the equipment and used in determina-
tion of the oil mist level have been partially obscured to a
Note 1:
degree that will affect the reliability of the information and
Low-Speed Engines means diesel engines having a rated speed of alarm indication.
less than 300 rpm.
Medium-Speed Engines means diesel engines having a rated speed Where oil mist detection equipment includes the use of
of 300 rpm and above, but less than 1400 rpm. programmable electronic systems, the arrangements are to
High-Speed Engines means diesel engines having a rated speed of be in accordance with Chapter 3.
1400 rpm and above. Plans showing details and arrangements of oil mist detec-
Oil mist detection arrangements are to be of a type tion arrangements are to be submitted for approval in
approved by the Society and tested in accordance with accordance with Tab 1.
App 6 and are to comply with the requirements indicated
The equipment together with detectors is to be tested when
hereinafter.
installed on the test bed and on board ship to demonstrate
Engine bearing temperature monitors or equivalent devices that the detection and alarm system functionally operates.
used as safety devices are to be of a type approved by clas- The testing arrangements are to be to the satisfaction of the
sification societies for such purposes. Society.
Equivalent devices mean measures applied to high speed
Where sequential oil mist detection arrangements are pro-
engines where specific design features are incorporated to
vided, the sampling frequency and time are to be as short as
preclude the risk of crankcase explosions.
reasonably practicable.
The oil mist detection system and arrangements are to be
installed in accordance with the engine Designer's and oil Where alternative methods are provided for the prevention
mist Manufacturer's instructions/recommendations. The fol- of the build-up of potentially explosive oil mist conditions
lowing particulars are to be included in the instructions: within the crankcase, details are to be submitted for consid-
eration. The following information is to be included in the
• Schematic layout of engine oil mist detection and alarm details to be submitted for consideration:
system showing location of engine crankcase sample
points and piping or cable arrangements together with • Engine particulars - type, power, speed, stroke, bore and
pipe dimensions to detector crankcase volume
• Evidence of study to justify the selected location of sam- • Details of arrangements to prevent the build-up of
ple points and sample extraction rate (if applicable) in potentially explosive conditions within the crankcase,
consideration of the crankcase arrangements and geom- e.g. bearing temperature monitoring, oil splash tempera-
etry and the predicted crankcase atmosphere where oil ture, crankcase pressure monitoring, recirculation
mist can accumulate arrangements
• The Manufacturer's maintenance and test manual • Evidence to demonstrate that the arrangements are
• Information relating to type or in-service testing of the effective in preventing the build-up of potentially explo-
engine carried out with engine protection system test sive conditions together with details of in-service expe-
arrangements having approved types of oil mist detec- rience
tion equipment. • Operating instructions and the maintenance and test
A copy of the oil mist detection equipment maintenance instructions.
and test manual required above is to be provided on board
Where it is proposed to use the introduction of inert gas into
ship.
the crankcase to minimise a potential crankcase explosion,
Oil mist detection and alarm information is to be capable of details of the arrangements are to be submitted to the Soci-
being read from a safe location away from the engine. ety for consideration.
Each engine is to be provided with its own independent oil
mist detection arrangement and a dedicated alarm. 4.4 Scavenge manifolds
Oil mist detection and alarm systems are to be capable of
being tested on the test bed and on board under engine at 4.4.1 Fire extinguishing (1/7/2016)
standstill and engine running at normal operating condi- For two-stroke crosshead type engines, scavenge spaces in
tions in accordance with test procedures that are acceptable open connection (without valves) to the cylinders are to be
to the Society. connected to a fixed fire-extinguishing system, which is to
Alarms and shutdowns for the oil mist detection/monitoring be entirely independent of the fire-extinguishing system of
system are to be in accordance with Pt F, Ch 3, Sec 1, the machinery space.
Tab 2, Pt F, Ch 3, Sec 1, Tab 3 and Pt F, Ch 3, Sec 1, Tab 27
and the system arrangements are to comply with Ch 3, 4.4.2 Blowers (1/7/2016)
Sec 2, [6] and Ch 3, Sec 2, [7]. Where a single two-stroke propulsion engine is equipped
The oil mist detection arrangements are to provide an alarm with an independently driven blower, alternative means to
indication in the event of a foreseeable functional failure in drive the blower or an auxiliary blower are to be provided
the equipment and installation arrangements. ready for use.
4.4.3 Relief valves (1/7/2016) The relief valves may be omitted provided that the filters
Scavenge spaces in open connection to the cylinders are to can withstand the maximum pressure that the pump may
be fitted with explosion relief valves in accordance with develop.
[4.3.4]. Where necessary, the lubricating oil is to be cooled by
means of suitable coolers.
4.5 Systems
4.5.4 Charge air system (1/7/2016)
4.5.1 General (1/7/2016) a) Requirements relevant to design, construction, arrange-
ment, installation, tests and certification of exhaust gas
In addition to the requirements of the present sub-article,
turbochargers are given in Sec 14.
those given in Sec 10 are to be satisfied.
b) When two-stroke propulsion engines are supercharged
Flexible hoses in the fuel and lubricating oil system are to
by exhaust gas turbochargers which operate on the
be limited to the minimum and are to be type approved.
impulse system, provision is to be made to prevent bro-
Unless otherwise stated in Sec 10, propulsion engines are to ken piston rings entering turbocharger casings and caus-
be equipped with external connections for standby pumps ing damage to blades and nozzle rings.
for:
• fuel oil supply 4.6 Starting air system
• lubricating oil and cooling water circulation. 4.6.1 (1/7/2016)
The requirements given in [5.1] apply.
4.5.2 Fuel oil system (1/7/2016)
Relief valves discharging back to the suction of the pumps 4.7 Control and monitoring
or other equivalent means are to be fitted on the delivery
side of the pumps. 4.7.1 General (1/7/2016)
In fuel oil systems for propulsion machinery, filters are to be In addition to those of this item [4.7], the general require-
fitted and arranged so that an uninterrupted supply of fil- ments given in Chapter 3 apply.
tered fuel oil is ensured during cleaning operations of the In the case of ships with automation notations, the require-
filter equipment, except when otherwise stated in Sec 10. ments in Part F, Chapter 3 also apply.
a) All external high pressure fuel delivery lines between the 4.7.2 Alarm (1/7/2016)
high pressure fuel pumps and fuel injectors are to be
The lubricating oil system of diesel engines with a power
protected with a shielded piping system capable of con-
equal to or in excess of 37 kW is to be fitted with alarms to
taining fuel from a high pressure line failure.
give audible and visual warning in the event of an apprecia-
A shielded pipe incorporates an outer pipe into which ble reduction in pressure of the lubricating oil supply.
the high pressure fuel pipe is placed forming a perma-
nent assembly. 4.7.3 Governors of main and auxiliary engines
(1/7/2016)
The shielded piping system is to include a means for col-
lection of leakages and arrangements are to be provided Each engine, except the auxiliary engines for driving elec-
for an alarm to be given in the event of a fuel line failure. tric generators for which [4.7.5] applies, is to be fitted with
a speed governor so adjusted that the engine does not
If flexible hoses are used for shielding purposes, these exceed the rated speed by more than 15%.
are to be approved by the Society.
When in fuel oil return piping the pulsation of pressure 4.7.4 Overspeed protective devices of main and
with peak to peak values exceeds 2 MPa, shielding of auxiliary engines (1/7/2016)
this piping is also required as above. In addition to the speed governor, each
• main propulsion engine having a rated power of 220kW
b) For ships classed for restricted navigation, the require-
and above, which can be declutched or which drives a
ments under a) may be relaxed at the Society’s discre-
controllable pitch propeller, and
tion.
• auxiliary engine having a rated power of 220kW and
4.5.3 Lubricating oil system (1/7/2016) above, except those for driving electric generators, for
Efficient filters are to be fitted in the lubricating oil system which [4.7.6] applies
when the oil is circulated under pressure. is to be fitted with a separate overspeed protective device so
In such lubricating oil systems for propulsion machinery, fil- adjusted that the engine cannot exceed the rated speed n by
ters are to be arranged so that an uninterrupted supply of fil- more than 20%; arrangements are to be made to test the
tered lubricating oil is ensured during cleaning operations overspeed protective device.
of the filter equipment, except when otherwise stated in Equivalent arrangements may be accepted subject to special
Sec 10. consideration by the Society in each case.
Relief valves discharging back to the suction of the pumps The overspeed protective device, including its driving
or other equivalent means are to be fitted on the delivery mechanism or speed sensor, is to be independent of the
side of the pumps. governor.
4.7.5 Governors for auxiliary engines driving In this case, due consideration is to be given to the
electric generators (1/7/2016) power required for the electrical equipment to be auto-
a) Auxiliary engines intended for driving electric genera- matically switched on after blackout and to the
tors are to be fitted with a speed governor which pre- sequence in which it is connected.
vents transient frequency variations in the electrical This also applies to generators to be operated in parallel
network in excess of ±10% of the rated frequency with a and where the power is to be transferred from one gen-
recovery time to steady state conditions not exceeding 5 erator to another, in the event that any one generator is
seconds, when the maximum electrical step load is to be switched off.
switched on or off.
e) Emergency generator sets must satisfy the governor con-
When a step load equivalent to the rated output of a ditions as per items a) and b), even when:
generator is switched off, a transient speed variation in
1) their total consumer load is applied suddenly, or
excess of 10% of the rated speed may be acceptable,
provided this does not cause the intervention of the 2) their total consumer load is applied in steps, pro-
overspeed device as required by [4.7.4]. vided that:
b) At all loads between no load and rated power, the per- • the total load is supplied within 45 seconds of
manent speed variation is not to be more than 5% of the power failure on the main switchboard, and
rated speed. • the maximum step load is declared and demon-
strated, and
c) Prime movers are to be selected in such a way that they
meet the load demand within the ship’s mains and, • the power distribution system is designed such
when running at no load, can satisfy the requirement in that the declared maximum step loading is not
item a) above if suddenly loaded to 50% of the rated exceeded, and
power of the generator, followed by the remaining 50% • compliance of time delays and loading sequence
after an interval sufficient to restore speed to steady with the above is demonstrated at ship's trials.
state. Steady state conditions (see Note 1) are to be
f) For alternating current generating sets operating in par-
achieved in not more than 5 s.
allel, the governing characteristics of the prime movers
Note 1: Steady state conditions are those at which the envelope of are to be such that, within the limits of 20% and 100%
speed variation does not exceed ±1% of the declared speed at
total load, the load on any generating set will not nor-
the new power.
mally differ from its proportionate share of the total load
d) Application of the electrical load in more than 2 load by more than 15% of the rated power in kW of the larg-
steps can only be allowed if the conditions within the est machine or 25% of the rated power in kW of the
ship’s mains permit the use of those auxiliary engines individual machine in question, whichever is the lesser.
which can only be loaded in more than 2 load steps (see For alternating current generating sets intended to oper-
Fig 1 for guidance) and provided that this is already ate in parallel, facilities are to be provided to adjust the
allowed for in the designing stage. governor sufficiently finely to permit an adjustment of
This is to be verified in the form of system specifications load not exceeding 5% of the rated load at normal fre-
to be approved and to be demonstrated at ship’s trials. quency.
Figure 1 : Limiting curves for loading 4-stroke diesel engines step by step from no load to rated power
as a function of the brake mean effective pressure (1/7/2016)
100
90
80
Load increase referred to rated power [%]
70
60
Limiting curve for
3rd load step
50
40
Limiting curve for
2nd load step
30
20
Limiting curve for
1st load step
10
0
0.6 0.8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4
Mep at rated power of diesel engine [MPa]
4.7.6 Overspeed protective devices of auxiliary 4.7.8 Alarms and safeguards for emergency diesel
engines driving electric generators (1/7/2016) engines (1/7/2016)
In addition to the speed governor, auxiliary engines of rated a) These requirements apply to diesel engines required to
power equal to or greater than 220 kW driving electric gen- be immediately available in an emergency (i.e. emer-
erators are to be fitted with a separate overspeed protective gency generating set engine, emergency fire pump
device, with a means for manual tripping, adjusted so as to engine, etc.) and capable of being controlled remotely
prevent the rated speed from being exceeded by more than or automatically operated.
15%. b) Information demonstrating compliance with these
This device is to automatically shut down the engine. requirements is to be submitted to the Society. The infor-
mation is to include instructions to test the alarm and
4.7.7 Use of electronic governors (1/1/2017) safety systems.
a) Type approval c) The alarms and safeguards are to be fitted in accordance
Electronic governors and their actuators are to be type with Tab 5.
approved by the Society, according to Ch 3, Sec 6. d) The safety and alarm systems are to be designed to 'fail
b) Electronic governors for main propulsion engines safe'. The characteristics of the 'fail safe' operation are
to be evaluated on the basis not only of the system and
If an electronic governor is fitted to ensure continuous its associated machinery, but also the complete installa-
speed control or resumption of control after a fault, an tion, as well as the ship.
additional separate governor is to be provided unless
e) Regardless of the engine output, if shutdowns additional
the engine has a manually operated fuel admission con-
trol system suitable for its control. to those specified in Tab 5, except for the overspeed
shutdown, are provided, they are to be automatically
A fault in the governor system is not to lead to sudden overridden when the engine is in automatic or remote
major changes in propulsion power or direction of pro- control mode during navigation.
peller rotation.
f) The alarm system is to function in accordance with
Alarms are to be fitted to indicate faults in the governor Part F, Chapter 3 with the additional requirement that
system. grouped alarms are to be arranged on the bridge.
The acceptance of electronic governors not in compli- g) In addition to the fuel oil control from outside the space,
ance with the above requirements will be considered by a local means of engine shutdown is to be provided.
the Society on a case by case basis, when fitted on ships
h) Local indications of at least those parameters listed in
with two or more main propulsion engines.
are Tab 5 to be provided within the same space as the
c) Electronic governors for auxiliary engines driving elec- diesel engines and are to remain operational in the
tric generators event of failure of the alarm and safety systems.
In the event of a fault in the electronic governor system
4.7.9 Summary tables (1/7/2016)
the fuel admission is to be set to “zero”.
Diesel engines are to be equipped with monitoring equip-
Alarms are to be fitted to indicate faults in the governor ment as detailed in Tab 4 and Tab 5, for main propulsion
system. and auxiliary services, respectively.
d) The acceptance of electronic governors fitted on For ships classed for restricted navigation, the acceptance of
engines driving emergency generators will be consid- a reduction in the monitoring equipment required in Tab 4
ered by the Society on a case by case basis, anyway, a and Tab 5 may be considered.
back-up pre-programmed governor is to be provided for
The alarms are to be visual and audible.
immediate replacement in case of failure of the gover-
nor in use; if practicable, the backup governor is to be in The indicators are to be fitted at a normally attended posi-
place, fixed to the engine in a position near to the gov- tion (on the engine or at the local control station).
ernor in use, and arranged so that the exchange is quick, In the case of diesel engines required to be immediately
easy and error-free; special consideration is to be given available in an emergency and capable of being controlled
to the governor power supply. remotely or automatically operated, Tab 5 applies.
Table 6 : Monitoring of diesel engines required to be immediately available in an emergency and capable of being
controlled remotely or automatically operated (1/7/2016)
5 Arrangement and installation d) The main starting air arrangements for main propulsion
or auxiliary diesel engines are to be adequately pro-
tected against the effects of backfiring and internal
5.1 Starting arrangements explosion in the starting air pipes. To this end, the fol-
lowing safety devices are to be fitted:
5.1.1 Mechanical air starting (1/7/2016)
• An isolating non-return valve, or equivalent, at the
a) Air starting the main and auxiliary engines is to be
starting air supply connection to each engine.
arranged such that the necessary air for the first charge
can be produced on board the ship without external aid. • A bursting disc or flame arrester:
• in way of the starting valve of each cylinder, for
b) The total capacity of air receivers is to be sufficient to
direct reversing engines having a main starting
provide, without replenishment, not less than 12 con-
air manifold
secutive starts alternating between ahead and astern of
each main engine of the reversible type, and not less • at least at the supply inlet to the starting air man-
than 6 consecutive starts of each main non-reversible ifold, for non-reversing engines.
type engine connected to a controllable pitch propeller The bursting disc or flame arrester above may be
or other device enabling the start without opposite omitted for engines having a bore not exceeding
torque. 230 mm.
The number of starts refers to the engine in cold and Other protective devices will be specially considered by
ready-to-start condition (all the driven equipment that the Society.
cannot be disconnected is to be taken into account). The requirements of this item d) do not apply to engines
A greater number of starts may be required when the started by pneumatic motors.
engine is in warm running condition. e) Compressed air receivers are to comply with the
When other users such as auxiliary engine starting sys- requirements of Sec 3. Compressed air piping and asso-
tems, control systems, whistle etc. are connected to the ciated air compressors are to comply with the require-
starting air receivers of main propulsion engines, their ments of Sec 10.
air consumption is also to be taken into account.
5.1.2 Electrical starting (1/7/2016)
Regardless of the above, for multi-engine installations a) Where main internal combustion engines are arranged
the total number of starts required to be provided from for electrical starting, at least two separate batteries are
the starting air receivers is indicated in Tab 7, valid to be fitted.
when all the air receivers may be used to start all pro-
The arrangement is to be such that the batteries cannot
pulsion engines; if each engine or group of engines con-
be connected in parallel.
nected to a shaft is fitted with dedicated air receivers,
the minimum number of starts for each group of engines Each battery is to be capable of starting the main engine
connected to the same shaft is 12 for reversible engines when in cold and ready to start condition.
and 6 for non-reversible engines. The combined capacity of batteries is to be sufficient to
In case of Diesel-electric or turbine-electric propulsion, provide within 30 min, without recharging, the number
the minimum number of total consecutive starts of starts required in [5.1.1] (b) in the event of air starting.
required to be provided from the starting air receivers is b) Electrical starting arrangements for auxiliary engines are
to be determined from the following equation: to have two separate storage batteries or may be sup-
S = 6 + N (N - 1) plied by two separate circuits from main engine storage
batteries when these are provided. In the case of a single
where auxiliary engine, one battery is acceptable. The com-
S : total number of consecutive starts bined capacity of the batteries is to be sufficient for at
N : number of engines. (need not to be greater least three starts for each engine.
than 3). c) The starting batteries are only to be used for starting and
c) If other compressed air systems, such as control air, are for the engine’s alarm and monitoring. Provision is to be
supplied from the same starting air receivers, the total made to maintain the stored energy at all times.
capacity of the receivers is to be sufficient for continued d) Each charging device is to have at least sufficient rating
operation of these systems after the air necessary for the for recharging the required capacity of batteries within 6
required number of starts has been used. hours.
type test of a V-engine covers the in-line engines, unless the 6.6 Safety precautions
bmep is higher.
6.6.1 (1/7/2016)
Items such as axial crankshaft vibration, torsional vibration Before any test run is carried out, all relevant equipment for
in camshaft drives, and crankshafts, etc. may vary consider- the safety of attending personnel is to be made available by
ably with the number of cylinders and may influence the the manufacturer/shipyard and is to be operational, and its
choice of engine to be selected for type testing. correct functioning is to be verified.
6.3.3 (1/7/2016) 6.6.2 (1/7/2016)
The engine is type approved up to the tested ratings and This applies especially to crankcase explosive conditions
pressures (100% corresponding to MCR). protection, but also over-speed protection and any other
Provided documentary evidence of successful service expe- shut down function.
rience with the classified rating of 100% is submitted, an 6.6.3 (1/7/2016)
increase (if design approved*) may be permitted without a The inspection for jacketing of high-pressure fuel oil lines
new type test if the increase from the type tested engine is and proper screening of pipe connections (as required in
within: [6.10.9] fire measures) is also to be carried out before the
• 5% of the maximum combustion pressure, or test runs.
• 5% of the mean effective pressure, or 6.6.4 (1/7/2016)
• 5% of the rpm Interlock test of turning gear is to be performed when
installed.
*Only crankshaft calculation and crankshaft drawings, if modified.
Providing maximum power is not increased by more than 6.7 Test programme
10%, an increase of maximum approved power may be
permitted without a new type test provided engineering 6.7.1 The type testing is divided into 3
analysis and evidence of successful service experience in stages: (1/7/2016)
similar field applications (even if the application is not clas- • STAGE A - internal tests
sified) or documentation of internal testing are submitted if This includes some of the testing made during the
the increase from the type tested engine is within: engine development, function testing, and collection of
• 10% of the maximum combustion pressure, or measured parameters and records of testing hours. The
• 10% of the mean effective pressure, or results of testing required by the Society or stipulated by
• 10% of the rpm. the designer are to be presented to the Society before
starting stage B.
6.4 De-rated engine • STAGE B - witnessed tests
This is the testing made in the presence of Classification
6.4.1 (1/7/2016)
Society personnel.
If an engine has been design approved, and internal testing
per Stage A is documented to a rating higher than the one • STAGE C - component inspection
type tested, the Type Approval may be extended to the This is the inspection of engine parts to the extent as
increased power/mep/rpm upon submission of an Extended required by the Society.
Delivery Test Report at: 6.7.2 (1/7/2016)
• Test at over speed (only if nominal speed has increased) The complete type testing program is subject to approval by
• Rated power, i.e. 100% output at 100% torque and the Society. The extent of the Surveyor's attendance is to be
100% speed corresponding to load point No.1. (2 meas- agreed in each case, but at least during stage B and C.
urements with one running hour in between) 6.7.3 (1/7/2016)
• Maximum permissible torque (normally 110%) at 100% Testing prior to the witnessed type testing (stage B and C), is
speed corresponding to load point No.3 or maximum also considered as a part of the complete type testing pro-
permissible power (normally 110%) and speed accord- gram.
ing to nominal propeller curve corresponding to load
6.7.4 (1/7/2016)
point 3a., for 30 minutes
Upon completion of complete type testing (stage A through
• 100% power at maximum permissible speed corre-
C), a type test report is to be submitted to the Society for
sponding to load point 2, for 30 minutes.
review. The type test report is to contain:
• overall description of tests performed during stage A.
6.5 Integration Test Records are to be kept by the builders QA management
6.5.1 (1/7/2016) for presentation to the Classification Society.
An integration test demonstrating that the response of the • detailed description of the load and functional tests con-
complete mechanical, hydraulic and electronic system is as ducted during stage B.
predicted maybe carried out for acceptance of sub-systems • inspection results from stage C.
(Turbo Charger, Engine Control System, Dual Fuel, Exhaust
Gas treatment…) separately approved. The scope of these 6.7.5 (1/7/2016)
tests shall be proposed by the designer/licensor taking into As required in [6.2] the type testing is to substantiate the
account of impact on engine. capability of the design and its suitability for the intended
operation. Special testing such as LCF and endurance test- 6.9.2 (1/7/2016)
ing will normally be conducted during stage A. At least the following conditions are to be tested:
6.7.6 (1/7/2016) • Normal case:
High speed engines for marine use are normally to be sub- The load points 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and 110% of
jected to an endurance test of 100 hours at full load. Omis- the maximum rated power for continuous operation, to
sion or simplification of the type test may be considered for be made along the normal (theoretical) propeller curve
the type approval of engines with long service experience and at constant speed for propulsion engines (if applica-
from non-marine fields or for the extension of type approval ble mode of operation i.e. driving controllable pitch
of engines of a well-known type, in excess of the limits propellers), and at constant speed for engines intended
given in [6.3]. for generator sets including a test at no load and rated
Propulsion engines for high speed vessels that may be used speed.
for frequent load changes from idle to full are normally to • The limit points of the permissible operating range.
be tested with at least 500 cycles (idle - full load - idle) These limit points are to be defined by the engine manu-
using the steepest load ramp that the control system (or facturer.
operation manual if not automatically controlled) permits. • For high speed engines, the 100 hr full load test and the
The duration at each end is to be sufficient for reaching sta- low cycle fatigue test apply as required in connection
ble temperatures of the hot parts. with the design assessment.
• Specific tests of parts of the engine, required by the
6.8 Measurements and recordings Society or stipulated by the designer.
6.8.1 (1/7/2016)
During all testing the ambient conditions (air temperature, 6.10 Stage B - Witnessed tests
air pressure and humidity) are to be recorded. 6.10.1 (1/7/2016)
6.8.2 (1/7/2016) The tests listed below are to be carried out in the presence
As a minimum, the following engine data are to be meas- of a Surveyor. The achieved results are to be recorded and
ured and recorded. signed by the attending Surveyor after the type test is com-
• Engine r.p.m. pleted.
• Torque 6.10.2 (1/7/2016)
• Maximum combustion pressure for each cylinder 1) The over-speed test is to be carried out and is to demon-
• Mean indicated pressure for each cylinder strate that the engine is not damaged by an actual engine
overspeed within the overspeed shutdown system set-point.
• Charging air pressure and temperature
This test may be carried out at the manufacturer's choice
• Exhaust gas temperature either with or with-out load during the speed overshoot.
• Fuel rack position or similar parameter related to engine
load 6.10.3 Load ponts (1/7/2016)
• Turbocharger speed The engine is to be operated according to the power and
speed diagram in Fig 2. The data to be measured and
• All engine parameters that are required for control and
recorded when testing the engine at the various load points
monitoring for the intended use (propulsion, auxiliary,
have to include all engine parameters listed in [6.8]. The
emergency).
operating time per load point depends on the engine size
Note 1: For engines where the standard production cylinder heads (achievement of steady state condition) and on the time for
are not designed for such measurments, a special cylinder head collection of the operating values. Normally, an operating
made for this purpose may be used. In such a case, the measure- time of 0.5 hour can be assumed per load point, however
ments may be carried out as part of Stage A and are to be properly sufficient time should be allowed for visual inspection by
documented. Where deemed necessary e.g. for dual fuel engines, the Surveyor.
the measurement of maximum combustion pressure and mean
indicated pressure may be carried out by indirect means, provided 6.10.4 (1/7/2016)
the re-liability of the method is documented. The load points are:
Calibration records for the instrumentation used to collect data as • Rated power (MCR), i.e. 100% output at 100% torque
listed above are to be presented to - and reviewed by the attending and 100% speed corresponding to load point 1, nor-
Surveyor. mally for 2 hours with data collection with an interval of
Additional measurements may be required in connection with the 1 hour. If operation of the engine at limits as defined by
design assessment. its specified alarm system (e.g. at alarm levels of lub oil
pressure and inlet temperature) is required, the test
6.9 Stage A - Internal tests should be made here.
6.9.1 (1/7/2016) • 100% power at maximum permissible speed corre-
During the internal tests, the engine is to be operated at the sponding to load point 2.
load points important for the engine designer and the per- • Maximum permissible torque (at least and normally
taining operating values are to be recorded. The load condi- 110%) at 100% speed corresponding to load at point 3,
tions to be tested are also to include the testing specified in or maximum permissible power (at least and normally
the applicable type approval programme. 110%) and 103.2% speed according to the nominal
propeller curve corresponding to load point 3a. Load intended operational modes. The scope of these tests is to
point 3a applies to engines only driving fixed pitch pro- be agreed with the Society for selected cases based on the
pellers or water jets. Load point 3 applies to all other FMEA required in Tab 1.
purposes.
6.10.9 Fire protection measures (1/7/2016)
Load point 3 (or 3a as applicable) is to be replaced with a
Verification of compliance with requirements for jacketing
load that corresponds to the specified overload and dura-
of high-pressure fuel oil lines, screening of pipe connec-
tion approved for intermittent use. This applies where such
tions in piping containing flammable liquids and insulation
overload rating exceeds 110% of MCR. Where the
of hot surfaces:
approved intermittent overload rating is less than 110% of
MCR, subject overload rating has to replace the load point • The engine is to be inspected for jacketing of high-pres-
at 100% of MCR. In such case the load point at 110% of sure fuel oil lines, including the system for the detection
MCR remains. of leakage, and proper screening of pipe connections in
piping containing flammable liquids.
• Minimum permissible speed at 100% torque, corre-
sponding to load point 4. • Proper insulation of hot surfaces is to be verified while
running the engine at 100% load, alternatively at the
• Minimum permissible speed at 90% torque correspond-
overload approved for intermittent use. Readings of sur-
ing to load point 5. (Applicable to propulsion engines
face temperatures are to be done by use of Infrared
only).
Thermoscanning Equipment. Equivalent measurement
• Part loads e.g. 75%, 50% and 25% of rated power and equipment may be used when so approved by the Soci-
speed according to nominal propeller curve (i.e. 90.8%, ety. Readings obtained are to be randomly verified by
79.3% and 62.9% speed) corresponding to points 6, 7 use of contact thermometers.
and 8 or at constant rated speed setting corresponding
to points 9, 10 and 11, depending on the intended
application of the engine.
6.11 Stage C - Opening up for inspections
• Crosshead engines not restricted for use with C.P. pro- 6.11.1 (1/7/2016)
pellers are to be tested with no load at the associated
The crankshaft deflections are to be measured in the speci-
maximum permissible engine speed.
fied (by designer) condition (except for engines where no
6.10.5 (1/7/2016) specification exists).
During all these load points, engine parameters are to be
6.11.2 (1/7/2016)
within the specified and approved values.
High speed engines for marine use are normally to be
6.10.6 Operation with damaged stripped down for a complete inspection after the type test.
turbocharger (1/7/2016)
For 2-stroke propulsion engines, the achievable continuous 6.11.3 (1/7/2016)
output is to be determined in the case of turbocharger dam- For all the other engines, after the test run the components
age. of one cylinder for in-line engines and two cylinders for V-
engines are to be presented for inspection as follows
Engines intended for single propulsion with a fixed pitch
(engines with long service experience from non-marine
propeller are to be able to run continuously at a speed
fields can have a reduced ex-tent of opening):
(r.p.m.) of 40% of full speed along the theoretical propeller
curve when one turbocharger is out of operation. (The test • piston removed and dismantled
can be performed by either by-passing the turbocharger, fix- • crosshead bearing dismantled
ing the turbocharger rotor shaft or removing the rotor.).
• guide planes
6.10.7 Functional tests (1/7/2016) • connecting rod bearings (big and small end) dismantled
• Verification of the lowest specified propulsion engine (special attention to serrations and fretting on contact
speed according to the nominal propeller curve as spec- surfaces with the bearing backsides)
ified by the engine designer (even though it works on a • main bearing dismantled
water- brake). During this operation, no alarm shall • cylinder liner in the installed condition
occur.
• cylinder head, valves disassembled
• Starting tests, for non-reversible engines and/or starting
and reversing tests, for reversible engines, for the pur- • cam drive gear or chain, camshaft and crankcase with
pose of determining the minimum air pressure and the opened covers. (The engine must be turnable by turning
consumption for a start. gear for this inspection.).
• Governor tests: tests for compliance with [4.7.3] and 6.11.4 (1/7/2016)
[4.7.5] are to be carried out. For V-engines, the cylinder units are to be selected from
both cylinder banks and different crank throws.
6.10.8 Integration test (1/7/2016)
For electronically controlled diesel engines, integration tests 6.11.5 (1/7/2016)
are to verify that the response of the complete mechanical, If deemed necessary by the surveyor, further dismantling of
hydraulic and electronic system is as predicted for all the engine may be required.
100 31 2
90
4
90
0% 80
= 10
0% 1 Range of continuous operation
80 qu
e
= 10
r 5
To .p.e
b.m
6
9 70 2 Range of intermittent operation
70
3 Range of short-time
2 overload operation
Power (%)
60
60
1 4 Nominal propeller curve
50
50
10
40 40
30
30
8 11
4
Rotational Speed (%) 100 103,2
Dimensional
Material Non-destructive Hydrau- inspection, Visual
Applicable to Component
Part (4) (5) (6) (7) properties examination lic testing including inspection
engines: certificate
(1) (2) (3) surface condi- (surveyor)
tion
Welded bedplate W(C+M) W(UT+CD) fit-up + post- All SC
welding
Bearing transverse W(C+M) W(UT+CD) X All SC
girders GS
Welded frame W(C+M) W(UT+CD) fit-up + post- All SC
box welding
Cylinder block W CH
GJL
Cylinder block W CH
GJS
Welded cylinder W(C+M) W(UT+CD) CH SC
frames
Engine block GJL W >400 kW/cyl
Engine block GJS W(M) W >400 kW/cyl
Cylinder liner W(C+M) W D>300mm
Cylinder head W D>300mm
GJL
Cylinder head W D>300mm
GJS
Cylinder head GS W(C+M) W(UT+CD) W X D>300mm SC
Forged cylinder W(C+M) W(UT+CD) W X D>300mm SC
head
Piston crown GS W(C+M) W(UT+CD) X D>300mm SC
Forged piston W(C+M) W(UT+CD) X D>300mm SC
crown
Crankshaft: made SC(C+M) W(UT+CD) W Random, of All SC
in one piece fillets and oil
bores
Semi-built See below See below See below See below All SC
crankshaft
Crank throw SC(C+M) W All
(1) Material properties include chemical composition and mechanical properties, and also surface treatment such as surface hard-
ening (hardness, depth and extent), peening and rolling (extent and applied force).
(2) Non-destructive examination means e.g. ultrasonic testing, crack detection by MPI or DP.
(3) Hydraulic testing is applied on the water/oil side of the component. Items are to be tested by hydraulic pressure at the pressure
equal to 1.5 times the maximum working pressure. High pressure parts of the fuel injection system are to be tested by hydraulic
pressure at the pressure equal to 1.5 maximum working pressure or maximum working pressure plus 300 bar, whichever is the
less. Where design or testing features may require modification of these test requirements, special consideration may be given.
(4) For turbochargers, see Sec 14.
(5) Crankcase safety valves are to be type tested in accordance with App 5 and documented according to [4.3.4].
(6) Oil mist detection systems are to be type tested in accordance with Appendix 6 and documented according to [4.3.5].
(7) For Speed governor and overspeed protective devices, see [4.7.3] to [4.7.6].
(8) Charge air coolers need only be tested on the water side.
(9) Hydraulic testing is also required for those parts filled with cooling water and having the function of containing the water which
is in contact with the cylinder or cylinder liner.
Dimensional
Material Non-destructive Hydrau- inspection, Visual
Applicable to Component
Part (4) (5) (6) (7) properties examination lic testing including inspection
engines: certificate
(1) (2) (3) surface condi- (surveyor)
tion
Forged main jour- SC(C+M) W All
nal and journals
with flange
Exhaust gas valve W CH
cage
Piston rod, if SC(C+M) W(UT+CD) CD Random D>400mm SC
applicable again after final
machining
(grinding)
Cross head SC(C+M) W(UT+CD) CD Random CH SC
again after final
machining
(grinding and
polishing)
Connecting rod SC(C+M) W(UT+CD) W Random, of All SC
with cap all surfaces,
in particular
those shot
peened
Coupling bolts for SC(C+M) W(UT+CD) W Random, of All SC
crankshaft interference
fit
Bolts and studs W(C+M) W(UT+CD) D>300mm
for main bearings
Bolts and studs W(C+M) W(UT+CD) TR of thread D>300mm
for cylinder heads making
Bolts and studs W(C+M) W(UT+CD) TR of thread D>300mm
for connecting making
rods
Tie rod W(C+M) W(UT+CD) Random CH
High pressure fuel W D>300mm
injection pump
TR D<300mm
body
High pressure fuel W D>300mm
injection valves
TR D<300mm
(only for those not
autofretted)
(1) Material properties include chemical composition and mechanical properties, and also surface treatment such as surface hard-
ening (hardness, depth and extent), peening and rolling (extent and applied force).
(2) Non-destructive examination means e.g. ultrasonic testing, crack detection by MPI or DP.
(3) Hydraulic testing is applied on the water/oil side of the component. Items are to be tested by hydraulic pressure at the pressure
equal to 1.5 times the maximum working pressure. High pressure parts of the fuel injection system are to be tested by hydraulic
pressure at the pressure equal to 1.5 maximum working pressure or maximum working pressure plus 300 bar, whichever is the
less. Where design or testing features may require modification of these test requirements, special consideration may be given.
(4) For turbochargers, see Sec 14.
(5) Crankcase safety valves are to be type tested in accordance with App 5 and documented according to [4.3.4].
(6) Oil mist detection systems are to be type tested in accordance with Appendix 6 and documented according to [4.3.5].
(7) For Speed governor and overspeed protective devices, see [4.7.3] to [4.7.6].
(8) Charge air coolers need only be tested on the water side.
(9) Hydraulic testing is also required for those parts filled with cooling water and having the function of containing the water which
is in contact with the cylinder or cylinder liner.
Symbol Description
C chemical composition
CD crack detection by MPI or DP
CH crosshead engines
D cylinder bre diameter (mm)
GJL gray cast iron
GJS spheroidal graphite cast iron
GS cast steel
M mechanical properties
SC society certificate
TR test report
UT ultrasonic testing
W work certificate
X visual examination of accessible surfaces by the Surveyor
• Exhaust gas temperature before turbine and from b) Engine driving generators for electric propulsion
each cylinder (to the extent that monitoring is 1) 100% power (MCR) at corresponding speed no.: at
required in Sec 14 and [4.7.9]. least 60 min.
• Charge air temperature 2) 110% power at engine speed n0: 15 min. - after hav-
ing reached steady conditions.
• Charge air pressure
3) Governor tests for compliance with [4.7.3] and
• Turbocharger speed (to the extent that monitoring is [4.7.5] are to be carried out.
required in Sec 14.
4) 75%, 50% and 25% power and idle, the sequence
c) Calibration records for the instrumentation are, upon to be selected by the engine manufacturer.
request, to be presented to the attending Surveyor. Note 4: After running on the test bed, the fuel delivery system is to
be adjusted so that full power plus a 10% margin for transient
d) For all stages at which the engine is to be tested, the per- regulation can be given in service after installation onboard.
taining operational values are to be measured and
The transient overload capability is required so that the
recorded by the engine manufacturer. All results are to
required transient governing characteristics are achieved
be compiled in an acceptance protocol to be issued by
also at 100% loading of the engine, and also so that the
the engine manufacturer. This also includes crankshaft
protection system of the electric distribution system can
deflections if considered necessary by the engine
be activated before the engine stalls.
designer.
c) Engines driving generators for auxiliary purposes
e) In each case, all measurements conducted at the various
load points are to be carried out at steady state operat- Tests to be performed as per b)
ing conditions. However, for all load points provision d) Propulsion engines also driving power take off (PTO)
should be made for time needed by the Surveyor to generator
carry out visual inspections. The readings for MCR, i.e.
1) 100% power (MCR) at corresponding speed no.: at
100% power (rated maximum continuous power at cor-
least 60 min.
responding rpm) are to be taken at least twice at an
interval of normally 30 minutes. 2) 110% power at engine speed n°: 15 min. - after hav-
ing reached steady conditions.
7.4.4 Test loads (1/7/2016) 3) Approved intermittent overload (if applicable): test-
Test loads for various engine applications are given below. ing for duration as agreed with the manufacturer.
In addition, the scope of the trials may be expanded 4) 90% (or normal continuous cruise power), 75%,
depending on the engine application, service experience, 50% and 25% power in accordance with the nomi-
or other relevant reasons. nal propeller curve or at constant speed no., the
sequence to be selected by the engine manufacturer.
Note 1: Alternatives to the detailed tests may be agred between the
manufacturer and the Society when the overall scope of tests is Note 5: After running on the test bed, the fuel delivery system is to
found to be equivalent. be adjusted so that full power plus a margin for transient regu-
lation can be given in service after installation onboard. The
a) Propulsion engines driving propeller or impeller only transient overload capability is required so that the electrical
protection of downstream system components is activated
1) 100% power (MCR) at corresponding speed n0: at before the engine stalls. This margin may be 10% of the engine
least 60 min. power but at least 10% of the PTO power.
Note 6: After running on the test bed, the fuel delivery system is to This test shall be performed at two different
be so adjusted that overload power cannot be given in service, engine loads:
unless intermittent overload power is approved by the Society. In
• The maximum power permitted for one cyl-
that case, the fuel delivery system is to be blocked to that power.
inder misfiring.
7.4.5 Turbocharger matching with engine (1/7/2016) • The engine load corresponding to a charge
a) Compressor chart air pressure of about 0.6 bar (but without
auxiliary blowers running).
Turbochargers shall have a compressor characteristic
that allows the engine, for which it is intended, to oper- • No continuous surging is to occur and the turbo-
ate without surging during all operating conditions and charger shall be stabilized at the new load
also after extended periods in operation. within 20 seconds when the power is abruptly
reduced from 100% to 50% of the maximum
For abnormal, but permissible, operation conditions,
continuous power.
such as misfiring and sudden load reduction, no contin-
uous surging shall occur.
7.4.6 Integration tests (1/7/2016)
In this section, surging and continuous surging are
For electronically controlled engines, integration tests are to
defined as follows:
be made to verify that the response of the complete
• Surging means the phenomenon, which results in a mechanical, hydraulic and electronic system is as predicted
high pitch vibration of an audible level or explosion- for all intended operational modes and the tests considered
like noise from the scavenger area of the engine. as a system are to be carried out at the works. If such tests
• Continuous surging means that surging happens are technically unfeasible at the works, however, these tests
repeatedly and not only once. may be conducted during sea trial. The scope of these tests
is to be agreed with the Society for selected cases based on
b) Surge margin verification the FMEA required in Tab 1.
Category C turbochargers used on propulsion engines
are to be checked for surge margins during the engine 7.4.7 Component inspections (1/7/2016)
workshop testing as specified below. These tests may be Random checks of components to be presented for inspec-
waived if successfully tested earlier on an identical con- tion after works trials are to be selected by the Manufacturer
figuration of engine and turbocharger (including same or by the Surveyor if the works trials are witnessed.
nozzle rings).
• For 4-stroke engines:
8 Certification
The following shall be performed without indication
of surging:
8.1 Testing certification
• With maximum continuous power and speed
(=100%), the speed shall be reduced with con- 8.1.1 (1/7/2016)
stant torque (fuel index) down to 90% power.
a) Engines admitted to an alternative inspection scheme
• With 50% power at 80% speed (= propeller
Works’ certificates (W) (see Pt D, Ch 1, Sec 1, [4.2.3])
characteristic for fixed pitch), the speed shall be
are required for components and tests indicated in Tab 6
reduced to 72% while keeping constant torque
and Tab 7 and for works trials as per [7.4].
(fuel index).
• For 2 stroke engines: b) Engines not admitted to an alternative inspection
scheme
The surge margin shall be demonstrated by at least
one of the following methods: Components certificates are required according to
Tab 7. Society Certificate (SC) is required for works trials
• The engine working characteristic established at
as per [7.4].
workshop testing of the engine shall be plotted
into the compressor chart of the turbocharger In both cases a) and b), the Manufacturer is to supply:
1.3.3 Unfired pressure vessel fishing gear), as well as for burning sludge with a flash point
Any pressure vessel which is not a fired pressure vessel is an above 60°C.
unfired pressure vessel. These facilities may be designed to use the heat energy pro-
duced.
1.3.4 Boiler
1.3.9 Design pressure
a) Boiler is one or more fired pressure vessels and associ-
The design pressure is the pressure used by the manufac-
ated piping systems used for generating steam or hot
turer to determine the scantlings of the vessel. This pressure
water at a temperature above 120°C by means of heat
cannot be taken less than the maximum working pressure
resulting from combustion of fuel or from combustion
and is to be limited by the set pressure of the safety valve, as
gases.
prescribed by the applicable Rules.
b) Any equipment directly connected to the boiler, such as
economisers, superheaters, and safety valves, is consid- 1.3.10 Design temperature (1/1/2001)
ered as part of the boiler, if it is not separated from the a) Design temperature is the actual metal temperature of
steam generator by means of any isolating valve. Piping the applicable part under the expected operating condi-
connected to the boiler is considered part of the boiler tions, as modified in Tab 1. This temperature is to be
upstream of the isolating valve and part of the associ- stated by the manufacturer and is to take account of the
ated piping system downstream of the isolating valve. effect of any temperature fluctuations which may occur
during the service.
1.3.5 Steam generator b) The design temperature is to be not less than the tem-
Steam generator is a heat exchanger and associated piping peratures stated in Tab 1, unless specially agreed
used for generating steam. In general, in these Rules, the between the manufacturer and the Society on a case by
requirements for boilers are also applicable for steam gener- case basis.
ators, unless otherwise indicated. For boilers the design temperature is to be not less than
250 °C.
1.3.6 Heat exchanger
Heat exchanger is a pressure vessel used to heat or cool a 1.3.11 Boiler heating surface
fluid with another fluid. In general heat exchangers are Heating surface is the area of that part of the boiler through
composed of a number of adjacent chambers, the two fluids which the heat is supplied to the medium, measured on the
flowing separately in adjacent chambers. One or more side exposed to fire or hot gas.
chambers may consist of bundles of tubes.
1.3.12 Maximum steam output
1.3.7 Superheaters, economisers, reheaters, de- Maximum steam output is the maximum quantity of steam
superheaters that can be produced continuously by the boiler or steam
generator operating under the design steam conditions.
Superheaters, economisers, reheaters and de-superheaters
are heat exchangers associated with a boiler. 1.3.13 Toxic and corrosive substances
Toxic and corrosive substances are those which are listed in
1.3.8 Incinerator
the IMO “International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
Incinerator is a shipboard facility for incinerating solid gar- (IMDG Code)”, as amended.
bage approximating in composition to household garbage
and liquid garbage deriving from the operation of the ship 1.3.14 Ductile material
(e.g. domestic garbage, cargo-associated garbage, mainte- For the purpose of this Section, ductile material is a material
nance garbage, operational garbage, cargo residue, and having an elongation over 12%.
Pressure vessels and heat exchangers p > 4 MPa, or 1,75 < p ≤ 4 MPa, or All pressure vessels and
tA > 40 mm, or 15 < tA ≤ 40 mm, or heat exchangers which are
T > 350oC 150 < T ≤ 350oC, or not class 1 or 2
p.tA > 15
1.4 Classes
Table 3 : Drawings to be submitted for boilers
and steam generators 1.4.1 Boilers and pressure vessels are classed as indicated
in Tab 2 in consideration of their service, characteristics and
No. A/I Item scantlings. The symbols used in the table have the following
meanings:
1 I General arrangement plan including valves
p : Design pressure, in MPa
and fittings
T : Design temperature, in °C
2 A Material specifications D : Inside diameter of the vessel, in mm
3 A Sectional assembly tA : Actual thickness of the vessel, in mm
4 A Evaporating parts
1.5 Alternative standards
5 A Superheater
1.5.1
6 A De-superheater
a) All boilers and pressure vessels are to be designed, con-
7 A Economiser structed, installed and tested in accordance with the
applicable requirements of this Section.
8 A Air heater
b) The acceptance of national and international standards
9 A Tubes and tube plates as an alternative to the requirements of this Section may
10 A Nozzles and fittings be considered by the Society on a case by case basis.
1.6.3 Incinerators
Table 4 : Information and data to be submitted Incinerators will be considered on a case by case basis,
for boilers and steam generators based on their actual arrangement, using the applicable
requirements for boilers and pressure vessels.
No. Item
1 Design pressure and temperature 2 Design and Construction - Principles
2 Pressure and temperature of the superheated steam
2.1 Materials
3 Pressure and temperature of the saturated steam
2.1.1 Materials for high temperatures
4 Maximum steam production per hour
a) Materials for pressure parts having a design temperature
5 Evaporating surface of the tube bundles and water- exceeding the ambient temperature are to have
walls mechanical and metallurgical properties adequate for
the design temperature. Their allowable stress limits are
6 Heating surface of the economiser, superheater and
to be determined as a function of the temperature, as
air-heater
per [3.2].
7 Surface of the furnace b) When the design temperature of pressure parts exceeds
8 Volume of the combustion chamber 400°C, alloy steels are to be used. Other materials are
subject of special consideration by the Society.
9 Temperature and pressure of the feed water
2.1.2 Materials for low temperatures
10 Type of fuel to be used and fuel consumption at full
steam production Materials for pressure parts having a design temperature
below the ambient temperature are to have notch toughness
11 Number and capacity of burners properties suitable for the design temperature.
2.1.5 Alternative materials applicable. The “net” (actual hole) dimension of ellipti-
In the case of boilers or pressure vessels constructed in cal or similar manholes is to be not less than 300 mm x
accordance with one of the standards considered accept- 400 mm. The “net” diameter of circular manholes
able by the Society as per [1.5], the material specifications (actual hole) cannot be less than 400 mm. The edges of
are to be in compliance with the requirements of the stand- manholes are to be adequately strengthened to provide
ard used. compensation for vessel openings in accordance with
[3.3.10] and [3.4.8], as applicable.
2.2 Boilers and other steam generators c) In pressure vessels which are part of a boiler and are not
covered by the requirement in a) above, or where an
2.2.1 Insulation of headers and combustion access manhole cannot be fitted, at least the following
chambers openings are to be provided, as far as practicable:
Those parts of headers and/or combustion chambers which • Head holes: minimum dimensions: 220mm x
are not protected by tubes and are exposed to radiant heat 320mm (320 mm diameter if circular)
or to high temperature gases are to be covered by suitable
insulating material. • Handholes: minimum dimensions: 87mm x 103mm
• Sight holes: minimum diameter: 50 mm.
2.2.2 Connections of tubes to drums and tube
plates d) Sight holes may only be provided when the arrangement
Tubes are to be adequately secured to drums and/or tube of manholes, head holes, or handholes is impracticable.
plates by expansion, welding or other appropriate proce- e) Covers for manholes and other openings are to be made
dure. of ductile steel, dished or welded steel plates or other
a) Where the tubes are secured by expanding or equiva- approved design. Grey cast iron may be used only for
lent process, the height of the shoulder bearing the tube, small openings, such as handholes and sight holes, pro-
measured parallel to the tube axis, is to be at least 1/5 of vided the design pressure p does not exceed 1 MPa and
the hole diameter, but not less than 9 mm for tubes nor- the design temperature T does not exceed 220°C.
mal to the tube plate or 13 mm for tubes angled to the
f) Covers are to be of self-closing internal type. Opening
tube plate. The tubes ends are not to project over the
covers of other type, having a diameter not exceeding
other face of the tube plate more than 6 mm.
150 mm, may be accepted by the Society.
b) The tube ends intended to be expanded are to be par-
g) Covers of the internal type are to have a spigot passing
tially annealed when the tubes have not been annealed
through the opening. The clearance between the spigot
by the manufacturer.
and the edge of the opening is to be uniform for the
2.2.3 Access arrangement (1/7/2009) whole periphery of the opening and is not to exceed 1,5
mm. Fig 1 shows a typical arrangement.
a) Boilers are to be provided with openings in sufficient
number and size to permit internal examination, clean- h) Closing devices of internal type covers, having dimen-
ing and maintenance operations. In general, all pressure sions not exceeding 180mm x 230mm, may be fitted
vessels which are part of a boiler with inside diameter with a single fastening bolt or stud. Larger closing
exceeding 1200 mm, and those with inside diameter devices are to be fitted with at least two bolts or studs.
exceeding 800 mm and length exceeding 2000 mm, are For fastening bolt or stud arrangement see Fig 1.
to be provided with access manholes.
i) Covers are to be designed so as to prevent the disloca-
b) Manholes are to be provided in suitable locations in the tion of the required gasket by the internal pressure. Only
shells, headers, domes, and steam and water drums, as continuous ring gaskets may be used for packing.
Dog
Spigot
Stud
Vessel Shell
Cover
c) For vertical fire tube boilers the minimum allowable a) Each boiler is to be fitted with at least one bottom blow-
level is 1/2 of the length of the tubes above the lower down valve or cock and, where necessary, with a similar
tube sheet. valve or cock for scumming from the surface. These
valves or cocks are to be secured directly to the boiler
shell and are to be connected to overboard discharge
2.2.7 Steam outlets
pipes.
a) Each boiler steam outlet, if not serving safety valves, b) The diameter of valves or cocks and of the connected
integral superheaters and other appliances which are to piping is not to be less than 20 mm and need not be
have permanent steam supply during boiler operation, is more than 40 mm.
to be fitted with an isolating valve secured either
directly to the boiler shell or to a standpipe of substan- c) Where the bottom blow-down valve may not be directly
tial thickness, as short as possible, and secured directly connected to the boiler shell in water tube boilers, the
to the boiler shell. valve may be placed immediately outside the boiler cas-
ing with a pipe of substantial thickness suitably sup-
b) The number of auxiliary steam outlets is to be reduced ported and protected from the heat of the combustion
to a minimum for each boiler. chamber.
c) Where several boilers supply steam to common mains, d) Where two or more boilers have the bottom blow-down
the arrangement of valves is to be such that it is possible and surface scumming-off valves connected to the same
to positively isolate each boiler for inspection and main- discharge, the relevant valves and cocks are to be of the
tenance. In addition, for water tube boilers, non-return non-return type to prevent the possibility of the contents
devices are to be fitted on the steam outlets of each of one boiler passing to another.
boiler.
2.2.10 Drains
d) Where steam is used for essential auxiliaries (such as Each superheater, whether or not integral with the boiler, is
whistles, steam operated steering gears, steam operated to be fitted with cocks or valves so arranged that it is possi-
electric generators, etc.) and when several boilers are ble to drain it completely.
fitted on board, it is to be possible to supply steam to
these auxiliaries with any one of these boilers out of 2.2.11 Water sample
operation.
a) Every boiler shall be provided with means to supervise
e) Each steam stop valve exceeding 150 mm nominal and control the quality of the feed water. Suitable
diameter is to be fitted with a bypass valve. arrangements shall be provided to preclude, as far as
with 15 mm minimum diameter may be accepted for this area is not to be less than 1,1 times the safety valve
boilers with steam production not exceeding 2000 kg/h. aggregate area.
c) Independently of the above requirements, the aggregate b) The minimum cross-sectional area of the exhaust pipes
capacity of the safety valves is to be such as to discharge of large relieving capacity safety valves whose capacity
all the steam that can be generated without causing a has been experimentally tested is to be not less than
transient pressure rise of more than 10% over the design 18 Z × h/d times the aggregate area calculated by the
pressure. formulae in [2.3.2].
2.3.3 Safety valves operated by pilot valves c) The cross-sectional area of the exhaust manifold of
safety valves is to be not less than the sum of the areas
The arrangement on the superheater of large relieving
of the individual exhaust pipes connected to it.
capacity safety valves, operated by pilot valves fitted in the
saturated steam drum, is to be specially considered by the d) Silencers fitted on exhaust manifolds are to have a free
Society. passage area not less than that of the manifolds.
e) The strength of exhaust manifolds and pipes and associ-
2.3.4 Steam heated steam generator protection
ated silencers is to be such that they can withstand the
Steam heated steam generators are also to be protected maximum pressure to which they may be subjected,
against possible damage resulting from failure of the heating which is to be assumed not less than 1/4 of the safety
coils. In this case, the area of safety valves calculated as valve setting pressure.
stated in [2.3.2] may need to be increased to the satisfac-
tion of the Society, unless suitable devices limiting the flow f) In the case that the discharges from two or more valves
of steam in the heating coils are provided. are led to the same exhaust manifold, provision is to be
made to avoid the back pressure from the valve which is
2.3.5 Safety valve setting discharging influencing the other valves.
a) Safety valves are to be set under steam in the presence g) Exhaust manifolds are to be led to the open and are to
of the Surveyor to a pressure not higher than 1,03 times be adequately supported and fitted with suitable expan-
the design pressure. sion joints or other means so that their weight does not
b) Safety valves are to be so constructed that their setting place an unacceptable load on the safety valve bodies.
may not be increased in service and their spring may
not be expelled in the event of failure. In addition, 2.4 Pressure vessels
safety valves are to be provided with simple means of
lifting the plug from its seat from a safe position in the 2.4.1 Access arrangement (1/7/2009)
boiler or engine room. The access requirements for boilers stated in [2.2.3], except
c) Where safety valves are provided with means for regu- item (f), are also applicable for other pressure vessels.
lating their relieving capacity, they are to be so fitted
that their setting cannot be modified when the valves 2.4.2 Safety valves
are removed for surveys. a) Pressure vessels which are part of a system are to be
provided with safety valves, or equivalent devices, if
2.3.6 Safety valve fitting on boiler they are liable to be isolated from the system safety
a) The safety valves of a boiler are to be directly connected devices. This provision is also to be made in all cases in
to the boiler and separated from other valve bodies. which the vessel pressure can rise, for any reason,
above the design pressure. See also [6.3] for grouped
b) Where it is not possible to fit the safety valves directly
pressure vessels.
on the superheater headers, they are to be mounted on
a strong nozzle fitted as close as practicable to the b) In particular, air pressure vessels which can be isolated
superheater outlet. The cross-sectional area for passage from the safety valves ensuring their protection in nor-
of steam through restricted orifices of the nozzles is not mal service are to be fitted with another safety device,
to be less than 1/2 the aggregate area of the valves, cal- such as a rupture disc or a fusible plug, in order to
culated with the formulae of [2.3.2], when d/h ≥ 8, and ensure their discharge in case of fire. This device is to
not less than the aggregate area of the valves, when 4 ≤ discharge to the open.
d/h <8. c) Safety devices ensuring protection of pressure vessels in
c) Safety valve bodies are to be fitted with drain pipes of a normal service are to be rated to operate before the
diameter not less than 20 mm for double valves, and not pressure exceeds the maximum working pressure by
less than 12 mm for single valves, leading to the bilge or more than 5%.
to the hot well. Valves or cocks are not to be fitted on
drain pipes. 2.4.3 Protection of heat exchangers
Special attention is to be paid to the protection against over-
2.3.7 Exhaust pipes pressure of vessels, such as heat exchangers, which have
a) The minimum cross-sectional area of the exhaust pipes parts that are designed for a pressure which is below that to
of safety valves which have not been experimentally which they might be subjected in the case of rupture of the
tested is not to be less than 11,5 h/d times the aggregate tubular bundles or coils contained therein and that have
area as calculated by the formulae in [2.3.2]. However, been designed for a higher pressure.
2.4.4 Corrosion protection The opening for the burner may be considered as an
Vessels and equipment containing media that might lead to inspection opening, provided its size is sufficient for this
accelerated corrosion are to be suitably protected. purpose.
f) Heaters are to be fitted with means enabling them to be
2.4.5 Drainage
completely drained.
a) Each air pressure vessel is to be fitted with a drainage
device allowing the evacuation of any oil or water accu- g) Thermal oil heaters heated by exhaust gas are to be fit-
mulated in the vessel. ted with a permanent system for extinguishing and cool-
ing in the event of fire, for instance a pressure water
b) Drainage devices are also to be fitted on other vessels,
spraying system.
in particular steam vessels, in which condensation water
is likely to accumulate. 2.5.3 Safety valves
2.4.6 Marking Each heater is to be equipped with at least one safety valve
a) Each pressure vessel is to be fitted with a permanently having a discharge capacity at least equal to the increase in
attached plate made of non-corrosive metal, with indi- volume of the thermal oil at the maximum heating power.
cation of the following information, in addition to the During discharge the pressure may not increase above 10%
identification marks (name of manufacturer, year and over the design pressure.
serial number):
2.5.4 Pressure vessels
• the design pressure
The design pressure of all vessels which are part of a ther-
• the design temperature mal oil system, including those open to the atmosphere, is
• the test pressure and the date of the test to be taken not less than 0,2 MPa.
b) Markings may be directly stamped on the vessel if this
does not produce notches having an adverse influence 2.5.5 Equipment of the expansion, storage and
on its behaviour in service. drain tanks
For the equipment to be installed on expansion, storage and
c) For smaller pressure vessels the indication of the design
drain tanks, see Sec 10, [13].
pressure only may be sufficient.
2.5.6 Marking
2.5 Thermal oil heaters and other pressure Each thermal oil heater and other pressure vessels which
vessels associated with thermal oil are part of a thermal oil installation are to be fitted with a
installations permanently attached plate made of non-corrosive metal,
with indication of the following information, in addition to
2.5.1 General the identification marks (name of manufacturer, year and
a) The following requirements apply to thermal oil heaters serial number):
in which organic liquids (thermal oils) are heated by oil
a) Heaters
fired burners, exhaust gases or electricity to tempera-
tures below their initial boiling point at atmospheric • Maximum allowable heating power
pressure. • Design pressure
b) Thermal oils are only to be used within the limits set by • Maximum allowable discharge temperature
the manufacturer.
• Minimum flow rate
c) Means are to be provided for manual operation. How-
• Liquid capacity
ever, at least the temperature control device on the oil
side and flow monitoring are to remain operative even b) Vessels
in manual operation. • Design pressure
d) Means are to be provided to take samples of thermal oil. • Design temperature
2.5.2 Thermal oil heaters • Capacity.
a) Heaters are to be so constructed that neither the sur-
faces nor the thermal oil becomes excessively heated at 2.6 Special types of pressure vessels
any point. The flow of the thermal oil is to be ensured by
forced circulation. 2.6.1 Seamless pressure vessels (bottles)
b) The surfaces which come into contact with the thermal Each bottle is to be marked with the following information:
oil are to be designed for the design pressure, subject to • Name or trade name of the manufacturer
the minimum pressure of 1 MPa. • Serial number
c) Copper and copper alloys are not permitted. • Type of gas
d) Heaters heated by exhaust gas are to be provided with • Capacity
inspection openings at the exhaust gas intake and out-
let. • Test pressure
e) Oil fired heaters are to be provided with inspection • Empty weight
openings for examination of the combustion chamber. • Test stamp.
Table 6 : Permissible stresses K for carbon steels intended for boilers and thermal oil heaters
Carbon steel T (°C) ≤ 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Rm = 510 N/mm2 t ≤ 60 mm 170 170 169 159 147 134 125 112
Grades HB, HD
Table 7 : Permissible stresses K for carbon steels intended for other pressure vessels
Carbon steel T (°C) ≤ 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Rm = 360 N/mm2 t ≤ 15 mm 133 117 115 112 100 83 78 77
Grade HA 15 mm < t ≤ 40 mm 133 114 113 108 96 83 78 77
40 mm < t ≤ 60 mm 130 108 105 101 94 83 78 77
Rm = 360 N/mm2 t ≤ 15 mm 133 133 123 110 97 85 77 73
Grades HB, HD 15 mm < t ≤ 40 mm 133 131 122 109 97 85 77 73
40 mm < t ≤ 60 mm 133 119 115 106 97 85 77 73
Rm = 410 N/mm2 t ≤ 15 mm 152 141 139 134 120 100 95 92
Grade HA 15 mm < t ≤40 mm 152 134 132 127 114 100 95 92
40 mm < t ≤ 60 mm 150 128 121 112 112 100 95 92
Rm = 410 N/mm 2 t ≤ 15 mm 152 152 144 129 114 101 94 89
Grades HB, HD 15 mm < t ≤ 40 mm 152 152 142 128 114 101 94 89
40 mm < t ≤ 60 mm 152 143 139 125 114 101 94 89
Rm = 460 N/mm 2 t ≤ 15 mm 170 170 165 149 132 118 111 105
Grades HB, HD 15 mm < t ≤ 40 mm 170 170 161 147 132 118 111 105
40 mm < t ≤ 60 mm 170 167 157 145 132 118 111 105
Rm = 510 N/mm 2 t ≤ 60 mm 189 189 180 170 157 143 133 120
Grades HB, HD
Table 8 : Permissible stresses K for alloy steels intended for boilers and thermal oil heaters
Alloy steel T(°C) ≤ 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 475 500 525 550 575 600
0,3Mo t ≤ 60 mm 159 153 143 134 125 106 100 94 91 89 87 36
1Cr 0,5Mo t ≤ 60 mm 167 167 157 144 137 128 119 112 106 104 103 55 31 19
2,25Cr 1Mo (1) t ≤ 60 mm 170 167 157 147 144 137 131 125 119 115 112 61 41 30 22
2,25Cr 1Mo (2) t ≤ 60 mm 170 167 164 161 159 147 141 130 128 125 122 61 41 30 22
(1) Normalised and tempered
(2) Normalised and tempered or quenched and tempered
Table 9 : Permissible stresses K for alloy steels intended for other pressure vessels
Alloy steel T(°C) ≤ 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 475 500 525 550 575 600
0,3Mo t ≤ 60 mm 159 159 153 143 133 113 107 100 97 95 93 38
1Cr 0,5Mo t ≤ 60 mm 167 167 167 154 146 137 127 119 113 111 110 59 33 20
2,25Cr 1Mo (1) t ≤ 60 mm 183 174 167 157 154 146 140 133 127 123 119 65 44 32 23
2,25Cr 1Mo (2) t ≤ 60 mm 174 174 174 172 170 157 150 139 137 133 130 65 44 32 23
(1) Normalised and tempered
(2) Normalised and tempered or quenched and tempered
3.2.2 Direct determination of permissible stresses smaller reduction up to 10% may be taken into consid-
The permissible stresses K, where not otherwise specified, eration by the Society.
may be taken as indicated below. b) Spheroidal cast iron:
a) Steel: The permissible stress is be to the minimum of the val-
The permissible stress is to be the minimum of the val- ues obtained by the following formulae:
ues obtained by the following formulae: R m ,20
K = -----------
R m ,20 4 ,8
K = -----------
2 ,7 R S ,MIN ,T
K = ----------------
-
R S ,MIN ,T 3
K = ----------------
-
A
c) Grey cast iron:
S
K = ----A- The permissible stress is obtained by the following for-
A
mula:
where:
R m ,20
Rm,20 : Minimum tensile strength at ambient tem- K = -----------
10
perature (20°C), in N/mm2
d) Copper alloys:
RS,MIN,T : Minimum between ReH and Rp 0,2 at the
design temperature T, in N/mm2 The permissible stress is obtained by the following for-
mula:
SA : Average stress to produce creep rupture in
100000 hours, in N/mm2, at the design tem- R m ,T
K = ---------
perature T 4
A : Safety factor taken as follows, when reliabil- where:
ity of RS,MIN,T and SA values are proved to the Rm,T : Minimum tensile strength at the design tem-
Society’s satisfaction: perature T, in N/mm2
• 1,6 for boilers and other steam genera- e) Aluminium and aluminium alloys:
tors
The permissible stress is to be the minimum of the val-
• 1,5 for other pressure vessels ues obtained by the following formulae:
• specially considered by the Society if
R m ,T
average stress to produce creep rupture K = ---------
4
in more than 100000 hours is used
R e ,H
instead of SA K = --------
-
1 ,5
In the case of steel castings, the permissible stress K, cal-
culated as above, is to be decreased by 20%. Where where:
steel castings are subjected to non-destructive tests, a Re,H : Minimum yield stress, in N/mm2
DE DE
D D
radiused
α
α
φ
φ
t
t
D D
radiused
t t
α α
φ φ
3.3.7 Corrosion allowance d : Diameter of the openings, in mm, (if the two
The Society reserves the right to increase the corrosion openings have different diameter, d is the
allowance value in the case of vessels exposed to particular average diameter).
accelerating corrosion conditions. The Society may also
consider the reduction of this factor where particular meas- 3.3.9 Openings requiring compensation (1/7/2008)
ures are taken to effectively reduce the corrosion rate of the The following openings are to be compensated in accord-
vessel. ance with the requirements of [3.3.10]:
a) Isolated openings in shell plates having a diameter, in
3.3.8 Openings in shells mm, greater than the smaller of the following values:
a) In general, the largest dimensions of the openings in 2,5 t + 70 or
shells are not to exceed:
D
• for shells up to 1500 mm in diameter DE: 1/2 DE, but ---- or
6
not more than 500 mm
200 mm
• for shells over 1500 mm in diameter DE: 1/3 DE, but
not more than 1000 mm whichever is the lesser, where t is the thickness calcu-
lated by the formulae in [3.3.2], [3.3.3] or [3.3.4] as
where DE is the vessel external diameter, in mm.
applicable, using an efficiency value e equal to 1 and
Greater values may be considered by the Society on a not adding the corrosion constant.
case by case basis.
b) Non-isolated openings.
b) In general, in oval or elliptical openings the ratio major
diameter/minor diameter is not to exceed 2. 3.3.10 Compensation of openings in shells
c) Openings are considered isolated when the distance a) The compensation area is to be provided in each dia-
between the centres of two adjacent holes in the longi- metrical direction of the opening and is to be at least
tudinal axis is not less than: equal to the area of the missing material in that direc-
0 ,5 tion, corrected as indicated in b).
d + 1 ,1 ( D ⋅ t A ) or
The area of the missing material in one direction is the
5d width of the opening in that direction multiplied by the
whichever is the lesser, required minimum shell thickness calculated by the for-
where: mulae in [3.3.2], [3.3.3], or [3.3.4], as applicable,
using an efficiency value e equal to 1 without corrosion 3.3.11 Cylindrical shells pierced by tube holes
constant. For the minimum thickness of cylindrical shells pierced by
b) The area corresponding to the maximum opening diam- tube holes, see [3.7.1].
eter for which compensation is not required may be
deducted from the computation of the compensating 3.3.12 Covers (1/7/2009)
area to be provided.
a) Circular, oval and elliptical inspection openings are to
c) Material around the opening outside the width exceed- be provided with steel covers. Inspection openings on
ing the opening radius in any direction is not to be boilers with a diameter not exceeding 150 mm and on
included in the calculation of the compensation. pressure vessels may be closed by blind flanges.
d) Excess thickness in the shell with respect to the Rule
b) The thickness of the opening covers is not to be less
thickness t, calculated as indicated in a), may be con-
than the value t, in mm, given by the following formula:
sidered as contributing to the compensation of the
opening for a width not exceeding the opening radius. 0 ,5
t = 1 ,22 ⋅ a ⋅ -------
pC
e) Where nozzles are welded to the shell, their excess K
thickness with respect to the Rule thickness, calculated
in accordance with the requirements in [3.6.1], may be where:
considered as contributing to the compensation of the a : The minor axis of the oval or elliptical open-
hole for a height h, in mm, equal to: ing, measured at half width of gasket, in mm
0 ,5
h = [ ( d B – 2t B ) ⋅ t B ] b : The major axis of the oval or elliptical open-
where dB and tB are the values, in mm, of the outer ing, measured at half width of the gasket, in
diameter and thickness of the nozzle, respectively. See mm
also Fig 3. C : Coefficient in Tab 11 as a function of the
f) The sectional area of welds connecting compensating ratio b/a of the axes of the oval or elliptical
parts may be included in the compensation calculation opening, as defined above. For intermediate
if they fall inside the area mentioned in a). values of the ratio b/a, the value of C is to be
obtained by linear interpolation.
g) If the material of rings, nozzles and reinforcement col-
lars has a lower permissible stress than the shell mate- For circular openings the diameter d, in mm, is to be
rial, the compensating area is to be proportionally used in the above formula instead of a.
increased.
c) The thickness obtained by the formula in a) is “net”
h) Fig 3 summarises the compensation criteria described thickness, as it does not include any corrosion allow-
in the above items. ance. Unless a greater value is agreed in the vessel con-
i) Different arrangements will be specially considered by tract specification, the thickness obtained by the above
the Society on a case by case basis. formula is to be increased by 1 mm. See also [3.3.7]
dC
dB
tN
tB
tC
tA
h
t*
h'
tE
d/2 d t'B
Table 11 : Coefficient C
b/a 1,00 1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,40 1,50 1,60
C 0,206 0,220 0,235 0,247 0,259 0,271 0,282 0,302 0,321 0,333
b/a 1,70 1,80 1,90 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50 5,00
C 0,344 0,356 0,368 0,379 0,406 0,433 0,449 0,465 0,473 0,480
3.4 Dished heads subject to pressure on the for other symbols, see [3.3.2].
concave (internal) side
b) The thickness obtained by the formula in a) is “net”
thickness, as it does not include any corrosion allow-
3.4.1 Dished heads for boiler headers
ance. Unless a greater value is agreed in the vessel con-
Dished heads for boiler headers are to be seamless. tract specification, the thickness obtained by the above
formula is to be increased by 0.75 mm. See also [3.3.7].
3.4.2 Dished head profile
The following requirements are to be complied with for the 3.4.4 Composed torispherical heads
determination of the profile of dished heads (see Fig 4 (a)
a) Torispherical heads may be constructed with welded
and (b)).
elements of different thickness (see Fig 6).
a) Ellipsoidal heads:
b) Where a torispherical head is built in two sections, the
H ≥ 0,2 D thickness of the torispherical part is to be obtained by
where: the formula in [3.4.3], while the thickness of the spheri-
cal part may be obtained by the formula in [3.3.3].
H : External depth of head, in mm, measured
from the start of curvature at the base. c) The spherical part may commence at a distance from
the knuckle not less than:
D : Outside diameter of the head base, in mm
0,5.(RIN.t)0,5
b) Torispherical heads:
where:
RIN ≤ D
RIN : Internal radius of the spherical part, in mm
rIN ≥ 0,1 D
t : Knuckle thickness, in mm
rIN ≥ 3 t
C : Shape factor, obtained from the graph in Other types of connections are subject of special considera-
Fig 5, as a function of H/D and t/D tion by the Society.
b
r r
IN E
2t
R R
IN E
a
D
D
2,5
d.(t.D)-0,5
5
2
4
1,5 3
t/D
0,002
0,005
0,01
0,02
≥0,04 2
0,5
0,5
H/D
0,18 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 0,5
Figure 6 : Composed torispherical head (1/7/2001) c) The opening is to be so situated that its projection, or its
reinforcement projection in the case of compensated
0,5 (RIN t) 0,5 openings, is completely contained inside a circle having
its centre at the centre of the head and a diameter of
0,8D, D being the external diameter of the head (see
Fig 9). However, a small reinforced opening for drain-
t age may be accepted outside the indicated area.
Slop
R IN
r IN
d) In the case of non-compensated openings (for this pur-
pose, flanged openings are also to be considered as
non-compensated), the head thickness is not to be less
D
than that calculated by the formula in [3.4.3] using the
smallest of the shape factors C obtained from the graph
in Fig 5 as a function of:
3.4.7 Dished heads with openings
H/D and t/D or H/D and d.(t.D)-0,5,
a) The openings in dished heads may be circular, elliptical
or oval. where d is the diameter of the largest non-compensated
b) The largest diameter of the non-compensated opening is opening in the head, in mm. For oval and elliptical
not to exceed one half of the external diameter of the openings, d is the width of the opening in way of its
head. major axis.
(a) (b)
(c)
(d)
(e) (f)
Types shown in (a), (b) and (c) are acceptable for all pressure vessels.
Type shown in (d) is acceptable for class 2 and class 3 pressure vessels.
Types shown in (e) and (f) are acceptable for class 3 pressure vessels only.
e) In all cases the diameter D of the head base, the head where;
thickness t and the diameter d of the largest non-com- a : Half the major axis of the ellipti-
pensated opening are to be such as to meet the follow- cal meridian section of the
ing requirements: head, in mm
• The position of non-compensated openings in the b : Half the minor axis of the above
heads is to be as shown in Fig 9 section, in mm
• For flanged openings, the radius r of the flanging x : Distance between the centre of
(see Fig 9) is not to be less than 25 mm the hole and the rotation axis of
• The thickness of the flanged part may be less than the shell, in mm.
the Rule thickness.
b) In the case of nozzles or pads welded in the hole, the
3.4.8 Compensated openings in dished heads section corresponding to the thickness in excess of that
a) Where openings are cut in dished heads and the pro- required is to be considered for the part which is subject
posed thickness of the head is less than that calculated to pressure and for a depth h, in mm, both on the exter-
by the formula in [3.4.3], the openings are to be com- nal and internal sides of the head, not greater than:
pensated. (dB . tB)0,5
b) Fig 22, Fig 23, Fig 24 and Fig 25 show typical connec- where dB and tB are the diameter of the opening and the
tions of nozzles and compensating rings. thickness of the pad or nozzle, in mm, respectively. See
c) The opening is considered sufficiently compensated also Fig 3.
when the head thickness t is not less than that calcu- c) The area of the welding connecting nozzle and pad
lated in accordance with [3.4.3] and using the shape- reinforcements may be considered as a compensating
factor C obtained from the graph in Fig 5 using the section.
value:
d) If the material of reinforcement pads, nozzles and col-
d – A
---- ⋅ ( tD ) –0 ,5 lars has a permissible stress lower than that of the head
t material, the area A, to be taken for calculation of the
in lieu of: coefficient C, is to be reduced proportionally.
d.(tD)-0,5
3.5 Flat heads
where:
A : Area, in mm2, of the total transverse section 3.5.1 Unstayed flat head minimum thickness
of the compensating parts a) The minimum thickness of unstayed flat heads is not to
t : Actual thickness of the head, in mm, in the be less than the value t, in mm, calculated by the fol-
zone of the opening under consideration lowing formula:
d) When A/t > d, the coefficient C is to be determined 100p 0 ,5
using the curve corresponding to the value: t = D -------------
CK
d.(tD)-0,5 = 0
where:
e) If necessary, calculations are to be repeated.
p : Design pressure, in MPa
3.4.9 Compensation criteria K : Permissible stress, in N/mm2, obtained as
In the evaluation of the area A, the following is also to be specified in [3.2]
taken into consideration: D : Diameter of the head, in mm. For circular
a) The material that may be considered for compensating section heads, the diameter D is to be meas-
an opening is that located around the opening up to a ured as shown in Fig 10 and Fig 11 for vari-
distance l from the edge of the opening. The distance l, ous types of heads. For rectangular section
in mm, is the lesser obtained from the following formu- heads, the equivalent value for D may be
lae: obtained from the following formula:
l = 0,5 d 0 ,5
D = a 3 ,4 – 2 ,4 ---
a
l = (2 RIN t)0,5 b
where: a and b being the smaller and larger side of
d : Diameter of the opening, in mm the rectangle, respectively, in mm.
RIN : Internal radius of the spherical part, in mm, C : The values given below, depending on the
in the case of hemispherical or torispherical various types of heads shown in Fig 10 and
heads Fig 11:
In the case of ellipsoidal heads, RIN is to be Fig 10(a): C = 400 for circular heads
calculated by the following formula (see Fig 10(b): C = 330 for circular heads
Fig 4 a):
Fig 10(c): C = 350 for circular heads
4 4 2 2 3⁄2
[a – x (a – b )] Fig 10(d): C = 400 for circular heads and
R IN = ------------------------------------------------
4
-
a b C = 250 for rectangular heads
Fig 10(e): C = 350 for circular heads and Figure 8 : Connection of hemispherical head to the
C = 200 for rectangular heads cylindrical shell
Fig 10(f) : C = 350 for circular heads
Fig 10(g): C = 300 for circular heads
Fig 10(h): C = 350 for circular heads and
C = 200 for rectangular heads
Fig 11(i) : C = 350 for circular heads and
C = 200 for rectangular heads
Fig 11(j) : C = 200 for circular heads
Fig 11(k): C = 330 for circular heads R IN
Fig 11(l) : C = 300 for circular heads
Fig 11(m): C = 300 for circular heads
Fig 11(n): C = 400 for circular heads
Fig 11(o): C = value obtained from the fol- Figure 9 : Openings on dished heads
lowing formula, for circular > 0,1 D > 0,1 D
heads:
t
100
C = -------------------------------
1 ,9Fh
0 ,3 + --------------- 3
pD
where: d2
r
H
F2 = 9,81 y D b
with:
b : Effective half contact width of
the gasket, in mm, calculated as
follows:
b = 0,5 N for N < 13 mm, and
b = 1,8 N 0,5 for N ≥ 13 mm
where N is the geometric con-
tact width of the gasket, in mm,
as indicated in Fig 11(o)
m, y : Adimensional coefficients,
whose values are given in
3.5.2 Stayed flat head minimum thickness
Tab 12, depending on the type
of gasket. For the minimum thickness of stayed flat heads, see [3.8.4].
The adoption of one of the above-mentioned heads is 3.5.3 Compensation of openings in flat plates
subject to the Society’s approval depending upon its
Openings in flat plates for inspection purposes or for con-
use. Types of heads not shown in Fig 10 and Fig 11 will
nection of fittings are to be compensated by reinforcement
be the subject of special consideration by the Society.
collars or by flanges.
b) The thickness obtained by the formula in a) is “net”
In the latter case, the depth h of the flange, in mm, meas-
thickness, as it does not include any corrosion allow-
ured from the outer surface, is not to be less than the value
ance. Unless a greater value is agreed in the vessel con-
obtained from the following formula:
tract specification, the thickness obtained by the above
formula is to be increased by 1 mm. See also [3.3.7]. h = (t . dM) 0,5
where t and dM are the values, in mm, of the plate thickness 3.6 Nozzles
and of the minimum width of the opening.
3.6.1 Thickness
Table 12 : Coefficients m and y a) The thickness t, in mm, of nozzles attached to shells and
headers of boilers is not to be less than:
Type of gasket m y d
t = -----E- + 2 ,5
Self-sealing, metal or rubber (e.g. O-ring) 0 0 25
Rubber with cotton fabric 10 0,88 where dE is the outside diameter of nozzle, in mm.
Rubber with reinforcing fabric with or The thickness of the nozzle is, however, to be not less
without metal wire: than the thickness required for the piping system
attached to the vessel shell calculated at the vessel
- 3 layers 18 4,85 design pressure, and need not to be greater than the
- 2 layers 20 6,4 thickness of the shell to which it is connected.
b) The thickness of the nozzle attached to shells and head-
- 1 layers 22 8,2
ers of other pressure vessels is not to be less than the
Synthetic fibre with suitable binders: thickness required for the piping system attached to the
vessel shell calculated at the vessel design pressure, and
- 3 mm thick 16 3,5
need not be greater than the thickness of the shell to
- 1,5 mm thick 22 8,2 which it is connected.
Organic fibre 14 2,4 c) Where a branch is connected by screwing, the thickness
of the nozzle is to be measured at the root of the thread.
Metal spiral lined with synthetic fibre:
- Carbon Steel 20 6,4 3.6.2 Nozzle connection to vessel shell
a) In general, the axis of the nozzle is not to form an angle
- Stainless Steel 24 9,9
greater than 15° with the normal to the shell.
Synthetic fibre with plain metal lining:
b) Fig 22, Fig 23, Fig 24 and Fig 25 show some typical
- Copper 28 14,0 acceptable connections of nozzles to shells. Other types
of connections will be considered by the Society on a
- Iron 30 16,8
case by case basis.
- Stainless steel 30 20,0
Solid metal: 3.7 Water tube boilers
- Copper 38 28,7 3.7.1 Drums and headers
- Iron 44 39,8 The scantlings of cylindrical drums and headers pierced by
pipe holes are to be obtained by the applicable formulae in
- Stainless steel 52 57,5 [3.3], [3.4], [3.5], [3.7.2] and [3.7.3].
D
t1 D t1 D
t1
(j) (k)
(i)
t1 t
t
t1 D
D t1
(l) (m)
D h
D
N
t
t
t1 t1
(n) (o)
3.7.2 Efficiency factor of tube holes in cylindrical d : Diameter of holes, in mm. The hole diameter d
tube plates may be reduced by the amount A/tA, where A is
The efficiency factor e of pipe holes in cylindrical shells the compensating area, in mm2, of nozzle and
pierced by tube holes is to be determined by direct calcula- welds (see [3.3.9] and Fig 3).
tion or by another suitable method accepted by the Society. α : Angle between the axis of hole row considered
In the case of cylindrical holes of constant diameter and and the axis of the cylinder (α=0° if the hole
radial axis, the efficiency factor e may be determined by the row is parallel to the cylinder generating line;
following formula (see Fig 12): α=90° for circumferential hole row).
m : Coefficient depending upon the ratio d/s, as
1 obtained from Tab 13. For intermediate values
e = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
s of d/s, the value of m is to be obtained by linear
----------- ⋅ ( 1 – ( 0 ,5 ⋅ sin2 α ) ) + m ⋅ sin 2α
s–d interpolation.
where: The value of e actually used is to be the smallest calculated
value for either longitudinal, diagonal or circumferential
s : Pitch of the hole row considered, in mm rows of holes.
=
S
Table 13 : Coefficient m
d/s 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50 0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80
m 0,137 0,175 0,220 0,274 0,342 0,438 0,560 0,740 1,010 1,420 2,060
b : Internal half width of the header, in a direc- where α is the angle between the axis of the
tion normal to the wall under consideration, diagonal row of the holes under considera-
in mm tion and the axis of the header, in the case of
a staggered pattern of holes.
c : Distance between the axis of the hole row
b) The thickness obtained by the formulae in a) is “net”
considered and the centreline of the header
thickness, as it does not include any corrosion allow-
wall, in mm
ance. Unless a greater value is agreed in the vessel con-
e : Efficiency factor of holes in the wall, deter- tract specification, the thickness obtained by the above
mined by the following formulae: formula is to be increased by 1,5 mm. See also [3.3.7].
2a
?
s d 2b
3.7.5 Water tubes, superheaters and economiser Table 14 : Minimum thickness of water tubes
tubes
a) The thickness of tubes of evaporating parts, economisers Minimum thickness in mm of tubes subject
and superheaters exposed to gases which are subject to to internal pressure of cylindrical boilers
internal pressure is not to be less than the value t, in and water tube boilers having the feed water
mm, given by the following formula: system
pd Outside Closed type or
t = ----------------- + 0 ,3 diameter Open type,
2K + p open type,
in mm not equipped with
where: if equipped with
suitable devices for
suitable devices for
p : Design pressure, in MPa reducing the oxygen
reducing the oxygen
K : Permissible stress, in N/mm2, obtained as concentration in the
concentration in the
specified in [3.2] water
water
d : Outside diameter of tube, in mm
< 38 1,8 2,9
However, irrespective of the value calculated by the for-
mulae in a), the thickness t of tubes is not to be less than 38 - 48,3 2,0 2,9
the values given in Tab 14. 51 - 63,5 2,4 2,9
b) The values of t determined by the above-mentioned for-
70 2,6 3,2
mula are to be considered as theoretical values for
straight tubes, not taking account of the manufacturing 76,1 - 88,9 2,9 3,2
tolerance. Where the tubes are not precise pipes, the
101,6 - 127 3,6 -
thickness calculated by the formula in a) is to be
increased by 12,5% to take into account the manufac-
turing tolerance. For bent tubes, the thickness of the 3.8.2 Ends of vertical boilers
thinner part in way of the bend is not to be less than that a) The minimum thickness of the dished ends forming the
given by the formula. upper part of vertical boilers and subject to pressure on
c) Whenever abnormal corrosion and erosion may occur their concave face is to be determined in accordance
during service, the corrosion constant of 0,3 in the for- with [3.4].
mula in a) may be increased to the satisfaction of the b) When the end is supported in its centre by an uptake,
Society. the minimum thickness t, in mm, is to be calculated
d) The thickness of tubes which form an integral part of the with the following formula:
boiler and which are not exposed to combustion gases pR
t = 0 ,77 ⋅ --------I
is to comply with the requirements for steam pipes (see K
Sec 10, [15]). where:
p : Design pressure, in MPa
3.8 Additional requirements for vertical boil-
K : Permissible stress, in N/mm2, obtained as
ers and cylindrical boilers (fire tube boil- specified in [3.2]
ers)
RI : Radius of curvature at the centre of the end
3.8.1 Shells of vertical boilers and cylindrical measured internally. RI is not to exceed the
boilers external diameter of the shell
The scantlings of the shells of vertical boilers and cylindrical c) The thickness obtained by the formula in b) is “net”
boilers are to be determined in accordance with [3.3]. thickness, as it does not include any corrosion allow-
ance. Unless a greater value is agreed in the vessel con-
tract specification, the thickness obtained by the above than three points of support (stay centres
formula is to be increased by 0,7 mm. See also [3.3.7]. or points of tangency of the circle with
d) For ends supported by an uptake at their centre, the cor- the contour line). To this end, the con-
ner radius measured internally is not to be less than 4 tour of the part under consideration is to
times the end thickness or 65 mm, whichever is the be drawn at the beginning of the flang-
lesser and the inside radius of curvature on the flange to ing or connection curve if its inside
uptake is not to be less than twice the end thickness or radius does not exceed 2,5 times the
25 mm, whichever is the lesser. thickness of the plate, or, where such
radius is greater, at the above-mentioned
3.8.3 Ends of cylindrical boilers distance (of 2,5 times the thickness of
The minimum thickness of the dished and/or unstayed flat the plate) from the ideal intersection
ends of the cylindrical boilers is to be determined in with other surfaces (see Fig 14).
accordance with [3.4] and/or [3.5], as applicable. b) When applying the formulae for calculation of thickness
3.8.4 Stayed flat head minimum thickness of heads covered by this sub-article, the position of
plates in the most unfavourable condition is to be con-
a) The thickness of stayed flat heads, or of heads supported
sidered.
by flanges, is not to be less than the value t, in mm,
given by the following formula: c) Where various types of supports are provided, the value
0 ,5
of C1 should be the arithmetic mean of the values of C1
100p
t = D -----------------------------------------
- appropriate to each type of support.
CC 1 K ( 1 + C 2 B 2 )
d) The thickness obtained by the formulae in a), is “net”
where: thickness, as it does not include any corrosion allow-
B : t1/t = Ratio of the thickness of the large ance. Unless a greater value is agreed in the vessel con-
washer or doubler, where fitted, to the thick- tract specification, the thickness obtained by the above
ness of the plate. The value of B is to be formula is to be increased by 1 mm. See also [3.3.7].
taken between 0,67 and 1
3.8.5 Furnaces
K : Permissible stress, in N/mm2, obtained as
a) In general, the minimum thickness of furnaces is to be
specified in [3.2]
calculated in accordance with the requirements of a
C : C = 1 when the plate is not exposed to flame recognised Standard for pressure vessels subject to
C = 0,88 when the plate is exposed to flame external pressure accepted by the Society.
C1 : C1 = 462 when the plate is supported by b) However, the minimum thicknesses of furnaces and
welded stays cylindrical ends of combustion chambers of fire tube
C1 = 704 for plates supported by flanges or boilers are to be not less than the value t given by the
equivalent appropriate formula in [3.8.6], [3.8.7] and [3.8.8].
C2 : C2 = 0 when no doublers are fitted c) The thickness of furnaces is not to be less than 8 mm
C2 = 0,85 when a complete doubling plate and the stays are to be spaced such that the thickness
is fitted, adequately joined to the base plate. does not exceed 22 mm.
The value of D is to be in accordance with the following d) All the thicknesses obtained for furnaces by the formu-
provisions: lae in [3.8.6], [3.8.7], [3.8.8], [3.8.9] and [3.8.10] are
“net” thicknesses, as they do not include any corrosion
• In the parts of the flat heads between the stays:
allowance. Unless a greater value is agreed in the vessel
D : Diameter, in mm, of the largest circle contract specification, the thicknesses obtained by the
which can be drawn through the centre above formulae are to be increased by 1 mm. See also
of at least three stays without enclosing [3.3.7].
any other stay, where the stays are not
evenly spaced (see Fig 14); or 3.8.6 Plain furnaces with reinforcing rings and
2 2 0,5 similar, and bottoms of combustion
(a +b ) where the stays are evenly
chambers
spaced, considering the most unfavoura-
The minimum thickness t, in mm, of plain furnaces with
ble condition,
reinforcing rings and bottoms of combustion chambers is
where: not to be less than the value given by the following equa-
a : Distance between two adja- tion:
cent rows of stays, in mm
pD E L
b : Pitch of stays in the same t = ------------------
- + ----------
0 ,28R m 286
row, in mm.
where:
• In the parts of the flat heads between the stays and
the boundaries, where flat heads are generally sup- p : Design pressure, in MPa
ported by flanges or shapes, or connected to other Rm : Ultimate tensile strength, in N/mm2
parts of the boiler: DE : External diameter of the furnace, in mm
D : Diameter, in mm, of the largest circle L : Length of furnace or spacing of reinforcing
which can be drawn through not less rings, in mm.
Figure 14
3.8.7 Corrugated or rib-reinforced furnaces 3.8.10 Flat tube plates of combustion chamber in
The minimum thickness t, in mm, of corrugated or rib-rein- vertical boilers
forced furnaces is to be not less than the value given by the Where tube plates contained in the tube bundle are simul-
following equation: taneously subject to compression due to the pressure in the
combustion chamber, their thickness, as well as complying
pD
t = ----------E- with the requirements in [3.8.9] is not to be less than the
CR m
value t, in mm, given by the following formula:
where:
pls 1
DE : Diameter of the furnace at the bottom of the t = ----------------------------------
-
1 ,78 ( s 1 – d )K
corrugation or at the outside of the plain por-
where:
tion, in mm.
l : Depth of the combustion chamber, in mm
C : 0,26 for corrugated furnaces
s1 : Horizontal pitch of tubes, in mm
0,28 for furnaces with rib reinforcements.
d : Inside diameter of plain tubes, in mm
For the meaning of other symbols, see [3.8.6].
For the meaning of other symbols, see [3.8.9]
3.8.8 Hemispherical furnaces
3.8.11 Tube plates outside tube bundles
The minimum thickness t, in mm, of hemispherical furnaces
is to be not less than the value given by the following equa- For those parts of tube plates which are outside the tube
tion: bundle, the formula in [3.8.4] is to be applied, using the fol-
lowing coefficients C1 and C2:
pD
t = ----------E C1 = 390
120
C2 = 0,55
For the meaning of the symbols, see [3.8.6].
Doublers are only permitted where the tube plate does not
3.8.9 Flat tube plates in tube bundles form part of a combustion chamber.
The thickness of the parts of flat tube plates contained in the
tube bundle and supported by stay tubes is not to be less 3.8.12 Tube plates not supported by stays
than the value t, in mm, given by the following formula: Flat tube plates which are not supported by stay tubes (e.g.
in heat exchangers), are subject of special consideration by
p 0 ,5
t = s ------------ the Society (see also [3.10.1].
2 ,8K
d : Minimum diameter, in mm, of the stay the value t determined by the appropriate formula below,
throughout its length. depending upon the number of stays.
A : Area supported by the stay, in mm2 • In the case of an odd number of stays:
K : Rm / 7 pL ( L – s )l n + 1
t = ------------------------2- ⋅ -------------
0 ,25R m a n
Rm : Minimum ultimate tensile strength of the
stay material, in N/mm2. • In the case of an even number of stays:
c) Where stays are flanged for joining to the plate, the b) The distance from the supports of the outer stays does
thickness of the flange is not to be less than one half the not exceed the uniform pitch s.
diameter of the stay.
c) When the tops of the combustion chambers are con-
d) For welded connections of stays to tube plates, see nected to the sides with curved parts with an external
Fig 29. radius less than 0,5 l, the distance of end girders from
the inner part of the side surface does not exceed l.
3.8.14 Stay and stay tube construction d) When the curvature radius mentioned under c) above
exceeds 0,5 l, the distance of the end girders from the
a) In general, doublers are not to be fitted in plates
beginning of the connection does not exceed 0,5 l.
exposed to flame.
In other cases a direct calculation is to be made using a
b) As far as possible, stays are to be fitted perpendicularly safety factor not less than 5, with respect to the minimum
to the supported surface. value of the tensile strength Rm.
0,5DE 0,5DE
0,5DE 0,5DE
(1)
(1) : t2 > t in the case of dished ends manufactured from plates by deep drawing procedure, provided that H/De > 0,4 and thickness according to
[3.4.3].
t 70 - 89 2,9
> 89 3,6
4.1 General
4.1.1 Base materials
t1
t2
their steel grade, if hot forming has not been carried out Figure 19 : Example of acceptable lap-joints
within an adequate temperature range.
d) Plates which have been previously butt-welded may be
formed under the following conditions:
• Hot forming:
after forming, the welded joints are to be subjected
to radiographic examination or equivalent. In addi-
tion, mechanical tests of a sample weld subjected to
the same heat treatment are to be carried out.
• Cold forming
cold forming is only allowed for plates having a
thickness not exceeding:
• 20 mm for steels having minimum ultimate ten-
sile strength Rm between 360 N/mm2 and 410
N/mm2
• 15 mm for steels having Rm between 460N/mm2
and 510N/mm2 as well as for steels 0,3Mo,
1Mn0,5Mo, 1Mn0,5MoV and 0,5Cr0,5Mo;
cold forming is not allowed for steels 1Cr0,5Mo and
2,25Cr1Mo.
• Weld reinforcements are to be carefully ground
smooth prior to forming.
Details (b) and (c) may be used only for pressure vessels having
• A proper heat treatment is to be carried out after internal diameter less than 600mm.
forming, if the ratio of internal diameter to thickness
is less than 36, for steels: 460 N/mm2, 510 N/mm2, 4.2.3 Plates of unequal thickness
0,3Mo, 1Mn 0,5Mo, 1Mn 0,5MoV and 0,5Cr a) If plates of unequal thickness are butt-welded and the
0,5Mo. difference between thicknesses is more than 3 mm, the
• After forming, the joints are to be subjected to radio- thicker plate is to be smoothly tapered for a length equal
graphic examination or equivalent and to a mag- to at least four times the offset, including the width of
netic particle or liquid penetrant test. the weld. For longitudinal joints the tapering is to be
made symmetrically on both sides of the plate in order
to obtain alignment of middle lines.
4.2 Welding design
b) If the joint is to undergo radiographic examination, the
4.2.1 Main welded joints thickness of the thicker plate is to be reduced to that of
the thinner plate next to the joint and for a length of at
a) All joints of class 1 and 2 pressure parts of boilers and least 30 mm.
pressure vessels are to be butt-welded, with the excep-
tion of welding connecting flat heads or tube sheets to 4.2.4 Dished heads
shells, for which partial penetration welds or fillet welds
a) For connection of a hemispherical end with a cylindri-
may be accepted.
cal shell, the joint is to be arranged in a plane parallel to
b) Joints of class 3 pressure vessels are also subject to the that of the largest circle perpendicular to the axis of the
requirement in a), however connection of dished heads shell and at such a distance from this plane that the
to shells by lap welds may be accepted. Fig 19 shows tapering of the shell made as indicated in [4.2.3] is
some acceptable details of circumferential lap welds for wholly in the hemisphere.
class 3 pressure vessels. b) For torispherical ends made of parts assembled by weld-
ing, no welded joint is normally admitted along a paral-
4.2.2 Shell longitudinal and circumferential welds lel in the knuckle nor at a distance less than 50 mm
Longitudinal and circumferential joints are to be welded from the beginning of the knuckle.
from both sides of the plate. Welding from one side may be
allowed only when there is evidence that the welding pro- 4.2.5 Welding location
cess permits a complete penetration and a sound weld root. The location of main welded joints is to be chosen so that
If a backing strip is used, it is to be removed after welding these joints are not submitted to appreciable bending
and prior to any non-destructive examination. However, the stresses.
backing strip may be retained in circumferential joints of
class 2 vessels, having a thickness not exceeding 15 mm, 4.2.6 Accessories and nozzles
and of class 3 vessels, provided that the material of the a) Attachment of accessories by welds crossing main
backing strip is such as not to adversely affect the weld. welds or located near such welds is to be avoided;
where this is impracticable, welds for attachment of to remove any foreign matter such as rust, scale, oil,
accessories are to completely cross the main welds grease and paint.
rather than stop abruptly on or near them. b) If the weld metal is to be deposited on a previously
b) Openings crossing main joints or located near main welded surface, all slag or oxide is to be removed to
joints are also to be avoided as far as possible. prevent inclusions.
c) Doubling plates for attachment of accessories such as 4.3.3 Protection against adverse weather
fixing lugs or supports are to be of sufficient size to conditions
ensure an adequate distribution of loads on pressure
a) Welding of pressure vessels is to be done in a sheltered
parts; such doubling plates are to have well rounded
position free from draughts and protected from cold and
corners. Attachment of accessories such as ladders and
rain.
platforms directly on the walls of vessels such that they
restrain their free contraction or expansion is to be b) Unless special justification is provided, no welding is to
avoided. be performed if the temperature of the base metal is less
than 0°C.
d) Welded connections of nozzles and other fittings, either
with or without local compensation, are to be of a suita- 4.3.4 Interruption in welding
ble type, size and preparation in accordance with the If, for any reason, welding is stopped, care is to be taken on
approved plans. restarting to obtain a complete fusion.
4.2.7 Connections of stays to tube plates 4.3.5 Backing weld
a) Where stays are welded, the cross-sectional area of the When a backing weld is foreseen, it is to be carried out after
weld is to be at least 1,25 times the cross-section of the suitable chiseling or chipping at the root of the first weld,
stay. unless the welding process applied does not call for such an
b) The cross-sectional area of the end welding of welded operation.
stay tubes is to be not less than 1,25 times the cross-sec- 4.3.6 Appearance of welded joints
tional area of the stay tube.
a) Welded joints are to have a smooth surface without
4.2.8 Type of weldings under-thickness; their connection with the plate surface
Fig 20, Fig 21, Fig 22, Fig 23, Fig 24, Fig 25, Fig 26, Fig 27, is to be gradual without undercutting or similar defects.
Fig 28 and Fig 29 indicate the type and size of weldings of b) The weld reinforcement of butt welds, on each side of
typical pressure vessel connections. Any alternative type of the plate, is not to exceed the following thickness:
welding or size will be the subject of special consideration • 2,5mm for plates having a thickness not exceeding
by the Society. 12mm
• 3mm for plates having a thickness greater than
4.3 Miscellaneous requirements for fabrica- 12mm but less than 25mm
tion and welding • 5mm for plates having a thickness at least equal to
25mm.
4.3.1 Welding position
a) As far as possible, welding is to be carried out in the 4.4 Preparation of parts to be welded
downhand horizontal position and arrangements are to
be foreseen so that this can be applied in the case of cir- 4.4.1 Preparation of edges for welding
cumferential joints. a) Grooves and other preparations of edges for welding are
b) When welding cannot be performed in this position, to be made by machining, chipping or grinding. Flame
tests for qualification of the welding process and the cutting may also be used provided that the zones dam-
welders are to take account thereof. aged by this operation are removed by machining, chip-
ping or grinding. For alloy steel plates, preheating is to
4.3.2 Cleaning of parts to be welded be provided, if needed, for flame cutting.
a) Parts to be welded are, for a distance of at least 25mm b) Edges prepared are to be carefully examined to check
from the welding edges, to be carefully cleaned in order that there are no defects detrimental to welding.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(D)
(e) (f)
25°
20°
3mm
Shell to be bent over the
10 mm
head before welding.
(g)
(h)
25°
(i)
t
t
(k)
(j)
/3
2
/
Figure 23 : Types of joint for nozzles and reinforcing rings (2) is the greater
is the greater
t/3 or 6 mm
t/3 or 6 mm
whichever
whichever
t t
t
t
t
(g)
(h) (i)
(j)
t t
To be used only for nozzles of
small thickness and diameter
≥t ≥t
≥t
≥t
≥ 0,7 t
(k) (l)
t t
t/3 or t/3 or
≥t 6 mm ≥t 6 mm
whichever whichever
is the greater is the greater
(m) (n)
t t
t/3 or t/3 or
≥t 6 mm ≥t 6 mm
whichever
whichever
is the greater is the greater
≥ 0,7 t
(o) (p)
t
(q) (r) Remove by mechanical
means
after welding
Note: Where preparations of Fig 25 are carried out, the shell is to be carefully inspected to ascertain the absence of lamination.
0 - 3 mm
0,7 t
t
t
0,7 t
(a) (b)
t / 3 or 6 mm
whichever is greater
t
(c)
≥4 ≥ 0,7 t ≥4
1 1
t1
t1
t2
t2
≥ 0,7 t
(d) (e)
When (t - t ) > 3mm
1 2
≥4 70˚
1
a
t1
t2
60˚
a = t / 3 or 6 mm
whichever is the greater (g)
(f)
(h)
1,5 mm
1,5 mm 1,5 mm
a = d/4 a = d/5
a 1,5 mm a
40°
d
d
d
a
6 mm 6 mm
d
a
d
t t
t1 > 0,75 t t 1 > 0,75 t
(d) (e)
t1/3 t1/3
t + 3 mm 3 mm
t
t
(f) (g)
4.4.2 Abutting of parts to be welded vessel and before any heat treatment. Non-destructive
testing of the corresponding zones of the shell may be
a) Abutting of parts to be welded is to be such that surface
required by the Surveyor if considered necessary.
misalignment of plates does not exceed:
• 10% of the thickness of the plate with a maximum of e) Accessories such as doubling plates, brackets and stiff-
3 mm for longitudinal joints eners are to be suitable for the surface to which they are
to be attached.
• 10% of the thickness of the plate plus 1 mm with a
maximum of 4 mm for circumferential joints.
4.5 Tolerances after construction
b) For longitudinal joints, middle lines are to be in align-
ment within 10% of the thickness of the thinner plate 4.5.1 General
with a maximum of 3 mm.
The sizes and shape of vessels are to be checked after weld-
c) Plates to be welded are to be suitably retained in posi- ing for compliance with the design taking into account the
tion in order to limit deformation during welding. The tolerances given below. The Society reserves the right to
arrangements are to be such as to avoid modification of stipulate smaller values for these tolerances for vessels sub-
the relative position of parts to be welded and misalign- jected to special loads.
ment, after welding, exceeding the limits indicated
above. Any defect in shape is to be gradual and there is to be no
flat area in way of welded joints.
d) Temporary welds for abutting are to be carried out so
that there is no risk of damage to vessel shells. Such Measurements are to be taken on the surface of the parent
welds are to be carefully removed after welding of the plate and not on the weld or other raised part.
b) The preheating temperature will be determined accord- 4.7.3 Heat treatment procedure
ingly. However, a preheating temperature of approxi- The temperature of the furnace at the time of introduction of
the vessel is not to exceed 400°C.
mately 150°C is required for 0,5Mo or 1Cr0,5Mo type
steel, and approximately 250°C for 2,25Cr1Mo type a) The heating rate above 400°C is not to exceed:
steel. 1) 220°C per hour if the maximum thickness is not
more than 25 mm, or
c) These requirements also apply to welding of nozzles, fit- 2) (5500/tA)°C per hour, with a minimum of 55°C per
tings, steam pipes and other pipes subject to severe con- hour, if the maximum thickness tA , in mm, is more
ditions. than 25 mm
b) The absolute value of the cooling rate in the furnace is 4.7.4 Alternatives
not to exceed: When, for special reasons, heat treatment is carried out in
1) 280°C per hour if the maximum thickness is not conditions other than those given in [4.7.2], all details
more than 25 mm, or regarding the proposed treatment are to be submitted to the
Society, which reserves the right to require tests or further
2) (7000/tA)°C per hour, with a minimum of 55°C per investigations in order to verify the efficiency of such treat-
hour, if the maximum thickness tA, in mm, is more ment.
than 25 mm.
Unless specially justified, heat treatment temperatures and 4.7.5 Execution of heat treatment
duration for maintaining these temperatures are to comply Furnaces for heat treatments are to be fitted with adequate
with the values in Tab 17. means for controlling and recording temperature; tempera-
tures are to be measured on the vessel itself. The atmos-
Table 16 : Thermal stress relieving phere in the furnaces is to be controlled in order to avoid
abnormal oxidation of the vessel.
Thickness (mm) above which
post-weld heat 4.7.6 Treatment of test plates
Grade treatment is required Test plates are normally to be heated at the same time and
in the same furnace as the vessel.
Unfired pressure
Boilers
vessels When separate heat treatment of test plates cannot be
avoided, all precautions are to be taken such that this treat-
Rm = 360 N/mm2 Grade HA 14,5 14,5
ment is carried out in the same way as for the vessel, specif-
Rm = 410 N/mm2 Grade HA
ically with regard to the heating rate, the maximum
Rm = 360 N/mm2 Grade HB 20 30 temperature, the duration for maintaining this temperature
Rm = 410 N/mm2 Grade HB and the cooling conditions.
Carbon steels 580-620°C 1 hour 1 hour b) No test plate is required for circumferential joints if
these joints are made with the same process as longitu-
0,3Mo 620-660°C 1 hour 1 hour dinal joints. Where this is not the case, or if there are
1Mn 0,5Mo only circumferential joints, at least one test plate is to be
1Mn 0,5MoV welded separately using the same welding process as
0,5Cr 0,5Mo for the circumferential joints, at the same time and with
1Cr 0,5Mo 620-660°C 1hour 2 hours the same welding materials.
2,25Cr 1Mo 600-750°C (1) 2 hours 2 hours c) Test plates are to be stiffened in order to reduce as far as
possible warping during welding. The plates are to be
(1) The temperature is to be chosen, with a tolerance of straightened prior to their heat treatment which is to be
±20°C, in this temperature range in order to obtain the carried out in the same conditions as for the corre-
required mechanical characteristics sponding vessel (see also [4.7.6]).
d) After radiographic examination, the following test below 20 mm when the joints are welded by
pieces are to be taken from the test plates: approved automatic processes at the Society’s dis-
• one test piece for tensile test on welded joint cretion, the extent may be reduced up to approxi-
• two test pieces for bend test, one direct and one mately 10% of the length of the joints. In general,
the positions included in the examinations are to
reverse
include all welding crossings;
• three test pieces for impact test
• for circumferential joints having an external diame-
• one test piece for macrographic examination.
ter not exceeding 175 mm, at the Society’s discre-
4.8.2 Mechanical tests of test plates tion, the extent may be reduced up to approximately
a) The tensile strength on welded joint is not to be less 10% of the total length of the joints.
than the minimum specified tensile strength of the plate. b) Fillet welds for parts such as doubling plates, branches
b) The bend test pieces are to be bent through an angle of or stiffeners are to undergo a spot magnetic particle test
180° over a former of 4 times the thickness of the test for at least 10% of their length. If magnetic particle tests
piece. There is to be no crack or defect on the outer sur- cannot be used, it is to be replaced by liquid penetrant
face of the test piece exceeding in length 1,5 mm trans- test.
versely or 3 mm longitudinally. Premature failure at the c) Welds for which non destructive tests reveal unaccept-
edges of the test piece is not to lead to rejection. As an able defects, such as cracks or areas of incomplete
alternative, the test pieces may be bent through an angle fusion, are to be rewelded and are then to undergo a
of 120° over a former of 3 times the thickness of the test new non destructive examination
piece.
c) The impact energy measured at 0°C is not to be less 4.9.3 Number of test samples
than the values given in Part D for the steel grade con- a) During production, at least one test plate for each 20 m
cerned. of length (or fraction) of longitudinal weldings is to be
d) The test piece for macrographic examination is to per- tested as per [4.8.2].
mit the examination of a complete transverse section of
b) During production, at least one test plate for each 30 m
the weld. This examination is to demonstrate good pen-
of length (or fraction) of circumferential welding is to be
etration without lack of fusion, large inclusions and sim-
tested as per [4.8.2].
ilar defects. In case of doubt, a micrographic
examination of the doubtful zone may be required. c) When several vessels made of plates of the same grade
of steel, with thicknesses varying by not more than 5
4.8.3 Re-tests mm, are welded successively, only one test plate may
a) If one of the test pieces yields unsatisfactory results, two be accepted per each 20 m of length of longitudinal
similar test pieces are to be taken from another test joints (or fraction) and per each 30 m of circumferential
plate. welding (or fraction) provided that the welders and the
b) If the results for these new test pieces are satisfactory welding process are the same. The thickness of the test
and if it is proved that the previous results were due to plates is to be the greatest thickness used for these ves-
local or accidental defects, the results of the re-tests may sels.
be accepted.
4.10 Specific requirements for class 2 ves-
4.9 Specific requirements for class 1 ves- sels
sels
4.10.1 General
4.9.1 General For vessels whose scantlings have been determined using an
The following requirements apply to class 1 pressure ves- efficiency of welded joint e greater than 0,90, see [4.9.1].
sels, as well as to pressure vessels of other classes, whose
scantlings have been determined using an efficiency of 4.10.2 Non-destructive tests (1/7/2004)
welded joint e greater than 0,90.
All longitudinal and circumferential joints of class 2 vessels
4.9.2 Non-destructive tests are to be subjected to 10% radiographic or equivalent
examination. This extension may be extended at the Soci-
a) All longitudinal and circumferential joints of class 1 ves-
ety’s discretion based on the actual thickness of the welded
sels are to be subject of 100% radiographic or equiva-
plates.
lent examination with the following exceptions:
• for pressure vessels or parts designed to withstand As specified in Tab 10, where a joint efficiency of 0,75 is
external pressures only, at the Society’s discretion, used in the formula for the calculation of the thickness of
the extent may be reduced up to approximately 30% the vessel, the radiographic and the ultrasonic examinations
of the length of the joints. In general, the positions may be omitted.
included in the examinations are to include all This assumes, however, that the Surveyor of the Society will
welding crossings; adequately follow all the welding phases and that checks
• for vessels not intended to contain toxic or danger- are completed by any non-destructive examinations
ous matters, made of carbon steels having thickness deemed necessary.
4.10.3 Number of test samples from any danger in case of rupture of the transparent
In general, the same requirements of [4.9.3] apply also to element or with self-closing valves restricting the steam
class 2 pressure vessels. However, test plates are required release in case of rupture of this element.
for each 50 m of longitudinal and circumferential weldings
(or fraction). 5.1.4 Water level indicators - Special requirements
for water tube boilers
a) For water tube boilers having an athwarships steam
4.11 Specific requirements for Class 3 ves-
drum more than 4 m in length, a level indicator is to be
sels fitted at each end of the drum.
4.11.1 For vessels whose scantlings have been determined b) Water tube boilers serving turbine propulsion machinery
using an efficiency of welded joint e greater than 0,90, see shall be fitted with a high-water-level audible and visual
[4.9.1]. alarm (see also Tab 19).
Heat treatment, mechanical tests and non-destructive tests 5.1.5 Water level indicators - Special requirements
are not required for welded joints of other Class 3 vessels. for fire tube boilers (vertical and cylindrical
boilers)
5 Design and construction - Control a) For cylindrical boilers, the two water level indicators
and monitoring mentioned in [5.1.3] are to be distributed at each end of
the boiler; i.e. double front cylindrical boilers are to
have two level indicators on each front.
5.1 Boiler control and monitoring system
b) A system of at least two suitably located and remote
5.1.1 Local control and monitoring controlled gauge-cocks may be considered as the equiv-
Means to effectively operate, control and monitor the oper- alent device mentioned in [5.1.3] for cylindrical boilers
ation of oil fired boilers and their associated auxiliaries are having a design pressure lower than 1 MPa, for cylindri-
to be provided locally. The functional condition of the fuel, cal boilers having a diameter lower than 2 m and for
feed water and steam systems and the boiler operational vertical boilers having height lower than 2,3 m. Gauge-
status are to be indicated by pressure gauges, temperature cocks are to be fixed directly on the boiler shell.
indicators, flow-meter, lights or other similar devices. c) Where level indicators are not fixed directly on the
boiler shell, but on level pillars, the internal diameter of
5.1.2 Emergency shut-off such pillars is not to be less than the value dN given in
Means are to be provided to shut down boiler forced draft Tab 18. Level pillars are to be either fixed directly on the
or induced draft fans and fuel oil service pumps from out- boiler shell or connected to the boiler by pipes fitted
side the space where they are located, in the event that a with cocks secured directly to the boiler shell. The inter-
fire in that space makes their local shut-off impossible. nal diameter of these pipes dC is not to be less than the
values given in Tab 18. The upper part of these pipes is
5.1.3 Water level indicators
to be arranged so that there is no bend where condense
a) Each boiler is to be fitted with at least two separate water can accumulate. These pipes are not to pass
means for indicating the water level. One of these through smoke boxes or uptakes unless they are located
means is to be a level indicator with transparent ele- inside metallic ducts having internal diameter exceed-
ment. The other may be either an additional level indi- ing by not less than 100 mm the external diameter of the
cator with transparent element or an equivalent device. pipes. Fig 30 shows the sketch of a level pillar arrange-
Level indicators are to be of an approved type. ment.
b) The transparent element of level indicators is to be
made of glass, mica or other appropriate material. Table 18 : Minimum internal diameters dN and dC
c) Level indicators are to be located so that the water level dN (mm) dC (mm)
Internal diameter of the boiler
is readily visible at all times. The lower part of the trans-
parent element is not to be below the safety water level D>3m 60 38
defined by the builder.
2,30 m ≤ D ≤ 3 m 50 32
d) Level indicators are to be fitted either with normally
closed isolating cocks, operable from a position free D < 2,30 m 45 26
Figure 30 : Level pillar arrangement supervision and are not intended for automatic opera-
tion.
cock
c) Forced draft failure is to automatically shut off the fuel
supply to the burners.
d) Loss of boiler control power is to automatically shut off
the fuel supply to the burners.
5.1.9 Alarms
Any actuation of the fuel-oil shut-off listed in [5.1.8] is to
level
pillar
operate a visual and audible alarm.
a) Each boiler is to be fitted with a steam pressure gauge so c) Means are to be provided to bypass the flame scanner
arranged that its indications are easily visible from the control system temporarily during a trial-for-ignition for
stokehold floor. A steam pressure gauge is also to be a period of 15 seconds from the time the fuel reaches
provided for superheaters which can be shut off from the burners. Except for this trial-for-ignition period, no
the boiler they serve. means are to be provided to bypass one or more of the
burner flame scanner systems unless the boiler is locally
b) Pressure gauges are to be graduated in units of effective controlled.
pressure and are to include a prominent legible mark for
the pressure that is not to be exceeded in normal ser- d) Where boilers are fitted with an automatic ignition sys-
vice. tem, and where residual fuel oil is used, means are to be
provided for lighting of burners with igniters lighting
c) Each pressure gauge is to be fitted with an isolating properly heated residual fuel oil. In the case of flame
cock. failure, the burner is to be brought back into automatic
service only in the low-firing position.
d) Double front boilers are to have a steam pressure gauge
arranged in each front. e) An alarm is to be activated whenever a burner operates
outside the limit conditions stated by the manufacturer.
5.1.7 Temperature control devices
f) Immediately after normal shutdown, an automatic
Each boiler fitted with a superheater is to have an indicator purge of the boiler equal to the volume and duration of
or recorder for the steam temperature at the superheater the pre-purge is to occur. Following automatic fuel valve
outlet. shut-off, the air flow to the boiler is not to automatically
increase; post-purge in such cases is to be carried out
5.1.8 Automatic shut-off of oil fired propulsion and under manual control.
auxiliary boilers
g) Propulsion and auxiliary boilers associated with propul-
a) Each burner is to be fitted with a flame scanner designed sion machinery intended for centralised, unattended
to automatically shut off the fuel supply to the burner in operations are to comply with the requirements of
the event of flame failure. In the case of failure of the Chapter 3.
flame scanner, the fuel to the burner is to be shut off
automatically.
5.2 Pressure vessel instrumentation
b) A low water condition is to automatically shut off the
fuel supply to the burners. The shut-off is to operate 5.2.1
before the water level reaches a level so low as to affect
a) Pressure vessels are to be fitted with the necessary
the safety of the boiler and no longer be visible in the
devices for checking pressure, temperature and level,
gauge glass. Means are to be provided to minimise the
where it is deemed necessary.
risk of shut-off provoked by the effect of roll and pitch
and/or transients. This shut-off system need not be b) In particular, each air pressure vessel is to be fitted with
installed in auxiliary boilers which are under local a local manometer.
Table 22 : Incinerators
6.2.3 Minimum distance of boilers from double 6.2.5 Drip trays and gutterways
bottom Boilers are to be fitted with drip trays and gutterways in way
a) Where double bottoms in way of boilers may be used to of burners so arranged as to prevent spilling of oil into the
carry fuel oil, the distance between the top of the dou- bilge.
ble bottom and the lower metal parts of the boilers is
not to be less than: 6.2.6 Hot surfaces
• 600 mm, for cylindrical boilers Hot surfaces with which the crew are likely to come into
• 750 mm, for water tube boilers. contact during operation are to be suitably guarded or insu-
lated. See Sec 1, [3.7.1].
b) The minimum distance of vertical tube boilers from
double bottoms not intended to carry oil may be 200 6.2.7 Registers fitted in the smoke stacks of oil fired
mm. boilers
6.2.4 Minimum distance of boilers from ceilings Where registers are fitted in smoke stacks, they are not to
obstruct more than two thirds of the cross-sectional area of
a) A space sufficient for adequate heat dissipation is to be gas passage when closed. In addition, they are to be pro-
provided on the top of boilers. vided with means for locking them in open position when
b) Oil tanks are not permitted to be installed in spaces the boiler is in operation and for indicating their position
above boilers. and degree of opening.
request to proceed with a second hydraulic test on pump are not known, the hydrostatic test is to be carried
board under a pressure at least equal to 1,1 p. For this out at a pressure not less than 0,35 MPa.
test, the boiler may be fitted with its lagging. However,
the Surveyor may require this lagging to be partially or 7.4 Certification
entirely removed as necessary.
c) For water tube boilers, the hydraulic test may also be 7.4.1 Certification of boilers and individually
carried out separately for different parts of the boiler produced pressure vessels
upon their completion and after heat treatment. For Boilers and individually produced pressure vessels of
drums and headers, this test may be carried out before classes 1 and 2 are to be certified by the Society in accord-
drilling the tube holes, but after welding of all appendi- ance with the procedures stated in Part D.
ces and heat treatment. When all parts of the boiler
have been separately tested and following assembly the 7.4.2 Mass produced pressure vessels
boiler is to undergo a hydraulic test under a pressure of Small mass produced pressure vessels of classes 1 and 2
1,25 p. may be accepted provided they are type approved by the
Society in accordance with the procedures stated in Part A.
7.3.5 Hydraulic tests of condensers
Condensers are to be subjected to a hydrostatic test at the 7.4.3 Pressure vessels not required to be certified
following test pressures: The Manufacturer’s certificate, including detail of tests and
• Steam space: 0,1 MPa inspections, is to be submitted to the Society for pressure
• Water space: maximum pressure which may be devel- vessels not required to be certified by the Society. The Soci-
oped by the pump with closed discharge valve ety reserves the right to require confirmatory hydrostatic
increased by 0,07 MPa. However, the test pressure is not tests in the presence of the Surveyor on a case by case basis,
to be less than 0,2 MPa. When the characteristics of the based on the criticality and service of the pressure vessel.
2.2 Design and constructional details b) For main propulsion machinery with reverse gearing,
controllable pitch propellers or an electrical transmis-
2.2.1 Rotors and stators sion system, astern running is not to cause any over-
a) All components of turbines are to be free from defects loading of the propulsion machinery.
and are to be built and installed with tolerances and c) During astern running, the main condenser and the
clearances such as to allow thermal expansion and to ahead turbines are not to be excessively overheated.
Carbon and carbon-manganese steel 400 < Rm < 600 2.2.9 Emergency arrangements (1/1/2006)
Alloy steels for rotors 500 < Rm < 800 a) In single screw ships fitted with cross-compound main
Alloy steels for discs and other forgings 500 < Rm < 1000 turbine installations the arrangements are to be such as
to enable safe navigation when the steam supply to any
one of the turbines is required to be isolated. For this
2.2.5 Interlock emergency operation purpose the steam may be led
The simultaneous admission of steam to the ahead and directly to the low pressure (L.P.) turbine and either the
astern turbines is to be prevented by interlocks. Brief over- high pressure (H.P.) or medium pressure (M.P.) turbine
lapping of the ahead and astern valves during manoeuvring can exhaust direct to the condenser.
may be permitted.
b) Adequate arrangements and controls are to be provided
2.2.6 Turbine exhaust (1/7/2005) for these operating conditions so that the pressure and
temperature of the steam do not exceed those which the
a) To provide a warning to personnel in the vicinity of the
turbine and condenser can safely withstand.
exhaust end steam turbines of excessive pressure, senti-
nel valves or other equivalent means are to be provided c) The necessary pipes and valves for these arrangements
at the exhaust end of all turbines. The valve discharge are to be readily available and properly marked.
outlets are to be clearly visible and suitably guarded, as
d) A fit-up test of all combinations of pipes and valves is to
necessary.
be performed prior to the first sea trials.
b) Where, in auxiliary steam turbines, the inlet steam pres-
e) The permissible power/speed when operating without
sure exceeds the pressure for which the exhaust casing
one of the turbines (all combinations) is to be specified
and associated piping up to the exhaust valve are
and information provided on board.
designed, means to relieve the excess pressure are to be
provided. f) The operation of the turbines under emergency condi-
tions is to be assessed for the potential influence on
2.2.7 Water accumulation prevention shaft alignment and gear teeth loading conditions.
a) Non-return valves or other approved means are to be fit- g) Ships classed for unrestricted service and fitted with a
ted in bled steam connections to prevent steam and steam turbine propulsion plant and only one main
water returning into the turbines. boiler are to be provided with means to ensure emer-
b) Bends are to be avoided in steam piping in which water gency propulsion in the event of failure of the main
may accumulate. boiler.
2.3 Welded fabrication ufacturer. The device controlling the valve is to be actuated
by the turbine shaft.
2.3.1 The manufacturer’s requirements relative to the
welding of turbine rotors or major forged or cast pieces, 2.4.5 Emergency oil supply
where permitted, are to be readily identifiable when the For the emergency lubricating oil supply, see Sec 10, [12.5].
plans are submitted to the Society for approval. Require-
ments relative to fabrication, welding, heat treatments, 2.4.6 Bearing lubrication failure (1/7/2005)
examinations, testing and acceptance will be stipulated on
a) Main ahead turbines are to be provided with a quick-
a case by case basis.
closing valve which automatically shuts off the steam
In general, all weldings are to be carried out by qualified supply in the event of a dangerous reduction in oil pres-
welders in accordance with qualified welding procedures sure in the bearing lubricating system.
and using approved consumables.
b) This arrangement is to be such as to ensure the admis-
sion of steam to the astern turbine for braking purposes.
2.4 Control and monitoring
c) Auxiliary turbines having governors operated other than
2.4.1 General (1/7/2006) hydraulically in which the lubricating oil is inherent in
the system, are to be provided with an alarm device and
In addition to those of this item [2.4], the general require- a means of shutting off the steam supply in the case of
ments given in Chapter 3 apply. lowering of oil pressure in the bearing lubricating oil
In the case of ships with automation notations, the require- system.
ments in Part F, Chapter 3 also apply.
2.4.7 Shut-off arrangement
2.4.2 Governors a) Arrangements are to be provided for shutting off the
a) Turbines for main propulsion machinery equipped with steam to the main turbines by a suitable hand trip
controllable pitch propellers, disengaging couplings or device controlling the steam admisson valve situated at
electrical transmission systems are to be fitted with an the control platform and at the turbine itself.
additional speed governor which, in the event of a sud- b) Hand tripping for auxiliary turbines is to be arranged in
den loss of load, prevents the revolutions from increas- the proximity of the turbine overspeed protective
ing to the trip speed given in [2.4.3]. device.
b) The speed increase of turbines driving electric genera- c) The hand trip device is any device which is operated
tors - except those for electrical propeller drive - result- manually irrespective of the way the action is per-
ing from a change from full load to no-load may not formed, i.e. mechanically or by means of external
exceed 5% on the resumption of steady running condi- power.
tions. The transient speed increase resulting from a sud-
den change from full load to no-load conditions is not d) The quick-closing valves are also to be manually opera-
to exceed 10% and is to be separated by a sufficient ble at the turbine and from the control platform.
margin from the trip speed. e) Re-setting of the quick-closing valve device may be
effected only at the turbine or from the control platform
2.4.3 Overspeed devices with the control valves in the closed position.
a) Each main and auxiliary turbine is to be provided with
f) Where the valves are operated by hydraulic oil systems
an overspeed protective device to prevent the rotational
fitted for automatic operation, they are to be fed by two
speed from exceeding the maximum rotational by more pumps: one main pump and one standby pump. In any
than 15%. The device is to be actuated by the turbine event, the standby pump is to be independent. In spe-
shaft.
cial cases, at the Society’s discretion, a hand-operated
b) Where two or more steam turbines are coupled to the pump may be accepted as a standby pump.
same gear wheel, the Society may accept the fitting of g) The starting up of any turbine is to be possible only
only one overspeed device for all the coupled turbines. when the quick-closing devices are ready for operation.
c) For turbines driving electric generators, the overspeed h) A quick-closing device is to be provided which auto-
protective device mentioned in a) is also to be fitted matically shuts off the steam supply in the event of an
with a means for manual tripping. increase in pressure or water level in the condenser
d) Where exhaust steam from auxiliary systems is led to beyond the permissible limits.
the main turbine, provision is to be made to cut off the
steam automatically when the overspeed protective 2.4.8 Summary Tables (1/7/2006)
device is activated. Tab 3 and Tab 4 summarise the minimum control and mon-
itoring requirements for main propulsion and auxiliary tur-
2.4.4 Rotor axial displacement bines, respectively.
A quick-closing valve is to be provided which automatically Note 1: Some departures from Tab 3 and Tab 4 may be accepted by
shuts off the steam supply in the event of axial displacement the Society in the case of ships with a restricted navigation nota-
of the rotor beyond the permissible limits stated by the man- tion.
4.2.5 Safety valves ing equipment is to be verified during the trial run. Such
All valves required in [2.4] are to be tested at their setting verification is in any event to take place not later than the
pressure in the presence of the Surveyor, as specified by the commissioning of the plant aboard ship.
turbine manufacturer.
In general, propulsion steam turbines are to be subjected to
4.2.6 Thermal stability test of rotors a works trial under steam but without load, up to the service
rotational speed, as far as possible. In the course of the
Solid forged and welded rotors of propulsion turbines are to
works trials, the overspeed devices for both main and auxil-
be subjected to a thermal stability test where the service iary turbines are to be set.
temperature exceeds 400°C. This test is to be carried out
after heat treatment and rough machining or at a later stage
of fabrication, in accordance with a procedure approved by 4.3 Certification
the Society.
4.3.1 Turbines required to be certified
4.2.7 Balancing of rotors
Finished rotors, complete with all fittings and blades, are to For turbines required to be certified as per [1.1.1], Society’s
be dynamically balanced in a balancing machine of appro- certificates (C) (see Pt D, Ch 1, Sec 1, [4.2.1]) are required
priate sensitivity in relation to the size of the rotor. Normally for material tests of rotating components and blades listed
this test is to be carried out with the primary part of the flex- in Tab 4 and for works trials as per [4.2.1]. Provided the
ible coupling, if any. manufacturer has a quality assurance system accepted by
the Society, a reduced number of inspections and tests in
4.2.8 Overspeed test of rotors the presence of the Surveyor may be agreed.
Finished rotors, complete with all fittings and blades, are to
be subjected for at least 3 minutes to an overspeed test at 4.3.2 Turbines not required to be certified
the greater of the following values:
For turbines not required to be certified as per [1.1.1], man-
• 5% above the setting speed of the overspeed tripping ufacturer’s certificates including details of tests and inspec-
device tions carried out at the shop are to be submitted. The
• 15% above the maximum design speed. acceptance of these turbines is, however, subject to their
satisfactory performance during dock and sea trials.
The Society may waive this requirement provided that it can
be demonstrated by the manufacturer, using an acceptable
4.3.3 Type approved turbines
direct calculation procedure, that the rotor is able to safely
withstand the above values of overspeed and that rotors are For mass produced turbines which are requested to be type
free from defects, as verified by means of non-destructive approved by the Society, the tests and trials on a prototype
tests. are to be carried out in the presence of the Surveyor as
stated in [4.3.1]. The minimum required attendance of the
4.2.9 Shop trials Surveyor at the production tests and trials will be agreed
Where turbines are subjected to a trial run at the factory, the between the manufacturer and the Society on a case by
satisfactory functioning of the control, safety and monitor- case basis.
Non-destructive tests
Material tests
(Mechanical proper-
Turbine component Ultrasonic or
ties and chemical Magnetic particle or
radiographic exami-
composition) liquid penetrant
nation
Rotating parts (turbine rotors, shafts, stiff and flexible all all sample
couplings, bolts for couplings and other dynamically
stressed parts, integral pinions and gears)
Stationary parts (castings and plates for casings) all spot as agreed -
between the Manufac-
turer and the Surveyor
Piping and associated fittings as required in the as required in the as required in the
appropriate section appropriate section of appropriate section of
of the Rules the Rules the Rules
c) Cleaning equipment is to be provided to remove depos- b) In installations with only one propeller and connected
its from compressors and turbines. shafting, driven by two or more main turbines, care is to
d) Means are to be provided to prevent the formation of ice be taken to ensure that, in the event of one of the tur-
in the air intake. bines failing, the others are able to continue operation
independently.
2.3.7 Turbine exhaust arrangement c) Ships classed for unrestricted service and fitted with
a) The gas exhaust arrangement is to be designed in such a only one propeller and connected shafting driven by a
way as to prevent the entrance of gases into the com- gas turbine are to be provided with means to ensure
pressor. emergency propulsion in the event of failure of the main
turbine.
b) Silencers or other equivalent arrangements are to be
provided in the gas exhaust, to limit the airborne noise
at one metre distance from the turbine to not more than 2.4 Welded fabrication
110 dB (A) in unmanned machinery spaces and not
2.4.1 The manufacturer’s requirements relative to the
more than 90 dB (A) in manned spaces.
welding of turbine rotors or major forged or cast pieces,
2.3.8 Multi-turbine installations where permitted, are to be readily identifiable by the Soci-
ety in the plans submitted for approval.
Multi-turbine installations are to have separate air inlets and
exhaust systems to prevent recirculation through the idle In general, all weldings are to be carried out by qualified
turbine. welders in accordance with qualified welding procedures
using approved consumables.
2.3.9 Fuel
a) Where the turbine is designed to burn non-distillate 2.5 Control and monitoring
fuels, a fuel treatment system is to be provided to
remove, as far as practicable, the corrosive constituents 2.5.1 General (1/7/2006)
of the fuel or to inhibit their action in accordance with In addition to those of this item [2.5], the general require-
the manufacturer’s specification. ments given in Chapter 3 apply.
b) Suitable means are to be provided to remove the depos- In the case of ships with automation notations, the require-
its resulting from the burning of the fuel while avoiding ments in Part F, Chapter 3 also apply.
abrasive or corrosive action, if applicable.
2.5.2 Governors and speed control system
c) Gas turbines burning boil-off gases of liquefied gas a) Propulsion turbines which may be operated in no-load
cargo tanks will be specially considered by the Society conditions are to be fitted with a control system capable
taking into account the requirements of Part E Chapter 9 of limiting the speed to a value not exceeding 10% of
Section 16. the maximum continuous speed.
2.3.10 Start-up equipment b) Turbines for main propulsion machinery equipped with
a) Gas turbines are to be fitted with start-up equipment controllable pitch propellers, disengaging couplings or
enabling them to be started up from the "shutdown" an electrical transmission system are to be fitted with a
condition. speed governor which, in the event of a sudden loss of
load, prevents the revolutions from increasing to the trip
b) Provisions are to be made so that any dangerous accu- speed.
mulation of liquid or gaseous fuel inside the turbines is
c) In addition to the speed governor, turbines driving elec-
thoroughly removed before any attempt at starting or
tric generators are to be fitted with a separate overspeed
restarting.
protective device, with a means for manual tripping,
c) Starting devices are to be so arranged that firing opera- adjusted so as to prevent the rated speed from being
tion is discontinued and the main fuel valve is closed exceeded by more than 15%.
within a pre-determined time when ignition is failed.
d) The speed increase of turbines driving electric genera-
d) The minimum number of starts is to be such as to satisfy tors - except those for electrical propeller drive - result-
the requirements of Sec 1, [1.4.4]. ing from a change from full load to no-load is not to
exceed 5% on the resumption of steady running condi-
2.3.11 Astern power tions. The transient speed increase resulting from a sud-
For main propulsion machinery with reverse gearing, con- den change from full load to no-load conditions is not
trollable pitch propellers or an electrical transmission sys- to exceed 10% and is to be separated by a sufficient
tem, astern running is not to cause any overloading of the margin from the trip speed. Alternative requirements
propulsion machinery. may be considered by the Society on a case by case
basis based on the actual turbine design and arrange-
2.3.12 Emergency operation ment.
a) In installations with more than one propeller and con-
nected shafting and more than one turbine, the failure of 2.5.3 Monitoring system
any gas turbine unit connected to a shafting line is not The main operating parameters (pressure, temperature, rpm,
to affect the continued, independent operation of the etc.) are to be adequately monitored and displayed at the
remaining units. control console.
c) Stage C - Inspection of main turbine components mum permissible power and speed according to the
After completion of the test programme, the main tur- nominal propeller curve.
bine components are to be inspected. 3) tests at partial loads, e.g. 75%, 50%, 25% of maxi-
The turbine manufacturer is to compile all results and meas- mum continuous power P and speed according to
urements for the turbine tested during the type test in a type the nominal propeller curve.
test report, which is to be submitted to the Society. b) Additional tests
4.2.2 Stage A - Internal tests (functional tests and • test at lowest turbine speed according to the nomi-
collection of operating data) nal propeller curve
a) During the internal tests the turbine is to be operated at • starting tests
the load points considered important by the turbine • governor tests
manufacturer and the relevant operating values are to • testing and rating of the safety systems.
be recorded.
b) The load points may be selected according to the range 4.2.4 Evaluation of test results
of application. The results of the tests and checks required by [4.2.3] will
be evaluated by the attending Surveyor. Normally the main
c) Functional tests under normal operating conditions
operating data to be recorded during the tests are those
include:
listed in [4.3.4].
1) The load points 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of the rated
The values of temperatures and pressures of media, such as
power for which type approval is requested, to be
cooling media, lubricating oil, exhaust gases, etc., are to be
carried out:
within limits which, in the opinion of the Surveyor, are
• along the nominal (theoretical) propeller curve appropriate for the characteristics of the turbine tested.
and at constant speed, for propulsion turbines
• at constant speed, for turbines intended for gen- 4.2.5 Stage C - Inspection of turbine components
erating sets. Immediately after the test run as per [4.2.3], a selected
2) The limit points of the permissible operating range. number of components agreed between the manufacturer
and the Society are to be presented for inspection to the
These limit points are to be defined by the turbine
Surveyor.
manufacturer.
d) An alternative testing program may be agreed between 4.3 Type tests of turbines admitted to an
the manufacturer and the Society on a case by case
alternative inspection scheme
basis.
4.3.1 General
4.2.3 Stage B - Type approval tests in the presence
of the Surveyor Turbines admitted to testing and inspections according to
During the type test, the tests listed below are to be carried an alternative inspection scheme (see Pt D, Ch 1, Sec 1,
out in the presence of the Surveyor and the results are to be [3.2]) are to be type tested in the presence of the Surveyor
recorded in a report signed by both the turbine manufac- in accordance with the following requirements.
turer and the Surveyor. The selection of the turbine to be tested from the production
Any departures from this programme are to be agreed upon line is to be agreed upon with the Surveyor.
by the manufacturer and the Society.
4.3.2 Type test
a) Load points The programme of the type test is to be in general as speci-
The load points at which the turbine is to be operated fied below, P being the rated power and n the correspond-
according to the power/speed diagram are those listed ing speed.
below. The data to be measured and recorded when Any departures from this programme are to be agreed upon
testing the turbine at various load points are to include by the manufacturer and the Society.
all necessary parameters for turbine operation.
a) 6 hours at full power
The operating time per load point depends on the tur-
bine characteristics (achievement of steady-state condi- b) 10 hours shared at different partial loads (25%, 50%,
tion) and the time for collection of the operating values. 75% and 90% of power P);
Normally, an operating time of 0,5 hour per load point c) 2 hours at intermittent loads
can be assumed. d) starting tests
At the maximum continuous power as per the following e) testing of speed governor, overspeed device and lubri-
item (1) an operating time of two hours is required. Two cating oil system failure alarm device
sets of readings are to be taken at a minimum interval of
one hour. f) testing of the minimum speed along the nominal (theo-
retical) propeller curve, for main propulsion turbines
1) test at maximum continuous power P: i.e. 100% driving fixed pitch propellers, and of the minimum
output at 100% torque and 100% speed. speed with no brake load, for main propulsion turbines
2) test at maximum permissible torque (normally 110% driving controllable pitch propellers or for auxiliary tur-
of nominal torque T) at 100% speed; or test at maxi- bines.
The tests at the above-mentioned outputs are to be com- For important structural parts of the turbine, in addition to
bined together in working cycles which are to be repeated the above-mentioned non-destructive tests, examination of
in succession for the entire duration within the limits indi- welded seams by approved methods of inspection may be
cated. required.
In particular, the full power test is to be carried out at the Where there is evidence to doubt the soundness of any tur-
end of each cycle. bine component, non-destructive tests using approved
The partial load tests specified in (b) are to be carried out: detecting methods may be required.
• along the nominal (theoretical) propeller curve and at
constant speed, for propulsion turbines 4.5 Inspections and testing during con-
• at constant speed, for turbines intended for generating struction
sets.
4.5.1 Inspections during construction
In the case of prototype turbines, the duration and pro- The following inspections and tests are to be carried out in
gramme of the type test will be specially considered by the the presence of a Surveyor during the construction of all tur-
Society. bines which are indicated in [1.1.1]. For on-board trials see
Sec 15, [3.6].
4.3.3 Alternatives
In cases of turbines for which the manufacturer submits • Material tests as required (See [4.4]).
documentary evidence proving successful service experi- • Welding fabrication (See [4.5.2]).
ence or results of previous bench tests, the Society may, at • Hydrostatic tests (See [4.5.3]).
its discretion, allow a type test to be carried out, in the pres- • Rotor balancing and overspeed test (See [4.5.4],
ence of the Surveyor according to a programme to be [4.5.5]).
agreed upon in each instance.
• Shop trials (See [4.5.6]).
4.3.4 Data to be recorded
4.5.2 Welding fabrication
During the type test, at least the following particulars are to
be recorded: Welding fabrication and testing is to be attended by the Sur-
veyor, as may be deemed necessary by the Society.
a) ambient air temperature, pressure and atmospheric
humidity in the test room 4.5.3 Hydrostatic tests
b) cooling medium temperature at the inlet of the turbine Finished casing parts and heat exchangers are to be sub-
c) characteristics of the fuel and lubricating oil used during jected to hydrostatic testing at 1,5 times the maximum per-
the test missible working pressure. If it is demonstrated by other
means that the strength of casing parts is sufficient, a tight-
d) turbine speed
ness test at 1,1 times the maximum permissible working
e) brake power pressure may be accepted by the Society. Where the hydro-
f) brake torque static test cannot be performed, alternative methods for ver-
g) intake and exhaust losses ifying the integrity of the casings may be agreed between
the manufacturer and the Society on a case by case basis.
h) lubricating oil pressure and temperature
i) exhaust gas temperature in locations of the flow gas 4.5.4 Balancing of rotors
path selected by the manufacturer Finished rotors, complete with all fittings and blades, are to
j) minimum starting air pressure and flow rate necessary to be dynamically balanced in a balancing machine of appro-
purge and start the turbine in cold condition, if applica- priate sensitivity in relation to the size of the rotor. Normally
ble. this test is to be carried out with the primary part of the flex-
ible coupling, if any.
4.3.5 Inspection of main turbine components and
evaluation of test results 4.5.5 Overspeed test of rotors
The provisions of [4.2.4] and [4.2.5] are to be complied Finished rotors, complete with all fittings and blades, are to
with, as far as applicable. be subjected for at least 3 minutes to an overspeed test at
the greater of the following values:
4.4 Material tests • 5% above the setting speed of the overspeed tripping
device
4.4.1 The materials for the construction of the parts listed
• 15% above the maximum design speed.
in Tab 3 are to be tested in compliance with the require-
ments of Part D. The Society may waive this requirement provided that it can
Magnetic particle or liquid penetrant tests are required for be demonstrated by the manufacturer, using an acceptable
the parts listed in Tab 3 and are to be effected in positions direct calculation procedure, that the rotor is able to safely
mutually agreed upon by the manufacturer and the Sur- withstand the above overspeed values and that rotors are
veyor, where experience shows defects are most likely to free from defects, as verified by means of non-destructive
occur. tests.
Rotating parts (compressors and turbine rotors, shafts, all all all
stiff and flexible couplings, bolts for couplings and other
dynamically stressed parts, integral pinions and gears)
Stationary parts (castings for casings intended for a tem- all spot as agreed -
perature exceeding 230°C and plates for casings between the
intended for a temperature exceeding 370°C or pressure Manufacturer and the
exceeding 4 Mpa) Surveyor
Blades sample sample sample
Piping and associated fittings as required in the as required in the as required in the
appropriate section of appropriate section of appropriate section of
the Rules the Rules the Rules
SECTION 6 GEARING
8 Common face width, operating pitch diameter ρF : Tooth root radius at the critical section, in mm
hFe : Bending moment arm for tooth root bending
9 Data related to the bearings:
stress for application of load at the outer point
• type, characteristics and designed service life
of single tooth pair contact, in mm
of roller bearings
• materials and clearances of plain bearings hfp : Basic rack dedendum, in mm
• position of each gear in relation to its bearings sFn : Tooth root normal chord at critical section, in
10 Torsional vibration data (inertia and stiffness) mm
χB : Running-in factor (mesh misalignment)
2 Design of gears - Determination of Q : Gearing quality class according to ISO 1328-1
the load capacity 1997
HB : Brinell Hardness
2.1 Symbols, units, definitions HV : Vickers hardness
R : Minimum tensile strength of gear material, in
2.1.1 Symbols and units (1/1/2015) N/mm2
The meaning of the main symbols used in this Section is Rz(f) : Mean flank peak-to-valley roughness, in μm
specified below.
Rz(r) : Mean root peak-to-valley roughness, in μm
Other symbols introduced in connection with the definition Ft : Nominal tangential load, in N
of influence factors are defined in the appropriate articles.
σF : Tooth root bending stress, in N/mm2
a : Centre distance, in mm
σFE : Endurance limit for tooth root bending stress, in
b : Common face width (for double helix gear, N/mm2
width of one helix), in mm
σFP : Permissible tooth root bending stress, in N/mm2
b1,2 : Face width of pinion, wheel
σH : Contact stress (Hertzian pressure), in N/mm2
d : Reference diameter, in mm σH,lim : Endurance limit for contact stress (Hertzian
da : Tip diameter, in mm pressure), in N/mm2
db : Base diameter, in mm σHP : Permissible contact stress (Hertzian pressure), in
N/mm2
df : Root diameter, in mm
v : Linear velocity at working pitch diameter, in m/s
dw1,2 : Working diameter of pinion, wheel, in mm
Subscripts:
x : Addendum modification coefficient
• 1 for pinion, i.e. the gear having the smaller number of
z : Number of teeth teeth
zn : Virtual number of teeth • 2 for wheel.
2.1.2 Geometrical definitions (1/1/2015) provide a method for the calculation of the load capac-
In the calculation of surface durability, b is the common ity with regard to:
face width on the working pitch diameter. • the surface durability (contact stress), and
In tooth strength calculations, b1, b2 are the face widths at • the tooth root bending stress.
the respective tooth roots. In any case b1 and b2 are not to The relevant formulae are provided in [2.4] and [2.5].
be taken as greater than b by more than one module (mn) on The influence factors common to the formuale are given
either side in [2.3].
For internal gears, z2 , a, d2 , da2 , db2 and dw2 are to be taken b) Gears for which the conditions of validity of some fac-
tors or formulae are not satisfied will be given special
negative.
consideration by the Society.
z c) Other methods of determination of load capacity will be
u = -----2
z1 given special consideration by the Society.
Note 1: u > 0 for external gears, u < 0 for internal gears. The nominal tangential load, Ft, tangential to the reference
cylinder and perpendicular to the relevant axial plane, is
tan α
tan α t = --------------n- calculated directly from the maximum continuous power
cos β
transmitted by the gear set by means of the following equa-
z 1, 2 ⋅ m n tions:
d 1, 2 = -------------------
-
cos β
d b1, 2 = d 1, 2 ⋅ cos α t 3
30 ⋅ 10 P
T 1, 2 = -----------------------
2a π ⋅ n 1, 2
d w1 = -------------
u+1
2au
d w2 = -------------
u+1 F t = 2000 ⋅ T 1, 2 ⁄ d 1, 2
where a = 0,5 (dw1 + dw2)
1 1
Turbine 1,00
--- ---
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 ,5 ⋅ ( d – d ) – 0 ,5 ⋅ ( d – d ) – ( a ⋅ sin α tw ) Electric motor 1,00
ε α = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a1 b1 a2 b2
-
π ⋅ m t ⋅ cos α t
Auxiliary Diesel with hydraulic coupling 1,00
b ⋅ sin β
ε β = ------------------- gears engine
π ⋅ mn with elastic coupling 1,20
εγ = εα + εβ with other type of coupling 1,40
Electric motor 1,00
v = πd 1, 2 n 1, 2 ⁄ 60 ⋅ 10 3
2.3.3 Load sharing factor Kγ (1/1/2015)
2.2 Principle The load sharing factor Kγ accounts for the uneven sharing
of load on multiple path transmissions, such as epicyclic
2.2.1 (1/1/2015) gears or dual tandem gears.
a) The following requirements apply to cylindrical involute The values of Kγ are given in Tab 4.
spur or helical gears with external or internal teeth, and
Type of gear KV K2
K1 v⋅Z
K V = 1 + ----------
- + K 2 ⋅ ------------1- K 3 --------------
u2
-
Ft 100 1 + u2
Spur gear K A ---- K2 = 0,0193
b
K1 v⋅z
• if εβ≥1: K V = 1 + ----------
- + K 2 ⋅ ------------1 K 3 --------------
u2 -
Ft 100 1 + u2
K A ----
b
Helical gear K2 = 0,0087
where K1 has the values specified in Tab 6
K V = K Vα – ε β ⋅ ( K vα – K Vβ )
• if εβ<1:
where KVα is calculated as if the gear were of spur type
v ⋅ z1 u2
- ≤ 0, 2
------------ --------------
100 1 + u 2 v⋅z u2
then K 3 = 2, 071 – 0, 357 -----------1- ---------------2
then K3 = 2,0 100 1 + u
σ H = Z D ⋅ σ H 0 K A ⋅ K γ ⋅ K V ⋅ K H β ⋅ K Hα
• ZD = M2 or 1, whichever is the greater, where
where: tan α tw
σH0 : calculated from the following formulae: M 2 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 2
d
------
a2 2π d
------
a1 2π
d b2 – 1 – z 2 ⋅ d b1 – 1 – ( ε α – 1 ) z 1
for external gears: - ------- - -------
Ft
-⋅ u
+ 1-
σ H 0 = Z H ⋅ Z E ⋅ Z ε ⋅ Z β ------------ ------------
d1 ⋅ b u b) for helical gears:
for internal gears: • with εβ ≥ 1: ZB = ZD = 1.
• with εβ < 1: ZB and ZD are to be determined by lin- The factors are to be determined for the softer material
ear interpolation between: where gear pairs are of different hardness.
• ZB and ZD for spur gears, and These factors are to be determined as follows:
• ZB and ZD for helical gears with εβ ≥ 1, a) Lubricant factor ZL
thus 4 ⋅ ( 1 ,0 – C ZL )
Z L = C ZL + ----------------------------------
-
• ZB = M1 - εβ (M1 - 1) and ZB ≥ 1 1 ,2 + 134 ----------
2
ν 40
• ZD = M2 - εβ (M2 - 1) and ZD ≥ 1
For internal gears, ZD is to be taken as 1,0. where:
ν40 : nominal kinematic viscosity of the oil at
2.4.5 Zone factor ZH (1/1/2015) 40°C, mm2/s
The zone factor ZH accounts for the influence on the Hertz- CZL : • for σH,lim < 850 N/mm2
ian pressure of tooth flank curvature at the pitch point and CZL = 0,83
transforms the tangential load at the reference cylinder to
• for 850 N/mm2 ≤ σH,lim ≤ 1200 N/mm2
normal load at the pitch cylinder.
σ H ,lim – 850
ZH is to be determined as follows: C ZL = 0, 08 ----------------------------
- + 0 ,83
305
2 ⋅ cos β b ⋅ cos α tw • for σH,lim > 1200 N/mm2
ZH = --------------------------------------------
2
-
( cos α t ) ⋅ sin α tw CZL = 0,91
b) Velocity factor ZV
2.4.6 Elasticity factor ZE (1/1/2015)
2 ⋅ ( 1 ,0 – C ZV )
The elasticity factor ZE accounts for the influence of the Z V = C ZV + -----------------------------------
-
metal properties (module of elasticity E and Poisson’s ratio 32
------
0 ,8 +
ν) on the Hertzian pressure. v
For steel gears, ZE = 189,8 N1/2/mm. where:
In other cases, reference is to be made to ISO 6336-1. • for σH,lim < 850 N/mm2
CZV = 0,85
2.4.7 Contact ratio factor Zε
• for 850 N/mm2 ≤ σH,lim ≤ 1200 N/mm2
The contact ratio factor Zε accounts for the influence of the
transverse contact ratio and the overlap ratio on the specific C ZV = C ZL + 0, 02
surface load of gears.
Zε is to be determined as follows: • for σH,lim > 1200 N/mm2
a) for spur gears: CZV = 0,93
4–ε
c) Roughness factor ZR
Zε = -------------α- C ZR
3
Z R = ----------------
3
R Z10 ( f ) )
b) for helical gears:
• for εβ < 1 where:
RZ10(f) : Mean relative flank peak-to-valley rough-
4–ε ε
Z ε = -------------α- ⋅ ( 1 – ε β ) + ----β- ness for the gear pair
3 εα
• for εβ ≥ 1 3 10
R Z10(f) = R Z(f) ρ--------
r ed
1-
Z ε = ----
εα RZ(f) : Mean flank peak-to-valley roughness of the
gear pair,
2.4.8 Helix angle factor Zβ (1/1/2015)
R Z(f)1 + R Z(f)2
The helix angle factor Zβ accounts for the influence of helix R Z(f) = ----------------------------
-
2
angle on surface durability, allowing for such variables as
the distribution of load along the lines of contact. ρred : Relative radius of curvature, equal to:
Zβ is to be determined as follows: ρ1 ⋅ ρ2
ρ red = ----------------
- with:
ρ1 + ρ2
1 -
Zβ = ------------ ρ 1 = 0 ,5 ⋅ d b1 ⋅ tan α tw
cos β
ρ 2 = 0 ,5 ⋅ d b2 ⋅ tan α tw
2.4.9 Lubrication, speed and roughness factors ZL , db being taken negative for internal gears,
ZV and ZR (1/1/2015) If the roughness stated is an arithmetic mean
The lubricant factor ZL accounts for the influence of the type roughness, i.e. Ra value (=CLA value) (=AA
of the lubricant and of its viscosity. The velocity factor ZV value) the following approximate relation-
accounts for the influence of the pitch line velocity. The ship may be applied:
roughness factor ZR accounts for the influence of the surface Ra = CLA = AA = Rz / 6
roughness on the surface endurance capacity. CZR : Coefficient having the following values:
YB : Rim thickness factor (see [2.5.7]). sFn and hFe are taken from [2.5.4]
YDT : Deep tooth factor (see [2.5.8]). • the notch parameter qS as defined in [2.5.12] is assumed
KA : Application factor (see [2.3.2]) to be within the range 1 ≤ qs < 8.
Kγ : Load sharing factor (see [2.3.3]) 2.5.6 Helix angle factor Yβ (1/1/2015)
KV : Dynamic factor (see [2.3.4]) The helix angle factor Yβ converts the tooth root stress of a
KFβ : Face load distribution factor (see [2.3.5]) virtual spur gear to that of the corresponding helical gear,
taking into account the oblique orientation of the lines of
KFα : Transverse load distribution factor (see [2.3.6]).
mesh contact.
2.5.3 Permissible tooth root bending stress σFP Yβ is to be determined as follows:
The permissible tooth root bending stress σFP is to be deter- • for εβ < 1:
mined separately for pinion and wheel using the following Yβ = 1 − εβ (β/120)
formula:
• for εβ > 1:
σ FE ⋅ Y d ⋅ Y N Yβ = 1 − β
σ FP = ----------------------------
- ⋅ ( Y δr elT ⋅ Y RrelT ⋅ Y X )
SF
Where β > 30°, the value β = 30° is to be substituted for β in
where:
the above formulae.
σFE : Endurance limit for tooth root bending stress
(see [2.5.9]) 2.5.7 Rim thickness factor YB (1/1/2015)
Yd : Design factor (see [2.5.10]) The rim thickness factor YB is a simplified factor used to de-
YN : Life factor for bending stress (see [2.5.11]) rate thin rimmed gears. For critically loaded applications,
this method should be replaced by a more comprehensive
YδrelT : Relative notch sensitive factor (see [2.5.12])
analysis.
YRrelT : Relative surface factor (see [2.5.13])
Factor YB is to be determined as follows:
YX : Size factor (see [2.5.14])
a) for external gears:
SF : Safety factor for tooth root bending stress (see
• If sR / h > 1,2
[2.5.15]).
YB = 1
2.5.4 Tooth form factor YF (1/1/2001) • if 0,5 < sR / h < 1,2
The tooth form factor YF takes into account the effect of the
Y B = 1, 6 ⋅ ln 2, 242 ----
h
tooth form on the nominal bending stress assuming the load s R
applied at the outer point of a single pair tooth contact.
where:
In the case of helical gears, the form factors are to be deter-
mined in the normal section, i.e. for the virtual spur gear sR : Rim thickness of external gears, mm
with the virtual number of teeth zn. h : Tooth height, mm
YF is to be determined separately for the pinion and the The case sR / h ≤ 5,0 is to be avoided.
wheel using the following formula: b) for internal gears:
h Fe • If sR / mn > 3,5
6 ⋅ ------ - ⋅ cos α Fen
mn YB = 1
Y F = --------------------------------------
-
s Fn 2
------- ⋅ cos α n • if 1,75 < sR / mn < 3,5
m n
m
Y B = 1, 15 ⋅ ln 8, 324 -------n
where hFe, αFen and sFn are shown in Fig 1. sR
The parameters required for the calculation of YF are to be where:
determined according to Method B of ISO 6336-3. sR : Rim thickness of internal gears, mm
The case sR / mn ≤ 1,75 is to be avoided.
2.5.5 Stress correction factor YS (1/1/2015)
The stress correction factor YS is used to convert the nomi- 2.5.8 Deep tooth factor YDT (1/1/2015)
nal bending stress. The deep tooth factor YDT adjusts the tooth root stress to
YS is to be determined separately for the pinion and for the take into account high precision gears and contact ratios
wheel. within the range of virtual contact ratio 2,05 ≤ εαn ≤ 2,5,
where:
YS is to be determined as follows:
εα
--------------------------------------
1
1 ,21 + ( 2 ,3 ⁄ L )
ε αn = ----------------
2
Y S = ( 1 ,2 + 0 ,13L ) ⋅ q s cos βb
where: Factor YDT is to be determined as follows:
• if ISO accuracy grade ≤ 4 and εαn > 2,5 • for shrunk on pinions and wheel rims:
YDT = 0,7 σ
Y ds = 1 – ------t-
• if ISO accuracy grade ≤ 4 and 2,05 ≤ εαn ≤ 2,5 σ FE
YDT = 2,366 - 0,666 εn where:
• in all other cases σt : shrinkage induced tangential stress in way
YDT = 1,0 of the tooth root.
• otherwise: Yds = 1
2.5.9 Endurance limit for tooth root
bending stress σFE (1/1/2015) 2.5.11 Life factor for bending stress YN
The endurance limit for tooth root bending stress σFE is the The life factor for bending stress YN accounts for the higher
local tooth root bending stress which can be permanently tooth root bending stress permissible if a limited life
endured. (number of cycles) is required.
The bending endurance limit is to be determined, in gen-
YN assumed equal to YNT according to method B ISO 6336-
eral, according to ISO 6336-5, for material quality MQ or as
3 or assumed to be as follows:
given in Tab 9 in relation to the type of steel employed.
• for gears intended for ahead running: YN = 1
Figure 1 : Geometric elements of teeth (1/1/2001) • for gear intended for astern running only: YN = 1,25
• for other intermittent running, YN will be specially con-
sidered by the Society.
1 + 0, 2ρ′ ( 1 + 2q s )
Y δrelT = -----------------------------------------------------
Table 9 : Values of endurance limit for tooth root 1 + 1, 2ρ′
bending stress σFE (1/1/2001)
where:
s Fn
Type of steel σFE, in N/mm2 q s = ------------
-
2 ⋅ ρF
Through-hardened carbon steel 0,17 R + 300 (1)
qs : notch parameter
Through-hardened alloy steel 0,22 R + 340 (1) ρ’ : slip-layer thickness, mm, taken from Tab 10
Surface-hardened by means of flame 0,66 HV + 270
or induction hardening Table 10 (1/1/2015)
when scratches or similar defects deeper than 2 RZ are not 3.1.2 Steels for pinions and wheel rims
present. a) Steels intended for pinions and wheels are to be
selected considering their compatibility in service. In
Table 11 : Values of relative surface particular, for through-hardened pinion / wheel pairs,
factor YRrel T (1/1/2015) the hardness of the pinion teeth is to exceed that of the
corresponding wheel. For this purpose, the minimum
Material RZ < 1 1 ≤ RZ ≤ 40
tensile strength of the pinion material is to exceed that
Case-hardened steels, 1,120 1,674 - 0,529 (RZ +1)0,1 of the wheel by at least 15 %.
through-hardened steels b) The minimum tensile strength of the core is not to be
(σB > 800 N/mm2) less than:
Normalised steels 1,070 5,306 - 4,203 (RZ +1)0,01 • 750 N/mm2 for case-hardened teeth
(σB < 800 N/mm2) • 800 N/mm2 for induction-hardened or nitrided teeth
Nitrided steels 1,025 4,299 - 3,259 (RZ+1)0,0058
3.2 Teeth
2.5.14 Size factor YX
3.2.1 Manufacturing accuracy (1/7/2006)
The size factor YX takes into account the decrease of the
strength with increasing size. a) The standard of accuracy of teeth of propulsion machin-
ery gearing transmitting a power of 1000 kW and above
The values to be adopted for YX are given in Tab 12 in rela-
is to correspond to that of quality class 4 as defined by
tion to the type of steel employed and the value of the nor- ISO 1328-1.
mal module mn.
b) The standard of accuracy of teeth of propulsion machin-
Table 12 : Values of size factor YX (1/1/2001) ery gearing transmitting a power lower than 1000 kW is
to correspond to that of quality class 6 as defined by ISO
Type of steel Normal module Value of YX 1328-1.
All types of steel mn ≤ 5 1 c) A lower standard of accuracy (i.e. higher ISO quality
classes) may be accepted for auxiliary machinery gear-
Normalised 5 < mn < 30 1,03 - 0,006 mn ing and for particular cases of propulsion machinery
through-hardened gearing, subject to special consideration.
mn ≥ 30 0,85
d) Mean roughness (peak-to-valley) of shaved or ground
Surface-hardened 5 < mn < 25 1,05 - 0,01 mn
teeth is not to exceed 4 μm.
steels
mn ≥ 25 0,80 e) Wheels are to be cut by cutters with a method suitable
for the expected type and quality. Whenever necessary,
2.5.15 Safety factor for tooth root bending stress SF the cutting is to be carried out in a temperature-control-
The values to be adopted for the safety factor for tooth root led environment.
bending stress SF are given in Tab 13.
3.2.2 Tooth root
Table 13 : Values of safety factor Teeth are to be well faired and rounded at the root. The fillet
for tooth root bending stress SF radius at the root of the teeth, within a plane normal to the
teeth, is to be not less than 0,25 mn.
Type of installation SF Profile-grinding of gear teeth is to be performed in such a
Main gears single machinery 1,55 way that no notches are left in the fillet.
(propulsion)
duplicate machinery 1,4 3.2.3 Tooth tips and ends
Auxiliary gears single machinery 1,4 a) All sharp edges on the tips and ends of gear teeth are to
be removed after cutting and finishing of teeth.
duplicate machinery 1,3
b) Where the ratio b/d exceeds 0,3, the ends of pinion and
wheel are to be chamfered to an angle between 45 and
3 Design and construction - except 60 degrees. The chamfering depth is to be at least equal
tooth load capacity to 1,5 mn.
time distribution, and subject to the agreement of the c) The requirements in a) 1), a) 2) and b) 1), b) 2) also
owner. apply to clutch control oil supply pumps.
With reference to the requirements in a) 1) and a) 2), in
3.5 Casings case the failure of any pump prevents the operation of
3.5.1 General the clutch, an additional stand-by pump is to be fitted.
Gear casings are to be of sufficient stiffness such that mis-
3.6.3 Filtration
alignment, external loads and thermal effects in all service
conditions do not adversely affect the overall tooth contact. a) Forced lubrication systems are to be fitted with a device
which efficiently filters the oil in the circuit.
3.5.2 Welded casings
b) When fitted to gears intended for propulsion machinery
a) Carbon content of steels used for the construction of
or machinery driving electric propulsion generators,
welded casings is to comply with the provisions of
such filters are to be so arranged that they can be easily
Part D.
cleaned without stopping the lubrication of the
b) The welded joints are to be so arranged that welding machines.
and inspection can be performed satisfactorily. They are
to be of the full penetration type.
3.7 Control and monitoring
c) Welded casings are to be stress-relieved after welding.
3.7.1 (1/7/2006)
3.5.3 Openings In addition to those of this item [3.7], the general require-
Access or inspection openings of sufficient size are to be ments given in Chapter 3 apply.
provided to permit the examination of the teeth and the
In the case of ships with automation notations, the require-
structure of the wheels.
ments in Part F, Chapter 3 also apply.
3.6 Lubrication and clutch control 3.7.2 (1/7/2006)
3.6.1 General Gears are to be provided with the alarms and safeguards
listed in Tab 15.
a) Manufacturers are to take care of the following points :
- reliable lubrication of gear meshes and bearings is Note 1: Some departures from Tab 15 may be accepted by the
Society in the case of ships with a restricted navigation notation.
ensured :
• over the whole speed range, including starting,
stopping and, where applicable, manoeuvring 4 Installation
• for all angles stated in Sec 1, [2.4]
- in multi-propellers plants not fitted with shaft brakes, 4.1 General
provision is to be made to ensure lubrication of
gears likely to be affected by windmilling. 4.1.1 Manufacturers and shipyards are to take care directly
b) Lubrication by means other than oil circulation under that stiffness of gear seating and alignment conditions of
pressure will be given special consideration. gears are such as not to adversely affect the overall tooth
contact and the bearing loads under all operating condi-
3.6.2 Pumps (1/7/2005) tions of the ship.
a) Gears intended for propulsion or other essential services
are to be provided with: 4.2 Fitting of gears
1) one main lubricating pump, capable of maintaining
4.2.1 Means such as stoppers or fitted bolts are to be
a sufficient lubrication of the gearbox in the whole
arranged in the case of gears subject to propeller thrust.
speed range
However, where the thrust is transmitted by friction and the
2) and one standby pump independently driven of at relevant safety factor is not less than 2, such means may be
least the same capacity. omitted.
3) an additional standby pump to the one required
above, in case the failure of any pump prevents the 5 Certification, inspection and testing
propulsion from starting.
b) In the case of: 5.1 General
1) gears having a transmitted power not exceeding
375 kW 5.1.1
1.2 Documentation to be submitted Where shafts may experience vibratory stresses close (i.e.
higher than 80%) to the permissible stresses for transient
1.2.1 The Manufacturer is to submit to the Society the doc- operation, the materials are to have a specified minimum
uments listed in Tab 1 for approval. ultimate tensile strength (Rm) of 500 N/mm2. Otherwise,
Plans of power transmitting parts and shaft liners listed in materials having a specified minimum ultimate tensile
Tab 1 are to include the relevant material specifications. strength (Rm) of 400 N/mm2 may be used.
2.1.3 Couplings, flexible couplings, hydraulic F : • 95 for main propulsion systems powered
couplings by diesel engines fitted with slip type cou-
Non-solid-forged couplings and stiff parts of elastic cou- pling, by turbines or by electric motors;
plings subjected to torque are to be of forged or cast steel, • 100 for main propulsion systems powered
or nodular cast iron. by diesel engines fitted with other type of
Rotating parts of hydraulic couplings may be of grey cast couplings.
iron, provided that the peripheral speed does not exceed k : Factor whose value is given in Tab 2 depending
40m/s. upon the different design features of the shafts.
For shaft design features other than those given
2.1.4 Coupling bolts (1/7/2010) in the Table, the value of k will be specially
Coupling bolts are to be of forged, rolled or drawn steel. considered by the Society in each case.
n : Speed of rotation of the shaft, in r.p.m., corre-
2.1.5 Shaft liners sponding to power P
Liners are to be of metallic corrosion resistant material com- P : Maximum continuous power of the propulsion
plying with the applicable requirements of Part D and with machinery for which the classification is
the approved specification, if any; in the case of liners fabri- requested, in kW.
cated in welded lengths, the material is to be recognised as
Rm : Value of the minimum tensile strength of the
suitable for welding.
shaft material, in N/mm2. Whenever the use of a
In general, they are to be manufactured from castings. steel having Rm in excess of 800 N/mm2 is
For small shafts, the use of liners manufactured from pipes allowed in accordance with [2.1], the value of
instead of castings may be considered. Rm to be introduced in the above formula is not
to exceed the following:
Where shafts are protected against contact with seawater
• for carbon and carbon manganese steels, a
not by metal liners but by other protective coatings, the
minimum specified tensile strength not
coating procedure is to be approved by the Society.
exceeding 760 N/mm2
2.1.6 Sterntubes • for alloy steels, a minimum specified tensile
Sterntubes are to comply with the requirements of Pt B, strength not exceeding 800 N/mm2.
Ch 9, Sec 2, [6.7]. Where materials with greater specified or actual
tensile strengths than the limitations given
above are used, reduced shaft dimensions are
2.2 Shafts - Scantling
not acceptable when derived from the formula
2.2.1 General (1/7/2006) in this item [2.2.2] unless the Society verifies
that the materials exhibit similar fatigue life as
For the check of the scantling, the methods given in [2.2.2] conventional steels (see Pt D, Ch 2, Sec 3,
and [2.2.3] apply for intermediate shafts and propeller [3.8]).
shafts, respectively. As an alternative, the direct stress calcu-
In cases of stainless steels and in other particu-
lation method as per [2.2.4] may be applied.
lar cases, at the discretion of the Society, the
Transitions of diameters are to be designed with either a value of Rm to be introduced in the above for-
smooth taper or a blending radius. For guidance, a blending mula will be specially considered.
radius equal to the change in diameter is recommended. The scantlings of intermediate shafts inside tubes or stern-
tubes will be subject to special consideration by the Society.
2.2.2 Intermediate and thrust shafts (1/1/2017)
Where intermediate shafts inside sterntubes are water lubri-
The minimum diameter of intermediate and thrust shafts is cated, the requirements of [2.4.7] are to be applied.
not to be less than the value d, in mm, given by the follow-
ing formula: 2.2.3 Propeller shafts (1/7/2006)
1⁄3 For propeller shafts in general a minimum specified tensile
P 560
- ⋅ -----------------------
d = F ⋅ k ⋅ ----------------------------- strength Rm to be introduced in the following formula not
n ⋅ ( 1 – Q 4 ) R m + 160
exceeding 600 N/mm2 is to be taken for carbon, carbon
where: manganese and alloy steel.
Q : • in the case of solid shafts: Q = 0 Where materials with greater specified or actual tensile
strengths than the limitations given above are used, reduced
• in the case of hollow shafts: Q = ratio of the
shaft dimensions are not acceptable when derived from the
hole diameter to the outer shaft diameter in
formula in this item [2.2.3].
the section concerned.
The minimum diameter of the propeller shaft is not to be
where Q ≤ 0,4, Q = 0 is to be taken.
less than the value dP, in mm, given by the following for-
Hollow shafts whose longitudinal axis does mula:
not coincide with the longitudinal hole axis 1⁄3
will be specially considered by the Society P 560
- ⋅ -----------------------
d P = 100 ⋅ k P ⋅ -----------------------------
in each case. n ⋅ ( 1 – Q 4 ) R m + 160
where: of propeller shaft to be less than 2,5 times the rule diameter
kp : Factor whose value, depending on the different dP obtained with the above formula.
constructional features of shafts, is given below. The determination of factor kP for shaft design features other
The other symbols have the same meaning as in [2.2.2]. than those given above will be specially considered by the
In cases of stainless steels and in other particular cases, at Society in each case.
the discretion of the Society, the value of Rm to be intro- For the length of the propeller shaft between the forward
duced in the above formula will be specially considered. In edge of the aftermost shaft bearing and the forward edge of
general, the diameter of the part of the propeller shaft the forward sterntube seal:
located forward of the forward sterntube seal may be gradu- • kP = 1,15 is to be taken in any event.
ally reduced to the diameter of the intermediate shaft.
The values of factor kP to be introduced in the above for- 2.2.4 Direct stress calculation method (1/7/2006)
mula are to be taken as follows: Alternative calculation methods may be considered by the
kP : kP = 1,26, for propeller shafts where: Society. Any alternative calculation method is to include all
• the propeller is keyed on to the shaft taper in relevant loads on the complete dynamic shafting system
compliance with the requirements of under all permissible operating conditions. Consideration is
[2.5.5] to be given to the dimensions and arrangements of all shaft
connections.
kP = 1,22, for propeller shafts where:
• the propeller is keyless fitted on to the shaft Moreover, an alternative calculation method is to take into
taper by a shrinkage method in compliance account design criteria for continuous and transient operat-
with Sec 8, [3.1.2], or the propeller boss is ing loads (dimensioning for fatigue strength) and for peak
attached to an integral propeller shaft flange operating loads (dimensioning for yield strength). The
in compliance with [2.5.1] fatigue strength analysis may be carried out separately
according to different criteria corresponding to different
• the sterntube of the propeller shaft is oil
load assumptions, for example the following:
lubricated and provided with oil sealing
glands approved by the Society or when the • low cycle fatigue criterion (typically lower than 104), i.e.
sterntube is water lubricated and the propel- the primary cycles represented by zero to full load and
ler shaft is fitted with a continuous liner. back to zero, including reversing torque if applicable
The above values of kP apply to the portion of propeller • high cycle fatigue criterion (typically much higher than
shaft between the forward edge of the aftermost shaft bear- 107), i.e. torsional vibration stresses permitted for con-
ing and the forward face of the propeller boss or the forward tinuous operation, reverse bending stresses and opera-
face of the integral propeller shaft flange for the connection tion passing through a barred speed range or any other
to the propeller boss. In no case is the length of this portion transient condition.
(6) Subject to limitations: slot length (l)/outside diameter < 0,8, inner diameter (di)/outside diameter < 0,7 and slot width (e)/outside diam-
eter > 0,15. The end rounding of the slot is not to be less than e/2. An edge rounding is preferably to be avoided as this increases the
stress concentration slightly.The k values are valid for 1, 2 and 3 slots, i.e. with slots at, respectively, 360, 180 and 120 degrees apart.
Note 1: Explanation of k and CK (for CK see Sec 9, Tab 1)
The factors k (for low cycle fatigue) and CK (for high cycle fatigue) take into account the influence of:
• the stress concentration factors (scf) relative to the stress concentration for a flange with fillet radius of 0,08 d (geometric stress
concentration of approximately 1,45)
1, 45 x
and k = -------------
scf
C K = ------------- 1, 45
scf
(l – e) ⁄ d
scf = α t ( h ole ) + 0, 8 ⋅ -------------------------------
1 – d ----i ⋅ ---
e
d d
2
e 2 e 2 d
α t ( hole ) = 2, 3 – 3 ⋅ --- + 15 ⋅ --- + 10 ⋅ --- ⋅ ----i
e
d d d d
diameter of the solid intermediate shaft and not less e) Flange couplings with non-fitted coupling bolts may be
than the coupling bolt diameter calculated for a tensile accepted on the basis of the calculation of bolt tighten-
strength equal to that of the corresponding shaft. ing, bolt stress due to tightening, and assembly instruc-
Special consideration will be given by the Society to tions.
flanges having non-parallel faces, but in no case is the To this end, the torque based on friction between the
thickness of the flange to be less than the coupling bolt mating surfaces of flanges is not to be less than 2,8 times
diameter. the transmitted torque, assuming a friction coefficient
The fillet radius at the base of solid forged flanges is to for steel on steel of 0,18. In addition, the bolt stress due
be not less than 0,08 times the actual shaft diameter. to tightening in way of the minimum cross-section is not
The fillet may be formed of multi-radii in such a way to exceed 0,8 times the minimum yield strength (ReH), or
that the stress concentration factor will not be greater 0,2 proof stress (Rp 0,2), of the bolt material.
than that for a circular fillet with radius 0,08 times the Transmitted torque has the following meanings:
actual shaft diameter. • For main propulsion systems powered by diesel
For non-solid forged flange couplings, the above fillet engines fitted with slip type or high elasticity cou-
radius is not to cause a stress in the fillet higher than that plings, by turbines or by electric motors: the mean
caused in the solid forged flange as above. transmitted torque corresponding to the maximum
Fillets are to have a smooth finish and are not to be continuous power P and the relevant speed of rota-
recessed in way of nuts and bolt heads. tion n, as defined under [2.2.2].
b) Where the propeller is connected to an integral propel- • For main propulsion systems powered by diesel
ler shaft flange, the thickness of the flange is to be not engines fitted with couplings other than those
less than 0,25 times the rule diameter of the aft part of above-mentioned: the mean torque above increased
the propeller shaft. The fillet radius at the base of the by 20% or by the torque due to torsional vibrations,
flange is to be not less than 0,125 times the actual diam- whichever is the greater.
eter. The value 2,8 above may be reduced to 2,5 in the fol-
The strength of coupling bolts of the propeller boss to lowing cases:
the flange is to be equivalent to that of the aft part of the • ships having two or more main propulsion shafts
propeller shaft.
• when the transmitted torque is obtained, for the
c) Non-solid forged flange couplings and associated keys whole functioning rotational speed range, as the
are to be of a strength equivalent to that of the shaft. sum of the nominal torque and the alternate torque
They are to be carefully fitted and shrunk on to the due to the torsional vibrations, calculated as
shafts, and the connection is to be such as to reliably required in Sec 9.
resist the vibratory torque and astern pull.
2.5.2 Shrunk couplings
d) For couplings of intermediate and thrust shafts and for
the forward coupling of the propeller shaft having all fit- Non-integral couplings which are shrunk on the shaft by
ted coupling bolts, the coupling bolt diameter in way of means of the oil pressure injection method or by other
the joining faces of flanges is not to be less than the means may be accepted on the basis of the calculation of
value dB, in mm, given by the following formula: shrinking and induced stresses, and assembly instructions.
To this end, the force due to friction between the mating
d 3 ⋅ ( R m + 160 ) 0 ,5
d B = 0 ,65 ⋅ -------------------------------------
- surfaces is not to be less than 2,8 times the total force due to
n B ⋅ D C ⋅ R mB
the transmitted torque and thrust.
where:
The value 2,8 above may be reduced to 2,5 in the cases
d : Rule diameter of solid intermediate shaft, in specified under item e) of [2.5.1].
mm, taking into account the ice strengthen-
The values of 0,14 and 0,18 will be taken for the friction
ing requirements of Pt F, Ch 9, Sec 3, where
coefficient in the case of shrinking under oil pressure and
applicable
dry shrink fitting, respectively.
nB : Number of fitted coupling bolts
In addition, the equivalent stress due to shrinkage deter-
DC : Pitch circle diameter of coupling bolts, in
mined by means of the von Mises-Hencky criterion in the
mm
points of maximum stress of the coupling is not to exceed
Rm : Value of the minimum tensile strength of 0,8 times the minimum yield strength (ReH), or 0,2% proof
intermediate shaft material taken for calcu- stress (Rp0,2), of the material of the part concerned.
lation of d, in N/mm2
The transmitted torque is that defined under item e) of
RmB : Tensile strength of the fitted coupling bolts [2.5.1].
material taken for calculation, in N/mm2.
The value of the tensile strength of the bolt For the determination of the thrust, see Sec 8, [3.1.2].
material taken for calculation RmB is to
2.5.3 Other couplings
comply with the following requirements:
Types of couplings other than those mentioned in [2.5.1]
• Rm ≤ RmB ≤ 1,7 Rm and [2.5.2] above will be specially considered by the Soci-
• RmB ≤ 1000 N/mm2 ety.
2.5.4 Flexible couplings 20% of the actual propeller shaft diameter in way of the
a) The scantlings of stiff parts of flexible couplings sub- large end of the cone.
jected to torque are to be in compliance with the Key securing screws are not to be located within the first
requirements of Article [2]. one-third of the cone length from its large end; the
edges of the holes are to be carefully faired.
b) For flexible components, the limits specified by the
Manufacturer relevant to static and dynamic torque, b) The sectional area of the key subject to shear stress is to
speed of rotation and dissipated power are not to be be not less than the value A, in mm2, given by the fol-
exceeded. lowing formula:
c) Where all the engine power is transmitted through one d3
A = 0 ,4 ⋅ --------
d PM
flexible component only (ships with one propulsion
engine and one shafting only), the flexible coupling is to where:
be fitted with a torsional limit device or other suitable d : Rule diameter, in mm, of the intermediate
means to lock the coupling should the flexible compo- shaft calculated in compliance with the
nent break. requirements of [2.2.2], assuming:
In stiff transmission conditions with the above locking Rm = 400 N/mm2
device, a sufficiently wide speed range is to be pro- dPM : Actual diameter of propeller shaft at mid-
vided, free from excessive torsional vibrations, such as
length of the key, in mm.
to enable safe navigation and steering of the ship. As an
alternative, a spare flexible element is to be provided on
board. 2.6 Control and monitoring
2.6.1 General (1/7/2006)
2.5.5 Propeller shaft keys and keyways
In addition to those given in this item [2.6], the require-
a) Keyways on the propeller shaft cone are to have well ments of Chapter 3 apply.
rounded corners, with the forward end faired and pref-
In the case of ships with automation notations, the require-
erably spooned, so as to minimize notch effects and
stress concentrations. ments in Part F, Chapter 3 also apply.
When these constructional features are intended to 2.6.2 Propeller shaft monitoring
obtain an extension of the interval between surveys of For the assignment of the propeller shaft monitoring system
the propeller shaft in accordance with the relevant pro- notation, see Pt F, Ch 5, Sec 2.
visions of Pt A, Ch 2, Sec 2, [8.1], they are to be in com-
pliance with Fig 1. 2.6.3 Indicators (1/7/2006)
Different scantlings may be accepted, provided that at The local indicators for main propulsion shafting to be
least the same reduction in stress concentration is installed on ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards with-
ensured. out automation notations are given in Tab 3. For monitoring
of engines, turbines, gears, controllable pitch propellers and
The fillet radius at the bottom of the keyway is to be not thrusters, see Sec 2, Sec 4, Sec 6, Sec 8 and Sec 12,
less than 1,25% of the actual propeller shaft diameter at respectively.
the large end of the cone.
The indicators listed in Tab 3 are to be fitted at a normally
The edges of the key are to be rounded. attended position.
The distance from the large end of the propeller shaft Note 1: Some departures from Tab 3 may be accepted by the Soci-
cone to the forward end of the key is to be not less than ety in the case of ships with a restricted navigation notation
≥ 0,2 d o
≥4t
t r
r3
do A-A
≥2t
r2
C B A B-B
r
r ≥ 0,0125 d o
r1 < r2< r 3
r1
C-C
t t t t
C B A
3 Arrangement and installation The Society may also require the above calculation in the
case of special arrangements.
SECTION 8 PROPELLERS
1.2 Definitions
TRAILING EDGE
1.2.1 Solid propeller
LEADING EDGE
A solid propeller is a propeller (including hub and blades)
cast in one piece.
FACE
1.2.2 Built-up propeller BACK
1.2.4 Nozzle
A nozzle is a circular structural casing enclosing the propel-
ler. 1.2.10 Developed area ratio
1.2.5 Ducted propeller Developed area ratio is the ratio of the total blade devel-
oped area to the area of the ring included between the pro-
A ducted propeller is a propeller installed in a nozzle. peller diameter and the hub diameter.
Highly skewed propellers are propellers having blades with All listed plans are to be constructional plans complete with
skew angle between 25o and 50o. Very highly skewed pro- all dimensions and are to contain full indication of types of
pellers are propellers having blades with skew angle materials employed.
exceeding 50o.
1.3.2 Built-up and controllable pitch propellers 2.1.2 Materials for studs
In general, steel (preferably nickel-steel) is to be used for
The documents listed in Tab 2, as applicable, are to be sub-
manufacturing the studs connecting steel blades to the hub
mitted for built-up and controllable pitch propellers
of built-up or controllable pitch propellers, and high tensile
intended for propulsion.
brass or stainless steel is to be used for studs connecting
bronze blades.
Table 2 : Documents to be submitted
for built-up and controllable pitch propellers 2.2 Solid propellers - Blade thickness
No. A/I (1) ITEM 2.2.1 (1/7/2002)
1 A/I Same documents requested for solid pro- a) The maximum thickness t0.25, in mm, of the solid propel-
pellers ler blade at the section at 0,25 radius from the propeller
2 A Blade bolts and pre-tensioning procedures axis is not to be less than that obtained from the follow-
3 I Pitch corresponding to maximum propeller
ing formula:
thrust and to normal service condition 0 ,5
D 3
1 ,5 .10 6 .ρ.M T + 51.δ. ---------- .B.l.N .h
2
4 A Pitch control mechanism 100
t 0 ,25 = 3 ,2 f ⋅ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 A Pitch control hydraulic system l ⋅ z ⋅ Rm
(1) A = to be submitted for approval in four copies
I = to be submitted for information in duplicate where:
f : Material factor as indicated in Tab 3
1.3.3 Very highly skewed propellers and propellers
of unusual design ρ : D/H
For very highly skewed propellers and propellers of unusual H : Mean pitch of propeller, in m. When H is
design, in addition to the documents listed in Tab 1 and not known, the pitch H0.7 at 0,7 radius from
Tab 2, as applicable, a detailed hydrodynamic load and the propeller axis, may be used instead of H.
stress analysis is to be submitted (see [2.4.2]). D : Propeller diameter, in m
MT : Continuous transmitted torque, in kN.m;
2 Design and construction where not indicated, the value given by the
following formula may be assumed for MT :
M T = 9 ,55 ⋅ ----
2.1 Materials P
N
2.1.1 Normally used materials for propeller hubs P : Maximum continuous power of propulsion
and blades machinery, in kW
a) Tab 3 indicates the minimum tensile strength Rm (in N : Rotational speed of the propeller, in rev/min
N/mm2), the density δ (in kg/dm3) and the material fac- δ : Density of blade material, in kg/dm3, as
tor f of normally used materials. indicated in Tab 3
b) Common bronze, special types of bronze and cast steel B : Expanded area ratio
used for the construction of propeller hubs and blades h : Rake, in mm
are to have a minimum tensile strength of 400 N/mm2. l : Developed width of blade section at 0,25
c) Other materials are subject of special consideration by radius from propeller axis, in mm
the Society following submission of full material specifi- z : Number of blades
cation. Rm : Minimum tensile strength of blade material,
in N/mm2.
b) The maximum thickness t0.6, in mm, of the solid propel- stant stress fillets may also be considered. When meas-
ler blade at the section at 0,6 radius from the propeller uring the thickness of the blade, the increased thickness
axis is not to be less than that obtained from the follow- due to the radius of the fillet at the root of the blade is
ing formula: not to be taken into account.
0 ,5 d) As an alternative to the above formulae, a detailed
D 3
1 ,5 .10 6 .ρ 0 ,6 .M T + 18 ,4 .δ. ---------- .B.l.N .h
2
hydrodynamic load and stress analysis carried out by
100
t 0 ,6 = 1 ,9 f --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the propeller designer may be considered by the Soci-
l 0 ,6 ⋅ z ⋅ R m ety, on a case by case basis. The safety factor to be used
in this analysis is not to be less than 8 with respect to the
where: ultimate tensile strength of the propeller blade material
Rm .
ρ0,6 : D/H0.6
H0.6 : Pitch at 0,6 radius from the propeller axis, in 2.3.2 Flanges for connection of blades to hubs
m a) The diameter DF, in mm, of the flange for connection to
l0.6 : Developed width of blade section at 0,6 the propeller hub is not to be less than that obtained
radius from propeller axis, in mm. from the following formula:
c) The radius at the blade root is to be at least ¾ of the D F = D C + 1 ,8dPR
required minimum thickness t0,25. As an alternative, con-
where:
stant stress fillets may also be considered. When meas-
uring the thickness of the blade, the increased thickness DC : Stud pitch circle diameter, in mm
due to the radius of the fillet at the root of the blade is dPR : Diameter of studs.
not to be taken into account. If the propeller hub b) The thickness of the flange is not to be less than 1/10 of
extends over 0,25 radius, the thickness calculated by the diameter DF.
the formula in a) is to be compared with the thickness
obtained by linear interpolation of the actual blade 2.3.3 Connecting studs (1/7/2002)
thickness up to 0,25 radius. a) The diameter dPR, in mm, at the bottom of the thread of
d) As an alternative to the above formulae, a detailed the studs is not to be less than that obtained from the
hydrodynamic load and stress analysis carried out by following formula:
the propeller designer may be considered by the Soci-
3 0 ,5
ety, on a case by case basis. The safety factor to be used 4 ,6 .107 .ρ 0 ,7 .M T + 0 ,88 .δ. ----- D-
.B.l 0 ,35 .N .h 1
2
4.2.2 Controllable pitch propellers In addition, for propellers running above 500 rpm, dynamic
balancing:
The complete hydraulic system for the control of the con-
trollable pitch propeller mechanism is to be hydrotested at a • is required, for cast copper alloy propellers
pressure equal to 1,5 times the design pressure. The proper • may be required, for cast steel propellers.
operation of the safety valve is to be tested in the presence
of the Surveyor. 4.3 Certification
GLAND
PROPELLER
BOSS
MASTIC OR GREASE
OR RUBBER LINER
RUBBER JOINT
SHAFT
• the equivalent dynamic system used for the modelling h) for torsional vibration dampers:
of the plant, with indication of: • the manufacturer and type
- inertia and stiffness values for all the components of
• the permissible heat dissipation
the system
• the damping coefficient
- diameter and material properties of the shafts
• the inertial and stiffness properties, as applicable
• the natural frequencies
• the values of the vibratory torques or stresses in the i) for propellers:
components of the system for the most significant criti- • the number of blades
cal speeds and their analysis in respect of the Rules and
• the excitation and damping data, if available
other acceptance criteria
j) for electric motors, generators and pumps, the drawing
• the possible restrictions of operation of the plant.
of the rotating parts, with their mass moment of inertia
3.2.2 Particulars to be submitted and main dimensions.
The following particulars are to be submitted with the tor-
sional vibration calculations: 3.3 Definitions, symbols and units
a) for turbines, multi-engine installations or installations
3.3.1 Definitions
with power take-off systems:
a) Torsional vibration stresses referred to in this Article are
• description of the operating configurations
the stresses resulting from the alternating torque corre-
• load sharing law between the various components sponding to the synthesis of the harmonic orders con-
for each configuration cerned.
b) for installations with controllable pitch propellers, the b) The misfiring condition of an engine is the malfunction
power/rotational speed values resulting from the combi- of one cylinder due to the absence of fuel injection
nator operation (which results in a pure compression or expansion in
c) for prime movers, the service speed range and the mini- the cylinder).
mum speed at no load
3.3.2 Symbols, units
d) for internal combustion engines:
The main symbols used in this Article are defined as fol-
• manufacturer and type
lows:
• nominal output and rotational speed
τ : Torsional vibration stress, as defined in [3.3.1],
• mean indicated pressure in N/mm2
• number of cylinders τ1 : Permissible stress due to torsional vibrations for
• “V” angle continuous operation, in N/mm2
• firing angles τ2 : Permissible stress due to torsional vibrations for
• bore and stroke transient running, in N/mm2
• excitation data, such as the polynomial law of har- Rm : Tensile strength of the shaft material, in N/mm2
monic components of excitations
CR : Material factor, equal to:
• nominal alternating torsional stress considered for
crankpin and journal R + 160-
-------------------
18
Note 1: The nominal alternating torsional stress is part of the basic
data to be considered for the assessment of the crankshaft. d : Minimum diameter of the shaft, in mm
It is defined in App 1.
CD : Size factor of the shaft, equal to:
e) for turbines:
0,35 + 0,93 d-0,2
• nominal output and rotational speed
N : Speed of the shaft for which the check is carried
• power / speed curve and range of operation out, in rev/min
• number of stages, and load sharing between the Nn : Nominal speed of the shaft, in rev/min
stages
Nc : Critical speed, in rev/min
• main excitation orders for each rotating disc
λ : Speed ratio, equal to N/Nn
• structural damping of shafts
• external damping on discs (due to the fluid) Cλ : Speed ratio factor, equal to:
f) for reduction or step-up gears, the speed ratio for each • 3 - 2 λ2 for λ < 0,9
step • 1,38 for 0,9 ≤ λ ≤ 1,05
g) for flexible couplings, the data required in Note 2 of Ck : Factor depending on the shaft design features
Sec 7, Tab 1 given in Tab 1.
b) Where calculations show that the limits imposed for misfiring conditions, restricted speed ranges are to be
certain components may be exceeded under misfiring imposed which are to be passed through rapidly;
conditions, a suitable device is to be fitted to indicate b) restricted speed ranges in one-cylinder misfiring condi-
the occurence of such conditions. tions of single propulsion engine ships are to enable safe
navigation;
3.5 Permissible limits for torsional vibration
c) the barred speed range is to cover all speeds where the
stresses in crankshaft, propulsion shaft- acceptance limits (τ1) are exceeded. For controllable
ing and other transmission shafting pitch propellers with the possibility of individual pitch
and speed control, both full and zero pitch conditions
3.5.1 General
are to be considered.
a) The limits provided below apply to steel shafts. For
Additionally, the tachometer tolerance is to be added.
shafts made of other material, the permissible limits for
At each end of the barred speed range the engine is to
torsional vibration stresses will be determined by the
be stable in operation;
Society after examination of the results of fatigue tests
carried out on the material concerned. d) the limits of the restricted speed range related to a criti-
b) These limits apply to the torsional vibration stresses as cal speed Nc are to be calculated in accordance with
defined in [3.3.1]. They relate to the shaft minimum sec- the following formula:
tion, without taking account of the possible stress con- 16 ⋅ N ( 18 – λ ) ⋅ N
-----------------c ≤ N ≤ --------------------------------c
centrations. 18 – λ 16
3.5.3 Intermediate shafts, thrust shafts and a) The torsional vibration torque in any gear step is not to
propeller shafts (1/7/2006) exceed 30% of the torque corresponding to the
approved rating throughout the service speed range.
The torsional vibration stresses in any intermediate, thrust
and propeller shafts are not to exceed the following limits: Where the torque transmitted at nominal speed is less
• τ1 = CR . Ck . CD . Cλ for continuous running than that corresponding to the approved rating, higher
torsional vibration torques may be accepted, subject to
• τ2 = 1,7 τ1 . Ck -0,5 for steady state conditions within special consideration by the Society.
barred speed range.
b) Gear hammering induced by torsional vibration torque
Note 1: For intermediate, thrust and propeller shafts, the material reversal is not permitted throughout the service speed
factor CR is not to be taken as greater than 42,2. range, except during transient running at speed ratios λ
≤ 0,3.
3.5.4 Transmission shafting for generating sets and
other auxiliary machinery Where calculations show the existence of torsional
vibration torque reversals for speed ratios λ > 0,3, the
The torsional vibration stresses in the transmission shafting
corresponding speed ranges are to be identified by
for generating sets and other auxiliary machinery, such as
appropriate investigations during sea trials and consid-
pumps or compressors, are not to exceed the following lim-
ered as restricted speed ranges in accordance with
its:
[3.5.5].
• τ1 = 0,90 . CR . CD for continuous running
• τ2 = 5,4 τ1 for transient running. 3.6.2 Generators
a) In the case of alternating current generators, the tor-
3.5.5 Restricted speed ranges (1/7/2006) sional vibration amplitude at the rotor is not to exceed
a) Where the stress amplitudes exceed the limiting values ±2,5 electrical degrees at service rotational speed under
of τ1 for continuous operation, including one cylinder full load working conditions.
b) Vibratory inertia torques due to torsional vibrations and 3.7.2 Method of measurement
imposed on the rotating parts of the generator are not to
exceed the values MA, in N.m, calculated by the follow- When measurements are required, the method of measure-
ment is to be submitted to the Society for approval. The type
ing formulae, as appropriate:
of measuring equipment and the location of the measure-
• for 0,95 ≤ λ ≤ 1,1: MA = ± 2,5 MT ment points are to be specified.
3.6.3 Flexible couplings Failing this, provision is to be made to limit the vibration
amplitudes by modifying the dynamic system or restricted
a) Flexible couplings are to be capable of withstanding the speed ranges are to be imposed in the corresponding
mean transmitted torque and the torsional vibration regions of speeds.
torque throughout the service speed range, without
exceeding the limits for continuous operation imposed
by the manufacturer (permissible vibratory torque and 4.2 Calculations and measurements on
power loss). board
Where such limits are exceeded under misfiring condi- 4.2.1 (20/12/2005)
tions, appropriate restrictions of power or speed are to
be established. Unless previous experience of similar installations proves it
to be unnecessary, the Society, on the basis of the character-
b) Flexible couplings fitted in generating sets are also to be istics of the main propulsion system concerned, reserves the
capable of withstanding the torques and twist angles right to require lateral vibration calculations to be submitted
arising from transient criticals and short-circuit currents. and/or measurements on board to be taken using an appa-
ratus accepted by the Society.
3.6.4 Dampers
a) Torsional vibration dampers are to be such that the per- 5 Axial vibrations of main propulsion
missible power loss recommended by the manufacturer
systems
is not exceeded throughout the service speed range.
• where the calculations indicate the possibility of 5.2 Calculations and measurements on
dangerous critical speeds in the operating speed
board
range,
• where doubts arise as to the actual stress amplitudes 5.2.1 (20/12/2005)
or critical speed location, or Unless previous experience of similar installations proves it
• where restricted speed ranges need to be verified. to be unnecessary, the Society, on the basis of the character-
istics of the main propulsion system concerned, reserves the
b) Where measurements are required, a comprehensive right to require axial vibration calculations to be submitted
report including the analysis of the results is to be sub- and/or measurements on board to be taken using an appa-
mitted to the Society. ratus accepted by the Society.
b) Piping systems include piping and all the interfacing 1.3.4 Flammable oils (1/7/2006)
equipment such as tanks, pressure vessels, heat Flammable oils include fuel oils, lubricating oils, thermal
exchangers, pumps and centrifugal purifiers, but do not oils and hydraulic oils (having flashpoint lower than 150°C).
include boilers, turbines, internal combustion engines
and reduction gears.
1.4 Symbols and units
Note 1: The equipment other than piping is to be designed in
accordance with the relevant Sections of Chapter 1.
1.4.1 The following symbols and related units are com-
monly used in this Section. Additional symbols, related to
1.3.2 Design pressure
some formulae indicated in this Section, are listed wherever
a) The design pressure of a piping system is the pressure it is necessary.
considered by the manufacturer to determine the scant-
p : Design pressure, in MPa
ling of the system components. It is not to be taken less
than the maximum working pressure expected in this T : Design temperature, in °C
system or the highest setting pressure of any safety valve t : Rule required minimum thickness, in mm
or relief device, whichever is the greater.
D : Pipe external diameter, in mm.
b) The design pressure of a boiler feed system is not to be
less than 1,25 times the design pressure of the boiler or
the maximum pressure expected in the feed piping, 1.5 Class of piping systems
whichever is the greater.
1.5.1 Purpose of the classes of piping systems
c) The design pressure of steam piping located upstream of Piping systems are subdivided into three classes, denoted as
pressure reducing valves (high pressure side) is not to be class I, class II and class III, for the purpose of acceptance of
less than the setting pressure of the boiler or superheater materials, selection of joints, heat treatment, welding, pres-
safety valves. sure testing and the certification of fittings.
d) The design pressure of a piping system located on the
low pressure side of a pressure reducing valve where no 1.5.2 Definitions of the classes of piping systems
safety valve is provided is not to be less than the maxi- a) Classes I, II and III are defined in Tab 3
mum pressure on the high pressure side of the pressure
reducing valve. b) The following systems are not covered by Tab 3:
• cargo piping for oil tankers, gas tankers and chemi-
e) The design pressure of a piping system located on the
cal tankers, and
delivery side of a pump or a compressor is not to be less
than the setting pressure of the safety valve for displace- • fluids for refrigerating plants.
Maximum
Allowable
Material design tempera- Particular conditions of use
classes
ture (°C) (1)
Carbon and carbon- III, II, I 400 (2) Class I and II pipes are to be seamless drawn pipes (3)
manganese steels
Copper and aluminium III, II, I 200 (4)
brass
Copper-nickel III, II, I 300
Special high tempera- III, II, I 260
ture resistant bronze
Stainless steel III, II, I 300 Austenitic stainless steel is not recommended for sea water systems
Spheroidal graphite cast III, II 350 • Spheroidal cast iron of the ferritic type according to the material rules of the
iron Society may be accepted for bilge, ballast and cargo oil piping
• The use of this material for pipes, valves and fittings for other services, in
principle Classes II and III, will be subject to special consideration
• Spheroidal cast iron pipes and valves fitted on ship’s side should have spec-
ified properties to the Society’s satisfaction, according to the intention of
Regulation 22 of the 1966 Convention on Load Lines
• Minimum elongation is not to be less than 12% on a gauge length of
5,65.S0,5, where S is the actual cross-sectional area of the test piece
Grey cast iron III 220 Grey cast iron is not to be used for the following systems:
II (5) • boiler blow-down systems and other piping systems subject to shocks, high
stresses and vibrations
• bilge lines in tanks
• parts of scuppers and sanitary discharge systems located next to the hull
below the freeboard deck or for passengers ships below the bulkhead deck
• ship side valves and fittings
• valves fitted on the collision bulkhead
• valves fitted to fuel oil and lubricating oil tanks under static pressure head
• class II fuel oil systems
• thermal oil systems
Aluminium and III, II, I (6) 200 Aluminium and aluminium alloys are not to be used on the following systems:
aluminium alloys • flammable oil systems (6)
• sounding and air pipes of fuel oil tanks
• fire-extinguishing systems
• bilge system in boiler or machinery spaces or in spaces containing fuel oil
tanks or pumping units
• scuppers and overboard discharges except for pipes led to the bottoms or to
the shell above the freeboard deck or fitted at their upper end with closing
means operated from a position above the freeboard deck
• boiler blow-down valves and pieces for connection to the shell plating.
(1) Maximum design temperature is not to exceed that assigned to the class of piping.
(2) Higher temperatures may be accepted if metallurgical behaviour and time dependent strength (ultimate tensile strength after
100000 hours) are in accordance with national or international standards or specifications and if such values are guaranteed by
the steel manufacturer.
(3) Pipes fabricated by a welding procedure approved by the Society may also be used.
(4) Pipes made of copper and copper alloys are to be seamless.
(5) Use of grey cast iron is not allowed when the design pressure exceeds 1,3 MPa.
(6) Accessories of aluminium or aluminium alloys intended for flammable oil systems may be accepted subject to the satisfactory
result of an endurance flame test to be carried out according to the "Rules for the type approval of flexible hoses and expansion
joints" issued by the Society.
Note 1: On board oil tankers and chemical tankers aluminised pipes may be permitted in ballast tanks, in inerted cargo tanks and,
provided the pipes are protected from accidental impact, in hazardous areas on open deck.
88,9 - 108 2,5 2,0 b) Where, for carbon steel and alloy steel pipes, the value
of the permissible stress K is not given in Tab 9 or
133 - 159 3,0 2,5
Tab 10, it is to be taken equal to the lowest of the fol-
193,7 - 267 3,5 3,0 lowing values:
273 - 457,2 4,0 3,5
R m ,20 R SR
470 4,0 3,5 ----------- -----e ----- S
2 ,7 A A
508 4,5 4,0
where:
Note 1: A different thickness may be considered by the Soci-
ety on a case by case basis, provided that it complies with Rm,20 : Minimum tensile strength of the material at
recognised standards. ambient temperature (20°C), in N/mm2
Re : Minimum yield strength or 0,2% proof stress
Table 7 : Minimum wall thickness at the design temperature, in N/mm2
for stainless steel pipes (1/1/2001) SR : Average stress to produce rupture in 100000
Minimum wall thickness
h at design temperature, in N/mm2
External diameter (mm)
(mm) S : Average stress to produce 1% creep in
up to 17,2 1,0 100000 h at design temperature, in N/mm2
up to 48,3 1,6 A : Safety factor to be taken equal to:
up to 88,9 2,0 • 1,6 when Re and SR values result from
up to 168,3 2,3 tests attended by the Society,
up to 219,1 2,6 • 1,8 otherwise.
up to 273,0 2,9 c) The permissible stress values adopted for materials other
up to 406,4 3,6 than carbon steel, alloy steel, copper and copper alloy
will be specially considered by the Society.
over 406,4 4
Note 1: A different thickness may be considered by the Soci- 2.2.3 Thickness reduction due to bending
ety on a case by case basis, provided that it complies with a) Unless otherwise justified, the thickness reduction b due
recognised standards.
to bending is to be determined by the following for-
mula:
Table 8 : Minimum wall thickness Dt 0
for aluminium and aluminium alloy pipes b = -----------
-
2 ,5 ρ
1Cr1/2Mo 440 98 97 91 76 62 51 42 34 27 22
2 1/4Cr1Mo annealed 410 42 42 41 41 41 40 40 40 37 32
2 1/4Cr1Mo normalised and 490 106 96 86 79 67 58 49 43 37 32
tempered below 750°C
2 1/4Cr1Mo normalised and 490 96 88 79 72 64 56 49 43 37 32
tempered above 750°C
1/2Cr 1/2Mo 1/4V 460 101 99 97 94 82 72 62 53 45 37
2.2.5 Tees
Table 12 : Corrosion allowance for steel As well as complying with the provisions of [2.2.1] to
pipes (1/7/2001) [2.2.4] above, the thickness tT of pipes on which a branch is
welded to form a Tee is not to be less than that given by the
Corrosion following formula:
Piping system allowance
D
(mm) t T = 1 + ------1 ⋅ t 0
D
Superheated steam 0,3
where:
Saturated steam 0,8
D1 : External diameter of the branch pipe
Steam coils in cargo tanks and liquid fuel tanks 2,0
D : as defined in [1.4.1]
Feed water for boilers in open circuit systems 1,5 t0 : as defined in [2.2.1]
Feed water for boilers in closed circuit systems 0,5 Note 1: This requirement may be dispensed with for Tees provided
with a reinforcement or extruded.
Blow-down systems for boilers 1,5
Compressed air 1,0 2.3 Calculation of high temperature pipes
Hydraulic oil 0,3
2.3.1 General
Lubricating oil 0,3 For main steam piping having a design temperature exceed-
Fuel oil 1,0 ing 400°C, calculations are to be submitted to the Society
concerning the stresses due to internal pressure, piping
Thermal oil 1,0 weight and any other external load, and to thermal expan-
Fresh water 0,8 sion, for all cases of actual operation and for all lengths of
piping.
Sea water 3,0
The calculations are to include, in particular:
Refrigerants referred to in Section 13 0,3 • the components, along the three principal axes, of the
Cargo systems for oil tankers 2,0 forces and moments acting on each branch of piping
• the components of the displacements and rotations
Cargo systems for ships carrying liquefied 0,3
gases causing the above forces and moments
• all parameters necessary for the computation of forces,
Note 1: For pipes passing through tanks, an additional corro-
moments and stresses.
sion allowance is to be considered in order to account for
the external corrosion. In way of bends, the calculations are to be carried out tak-
Note 2: The corrosion allowance may be reduced where ing into account, where necessary, the pipe ovalisation and
pipes and any integral pipe joints are protected against cor- its effects on flexibility and stress increase.
rosion by means of coating, lining, etc.
A certain amount of cold springing, calculated on the basis
Note 3: When the corrosion resistance of alloy steels is ade-
of expected thermal expansion, is to be applied to the pip-
quately demonstrated, the corrosion allowance may be dis-
regarded.
ing during installation. Such springing is to be neglected in
stress calculations; it may, however, be taken into account
in terms of its effect on thrusts on turbines and other parts.
K20 : Value of the permissible stress for the material b) Butt-welded joints are to be of full penetration type with
employed, calculated according to [2.2.2], for a or without special provision for a high quality of root
temperature of 20°C, in N/mm2 side.
KT : Value of the permissible stress for the material The expression "special provision for a high quality of
employed, calculated according to [2.2.2], for root side" means that butt welds were accomplished as
the design temperature T, in N/mm2. double welded or by use of a backing ring or inert gas
back-up on first pass, or other similar methods accepted
2.3.3 Longitudinal stresses
by the Society.
The sum of longitudinal stresses σL, in N/mm2, due to pres-
sure, piping weight and any other external loads is to be Butt welded joints with special provision for a high
such as to satisfy the following equation: quality of root side may be used for piping of any Class
and any outside diameter.
σL ≤ KT
where KT is defined in [2.3.2]. c) Slip-on sleeve and socket welded joints are to have
sleeves, sockets and weldments of adequate dimensions
2.3.4 Alternative limits for permissible stresses conforming to a standard recognised by the Society.
Alternative limits for permissible stresses may be considered
by the Society in special cases or when calculations have 2.4.3 Flange connections (1/7/2002)
been carried out following a procedure based on hypothe-
a) The dimensions and configuration of flanges and bolts
ses other than those considered above.
are to be chosen in accordance with a Standard recog-
nised by the Society. This standard is to cover the design
2.4 Junction of pipes pressure and design temperature of the piping system.
2.4.1 General (1/7/2002) b) For non-standard flanges the dimensions of flanges and
a) The number of joints in flammable oil piping systems is bolts are subject to special consideration by the Society.
to be kept to the minimum necessary for mounting and
c) Flange material is to be suitable for the nature and tem-
dismantling purposes.
perature of the fluid, as well as for the material of the
b) Direct connections of pipe lengths may be made by pipe on which the flange is to be attached.
direct welding, flanges, threaded joints or mechanical
joints, and are to be to a recognised standard or of a d) Flanges are to be attached to the pipes by welding or
design proven to be suitable for the intended purpose screwing in accordance with one of the designs shown
and acceptable to the Society. in Fig 1.
The expression "mechanical joints" means devices Permitted applications are indicated in Tab 14. How-
intended for direct connection of pipe lengths other ever the Society may accept flange attachments in
than by welding, flanges or threaded joints described in accordance with national or international standards that
[2.4.2], [2.4.3] and [2.4.4] below. are applicable to the piping system and recognise the
c) The gaskets and packings used for the joints are to suit boundary fluids, design pressure and temperature con-
the design pressure, the design temperature and the ditions, external or cyclic loading and location.
nature of the fluids conveyed.
d) The junction between plastic pipes is to comply with 2.4.4 Slip-on threaded joints (1/7/2002)
App 3. Slip-on threaded joints having pipe threads where pressure-
tight joints are made on the threads with parallel or tapered
2.4.2 Welded connections (1/7/2002)
threads, are to comply with requirements of a recognised
a) Welding and non destructive testing of welds are to be national or international standard.
carried out in accordance with [3]. Welded joints are to
be used in accordance with Tab 15. Slip-on threaded joints are to be used according to Tab 15.
Note 1: For type D, the pipe and flange are to be screwed with a tapered thread and the diameter of the screw portion of the pipe over the
thread is not to be appreciably less than the outside diameter of the unthreaded pipe. For certain types of thread, after the flange has been
screwed hard home, the pipe is to be expanded into the flange.
Note 2: For connections (C1), (C2), (C3) and (C4) the leg length of the fillet weld is to be in general equal to 1,5 times the pipe thickness but in
no case is to be less than 6 mm.
Note 3: For connections (B1), (B2), (B3) and (C2) the dimension of the groove penetration in the flange is to be in general equal to the pipe
thickness but in no case is to be less than 5 mm.
Table 14 : Types of flange connections required in relation to the class of piping and the type of media
conveyed (1) (1/7/2006)
Class of piping →
Class I Class II Class III
Type of media conveyed
↓
Toxic or corrosive media, flamma- (A1)-(A2)-(B1)-(B2)-(B3) (A1)-(A2)-(B1)-(B2)-(B3)-(C1)- (A1)-(A2)-(B1)-(B2)-(B3) -(C1)-
ble liquid media or liquefied gases (2) (3) (4) (C2)-(C3) (2) (4) (C2)-(C3) (2) (4)
(A1)-(A2)-(B1)-(B2)-(B3) (A1)-(A2)-(B1)-(B2)-(B3) - (A1)-(A2)-(B1)-(B2)-(B3) -(C1)-
Lubricating and fuel oil
(C1)- (C2)-(C3)-(C4) (5) (C2)-(C3)-(C4)
(A1)-(A2)-(B1)-(B2)-(B3) (3) (A1)-(A2)-(B1)-(B2)-(B3) - (A1)-(A2)-(B1)-(B2)-(B3) -(C1)-
Steam and thermal oil
(6) (C1)- (C2)-(C3)-(C4)-(D) (7) (C2)-(C3)-(C4)-(D)
Other media, including water, air, (A1)-(A2)-(B1)-(B2)-(B3) (6) (A1)-(A2)-(B1)-(B2)-(B3) - (A1)-(A2)-(B1)-(B2)-(B3) -(C1)-
gases, refrigerants, non flammable (C1)- (C2)-(C3)-(C4)-(D) (7) (C2)-(C3)-(C4)-(D)-(E) (9)
hydraulic oil (8)
(1) The types of flange connections given in the Table are those shown in Fig 1.
(2) Only type (A1) and (A2) flange connections are to be adopted for piping conveying flammable, toxic or corrosive liquid media
or liquefied gases having a design pressure p (see item [1.3.2]) higher than 1 N/mm2.
(3) For piping having a nominal diameter equal to or greater than 150 mm, only type (A1) and (A2) flange connections are to be
adopted.
(4) For the cargo piping of chemical carriers the provisions of IBC Code Ch. 5, 5.3 apply. For the cargo piping of gas carriers, the
provisions of IGC Code Ch. 5, 5.4 apply.
(5) Flange connections of type (C4) are only acceptable for piping having a design pressure p less than 1,6 N/mm2 and design tem-
perature T (see item [1.3.3]) less than 150°C.
(6) Only type (A1) and (A2) flange connections are to be adopted for piping having a design temperature T higher than 400°C.
(7) Flange connections of types (D) and (C4) are not acceptable for piping having a design temperature T exceeding 250°C.
(8) For piping of hydraulic power plants of steering gears, only flange connections of types required for Class I piping are to be used.
(9) Flange connections of type (E) are only acceptable for water piping and open ended lines (e.g. drain, overflow, air vent piping,
etc.).
Table 15 : Use of welded and threaded metallic joints in piping systems (1/7/2002)
2.4.5 Mechanical joints (1/1/2017) ers are not to be used to force alignment of piping at the
Due to the great variations in design and configuration of point of connection.
mechanical joints, no specific recommendation regarding Slip-on joints are not to be used in pipelines in cargo holds,
the method for theoretical strength calculations is given in tanks, and other spaces which are not easily accessible,
these requirements. The mechanical joints are to be type unless approved by the Society.
approved by the Society according to the "Rules for the type
approval of mechanical joints for pipes". The application of these joints inside tanks may be permit-
ted only for the same media that is in the tanks.
These requirements are applicable to pipe unions, compres-
sion couplings and slip-on joints as shown in Fig 2. Similar Usage of slip type slip-on joints as the main means of pipe
joints complying with these requirements may be accept- connection is not permitted except for cases where com-
able. pensation of axial pipe deformation is necessary.
The application and pressure ratings of different mechanical Application of mechanical joints and their acceptable use
joints are to be approved by the Society. for each service are indicated in Tab 16; dependence upon
Mechanical joints including pipe unions, compression cou- the Class of piping and pipe dimensions are indicated in
plings, slip-on joints and similar joints are to be of approved Tab 17.
type for the service conditions and the intended applica- In particular, Tab 16 indicates systems where the various
tion. kinds of joints may be accepted. However, in all cases,
Where the application of mechanical joints results in reduc- acceptance of the joint type is to be subject to approval of
tion in pipe wall thickness due to the use of bite type rings the intended application, and subject to conditions of the
or other structural elements, this is to be taken into account approval and applicable requirements.
in determining the minimum wall thickness of the pipe to In particular cases, sizes in excess of those mentioned
withstand the design pressure. above may be accepted if in compliance with a national
Material of mechanical joints is to be compatible with the and/or international standard recognised by the Society.
piping material and internal and external media. Mechanical joints are to be tested in accordance with a pro-
Mechanical joints are to be tested where applicable, to a gram approved by the Society, which is to include at least
burst pressure of 4 times the design pressure. the following:
For design pressures above 20 MPa the required burst pres- a) leakage test
sure will be specially considered by the Society.
b) vacuum test (where necessary)
Where appropriate, mechanical joints are to be of fire-
c) vibration (fatigue) test
resistant type as required by Tab 16.
Mechanical joints which in the event of damage could d) fire endurance test (where necessary)
cause fire or flooding are not to be used in piping sections e) burst pressure test
directly connected to ship's side below the bulkhead deck
f) pressure pulsation test (where necessary)
of passenger ships and freeboard deck of cargo ships or
tanks containing flammable fluids. g) assembly test (where necessary)
The number of mechanical joints in flammable fluid sys- h) pull out test (where necessary).
tems is to be kept to a minimum. In general, flanged joints The installation of mechanical joints is to be in accordance
conforming to recognised standards are to be used. with the Manufacturer's assembly instructions. Where spe-
Piping in which a mechanical joint is fitted is to be ade- cial tools and gauges are required for installation of the
quately adjusted, aligned and supported. Supports or hang- joints, these are to be supplied by the Manufacturer.
Welded
and
Brazed Grip
Types Type
Compression couplings
Swage
Type
Machine Roll Groove
Grooved
type
Cut Groove
Press
Type
Slip Type
Bite
Type
Flared
Type
Kind of connections
Systems Pipe Unions Compression Couplings Slip-on Joints
Flammable fluids (Flash point ≤ 60°)
29 Starting/Control air (1) + + +
30 Service air (non-essential) + + +
31 Brine + + +
32 CO2 system (1) + + +
33 Steam + + + (5)
Abbreviations:
+ Application is allowed
- Application is not allowed
Footnotes - Fire resistance capability
If mechanical joints include any components which readily deteriorate in case of fire, they are to be of an approved fire resistant type
under consideration of the following footnotes:
(1) Inside machinery spaces of category A - only approved fire resistant types
(2) Not inside machinery spaces of category A or accommodation spaces. May be accepted in other machinery spaces provided the
joints are located in easily visible and accessible positions.
(3) Approved fire resistant types except in cases where such mechanical joints are installed on exposed open decks, as defined in
SOLAS II-2/Reg. 9.2.3.3.2.2(10) and not used for fuel oil lines.
(4) Only in pump rooms and open decks - only approved fire resistant types.
Footnotes - General
(5) Slip type slip-on joints as shown in Tab 6. May be used for pipes on deck with a design pressure of 10 bar or less.
(6) Only above bulkhead deck of passenger ships and freeboard deck of cargo ships.
Table 17 : Application of mechanical joints depending upon the class of piping (1/7/2002)
2.5 Protection against overpressure 2.5.2 Protection of flammable oil systems (1/7/2002)
Provisions shall be made to prevent overpressure in any
2.5.1 General flammable oil tank or in any part of the flammable oil sys-
tems, including the filling pipes served by pumps on board.
a) These requirements deal with the protection of piping
systems against overpressure, with the exception of heat 2.5.3 Protection of pump and compressor
exchangers and pressure vessels, which are dealt with in discharges
Sec 3, [2.4].
a) Provisions are to be made so that the discharge pressure
b) Safety valves are to be sealed after setting. of pumps and compressors cannot exceed the pressure
for which the pipes located on the discharge of these g) Specific requirements are given in:
pumps and compressors are designed.
• Part E, Chapter 7 for flexible hoses and expansion
b) When provided on the pump discharge for this purpose, joints intended for cargo pipe lines of oil tankers
safety valves are to lead back to the pump suction or to • Part E, Chapter 8 for flexible hoses and expansion
any other suitable place. joints intended for cargo pipe lines of chemical
tankers
c) The discharge capacity of the safety valves installed on
pumps and compressors is to be such that the pressure • Part E, Chapter 9 for flexible hoses and expansion
at the discharge side cannot exceed by more than 10% joints intended for cargo pipe lines of liquefied gas
the design pressure of the discharge pipe in the event of carriers.
operation with closed discharge. h) Flexible hoses and expansion joints intended for piping
systems with a design temperature below the ambient
2.5.4 Protection of pipes temperature will be given special consideration by the
Society.
a) Pipes likely to be subjected to a pressure exceeding
their normal working pressure are to be provided with i) The position of flexible hoses and expansion joints is to
safety valves or equivalent overpressure protecting be clearly shown on the piping drawings submitted to
devices. the Society.
b) In particular, pipes located on the low pressure side of 2.6.2 Design of flexible hoses and expansion
pressure reducing valves are to be provided with safety joints (1/1/2017)
valves unless they are designed for the maximum pres-
a) Flexible hoses and expansion joints are to be made of
sure on the high pressure side of the pressure reducing
materials resistant to the marine environment and to the
valve. See also [1.3.2] and [2.9.1].
fluid they are to convey. Metallic materials are to com-
c) The discharge capacity of the devices fitted on pipes for ply with [2.1].
preventing overpressure is to be such that the pressure b) Flexible hoses are to be designed and constructed in
in these pipes cannot exceed the design pressure by accordance with recognised national or international
more than 10%. standards acceptable to the Society.
c) Flexible hoses constructed of rubber materials and
2.6 Flexible hoses and expansion joints intended for use in bilge, ballast, compressed air, fuel
oil, lubricating, hydraulic and thermal oil systems are to
2.6.1 General (1/1/2006) incorporate a single, double or more closely woven
integral wire braid or other suitable material reinforce-
a) The Society may permit the use of flexible hose assem- ment.
blies (short lengths of hose normally with prefabricated
end fittings ready for installation), for permanent con- Flexible hoses of plastics materials for the same pur-
nection between a fixed piping system and items of poses, such as Teflon or nylon, which are unable to be
machinery, and expansion joints, both in metallic and reinforced by incorporating closely woven integral wire
non-metallic materials, provided they are approved for braid are to have suitable material reinforcement as far
the intended service. as practicable.
d) Where rubber or plastic material hoses are to be used in
b) Flexible hoses and expansion joints are to be of a type
oil supply lines to burners, the hoses are to have exter-
approved by the Society, designed in accordance with
nal wire braid protection in addition to the reinforce-
[2.6.2] and tested in accordance with [20.2.1].
ment mentioned above.
c) These requirements may also be applied to temporary e) Flexible hoses for use in steam systems are to be of
connected flexible hoses or hoses of portable equip- metallic construction.
ment, and media not indicated in d).
f) Flexible hoses are to be complete with approved end fit-
d) Flexible hose assemblies as defined in a) may be tings in accordance with the Manufacturer's specifica-
accepted for use in fuel oil, lubricating, hydraulic and tion. End connections that do not have a flange are to
thermal oil systems, fresh water and sea water cooling comply with [2.4.5] as applicable and each type of
systems, compressed air systems, bilge and ballast sys- hose/fitting combination is to be subject to prototype
tems, and Class III steam systems. Flexible hoses in high testing to the same standard as that required by the hose
pressure fuel oil injection systems are not accepted. with particular reference to pressure and impulse tests.
e) Flexible hoses and expansion joints are to be installed in g) The use of hose clamps and similar types of end attach-
accordance with the requirements stated in [5.9.3]. ments is not acceptable for flexible hoses in piping sys-
tems for steam, flammable media, starting air systems or
f) These requirements for flexible hose assemblies are not for sea water systems where failure may result in flood-
applicable to hoses intended to be used in fixed fire- ing. In other piping systems, the use of hose clamps may
extinguishing systems. be accepted where the working pressure is less than 0,5
MPa and provided there are double clamps at each end Failing this, they are to be approved by the Society
connection. when they are fitted:
h) Flexible hoses and expansion joints are to be so • in a class I piping system, or
designed as to withstand the bursting pressure requested • in a class II piping system with a diameter exceeding
by the "Rules for the type approval of flexible hoses and 100 mm, or
expansion joints". • on the ship side, on the collision bulkhead or on fuel
i) Flexible hose assemblies and expansion joints intended tanks under static pressure.
for installation in piping systems where pressure pulses b) Shut-off valves are to be provided where necessary to
and/or high levels of vibration are expected to occur in isolate pumps, heat exchangers, pressure vessels, etc.,
service are to be designed for the maximum expected from the rest of the piping system when necessary, and
impulse peak pressure and forces due to vibration. The in particular:
tests required in [20.2.1] are to take into consideration
• to allow the isolation of duplicate components with-
the maximum anticipated in-service pressures, vibration
out interrupting the fluid circulation
frequencies and forces due to installation.
• for survey or repair purposes.
j) Flexible hose assemblies and expansion joints con-
structed of non-metallic materials intended for installa- 2.7.2 Design of valves and accessories
tion in piping systems for flammable media and sea a) Materials of valve and accessory bodies are to comply
water systems where failure may result in flooding are to with the provisions of [2.1].
be of fire-resistant type, except in cases where such
hoses are installed on open decks, as defined in SOLAS b) Connections of valves and accessories with pipes are to
comply with the provisions of [2.4].
II-2/Reg. 9.2.3.3.2.2(10) and not used for fuel oil lines.
Fire resistance is to be demonstrated by testing accord- c) All valves and accessories are to be so designed as to
ing to ISO 15540 and 15541. prevent the loosening of covers and glands when they
are operated.
k) Flexible hose assemblies are to be selected for the
intended location and application taking into considera- d) Valves are to be so designed as to shut with a right-hand
tion ambient conditions, compatibility with fluids under (clockwise) motion of the wheels.
working pressure and temperature conditions consistent e) Valves are to be provided with local indicators showing
with the Manufacturer's instructions. whether they are open or shut, unless this is readily
apparent.
2.6.3 Conditions of use of expansion joints in sea
water systems and within duct keels and 2.7.3 Valves with remote control
tanks (1/1/2006)
a) All valves which are provided with remote control are
a) The use of non-metallic expansion joints on pipes con- also to be designed for local manual operation.
nected to sea inlets and overboard discharges will be
given special consideration by the Society. As a rule, the b) The remote control system and means of local operation
fitting of such joints between the ship side and the are to be independent. In this respect, arrangement of
valves mentioned in [2.8.3] is not permitted. Further- the local operation by means of a fixed hand pump will
more, unless the above-mentioned valves are fitted with be specially considered by the Society.
remote controls operable from places located above the c) In the case of valves which are to be provided with
freeboard deck, the expansion joints are to be arranged remote control in accordance with the Rules, opening
with guards which effectively enclose, but do not inter- and/or closing of the valves by local manual means is
fere with, the action of the expansion joints and reduce not to render the remote control system inoperable.
to the minimum practicable any flow of water into the d) Power failure of the remote control system is not to
machinery spaces in the event of failure of the flexible cause an undesired change of the valve position.
elements.
b) Use of expansion joints in water lines for other services, 2.8 Sea inlets and overboard discharges
including ballast lines in machinery spaces, in duct
keels and inside double bottom water ballast tanks, and 2.8.1 General
bilge lines inside double bottom tanks and deep tanks, Except where expressly stated in Article [8], the require-
will be given special consideration by the Society. ments of this sub-article do not apply to scuppers and sani-
tary discharges.
2.7 Valves and accessories
2.8.2 Design of sea inlets and overboard
2.7.1 General (1/7/2002) discharges
a) Valves and accessories are normally to be built in a) All inlets and discharges in the shell plating are to be fit-
accordance with a recognised standard. ted with efficient and accessible arrangements for pre-
venting the accidental admission of water into the ship.
Valves and fittings in piping systems are to be compati-
ble with the pipes to which they are attached in respect b) Sea inlets and overboard discharges are to be fitted with
of their strength (see [1.3.2] for design pressure) and are valves complying with [2.7] and [2.8.3].
to be suitable for effective operation at the maximum c) Machinery space main and auxiliary sea inlets and dis-
working pressure they will experience in service. charges in connection with the operation of machinery
are to be fitted with readily accessible valves between sea inlets and outlets thus arranged are to be so con-
the pipes and the shell plating or between the pipes and structed as to withstand the maximum pressure to which
fabricated boxes attached to the shell plating. The valves they may be subjected when such devices are operating.
may be controlled locally and are to be provided with
indicators showing whether they are open or closed. 2.8.5 Ship side connections for blow-down of
boilers
d) Sea inlets are to be so designed and arranged as to limit
turbulence and to avoid the admission of air due to a) Blow-down pipes of boilers are to be provided with
motion of the ship. cocks or valves placed as near the end of the pipes as
possible, while remaining readily accessible and
e) Sea inlets are to be fitted with gratings complying with
located above the engine room floor.
[2.8.4].
f) Provisions are to be made for clearing sea inlet gratings. b) Blow-down valves are to be so designed that it is easy to
ascertain whether they are open or shut. Where cocks
g) Sea chests are to be suitably protected against corrosion. are used, the control keys are to be such that they can-
not be taken off unless the cocks are shut. Where valves
2.8.3 Valves are used, the control-wheels are to be permanently fixed
a) Sea inlet and overboard discharge valves are to be to the spindle.
secured:
c) A protection ring is to be fitted on the shell plating, out-
• directly on the shell plating, or side, at the end of the blow-down pipes. The spigot of
• on sea chests built on the shell plating, with scant- the valve referred to in [2.8.3], item b), is to pass
lings in compliance with Part B, or through this ring.
• on extra-reinforced and short distance pieces
attached to the shell (see Tab 5). 2.9 Control and monitoring
b) The bodies of the valves and distance pieces are to have
a spigot passing through the plating without projecting 2.9.1 General
beyond the external surface of such plating or of the a) Local indicators are to be provided for at least the fol-
doubling plates and stiffening rings, if any. lowing parameters:
c) Valves are to be secured by means of: • pressure, in pressure vessels, at pump or compressor
• bolts screwed through the plating with a counter- discharge, at the inlet of the equipment served, on
sunk head, or the low pressure side of pressure reducing valves
• studs screwed in heavy pads themselves secured to • temperatures, in tanks and vessels, at heat
the hull or chest plating, without penetration of the exchanger inlet and outlet
plating by the stud holes. • levels, in tanks and vessels containing liquids.
d) The use of butterfly valves will be specially considered
b) Safeguards are to be provided where an automatic
by the Society. In any event, butterfly valves not fitted
action is necessary to restore acceptable values for a
with flanges are not to be used for water inlets or over-
faulty parameter.
board discharges unless provisions are made to allow
disassembling at sea of the pipes served by these valves c) Automatic controls are to be provided where it is neces-
without any risk of flooding. sary to maintain parameters related to piping systems at
a pre-set value.
e) The materials of the valve bodies and connecting pieces
are to comply with [2.1.2] and Tab 4.
2.9.2 Level gauges (1/7/2008)
f) Ship side valves serving piping systems made of plastics
Level gauges used in fuel oil systems, pressure lubricating
are to comply with App 3, [3.7.1].
oil systems and other flammable oil systems are to be of a
2.8.4 Gratings type approved by the Society and are subject to the follow-
ing conditions:
a) Gratings are to have a free flow area not less than twice
the total section of the pipes connected to the inlet. • in passenger ships, they are not to require penetration
below the top of the tank and their failure or overfilling
b) When gratings are secured by means of screws with a of the tanks is not to permit release of fuel
countersunk head, the tapped holes provided for such
screws are not to pass through the plating or doubling • in cargo ships, their failure or overfilling of the tank is
plates outside distance pieces or chests. not to permit release of fuel into the space. The use of
cylindrical gauges is prohibited. The Society may permit
c) Screws used for fixing gratings are not to be located in the use of oil-level gauges with flat glasses and self-clos-
the corners of openings in the hull or of doubling plates. ing valves between the gauges and fuel tanks. Their
d) In the case of large sea inlets, the screws used for fixing glasses are to be made of heat-resistant material and
the gratings are to be locked and protected from corro- efficiently protected against shocks.
sion. The above level gauges are to be maintained in the proper
e) When gratings are cleared by use of compressed air or condition to ensure their continued accurate functioning in
steam devices, the chests, distance pieces and valves of service.
Note 1: On cargo ships of less than 500 tons gross tonnage and 3.3.2 Assembly of pipes of unequal thickness
non-propelled ships: If the difference of thickness between pipes to be butt-
• cylindrical gauges may be used provided they are fitted with welded exceeds 10% of the thickness of the thinner pipe
self-closing valves at their lower end as well as at their upper plus 1 mm, subject to a maximum of 4 mm, the thicker pipe
end if the latter is below the maximum liquid level. is to be thinned down to the thickness of the thinner pipe on
• in the case of tanks not subject to filling by power pumps, with a length at least equal to 4 times the offset, including the
the exception of fuel oil service tanks, the valves need not be width of the weld if so desired.
of the self-closing type. Such valves are, however, to be readily
accessible and instruction plates are to be fitted adjacent to 3.3.3 Accessories
them specifying that they are to be kept closed.
a) When accessories such as valves are connected by
welding to pipes, they are to be provided with necks of
3 Welding of steel piping sufficient length to prevent abnormal deformations dur-
ing the execution of welding or heat treatment.
3.1 Application b) For the fixing by welding of branch pipes on pipes, it is
necessary to provide either a thickness increase as indi-
3.1.1
cated in [2.2.5] or a reinforcement by doubling plate or
a) The following requirements apply to welded joints equivalent.
belonging to class I or II piping systems.
They may also be applied to class III piping systems, at 3.4 Preparation of elements to be welded
the discretion of the Society. and execution of welding
b) This article does not apply to refrigerated cargo installa-
tion piping systems operating at temperatures lower 3.4.1 General
than minus 40°C. Attention is drawn to the provisions of Sec 3, which apply
c) The requirements for qualification of welding proce- to the welding of pressure pipes.
dures are given in Part D.
3.4.2 Edge preparation for welded joints
The preparation of the edges is preferably to be carried out
3.2 General by mechanical means. When flame cutting is used, care is
3.2.1 Welding processes to be taken to remove the oxide scales and any notch due to
irregular cutting by matching, grinding or chipping back to
a) Welded joints of pipes are to be made by means of elec-
sound metal.
tric arc or oxyacetylene welding, or any other previ-
ously approved process. 3.4.3 Abutting of parts to be welded
b) When the design pressure exceeds 0,7 MPa, oxyacety- a) The elements to be welded are to be so abutted that sur-
lene welding is not permitted for pipes with an external face misalignments are as small as possible.
diameter greater than 100 mm or a thickness exceeding b) As a general rule, for elements which are butt-welded
6 mm. without a backing ring the misalignment between inter-
3.2.2 Location of joints nal walls is not to exceed the lesser of:
The location of welded joints is to be such that as many as • the value given in Tab 18 as a function of thickness t
possible can be made in a workshop. The location of and internal diameter d of these elements, and
welded joints to be made on board is to be so determined • t/4.
as to permit their joining and inspection in satisfactory con- Where necessary, the pipe ends are to be bored or
ditions. slightly expanded so as to comply with these values; the
thickness obtained is not to be less than the Rule thick-
3.3 Design of welded joints ness.
c) In the case of welding with a backing ring, smaller val-
3.3.1 Types of joints
ues of misalignment are to be obtained so that the space
a) Except for the fixing of flanges on pipes in the cases between the backing ring and the internal walls of the
mentioned in [2.4.4], Fig 1 and for the fixing of branch two elements to be assembled is as small as possible;
pipes, joints between pipes and between pipes and fit- normally this space is not to exceed 0,5 mm.
tings are to be of the butt-welded type. However, for
d) The elements to be welded are to be adequately secured
class I pipes with an internal diameter not exceeding 50
mm and for class II pipes, socket welded connections of so as to prevent modifications of their relative position
and deformations during welding.
approved types may be used.
b) For butt-welded joints between pipes or between pipes e) Tack welds should be made with an electrode suitable
and flanges or other fittings, correctly adjusted backing for the base metal; tack welds which form part of the fin-
rings may be used; such rings are to be either of the ished weld should be made using approved procedures.
same grade of steel as the elements to be welded or of When welding materials requiring preheating are
such a grade as not to adversely influence the weld; if employed, the same preheating should be applied dur-
the backing ring cannot be removed after welding, it is ing tack welding.
to be correctly profiled.
Table 18 : Maximum value of misalignment particularly in the case of welding on board, the treat-
ment is to be performed locally by heating uniformly a
t (mm) circular strip, extending on at least 75 mm on both sides
d (mm) of the welded joint; all precautions are to be taken to
t≤6 6 < t ≤ 10 10 < t
permit accurate checking of the temperature and slow
d < 150 1,0 1,0 1,0 cooling after treatment.
150 ≤ d < 300 1,0 1,5 1,5
d > 300 1,0 1,5 2,0 b) For austenitic and austenitic ferritic steels, post-weld
head treatment is generally not required.
3.4.4 Protection against adverse weather
conditions
Table 20 : Heat treatment temperature
a) Pressure pipes are to be welded, both on board and in
the shop, away from draughts and sudden temperature
variations. Thickness of Stress relief treat-
Type of steel thicker part ment temper-
b) Unless special justification is given, no welding is to be
(mm) ature (°C)
performed if the temperature of the base metal is lower
than 0°C. C and C-Mn steels t ≥ 15 (1) (3) 550 to 620
0,3 Mo t ≥ 15 (1) 580 to 640
3.4.5 Preheating
1 Cr 0,5 Mo t≥8 620 to 680
a) Preheating is to be performed as indicated in Tab 19,
2,25 Cr 1 Mo any (2) 650 to 720
depending on the type of steel, the chemical composi-
tion and the pipe thickness. 0,5 Cr 0,5 Mo 0,25
V
b) The temperatures given in Tab 19 are based on the use
(1) Where steels with specified Charpy V notch impact
of low hydrogen processes. Where low hydrogen pro-
properties at low temperature are used, the thickness
cesses are not used, the Society reserves the right to above which post-weld heat treatment is to be applied
require higher preheating temperatures. may be increased, subject to the special agreement of
the Society.
Table 19 : Preheating temperature (2) For 2,25Cr 1Mo and 0,5Cr 0,5Mo 0,25 V grade steels,
heat treatment may be omitted for pipes having thick-
Thickness of Minimum ness lower than 8 mm, diameter not exceeding 100
Type of steel thicker part preheating mm and service temperature not exceeding 450°C.
(mm) temperature (°C) (3) For C and C-Mn steels, stress relieving heat treatment
C and Mn t ≥ 20 (2) 50 may be omitted up to 30 mm thickness, subject to the
C + --------- ≤ 0 ,40 special agreement of the Society.
C-Mn 6
steels
Mn t ≥ 20 (2) 100
C + --------- > 0 ,40 3.5.2 Heat treatment after welding other than
6
oxyacetylene welding
0,3 Mo t ≥ 13 (2) 100
1 Cr 0,5 Mo t < 13 100 a) Stress relieving heat treatment after welding other than
t ≥ 13 150 oxyacetylene welding is to be performed as indicated in
Tab 20, depending on the type of steel and thickness of
2,25 Cr 1 Mo (1) t < 13 150 the pipes.
t ≥ 13 200
0,5 Cr 0,5 Mo 0,25 V (1) t < 13 150 b) The stress relieving heat treatment is to consist in heat-
t ≥ 13 200 ing slowly and uniformly to a temperature within the
range indicated in the Table, soaking at this temperature
(1) For 2,25 Cr 1 Mo and 0,5 Cr 0,5 Mo 0,25 V grades with
for a suitable period, normally one hour per 25 mm of
thicknesses up to 6 mm, preheating may be omitted if
thickness with a minimum of half an hour, cooling
the results of hardness tests carried out on welding pro-
slowly and uniformly in the furnace to a temperature
cedure qualification are considered acceptable by the
Society.
not exceeding 400°C and subsequently cooling in still
atmosphere.
(2) For welding in ambient temperature below 0°C, the
minimum preheating temperature is required inde-
c) In any event, the heat treatment temperature is not to be
pendent of the thickness unless specially approved by
higher than (TT - 20)°C, where TT is the temperature of
the Society.
the final tempering treatment of the material
3.5 Post-weld heat treatment
3.5.3 Heat treatment after oxyacetylene welding
3.5.1 General Stress relieving heat treatment after oxyacetylene welding is
a) As far as practicable, the heat treatment is to be carried to be performed as indicated in Tab 21, depending on the
out in a furnace. Where this is impracticable, and more type of steel.
3.6 Inspection of welded joints 3.6.4 Defects and acceptance criteria (1/7/2007)
a) Joints for which non-destructive examinations reveal
3.6.1 General unacceptable defects are to be re-welded and subse-
a) The inspection of pressure pipe welded joints is to be quently to undergo a new non-destructive examination.
performed at the various stages of the fabrication further The Surveyor may require that the number of joints to be
to the qualifications defined in [3.1.1], item c). subjected to non-destructive examination is larger than
b) The examination mainly concerns those parts to be that resulting from the provisions of [3.6.3].
welded further to their preparation, the welded joints b) The acceptance criteria of defects are:
once they have been made and the conditions for carry- • for class I pipes, those defined in the "Rules for car-
ing out possible heat treatments. rying out not-destructive examinations of welding"
c) The required examinations are to be carried out by qual- for the special quality level,
ified operators in accordance with procedures and tech- • for class II pipes, those defined in the "Rules for car-
niques to the Surveyor’s satisfaction. rying out not-destructive examinations of welding"
for the normal quality level.
Table 21 : Heat treatment after oxyacetylene welding
of which is fitted as required in a), provided the Society valves and their control system being inboard of the
is satisfied that there is no practical alternative to the fit- assumed extent of damage, or
ting of such a second pipe and that, having regard to the • the tanks to which the pipe concerned leads are
additional subdivision provided in the forepeak, the regarded in the damage stability calculations as
safety of the ship is maintained. being flooded when damage occurs in a compart-
c) The remote operation device of the valve referred to in ment through which the pipe passes.
a) is to include an indicator to show whether the valve is
c) Valves required to be operable from above the bulkhead
open or shut.
deck are to be fitted with an indicator to show whether
the valve is open or shut.
5.4 Independence of lines
Where the valve is remote controlled by other than
5.4.1 As a general rule, bilge and ballast lines are to be mechanical means, and where the remote control sys-
entirely independent and distinct from lines conveying liq- tem is located, even partly, within the assumed extent of
uid cargo, lubricating oil and fuel oil, with the exception of: damage penetration, this system is to be such that the
valve is automatically closed by loss of power.
• pipes located between collecting boxes and pump suc-
tions d) Air and overflow pipes are to be so arranged as to pre-
• pipes located between pumps and overboard discharges vent the possibility of flooding of other tanks in other
watertight compartments in the event of any one tank
• pipes supplying compartments likely to be used alterna-
being flooded.
tively for ballast, fuel oil or liquid or dry cargoes, pro-
vided such pipes are fitted with blind flanges or other This arrangement is to be such that in the range of posi-
appropriate change-over devices, in order to avoid any tive residual righting levers beyond the angle of equilib-
mishandling. rium stage of flooding, the progressive flooding of tanks
or watertight compartments other than that flooded does
5.5 Prevention of progressive flooding not occur.
5.8 Protection of pipes 5.9.3 Flexible hoses and expansion joints (1/1/2006)
5.8.1 Protection against shocks a) Flexible hoses are to be so arranged as to be clearly vis-
ible and readily accessible at all times.
Pipes passing through cargo holds and ‘tweendecks are to
be protected against shocks by means of strong casings. b) In general, flexible hoses and expansion joints are to be
limited to a length necessary to provide for relative
5.8.2 Protection against corrosion and erosion movement between fixed and flexibly mounted items of
a) Pipes are to be efficiently protected against corrosion, machinery/equipment or systems.
particularly in their most exposed parts, either by selec-
tion of their constituent materials, or by an appropriate c) Flexible hose assemblies and expansion joints are not to
coating or treatment. be installed where they may be subjected to torsion
deformation (twisting) under normal operating condi-
b) The layout and arrangement of sea water pipes are to be tions.
such as to prevent sharp bends and abrupt changes in
section as well as zones where water may stagnate. The d) The adjoining pipes are to be suitably aligned, sup-
inner surface of pipes is to be as smooth as possible, ported, guided and anchored.
especially in way of joints. Where pipes are protected
e) The number of flexible hoses and expansion joints is to
against corrosion by means of galvanising or other inner
be kept to a minimum.
coating, arrangements are to be made so that this coat-
ing is continuous, as far as possible, in particular in way f) Where flexible hoses and expansion joints are intended
of joints. to be used in piping systems conveying flammable fluids
c) If galvanised steel pipes are used for sea water systems, that are in close proximity to heated surfaces, the risk of
the water velocity is not to exceed 3 m/s. ignition due to failure of the hose assembly and subse-
quent release of fluids is to be mitigated as far as practi-
d) If copper pipes are used for sea water systems, the water
cable by the use of screens or other similar protection to
velocity is not to exceed 2 m/s.
the satisfaction of the Society.
e) Arrangements are to be made to avoid galvanic corro-
sion. g) Expansion joints are to be protected against over-exten-
sion and over-compression.
5.8.3 Protection against frosting
h) The installation of flexible hose assemblies and expan-
Pipes are to be adequately insulated against cold wherever
sion joints is to be in accordance with the Manufac-
deemed necessary to prevent frost.
turer's instructions and use limitations with particular
This applies specifically to pipes passing through refriger- attention to the following, as applicable:
ated spaces and which are not intended to ensure the refrig-
eration of such spaces. • orientation
• end connection support (where necessary)
5.8.4 Protection of high temperature pipes and
components (1/7/2006) • avoidance of hose contact that could cause rubbing
a) All pipes and other components where the temperature and abrasion
may exceed 220°C are to be efficiently insulated, as • minimum bend radii.
indicated in Sec 1, [3.7].
b) Particular attention is to be paid to lagging in way of 5.9.4 Thermometers
flanges. Thermometers and other temperature-detecting elements in
fluid systems under pressure are to be provided with pock-
5.9 Valves, accessories and fittings ets built and secured so that the thermometers and detect-
ing elements can be removed while keeping the piping
5.9.1 General under pressure.
Cocks, valves and other accessories are generally to be
arranged so that they are easily visible and accessible for 5.9.5 Pressure gauges
manoeuvring, control and maintenance. They are to be
installed in such a way as to operate properly. Pressure gauges and other similar instruments are to be fit-
ted with an isolating valve or cock at the connection with
5.9.2 Valves and accessories the main pipe.
a) In machinery spaces and tunnels, the cocks, valves and
other accessories of the fluid lines referred to in this Sec- 5.9.6 Nameplates
tion are to be placed: a) Accessories such as cocks and valves on the fluid lines
• above the floor, referred to in this Section are to be provided with name-
• or, when this is not possible, immediately under the plates indicating the apparatus and lines they serve
floor, provided provision is made for their easy except where, due to their location on board, there is no
access and control in service. doubt as to their purpose.
b) Control-wheels of low inlet valves are to rise at least b) Nameplates are to be fitted at the upper part of air and
0,45 m above the lowest floor. sounding pipes.
5.10 Additional arrangements for flammable b) Drip trays with adequate drainage to contain possible
fluids leakage from flammable fluid systems are to be fitted:
• under independent tanks (refer to App 4, [2.3.2])
5.10.1 General
• under burners
The requirements in [5.10.3] and [5.10.4] apply to:
• under purifiers and any other oil processing equip-
• fuel oil systems, in all spaces
ment
• lubricating oil systems, in machinery spaces
• under pumps, heat exchangers and filters
• other flammable oil systems, in locations where means
• under valves and all accessories subject to oil leak-
of ignition are present.
age
5.10.2 Prohibition of carriage of flammable oils in • surrounding internal combustion engines.
forepeak tanks
c) The coaming height of drip trays is to suit the amount of
In cargo ships of more than 400 tons gross tonnage and in potential oil spillage.
passenger ships, fuel oil, lubricating oil and other flamma-
ble oils are not to be carried in forepeak tanks or tanks for- d) Where drain pipes are provided for collecting leakages,
ward of the collision bulkhead. they are to be led to an appropriate drain tank.
6.2.2 Availability of the bilge system 6.3.3 Prevention of communication between spaces
- Independence of the lines
The bilge system is to be able to work while the other essen-
a) Bilge lines are to be so arranged as to avoid inadvertent
tial installations of the ship, especially the fire-fighting
flooding of any dry compartment.
installations, are in service.
b) Bilge lines are to be entirely independent and distinct
from other lines except where permitted in [5.4].
6.2.3 Bilge and ballast systems
c) In ships designed for the carriage of flammable or toxic
The arrangement of the bilge and ballast pumping system liquids in enclosed cargo spaces, the bilge pumping sys-
shall be such as to prevent the possibility of water passing tem is to be designed to prevent the inadvertent pump-
from the sea and from water ballast spaces into the cargo ing of such liquids through machinery space piping or
and machinery spaces, or from one compartment to pumps.
another.
Provisions shall be made to prevent any deep tank having 6.4 Draining of cargo spaces
bilge and ballast connections being inadvertently flooded
from the sea when containing cargo, or being discharged 6.4.1 General
through a bilge pump when containing water ballast. a) Cargo holds are to be fitted with bilge suctions con-
nected to the bilge main.
b) Drainage arrangements for cargo holds likely to be used
6.3 Design of bilge systems alternatively for ballast, fuel oil or liquid or dry cargoes
are to comply with [7.1].
6.3.1 General
6.4.2 Ships without double bottom
a) The bilge pumping system is to consist of pumps con- a) In ships without double bottom, bilge suctions are to be
nected to a bilge main line so arranged as to allow the provided in the holds:
draining of all spaces mentioned in [6.2.1] through
bilge branches, distribution boxes and bilge suctions, • at the aft end in the centreline where the rise of floor
except for some small spaces where individual suctions exceeds 5°,
by means of hand pumps may be accepted as stated in • at the aft end on each side in other cases.
[6.6.3] and [6.6.4]. b) Additional suctions may be required if, due to the par-
ticular shape of the floor, the water within the compart-
b) If deemed acceptable by the Society, bilge pumping ment cannot be entirely drained by means of the
arrangements may be dispensed with in specific com- suctions mentioned in a) above.
partments provided the safety of the ship is not
impaired. 6.4.3 Ships with double bottom (1/7/2011)
a) In ships with double bottom, bilge suctions are to be
6.3.2 Number and distribution of bilge suctions provided in the holds on each side aft. Where the dou-
ble bottom plating extends from side to side, the bilge
a) Draining of watertight spaces is to be possible, when the suctions are to be led to wells located at the wings.
ship is on an even keel and either is upright or has a list Where the double bottom plating slopes down to the
of up to 5°, by means of at least: centreline by more than 5°, only one centreline well
• two suctions in machinery spaces, including one with a suction may be accepted.
branch bilge suction and one direct suction and, in b) If the inner bottom is of a particular design, shows dis-
addition, for spaces containing propulsion machin- continuity or is provided with longitudinal wells, the
ery, one emergency bilge suction number and position of bilge suctions will be given spe-
cial consideration by the Society.
• one suction in other spaces.
6.4.4 Ships with holds over 30 m in length
See also [6.5.5].
In holds greater than 30 m in length, bilge suctions are to be
b) Bilge suctions are to be arranged as follows: provided in the fore and aft ends.
• in the case of compartments of unusual form, addi- 6.4.6 Drainage of cargo spaces, other than ro-ro
tional suctions may be required to ensure effective spaces, intended for the carriage of motor
draining under the conditions mentioned in [6.3.2], vehicles with fuel in their tanks for their own
item a). propulsion (1/7/2011)
In cargo spaces, other than ro-ro spaces, intended for the
c) In all cases, arrangements are to be made such as to carriage of motor vehicles with fuel in their tanks for their
allow a free and easy flow of water to bilge suctions. own propulsion, when fixed pressure water-spraying sys-
tems are fitted, in view of the serious loss of stability which largest available independent power driven pump to the
could arise due to large quantities of water accumulating on drainage level of the machinery space. Such a pump is
the deck or decks during the operation of the fixed pressure not to be a bilge pump. Its capacity when the emer-
water-spraying system, the following arrangements are to be gency suction is operating is to be at least equal to the
provided: required capacity of each bilge pump as determined in
a) the drainage and pumping arrangements are to be such [6.7.4].
as to prevent the build-up of free surfaces. In such case, c) The emergency bilge suction is to be located at the low-
the drainage system is to be sized to remove no less than est possible level in the machinery spaces.
125% of the combined capacity of both the water-
spraying system pumps and the required number of fire 6.5.5 Number and distribution of suctions in
hose nozzles, taking into account the guidelines devel- propulsion machinery spaces
oped by IMO [see Note 1]. The drainage system valves a) In propulsion machinery spaces, bilge suctions are to
are to be operable from outside the protected space at a include:
position in the vicinity of the extinguishing system con- • where the bottom of the space, bottom plating or top
trols. Bilge wells are to be of sufficient holding capacity of the double bottom slope down to the centreline
and are to be arranged at the side shell of the ship at a by more than 5°, at least two centreline suctions, i.e.
distance from each other of not more than 40 m in each one branch bilge suction and one direct suction, or
watertight compartment. If this is not possible, the
adverse effect upon stability of the added weight and • where the bottom of the space is horizontal or
free surface of water is to be taken into account to the slopes down to the sides, at least two suctions, i.e.
extent deemed necessary by the Society in its approval one branch bilge suction and one direct suction, on
of the stability information (see Note 2). Such informa- each side,
tion is to be included in the stability information sup- • and one emergency bilge suction.
plied to the Master. See Pt B, Ch 3, App 2. b) If the tank top is of a particular design or shows discon-
b) for closed vehicles spaces, where fixed pressure water- tinuity, additional suctions may be required.
spraying systems are fitted, means are to be provided to
c) Where the propulsion machinery space is located aft,
prevent the blockage of drainage arrangements, taking
suctions are normally to be provided on each side at the
into account the guidelines developed by IMO (see
fore end and, except where not practicable due to the
Note 1).
shape of the space, on each side at the aft end of the
Note 1: see resolution MSC.1/Circ. 1320 "Guidelines for the drain- space.
age of fire-fighting water from closed vehicle and ro-ro spaces and
special category spaces of passenger and cargo ships" d) In electrically propelled ships, provision is to be made
Note 2: see Resolution A.123(V). to prevent accumulation of water under electric genera-
tors and motors.
6.5 Draining of machinery spaces 6.5.6 Number and distribution of suctions in boiler
and auxiliary machinery spaces
6.5.1 General
In boiler and auxiliary compartments, bilge suctions are to
Where all the propulsion machinery, boilers and main aux-
include:
iliaries are located in a single watertight space, the bilge
suctions are to be distributed and arranged in accordance • bilge branch suctions distributed as required in [6.4.2]
with the provisions of [6.5.5]. to [6.4.5] for cargo holds
• one direct suction.
6.5.2 Branch bilge suction
The branch bilge suction is to be connected to the bilge 6.6 Draining of dry spaces other than cargo
main.
holds and machinery spaces
6.5.3 Direct suction
6.6.1 General
The direct suction is to be led direct to an independent
power bilge pump and so arranged that it can be used inde- a) Except where otherwise specified, bilge suctions are to
pendently of the main bilge line. be branch bilge suctions, i.e. suctions connected to a
bilge main.
The use of ejectors for pumping through the direct suction
will be given special consideration. b) Draining arrangements of tanks are to comply with the
provisions of [7].
6.5.4 Emergency bilge suction
a) The emergency bilge suction is to be led directly from 6.6.2 Draining of cofferdams
the drainage level of the machinery space to a main cir- a) All cofferdams are to be provided with suction pipes led
culating (or cooling) pump and fitted with a non-return to the bilge main.
valve. b) Where cofferdams are divided by longitudinal water-
b) In ships where, in the opinion of the Society, the main tight bulkheads or girders into two or more parts, a sin-
circulating (or cooling) pump is not suitable for this pur- gle suction pipe led to the aft end of each part is
pose, the emergency bilge suction is to be led from the acceptable.
ensure the priming of pumps under normal operating D is measured to the next deck above the
conditions. bulkhead deck. Where the enclosed cargo
b) Circulating or cooling water pumps connected to an spaces cover a lesser length, D is to be taken
emergency bilge suction need not be of the self-priming as the moulded depth to the bulkhead deck
type. plus lh/L where l and h are the aggregate
length and height, respectively, of the
c) Sanitary, ballast and general service pumps may be
enclosed cargo spaces, in m.
accepted as independent power bilge pumps if fitted
Note 1: In cargo ships fitted with side ballast tanks forming a dou-
with the necessary connections to the bilge pumping
ble hull on the whole length of the holds, the diameter of the
system.
bilge main may be determined by introducing the actual
d) Hand pumps are to have a maximum suction height not breadth of the holds amidships as B in the above formula. The
exceeding 7,30 m and to be operable from a position cross-section of the bilge main is, however, not to be less than
located above the load waterline. twice the cross-section of the largest branch suction to these
spaces.
6.7.6 Connection of power pumps b) Where the bilge pumps are designed to pump from the
a) Bilge pumps and other power pumps serving essential machinery space only, the internal diameter d, in mm,
services which have common suction or discharge are of the bilge main may be less than that required in (a)
to be connected to the pipes in such a way that: but not less than that calculated with the following for-
• compartments and piping lines remain segregated in mula:
order to prevent possible intercommunication
d = 35 + 3 L 0 ( B + D )
• the operation of any pump is not affected by the
simultaneous operation of other pumps. where:
b) The isolation of any bilge pump for examination, repair L0 : Length of the engine room, in m
or maintenance is to be made possible without imped- B : Breadth of the ship, in m, as defined in a)
ing the operation of the remaining bilge pumps. D : Moulded depth of the ship to the bulkhead
deck, in m, as defined in a)
6.7.7 Electrical supply of submersible pump
motors In any case, the internal section of the bilge main is not
a) Where submersible bilge pumps are provided, arrange- to be less than twice that of the bilge suction pipes
ments are to be made to start their motors from a con- determined from [6.8.3].
venient position above the bulkhead deck. c) When fixed pressure water-spraying systems are fitted in
b) Where an additional local-starting device is provided at closed vehicle spaces and closed ro-ro spaces, the
the motor of a permanently installed submersible bilge requirements contained in the guidelines developed by
pump, the circuit is to be arranged to provide for the IMO (see Note 2) are to be satisfied (see Note 3).
disconnection of all control wires therefrom at a posi- Note 2: see resolution MSC.1/Circ. 1320 "Guidelines for the drain-
tion adjacent to the starter installed on the deck. age of fire-fighting water from closed vehicle and ro-ro spaces
and special category spaces of passenger and cargo ships"
6.8 Size of bilge pipes Note 3: the requirement in [6.8.1] c) need not be applied to cargo
ships less than 500 GT.
6.8.1 Bilge main line (1/7/2011) d) In no case is the actual internal diameter to be:
a) The diameter of the bilge main is to be calculated • more than 5 mm smaller than that obtained from the
according to the following formula: formula given in a) or b), or
d = 25 + 1 ,68 L ( B + D ) • less than 60 mm.
where: 6.8.2 Distribution box branch pipes
d : The internal diameter of the bilge main, in The cross-section of any branch pipe connecting the bilge
mm main to a bilge distribution box is not to be less than the
L : Length of the ship is the length measured sum of the cross-sections required for the two largest branch
between perpendiculars taken at the suctions connected to this box. However, this cross-section
extremities of the deepest subdivision load need not exceed that of the bilge main.
line, in m.
B : Breadth of the ship is the extreme width 6.8.3 Branch bilge suction pipes (1/7/2011)
from outside of frame to outside of frame at a) The internal diameter, in mm, of pipes situated between
or below the deepest subdivision load line, distribution boxes and suctions in holds and machinery
in m. spaces is not to be less than the diameter given by the
D : Moulded depth of the ship to the bulkhead following formula (a smaller actual diameter may be
deck, in m, provided that, in a ship having accepted, as specified in [6.8.1], b):
an enclosed cargo space on the bulkhead d 1 = 25 + 2 ,16 L 1 ( B + D )
deck which is internally drained in accord-
ance with the requirements of [8.5.3] and where:
which extends for the full length of the ship, B and D : as defined in [6.8.1]
L1 : Length of the compartment, in m. not less than that obtained from the formula specified in
d1 is not to be less than 50 mm and need not exceed Pt E, Ch 7, Sec 4 .
100 mm.
b) For ships other than passenger ships, which have side
6.9 Bilge accessories
ballast tanks forming a double hull, the diameter of suc- 6.9.1 Drain valves on watertight bulkheads
tion pipes in holds may be determined by introducing as
B the actual breadth of the holds. a) The fitting of drain valves or similar devices is not
allowed on the collision bulkhead.
c) When fixed pressure water-spraying systems are fitted in
closed vehicle spaces and closed ro-ro spaces, the b) On other watertight bulkheads, the fitting of drain valves
requirements contained in the guidelines developed by or similar devices is allowed unless practical alternative
IMO (see Note 1) are to be satisfied (see Note 2). draining means exist. Such valves are to be easily acces-
sible at all times and operable from above the freeboard
Note 1: see resolution MSC.1/Circ. 1320 "Guidelines for the drain-
deck. Means indicating whether the valves are open or
age of fire-fighting water from closed vehicle and ro-ro spaces
closed are to be provided.
and special category spaces of passenger and cargo ships".
Note 2: the requirement in [6.8.3] c) need not be applied to cargo 6.9.2 Screw-down non-return valves
ships less than 500 GT.
a) Accessories are to be provided to prevent intercommu-
6.8.4 Direct suctions other than emergency nication of compartments or lines which are to remain
suctions segregated from one another. For this purpose, non-
return devices are to be fitted:
a) Direct suctions are to be suitably arranged and those in
a machinery space are to be of a diameter not less than • on the pipe connections to bilge distribution boxes
that required for the bilge main. or to the alternative valves, if any
b) In cargo ships having separate machinery spaces of • on direct and emergency suctions in machinery
small dimensions, the size of the direct suctions need spaces
not exceed that given in [6.8.3] for branch bilge suc- • on the suctions of pumps which also have connec-
tions. tions from the sea or from compartments normally
intended to contain liquid
6.8.5 Emergency suctions in machinery spaces • on flexible bilge hose connections
a) The diameter of emergency bilge suction pipes is to be: • on the suctions of water bilge ejectors
• at least two thirds of the diameter of the pump inlet • at the open end of bilge pipes passing through deep
in the case of steamships tanks
• the same as the diameter of the pump inlet in the • in compliance with the provisions for the prevention
case of motorships. of progressive flooding, if applicable.
b) Where the emergency suction is connected to a pump b) Screw-down and other non-return valves are to be of a
other than a main circulating or cooling pump, the suc- recognised type which does not offer undue obstruction
tion is to be the same diameter as the main inlet of the to the flow of water.
pump.
6.9.3 Mud boxes
6.8.6 Bilge suctions from tunnels
In machinery spaces and shaft tunnels, termination pipes of
Bilge suction pipes to tunnel wells are not to be less than 65 bilge suctions are to be straight and vertical and are to be
mm in diameter. In ships up to 60 metres in length, this led to mud boxes so arranged as to be easily inspected and
diameter may be reduced to 50 mm. cleaned.
6.8.7 Scuppers in aft spaces The lower end of the termination pipe is not to be fitted with
a strum box.
Any scupper provided for draining aft spaces and discharg-
ing to the tunnel is to have an internal diameter not less 6.9.4 Strum boxes
than 35 mm.
a) In compartments other than machinery spaces and shaft
6.8.8 Bilge for small ships (1/1/2001) tunnels, the open ends of bilge suction pipes are to be
For cargo ships of a length L, as defined in [6.8.1], under fitted with strum boxes or strainers having holes not
20 m and assigned with a restricted navigation notation, as more than 10 mm in diameter. The total area of such
well as for sailing ships with or without auxiliary engine, the holes is to be not less than twice the required cross-sec-
bilge system will be specially considered by the Society in tional area of the suction pipe.
each single case. b) Strum boxes are to be so designed that they can be
cleaned without having to remove any joint of the suc-
6.8.9 Bilge main for tankers (1/1/2001) tion pipe.
In tankers and other ships where the bilge pumps are
designed to pump from the machinery space only, the inter- 6.9.5 Bilge wells
nal diameter d, in mm, of the bilge main may be less than a) The wells provided for draining the various compart-
that required by the formula in [6.8.1] above, but it is to be ments are to be made of steel plate and their capacity is
not to be less than 0,15 m3. In small compartments, positions which are accessible under ordinary circum-
smaller cylindrical wells may be fitted. stances
b) Bilge wells are to comply with the relevant provisions of Hand-wheels of valves controlling emergency bilge suc-
Part B. tions are to rise at least 0,45 m above the manoeuvring
floor.
6.9.6 Liquid sealed traps
a) The bilge line of refrigerated spaces is to be provided 7 Ballast systems
with liquid sealed traps of adequate size arranged for
easy cleaning and refilling with brine. These traps are to 7.1 Design of ballast systems
be fitted with removable grids intended to hold back
waste products when defrosting. 7.1.1 Independence of ballast lines
Ballast lines are to be entirely independent and distinct
b) Where drain pipes from separate refrigerated rooms join from other lines except where permitted in [5.4].
a common main, each of these pipes is to be provided
with a liquid sealed trap. 7.1.2 Prevention of undesirable communication
between spaces or with the sea
c) As a general rule, liquid sealed traps are to be fitted with
non-return valves. However, for refrigerated spaces not Ballast systems in connection with bilge systems are to be
situated in the ship bottom, non-return valves may be so designed as to avoid any risk of undesirable communica-
omitted, provided this arrangement does not impair the tion between spaces or with the sea. See [6.2.3].
integrity of the watertight subdivision. 7.1.3 Alternative carriage of ballast water and fuel
oil
6.10 Materials a) Oily ballast systems serving tanks intended for alterna-
tive carriage of fuel oil and water ballast are to be inde-
6.10.1 All bilge pipes used in or under coal bunkers or fuel pendent of clean ballast systems:
storage tanks or in boiler or machinery spaces, including • serving the other ballast tanks, or
spaces in which oil-settling tanks or fuel oil pumping units
• connected to tanks also intended to contain feed
are situated, shall be of steel or other suitable material non-
water.
sensitive to heat.
b) Where tanks are intended to alternatively contain fuel
oil and ballast water, the relevant piping systems are to
6.11 Bilge piping arrangement be arranged in accordance with [11.4.4].
6.11.1 Passage through double bottom 7.1.4 Alternative carriage of ballast water or other
compartments (1/7/2006) liquids and dry cargo
Bilge pipes are not to pass through double bottom compart- Holds and deep tanks designed for the alternative carriage
ments. If such arrangement is unavoidable, the parts of bilge of water ballast, fuel oil or dry cargo are to have their filling
pipes passing through double bottom compartments are to and suction lines provided with blind flanges or appropriate
comply with [5.2.3]. change-over devices to prevent any mishandling.
6.11.2 Passage through deep tanks (1/7/2006) 7.1.5 Alternative carriage of ballast water and feed
water
The parts of bilge pipes passing through deep tanks
intended to contain water ballast, fresh water, liquid cargo Where tanks are intended to alternatively contain ballast
or fuel oil are normally to be contained within pipe tunnels. water and feed water, the suction line is to have removable
Alternatively, such parts are to comply with [5.2.3]; the elbows for connection to the ballast and feed water systems,
number of joints is to be as small as possible. These pipes so as to avoid any accidental interconnection between the
are to be provided at their ends in the holds with non-return two systems due to manoeuvring error.
valves. The same arrangement is required for tanks intended for
ballast and vegetable oils, or for other cargoes which may
6.11.3 Provision for expansion not come in contact with sea water.
Where necessary, bilge pipes inside tanks are to be fitted
with expansion bends. Sliding joints are not permitted for 7.2 Ballast pumping arrangement
this purpose.
7.2.1 Filling and suction pipes
6.11.4 Connections a) All tanks including aft and fore peak and double bottom
Connections used for bilge pipes passing through tanks are tanks intended for ballast water are to be provided with
to be welded joints or reinforced welded flange connec- suitable filling and suction pipes connected to special
tions. power driven pumps of adequate capacity.
b) Small tanks used for the carriage of domestic fresh water
6.11.5 Access to valves and distribution boxes may be served by hand pumps.
All distribution boxes and manually operated valves in con- c) Suctions are to be so positioned that the transfer of sea
nection with the bilge pumping arrangement shall be in water can be suitably carried out in the normal operat-
ing conditions of the ship. In particular, two suctions 8.3.1 Normal arrangement
may be required in long compartments. Scuppers and sanitary discharges from spaces below the
freeboard deck or from within superstructures and deck-
7.2.2 Pumps (1/7/2012) houses on the freeboard deck fitted with doors complying
At least two power pumps connected to the ballast system with the provisions of Pt B, Ch 9, Sec 6 are to be led to:
are to be provided, one of which may be driven by the pro-
• the bilge in the case of scuppers,
pulsion machinery.
• or suitable sanitary tanks in the case of sanitary dis-
Bilge pumps may be used for ballast water transfer provided charges.
the provisions of [6.7.3] are fulfilled.
8.3.2 Alternative arrangement
7.2.3 Passage of ballast pipes through
tanks (1/7/2006) The scuppers and sanitary discharges may be led overboard
provided that:
If not contained in pipe tunnels, the parts of ballast pipes
passing through tanks intended to contain fresh water, fuel • the spaces drained are located above the load waterline
oil or liquid cargo are to comply with [5.2.3]. formed by a 5° heel, to port or starboard, at a draft cor-
responding to the assigned summer freeboard,
7.3 Ballast Water Management Systems • and the pipes are fitted with efficient means of prevent-
ing water from passing inboard in accordance with:
7.3.1 (1/1/2017)
• [8.7] where the spaces are located below the mar-
When a Ballast water Management (treatment) system is gin line,
installed on board, the requirements in App 8 are to be
• [8.8] where the spaces are located above the mar-
complied with.
gin line.
8 Scuppers and sanitary discharges Note 1: The margin line is defined as a line drawn at least 76 mm
below the upper surface of:
• the bulkhead deck at side, for passenger ships,
8.1 Application
• the freeboard deck at side, for cargo ships.
8.1.1
a) This Article applies to: 8.4 Drainage of superstructures or deck-
houses not fitted with efficient weather-
• scuppers and sanitary discharge systems, and
tight doors
• discharges from sewage tanks.
b) Discharges in connection with machinery operation are 8.4.1 Scuppers leading from superstructures or deck-
dealt with in [2.8]. houses not fitted with doors complying with the require-
ments of Pt B, Ch 9, Sec 6 are to be led overboard.
Note 1: Arrangements not in compliance with the provisions of
this Article may be considered for the following ships:
• ships of less than 24 m in length 8.5 Drainage of enclosed cargo spaces situ-
• cargo ships of less than 500 tons gross tonnage
ated on the bulkhead deck or on the
freeboard deck
• ships to be assigned restricted navigation notations
• non-propelled units. 8.5.1 General
Means of drainage are to be provided for enclosed cargo
8.2 Principle spaces situated on the bulkhead deck of a passenger ship
and on the freeboard deck of a cargo ship. The Society may
8.2.1 permit the means of drainage to be dispensed with in any
a) Scuppers, sufficient in number and suitable in size, are particular compartment if it is satisfied that, by reason of
to be provided to permit the drainage of water likely to size or internal subdivision of such space, the safety of the
accumulate in the spaces which are not located in the ship is not impaired.
ship's bottom.
8.5.2 Cases of spaces located above the waterline
b) The number of scuppers and sanitary discharge open- resulting from a 5° heel
ings in the shell plating is to be reduced to a minimum a) Scuppers led through the shell from enclosed super-
either by making each discharge serve as many as possi- structures used for the carriage of cargo are permitted,
ble of the sanitary and other pipes, or in any other satis- provided the spaces drained are located above the
factory manner. waterline resulting from a 5° heel to port or starboard at
a draught corresponding to the assigned summer free-
8.3 Drainage from spaces below the free- board. Such scuppers are to be fitted in accordance with
board deck or within enclosed super- the requirements stated in [8.7] or [8.8].
structures and deckhouses on the b) In other cases, the drainage is to be led inboard in
freeboard deck accordance with the provisions of [8.5.3].
8.5.3 Cases where the bulkhead or freeboard deck Where the vertical distance from the summer load waterline
edge is immersed when the ship heels 5° or to the inboard end of the discharge pipe exceeds 0,01 L, the
less discharge may have two automatic non-return valves with-
Where the freeboard is such that the edge of the bulkhead out positive means of closing, provided that the inboard
deck or of the freeboard deck is immersed when the ship valve:
heels 5° or less, the drainage of the enclosed cargo spaces • is above the deepest subdivision load line, and
on the bulkhead deck or on the freeboard deck is to be led
• is always accessible for examination under service con-
to a suitable space, or spaces, of appropriate capacity, hav-
ditions.
ing a high water level alarm and provided with suitable
arrangements for discharge overboard. In addition, it is to
be ensured that: 8.8 Arrangement of discharges from spaces
• the number, size and arrangement of the scuppers are
above the margin line
such as to prevent unreasonable accumulation of free 8.8.1 General
water,
a) The provisions of this sub-article are applicable only to
• the pumping arrangements take account of the require- those discharges which remain open during the normal
ments for any fixed pressure water-spraying fire-extin- operation of a ship. For discharges which must necessar-
guishing system ily be closed at sea, such as gravity drains from topside
• water contaminated with petrol or other dangerous sub- ballast tanks, a single screw-down valve operated from
stances is not drained to machinery spaces or other the deck may be accepted.
spaces where sources of ignition may be present, and
b) The position of the inboard end of discharges is related
• where the enclosed cargo space is protected by a car- to the timber summer load waterline when a timber
bon dioxide fire-extinguishing system, the deck scup- freeboard is assigned.
pers are fitted with means to prevent the escape of the
smothering gas. 8.8.2 Normal arrangement
Normally, each separate discharge led though the shell plat-
8.6 Drainage of cargo spaces, other than ro- ing from spaces above the margin line is to be provided
ro spaces, intended for the carriage of with:
motor vehicles with fuel in their tanks • one automatic non-return valve fitted with positive
for their own propulsion means of closing it from a position above the bulkhead
or freeboard deck, or
8.6.1 Prevention of build-up of free • one automatic non-return valve and one sluice valve
surfaces (1/7/2011) controlled from above the bulkhead or freeboard deck.
In cargo spaces, other than ro-ro spaces, intended for the
carriage of motor vehicles with fuel in their tanks for their 8.8.3 Alternative arrangement when the inboard
own propulsion and fitted with a fixed pressure water-spray- end of the discharge pipe is above the
ing fire-extinguishing system, the drainage arrangement is to summer waterline by more than 0,01 L
be in compliance with the requirements contained in the Where the vertical distance from the summer load waterline
guidelines developed by IMO (see Note 1) such as to pre- to the inboard end of the discharge pipe exceeds 0,01 L, the
vent the build-up of free surfaces. discharge may have two automatic non-return valves with-
Note 1: see resolution MSC.1/Circ. 1320 "Guidelines for the drain-
out positive means of closing, provided that:
age of fire-fighting water from closed vehicle and ro-ro spaces and • the inboard valve is above the level of the tropical load
special category spaces of passenger and cargo ships". waterline so as to always be accessible for examination
under service conditions,
8.6.2 Scupper draining
• or, where this is not practicable, a locally controlled
Scuppers from cargo spaces, other than ro-ro spaces, sluice valve is interposed between the two automatic
intended for the carriage of motor vehicles with fuel in their non-return valves.
tanks for their own propulsion are not to be led to machin-
ery spaces or other places where sources of ignition may be 8.8.4 Alternative arrangement when the inboard
present. end of the discharge pipe is above the
summer waterline by more than 0,02 L
8.7 Arrangement of discharges from spaces Where the vertical distance from the summer load waterline
below the margin line to the inboard end of the discharge pipe exceeds 0,02 L, a
single automatic non-return valve without positive means of
8.7.1 Normal arrangement closing may be accepted subject to the approval of the Soci-
Each separate discharge led though the shell plating from ety.
spaces below the margin line is to be provided with one Note 1: This requirement does not apply to ships for which the
automatic non-return valve fitted with positive means of notation chemical tanker or liquefied gas carrier is requested.
closing it from above the bulkhead or freeboard deck.
8.8.5 Arrangement of discharges through manned
8.7.2 Alternative arrangement when the inboard machinery spaces
end of the discharge pipe is above the Where sanitary discharges and scuppers lead overboard
summer waterline by more than 0,01 L through the shell in way of manned machinery spaces, the
fitting at the shell of a locally operated positive closing charge pipes are to be of steel or other ductile material.
valve together with a non-return valve inboard may be Refer to [2.1].
accepted. The operating position of the valve will be given b) Plastic is not to be used for the portion of discharge line
special consideration by the Society. from the shell to the first valve.
8.8.6 Arrangement of discharges through the shell 8.10.2 Thickness of pipes
more than 450 mm below the freeboard deck
or less than 600 mm above the summer load a) The thickness of scupper and discharge pipes led to the
waterline bilge or to draining tanks is not to be less than that
required in [2.2].
Scupper and discharge pipes originating at any level and
penetrating the shell either more than 450 millimetres b) The thickness of scupper and discharge pipes led to the
below the freeboard deck or less than 600 millimetres shell is not to be less than the minimum thickness given
above the summer load waterline are to be provided with a in Tab 22 and Tab 23.
non-return valve at the shell. Unless required by [8.8.2] to
8.10.3 Operation of the valves
[8.8.4], this valve may be omitted if the piping is of substan-
tial thickness, as per Tab 23. a) Where valves are required to have positive means of
closing, such means is to be readily accessible and pro-
8.8.7 Arrangement of discharges through the shell vided with an indicator showing whether the valve is
less than 450 mm below the freeboard deck open or closed.
and more than 600 mm above the summer
b) Where plastic pipes are used for sanitary discharges and
load waterline
scuppers, the valve at the shell is to be operated from
Scupper and discharge pipes penetrating the shell less than
outside the space in which the valve is located.
450 millimetres below the freeboard deck and more than
600 millimetres above the summer load waterline are not Where such plastic pipes are located below the summer
required to be provided with a non-return valve at the shell. waterline (timber summer load waterline), the valve is to
be operated from a position above the freeboard deck.
8.9 Summary table of overboard discharge Refer also to App 3.
arrangements
8.11 Arrangement of scuppers and sanitary
8.9.1 The various arrangements acceptable for scuppers discharge piping
and sanitary overboard discharges are summarised in Fig 3.
8.11.1 Overboard discharges and valve connections
8.10 Valves and pipes a) Overboard discharges are to have pipe spigots extend-
ing through the shell plate and welded to it, and are to
8.10.1 Materials be provided at the internal end with a flange for con-
a) All shell fittings and valves are to be of steel, bronze or nection to the valve or pipe flange.
other ductile material. Valves of ordinary cast iron or b) Valves may also be connected to the hull plating in
similar material are not acceptable. All scupper and dis- accordance with the provisions of [2.8.3], item c).
General req.
Discharge Alternatives where inboard end:
Alternative General requirement
where inboard where inboard through outboard end > 450
where inboard Otherwise
end < 0,01L end > 0,01L manned mm below FB deck or
end < 0,01L
above SWL above SWL above SWL machinery >0,01L above SWL >0,02L above < 600 mm above SWL
spaces SWL
FB FB
FB Deck FB Deck FB Deck FB Deck FB Deck FB Deck Deck Deck
ML ML ML
TWL
DWL
SWL SWL SWL SWL SWL SWL SWL SWL
SWL
*
non return valve without positive
* control of the valves from an approved position
inboard end of pipes
means of closing
remote control
outboard end of pipes non return valve with positive means normal thickness
of closing controlled locally
pipes terminating on the
open deck valve controlled locally substantial thickness
Table 22 : Thickness of scupper and discharge pipes led to the shell, according to their location
Applicable
[8.8.6]
requirement →
[8.7.1] [8.7.2] [8.8.2] [8.8.3] [8.8.4] [8.8.5] with [8.8.6] without valve [8.8.7]
Pipe location
↓ valve
Between the shell Thickness according to Tab 23, column 1, or 0,7 times that NA NA
and the first valve of the shell side plating, whichever is the greater (1)
Between the first Thickness according to Tab 23, column 2 NA NA
valve and the
inboard end
Below the NA Thickness according Thickness according
freeboard deck to Tab 23, column 1 to Tab 23, column 2
(1) However, this thickness is not required to exceed that of the plating.
Note 1: NA = not applicable
Table 23 : Minimum thickness of scupper and 8.11.7 Discharge from aft spaces
discharge pipes led to the shell Where spaces located aft of the aft peak bulkhead not
intended to be used as tanks are drained by means of scup-
Column 1 Column 2 pers discharging to the shaft tunnel, the provisions of
External diameter [6.6.4], item c) are to be complied with.
substantial thick- normal thickness
of the pipe d (mm)
ness (mm) (mm)
8.11.8 Scupper tank
d ≤ 80,0 7,00 4,50
a) The scupper tank air pipe is to be led to above the free-
155 9,25 4,50 board deck.
180 10,00 5,00
b) Provision is to be made to ascertain the level of water in
220 12,50 5,80 the scupper tank.
230 ≤ d 12,50 6,00
Note 1: Intermediate sizes may be determined by interpola- 9 Air, sounding and overflow pipes
tion.
9.1 Air pipes
8.11.2 Passage through cargo spaces
Where scupper and sanitary discharge pipes are led through 9.1.1 Principle
cargo spaces, the pipes and the valves with their controls Air pipes are to be fitted to all tanks, double bottoms, coffer-
are to be adequately protected by strong casings or guards. dams, tunnels and other compartments which are not fitted
with alternative ventilation arrangements, in order to allow
8.11.3 Passage through tanks the passage of air or liquid so as to prevent excessive pres-
a) As a rule, scupper and sanitary discharge pipes are not sure or vacuum in the tanks or compartments, in particular
to pass through fuel oil tanks. in those which are fitted with piping installations. Their
open ends are to be so arranged as to prevent the free entry
b) Where scupper and discharge pipes pass unavoidably of sea water in the compartments.
through fuel oil tanks and are led through the shell
within the tanks, the thickness of the piping is not to be 9.1.2 Number and position of air pipes
less than that given in Tab 23, column 1 (substantial
thickness). It need not, however, exceed the thickness of a) Air pipes are to be so arranged and the upper part of
the adjacent Rule shell plating. compartments so designed that air or gas likely to accu-
mulate at any point in the compartments can freely
c) Scupper and sanitary discharge pipes are normally not evacuate.
to pass through fresh and drinking water tanks.
b) Air pipes are to be fitted opposite the filling pipes and/or
d) For passage through cargo oil tanks, see Pt E, Ch 7, at the highest parts of the compartments, the ship being
Sec 4. assumed to be on an even keel.
8.11.4 Passage through watertight bulkheads or c) In general, two air pipes are to be fitted for each com-
decks partment, except in small compartments, where only
one air pipe may be accepted. When the top of the
a) The intactness of machinery space bulkheads and of compartment is of irregular form, the position of air
tunnel plating required to be of watertight construction pipes will be given special consideration by the Society.
is not to be impaired by the fitting of scuppers discharg-
ing to machinery spaces or tunnels from adjacent com- d) Where only one air pipe is provided, it is not to be used
partments which are situated below the freeboard deck. as a filling pipe.
b) Such scuppers may, however, be led into a strongly con- 9.1.3 Location of open ends of air pipes
structed scupper drain tank situated in the machinery
a) Air pipes of double bottom compartments, tunnels,
space or tunnel, but close to the above-mentioned adja-
deep tanks and other compartments which can come
cent compartments and drained by means of a suction
into contact with the sea or be flooded in the event of
of appropriate size led from the main bilge line through
hull damage are to be led to above the bulkhead deck
a screw-down non-return valve.
or the freeboard deck.
8.11.5 Discharge in refrigerated spaces Note 1: In ships not provided with a double bottom, air pipes of
small cofferdams or tanks not containing fuel oil or lubricating
No scupper pipe from non-refrigerated spaces is to dis- oil may discharge within the space concerned.
charge in refrigerated spaces.
b) Air pipes of tanks intended to be pumped up are to be
8.11.6 Discharge from galleys and their stores led to the open above the bulkhead deck or the free-
board deck.
Discharges from galleys and their stores are to be kept sepa-
rate from other discharges and be drained overboard or in c) Air pipes other than those of fuel oil tanks may be led to
separate drainage tanks; alternatively, discharges are to be enclosed cargo spaces situated above the freeboard
provided with adequate devices against odours and over- deck, provided that such spaces are fitted with scuppers
flow. discharging overboard, which are capable of draining
all the water which may enter through the air pipes d) For ships subject to specific buoyancy or stability
without giving rise to any water accumulation. requirements, or for ships not subject to the 1966 Inter-
d) Air pipes of tanks other than oil tanks may discharge national Convention on Load Lines in force, the fitting
through the side of the superstructure. of closing appliances to air pipes will be given special
consideration.
e) The air pipe of the scupper tank is to be led to above
freeboard deck. e) Pressure/vacuum valves installed on cargo tanks, as per
Part E, Chapter 7 and Part E, Chapter 8, can be accepted
f) The location of air pipes for flammable oil tanks is also
as closing appliances.
to comply with [9.1.7].
• for galvanised steel air pipe heads, the zinc coating • 8,5 mm for pipes of 165 mm or greater external
is to be applied by the hot method and the thickness diameter,
is to be 70 to 100 microns; Intermediate minimum thicknesses may be determined
• for areas of the head susceptible to erosion (e.g. by linear interpolation.
those parts directly subjected to ballast water impact
b) Air pipes with height exceeding 900 mm are to be addi-
when the tank is being pressed up, for example the
tionally supported.
inner chamber area above the air pipe, plus an over-
lap of 10° or more either side), an additional harder c) In each compartment likely to be pumped up, and
coating is to be applied. This is to be an aluminium where no overflow pipe is provided, the total cross-sec-
bearing epoxy, or other equivalent, coating, applied tional area of air pipes is not to be less than 1,25 times
over the zinc. the cross-sectional area of the corresponding filling
pipes.
b) Where closing appliances are not of an automatic type,
provision is to be made for relieving vacuum when the d) The internal diameter of air pipes is not to be less than
tanks are being pumped out. For this purpose, a hole of 50 mm, except for tanks of less than 2 m3.
approximately 10 mm in diameter may be provided in
the bend of the air pipe or at any other suitable position 9.1.9 Green sea loads (1/7/2014)
in the closing appliance. The requirements in [9.1.9] and in [9.1.10] apply to
c) Wooden plugs and trailing canvas are not permitted in strength checks of air pipes and their closing devices
position 1 or position 2, as defined in Pt B, Ch 1, Sec 2. located within the forward quarter length of the ship, for
ships of length L 80 m or greater, where the height of the
9.1.7 Special arrangements for air pipes of exposed deck in way of the item is less than 0,1L or 22 m
flammable oil tanks (1/7/2004) above the summer load waterline, whichever is the lesser.
However, these requirements do not apply to the pipes of
a) Air and overflow pipes and relief valves of fuel oil and
cargo tank venting systems and inert gas systems in ships
thermal oil systems are to discharge to a position on the
with one of the service notations oil tanker ESP, chemical
open deck where there is no risk of fire or explosion
tanker ESP, FLS tanker and tanker.
from the emergence of oils and vapour.
The open ends are to be fitted with flame screens made The pressures p, in kN/m2 acting on air pipes and their clos-
of corrosion resistant material and readily removable for ing devices may be calculated from:
cleaning and replacement. The clear area of such p = 0,5 ρ V2 Cd Cs Cp
screens is not to be less than the cross-sectional area of
the pipe. where:
L : ship length as defined in Pt B, Ch 1, Sec 2, [3.1]
b) Air pipes of lubricating or hydraulic oil storage tanks not
subject to flooding in the event of hull damage may be ρ : density of sea water (1,025 t/m3)
led to machinery spaces, provided that in the case of V : velocity of water over the fore deck
overflowing the oil cannot come into contact with elec-
= 13,5m/sec for d ≤ 0,5 d1
trical equipment, hot surfaces or other sources of igni-
tion.
9.1.10 Strength Requirements (1/1/2004) Table 24 : 760 mm Air Pipe Thickness and Bracket
Standards (1/1/2004)
These requirements are additional to those specified in
[9.1.6] a), in [20.2.2] and in [9.1.8] a).
Minimum fit- Maximum
Nominal Height (1) of
a) Bending moments and stresses in air pipes are to be cal- ted gross projected
pipe diame- brackets
thickness area of head
culated at critical positions: at penetration pieces, at ter (mm) (mm)
(mm) (cm2)
weld or flange connections, at toes of supporting brack-
65 6,0 - 480
ets. Bending stresses in the net section are not to exceed
0,8 σy, where σy is the specified minimum yield stress, 80 6,3 - 460
or 0,2% proof stress of the steel at room temperature. 100 7,0 - 380
Irrespective of corrosion protection, a corrosion addi-
125 7,8 - 300
tion of 2,0 mm is then to be applied to the net section.
150 8,5 - 300
b) For standard air pipes of 760 mm height closed by
175 8,5 - 300
heads of not more than the tabulated projected area,
pipe thicknesses and bracket heights are specified in 200 8,5 (2) 1900 300 (2)
Tab 24. 250 8,5 (2) 2500 300 (2)
Where brackets are required, three or more radial brack- 300 8,5 (2) 3200 300 (2)
ets are to be fitted. Brackets are to be of at least 8 mm 350 8,5 (2) 3800 300 (2)
gross thickness, minimum 100 mm in length and height
400 8,5 (2) 4500 300 (2)
according to Tab 24, but need not extend over the joint
flange for the head. Bracket toes at the deck are to be (1) Brackets (see [9.1.10]) need not extend over the joint
flange for the head.
suitably supported.
(2) Brackets are required where the as fitted (gross) thick-
ness is less than 10,5 mm, or where the tabulated pro-
c) For other configurations, loads according to [9.1.9] are
jected head area is exceeded.
to be applied, and means of support determined in
Note 1:For other air pipe heights, the relevant requirements
order to comply with the requirements specified in a). in [9.1.10] are to be applied.
Where fitted, brackets are to be of suitable thickness and
length according to their height. Pipe thickness is not to 9.2.2 Position of sounding pipes
be taken less than as indicated in [9.1.8] a). Sounding pipes are to be located as close as possible to suc-
tion pipes.
d) All component parts and connections of the air pipe are
to be capable of withstanding the loads defined in 9.2.3 Termination of sounding pipes
[9.1.9]. a) As a general rule, sounding pipes are to end above the
bulkhead deck or the freeboard deck in easily accessi-
ble places and are to be fitted with efficient, perma-
9.2 Sounding pipes nently attached, metallic closing appliances.
b) In machinery spaces and tunnels, where the provisions
9.2.1 Principle of a) cannot be satisfied, short sounding pipes led to
readily accessible positions above the floor and fitted
a) Sounding devices are to be fitted to tanks intended to with efficient closing appliances may be accepted.
contain liquids as well as to all compartments which are In ships required to be fitted with a double bottom, such
not readily accessible at all times. closing appliances are to be of the self-closing type.
b) For compartments normally intended to contain liquids, 9.2.4 Special arrangements for sounding pipes of
the following systems may be accepted in lieu of sound- flammable oil tanks
ing pipes: a) Where sounding pipes are used in flammable (except
lubricating) oil systems, they are to terminate in the
• a level gauge of an approved type efficiently pro- open air, where no risk of ignition of spillage from the
tected against shocks, or sounding pipe might arise. In particular, they are not to
terminate in passenger or crew spaces. As a general
• a remote level gauging system of an approved type, rule, they are not to terminate in machinery spaces.
provided an emergency means of sounding is availa- However, where the Society considers that this require-
ble in the event of failure affecting such system. ment is impracticable, it may permit termination in
machinery spaces on condition that the following provi-
sions are satisfied:
1) in addition, an oil-level gauge is provided meeting spaces in which the temperature may be below 0°C,
the provisions of [2.9.2] their internal diameter is to be at least 60 mm.
2) the sounding pipes terminate in locations remote e) Doubling plates are to be placed under the lower ends
from ignition hazards unless precautions are taken, of sounding pipes in order to prevent damage to the
such as the fitting of effective screens, to prevent the hull. When sounding pipes with closed lower ends are
fuel oil in the case of spillage through the termina- used, the closing plate is to have reinforced scantlings.
tions of the sounding pipes from coming into con-
tact with a source of ignition 9.3 Overflow pipes
3) the terminations of sounding pipes are fitted with 9.3.1 Principle
self-closing blanking devices and with a small diam-
eter self-closing control cock located below the Overflow pipes are to be fitted to tanks:
blanking device for the purpose of ascertaining • which can be filled by pumping and are designed for a
before the blanking device is opened that fuel oil is hydrostatic pressure lower than that corresponding to
not present. Provision is to be made so as to ensure the height of the air pipe, or
that any spillage of fuel oil through the control cock
involves no ignition hazard. • where the cross-sectional area of air pipes is less than
that prescribed in [9.1.8], item c).
b) For lubricating oil and fuel oil leakage tanks less than 2
m3, the oil-level gauge mentioned in a).1 and the con- 9.3.2 Design of overflow systems
trol cock mentioned in a).3 need not be provided on
a) Overflow pipes are to be led:
condition that the sounding pipes are fitted with appro-
priate means of closure. • either outside,
c) Short sounding pipes may be used for tanks other than • or, in the case of fuel oil or lubricating oil, to an
double bottom tanks without the additional closed level overflow tank of adequate capacity or to a storage
gauge provided an overflow system is fitted. tank having a space reserved for overflow purposes.
9.2.5 Closing appliances b) Where tanks containing the same or different liquids are
connected to a common overflow system, the arrange-
a) Self-closing appliances are to be fitted with cylindrical ment is to be such as to prevent any risk of:
plugs having counterweights such as to ensure auto-
matic closing. • intercommunication between the various tanks due
to movements of liquid when emptying or filling, or
b) Closing appliances not required to be of the self-closing due to the inclination of the ship
type may consist of a metallic screw cap secured to the
• overfilling of any tank from another assumed
pipe by means of a chain or a shut-off valve.
flooded due to hull damage.
9.2.6 Construction of sounding pipes For this purpose, overflow pipes are to be led to a high
enough point above the deepest load waterline or, alter-
a) Sounding pipes are normally to be straight. If it is neces-
natively, non-return valves are to fitted where necessary.
sary to provide bends in such pipes, the curvature is to
be as small as possible to permit the ready passage of c) Arrangements are to be made so that a compartment
the sounding apparatus. cannot be flooded from the sea through the overflow in
the event of another compartment connected to the
b) In cargo ships, the sounding arrangement of compart-
same overflow main being bilged. To this end, the open-
ments by means of bent pipes passing through other
ings of overflow pipes discharging overboard are as a
compartments will be given special consideration by the
rule to be placed above the deepest load waterline and
Society. Such an arrangement is normally accepted only
are to be fitted where necessary with non-return valves
if the compartments passed through are cofferdams or
on the plating, or, alternatively, overflow pipes from
are intended to contain the same liquid as the compart-
tanks are to be led to a point above the deepest load
ments served by the sounding pipes.
waterline.
c) Bent portions of sounding pipes are to have reinforced
d) Where deep tanks which can be used to contain liquid
thickness and be suitably supported.
or dry cargo or fuel oil are connected to a common
d) The internal diameter of sounding pipes is not to be less overflow system, arrangements are to be made so that
than 32 mm. Where sounding pipes pass through refrig- liquid or vapours from other compartments cannot enter
erated spaces, or through the insulation of refrigerated such tanks when carrying dry cargo.
e) Where tanks alternately containing fuel oil and ballast Table 25 : Minimum wall thickness of sounding,
water are connected to a common overflow system, air and overflow pipes
arrangements are to be made to prevent the ballast
Minimum wall thickness
water overflowing into the tanks containing fuel oil and External diameter (mm)
(mm) (1)
vice-versa.
up to 168,3 4,5
f) Additional requirements for ships subject to damage sta- 177,8 5,0
bility checks are given in [5.5.3]. 193,7 5,4
219,1 5,9
9.3.3 Overflow tanks
above 244,5 6,3
a) Overflow tanks are to have a capacity sufficient to (1) Applies only to structural tanks.
receive the delivery of the pumps for at least 10 min- For independent tanks, refer to Tab 5.
utes.
9.4.3 Passage of pipes through certain
b) Overflow tanks are to be fitted with an air pipe comply- spaces (1/7/2006)
ing with [9.1] which may serve as an overflow pipe for
a) Air pipes and sounding pipes led through refrigerated
the same tank. When the vent pipe reaches a height
cargo holds or spaces are to be suitably insulated.
exceeding the design head of the overflow tank, suitable
means are to be provided to limit the actual hydrostatic b) When sounding, air and overflow pipes made of steel
head on the tank. are permitted to pass through ballast tanks or fuel oil
tanks, they are to comply with [5.2.3].
Such means are to discharge to a position which is safe c) Sounding, air and overflow pipes passing through cargo
in the opinion of the Society. holds are to be adequately protected.
c) An alarm device is to be provided to give warning when 9.4.4 Self-draining of pipes
the oil reaches a predetermined level in the tank, or Air pipes and overflow pipes are to be so arranged as to be
alternatively, a sight-flow glass is to be provided in the self-draining when the ship is on an even keel.
overflow pipe to indicate when any tank is overflowing.
Such sight-flow glasses are only to be placed on vertical 9.4.5 Name plates
pipes and in readily visible positions. Nameplates are to be fixed at the upper part of air pipes and
sounding pipes.
9.3.4 Specific requirements for construction of
overflow pipes
10 Cooling systems
a) The internal diameter of overflow pipes is not to be less
than 50 mm. 10.1 Application
b) In each compartment which can be pumped up, the 10.1.1 This article applies to all cooling systems using the
total cross-sectional area of overflow pipes is not to be following cooling media:
less than 1,25 times the cross-sectional area of the cor-
• sea water
responding filling pipes.
• fresh water
c) The cross-sectional area of the overflow main is not to • lubricating oil.
be less than the aggregate cross-sectional area of the
Air cooling systems will be given special consideration.
two largest pipes discharging into the main.
10.3 Design of sea water cooling systems served by its own cooling circuit, the second means
requested in [10.3.1] is to be provided, consisting of:
10.3.1 General • a connection to an independently driven pump,
a) Sea water cooling of the propulsion engines, auxiliary such as a ballast pump or any other suitable sea
engines and other essential equipment is to be capable water pump of sufficient capacity provided arrange-
of being supplied by two different means. ments against overpressure in the cooling system are
made. (See [10.7.4], b)),
b) Where required, standby pumps are not to be con-
nected to the sea inlet serving the other sea water • or a complete spare pump identical to those serving
pumps, unless permitted under [10.7.1], item b). the engines and ready to be connected to the cool-
ing circuit.
10.3.2 Centralised cooling systems (1/7/2002) This second means may be omitted, however, when
a) In the case of centralised cooling systems, i.e. systems safety justifications are provided as regards the propul-
serving a group of propulsion engines and/or auxiliary sion and manoeuvring capabilities of the ship with one
engines, reduction gears, compressors and other essen- cooling circuit disabled.
tial equipment, the following sea water pumps are to be
arranged: 10.3.4 Individual cooling of auxiliary engines
• one main cooling water pump, which may be driven Where each auxiliary engine is served by its own cooling
by the engines, of a capacity sufficient to provide circuit, no second means of cooling is required.
cooling water to all the equipment served
10.3.5 Cooling of steam plants
• one independently driven standby pump of at least
the same capacity a) Steam plants are to be fitted with:
• a main circulating pump
b) Where the cooling system is served by a group of identi-
cal pumps, the capacity of the standby pump needs only • a standby pump capable of ensuring the circulation
to be equivalent to that of each of these pumps. in the main condenser in the event of failure of the
main circulating pump.
c) Ballast pumps or other suitable sea water pumps of
appropriate capacity may be used as standby pumps, b) Where the installation includes more than one propul-
provided arrangements are made against overpressure sive unit, the standby pump is not required, provided a
in the cooling system. branch pipe is fitted between the discharges of the cir-
culating pumps of each unit.
d) In ships having one or more propulsion engines, each
with an output not exceeding 375 kW, the independent c) In lieu of the main circulating pump, a sea inlet scoop
standby pump may be replaced by a complete spare system may be accepted, provided that an additional
pump of appropriate capacity ready to be connected to means is fitted to ensure the circulation of sea water to
the cooling circuit. the condenser when the ship is manoeuvring. Such
means may be:
e) In cases of centralised cooling systems serving only a
group of auxiliary engines, the second means of cooling • an additional independent pump,
may consist of a connection to a cooling water pump • or a connection to an available pump of sufficient
serving the propulsion plant, provided such pump is of capacity.
sufficient capacity to provide cooling water to both pro-
pulsion plant and auxiliary engines. 10.3.6 Cooling of other essential equipment
10.3.3 Individual cooling of propulsion a) The second means of cooling required in [10.3.1] for
engines (1/7/2002) essential equipment may consist of a connection to a
ballast pump or other suitable sea water pump of suffi-
a) Individual cooling systems of propulsion engines are to cient capacity, provided arrangements are made against
include at least: overpressure in the cooling system. (See [10.7.4], item
• one main cooling water pump, which can be driven b)).
by the engine
b) However, where such essential equipment is duplicate,
• one independently driven standby pump this second means may be omitted when safety justifica-
Where the output of the engine does not exceed 375 tions are provided as regards the propulsion and
kW, the following arrangements may be accepted: manoeuvring capabilities of the ship with the cooling
circuit of one set of equipment disabled.
• one main cooling water pump, which can be driven
by the engine
10.4 Design of fresh water cooling systems
• one spare pump of appropriate capacity ready to be
connected to the cooling circuit 10.4.1 General
b) Where, in ships having more than one engine per pro- Fresh water cooling systems are to be designed according to
peller or having several propellers, each engine is the applicable requirements of [10.3].
c) The standby pump may also be omitted in the case of Note 1: Some departures from Tab 26 may be accepted by the
redundancy of the cooled equipment. Society in the case of ships with a restricted navigation notation.
• a de-aerating device a) At least two sea inlets complying with [2.8] are to be
provided for the cooling system, one for each means of
• a water level indicator cooling required in [10.3.1].
• a filling connection b) The two sea inlets may be connected by a cross-over
• a drain. supplying both main cooling pump and standby cooling
pump.
10.4.4 Detection of fuel oil or lubricating oil c) When the second means of cooling is a spare pump, the
A device is to be fitted in fresh water cooling systems com- two sea inlets are to be provided in any event, both serv-
prising fuel oil or lubricating oil heat exchangers in order to ing the main cooling pump.
detect any contamination of the water by fuel oil or lubri- d) The sea inlets are to be low inlets, so designed as to
cating oil. remain submerged under all normal navigating condi-
tions.
10.5 Design of oil cooling systems In general, one sea inlet is to be arranged on each side
of the ship.
10.5.1 General
e) One of the sea inlets may be that of the ballast pump or
Oil cooling systems are to be designed according to the of the general service pump.
applicable requirements of [10.3].
10.7.2 Coolers
10.5.2 Second means of cooling
a) Coolers are to be fitted with isolating valves at the inlets
The second means of cooling requested in [10.3.1] may and outlets.
consist of a satisfactory connection to a lubricating oil
pump of sufficient capacity. Arrangements are to be made b) Coolers external to the hull (chest coolers and keel cool-
against overpressure in the cooling system. ers) are to be fitted with isolating valves at the shell.
11.4.3 Independence of fuel oil transfer lines ery space boundaries, and is preferably to have a com-
Except where permitted in [11.4.5], the fuel oil transfer pip- mon boundary with the double bottom tanks, and the
ing system is to be completely separate from the other pip- area of the tank boundary common with the machinery
ing systems of the ship. spaces is to be kept to a minimum. Where such tanks
are situated within the boundaries of machinery spaces
11.4.4 Simultaneous transfer of fuel oil and ballast of category A, they are not to contain fuel oil having a
water flashpoint of less than 60 °C.
Where, under the provisions of [7.1.3], tanks are intended Note 1: Machinery spaces of category A are defined in Ch 4,
to alternately contain fuel oil and ballast water, the piping Sec 1.
arrangement is to be such that fuel may be transferred by
d) The location of fuel oil tanks is to be in compliance with
means of fuel pumps to or from any tank while ballast
the requirements of Part B, Chapter 2, particularly as
pumps are simultaneously being used.
regards the installation of cofferdams, the separation
11.4.5 Alternative carriage of fuel oil, ballast water or between fuel oil tanks or bunkers and the other spaces
other liquid and dry cargo of the ship, and the protection of these tanks and bun-
kers against any abnormal rise in temperature.
Where certain compartments are likely to contain alterna-
tively fuel oil, ballast water and other liquid or dry cargo, e) Attention is drawn to the requirements of Pt E, Ch 7,
the transfer pipes supplying these compartments are to be Sec 4 regarding the segregation of fuel bunkers from the
fitted with blind flanges or other appropriate change-over cargo area.
devices.
11.5.2 Use of free-standing fuel oil tanks
11.4.6 Transfer pumps
a) In general the use of free-standing fuel oil tanks is to be
a) At least two means of transfer are to be provided. One avoided except on cargo ships, where their use is per-
of these means is to be a power pump. The other may mitted in category A machinery spaces.
consist of:
b) For the design and the installation of independent tanks,
• a standby pump,
refer to App 4.
• or, alternatively, an emergency connection to
another suitable power pump.
11.6 Design of fuel oil tanks and bunkers
Note 1: Where provided, purifiers may be accepted as means of
transfer.
11.6.1 General
b) Where necessary, transfer pumps are to be fitted on their Tanks such as collector tanks, de-aerator tanks etc. are to be
discharge side with a relief valve leading back to the considered as fuel oil tanks for the purpose of application of
suction of the pump or to any other place deemed satis- this sub-article, and in particular regarding the valve
factory. requirements.
Tanks with a volume lower than 500 l will be given special
11.5 Arrangement of fuel oil tanks and bun-
consideration by the Society.
kers
11.6.2 Scantlings
11.5.1 Location of fuel oil tanks
a) The scantlings of fuel oil tanks and bunkers forming part
a) No fuel oil tank is to be situated where spillage or leak-
of the ship's structure are to comply with the require-
age therefrom can constitute a hazard by falling on
ments stated in Part B, Chapter 7.
heated surfaces.
b) Fuel oil tanks and bunkers are not to be situated imme- b) Scantlings of fuel oil tanks and bunkers which are not
diately above boilers or in locations where they could part of the ship's structure are to comply with App 4. For
be subjected to high temperatures, unless specially cases which are not contained in the Tables of that
agreed by the Society. In general, the distance between appendix, scantlings will be given special consideration
fuel oil tanks and boilers is not to be less than 450 mm. by the Society.
Where boilers are situated above double bottom fuel oil
tanks, the distance between the double bottom tank top 11.6.3 Filling and suction pipes
and the lower metallic part of the boilers is not to be a) All suction pipes from fuel oil tanks and bunkers,
less than: including those in the double bottom, are to be pro-
• 750 mm for water tube boilers, vided with valves.
• 600 mm for cylindrical boilers. b) For storage tanks, filling pipes may also be used for suc-
tion purposes.
c) As far as practicable, fuel oil tanks are to be part of the
ship’s structure and are to be located outside machinery c) Where the filling pipes to fuel oil bunkers and tanks are
spaces of category A. Where fuel oil tanks, other than not led to the upper part of the such bunkers and tanks,
double bottom tanks, are necessarily located adjacent to they are to be provided with non-return valves at their
or within machinery spaces of category A, at least one ends, unless they are fitted with valves arranged in
of their vertical sides is to be contiguous to the machin- accordance with the requirements stated in [11.6.4].
11.6.4 Remote control of valves (1/7/2004) Fuel oil in service tanks, settling tanks and any other
a) Every fuel oil pipe which, if damaged, would allow oil tanks in the supply system may be heated above this
to escape from a storage, settling or daily service tank limit, provided:
having a capacity of 500 l and above situated above the • the length of the vent pipes from such tanks and/or a
double bottom, is to be fitted with a cock or valve cooling device is sufficient for cooling the vapours
directly on the tank capable of being closed from a safe to at least 10°C below the flashpoint of the fuel oil
position outside the space in which such tanks are situ- and a temperature sensor is fitted in the vent pipe
ated in the event of a fire occurring in such space. and adjusted to give an alarm if the temperature
Note 1: For the location of the remote controls, refer to [11.10.4], should exceeds a limit set at 10°C below the flash-
item c). point of the fuel, or the outlet of the vent pipes is
b) Such valves and cocks are also to include local control located 3 m away from a source of ignition
and on the remote and local controls it is to be possible • the vent pipes are fitted with suitable flame screens
to verify whether they are open or shut. (See [2.7.3].) • there are no openings from the vapour space of the
c) In the special case of deep tanks situated in any shaft or fuel tanks into machinery spaces (bolted manholes
pipe tunnel or similar space, valves are to be fitted on are acceptable)
the tank but control in the event of fire may be effected • enclosed spaces are not located directly over such
by means of an additional valve on the pipe or pipes fuel tanks, except for well ventilated cofferdams
outside the tunnel or similar space. If such additional • electrical equipment is not fitted in the vapour space
valve is fitted in the machinery space it is to be operated of the tanks, unless it is certified to be intrinsically
from a position outside this space. safe.
11.6.5 Drain pipes b) The temperature of the heating medium is not to exceed
220°C.
Where fitted, drain pipes are to be provided with self-clos-
ing valves or cocks. c) Automatic control sensors are to be provided for each
heated tank to maintain the temperature of the fuel oil
11.6.6 Air and overflow pipes below the limits prescribed in a) above.
Air and overflow pipes are to comply with [9.1] and [9.3]. d) Heated tanks are to be provided with temperature meas-
uring systems.
11.6.7 Sounding pipes and level gauges
a) Safe and efficient means of ascertaining the amount of 11.7.3 Fuel oil heaters
fuel oil contained in any fuel oil tank are to be provided. a) Where steam heaters or heaters using other heating
b) Sounding pipes of fuel oil tanks are to comply with the media are provided in fuel oil systems, they are to be fit-
provisions of [9.2]. ted with at least a high temperature alarm or a low flow
alarm in addition to a temperature control, except
c) Oil-level gauges complying with [2.9.2] may be used in
where temperatures dangerous for the ignition of the
place of sounding pipes.
fuel oil cannot be reached.
d) Gauge cocks for ascertaining the level in the tanks are
b) Electric heating of fuel oil is to be avoided as far as prac-
not to be used.
ticable.
11.7 Design of fuel oil heating systems c) However, when electric heaters are fitted, means are to
be provided to ensure that heating elements are perma-
11.7.1 General nently submerged during operation. In all cases a safety
temperature switch is to be fitted in order to avoid a sur-
a) Where heavy fuel oil is used, a suitable heating system
face temperature of 220°C and above. It is to be:
is to be provided for storage tanks, settling tanks and ser-
vice tanks in order to ensure that the fuel oil has the cor- • independent from the automatic control sensor
rect fluidity and the fuel pumps operate efficiently. • designed to cut off the electrical power supply in the
b) Where necessary for pumping purposes, storage tanks event of excessive temperature
containing heavy fuel oil are to be provided with heat- • provided with manual reset.
ing systems. d) Fuel oil heaters are to be fitted with relief valves leading
c) Where necessary, pumps, filters, pipes and fittings are to back to the pump suction concerned or to any other
be provided with heat tracing systems. place deemed satisfactory.
d) Where main or auxiliary engines are supplied with fuel
oil which needs to be heated, arrangements are to be 11.8 Design of fuel oil treatment systems
made so that the engines can still operate if one oil heat-
11.8.1 General
ing system or the heating power source is out of action.
Such arrangements may consist of an alternative supply a) Heavy fuel oils used in diesel engines are to be purified
of the engines in accordance with [11.9.2]. and filtered according to the engine manufacturer’s
requirements.
11.7.2 Tank heating systems (1/7/2004) b) Provisions are to be made to avoid inadvertent entry of
a) Fuel oil in storage tanks is not to be heated to tempera- non-purified heavy fuel into the daily service tanks, in
tures within 10°C below the flashpoint of the fuel oil. particular through the overflow system.
11.8.2 Drains with marine diesel oil, the following equivalent arrange-
a) Settling tanks or, where settling tanks are not provided, ments may be accepted for fuel oil service tanks:
daily service tanks, are to be provided with drains per- • one heavy fuel oil service tank with a capacity of at
mitting the evacuation of water and impurities likely to least 8 h at maximum continuous rating of the pro-
accumulate in the lower part of such tanks. pulsion plant and normal operating load at sea of
the auxiliary boiler
b) Efficient means are to be provided for draining oily
water escaping from the drains. • two marine diesel oil service tanks, each with a
capacity of at least the higher of:
11.8.3 Purifiers (1/1/2007) • 8 h at normal operating load at sea of the auxil-
a) Where fuel oil needs to be purified, at least two purifiers iary engines
are to be installed on board, each capable of efficiently • 4 h at maximum continuous rating of the propul-
purifying the amount of fuel oil necessary for the normal sion plant and normal operating load at sea of
operation of the engines. the generator plant and of the auxiliary boiler.
Note 1: On ships with a restricted navigation notation where fuel Note 1: The requirement in [11.9.2] need not be applied to cargo
oil needs to be purified, one purifier only may be accepted. ships of less than 500 tons gross tonnage:
• intended for restricted service or
b) Subject to special consideration by the Society, the
capacity of the standby purifier may be less than that • having engines declared suitable for prolonged operation on
untreated fuel oil.
required in a), depending on the arrangements made for
the fuel oil service tanks to satisfy the requirement in 11.9.3 Fuel oil supply to boilers (1/7/2011)
[11.9.2].
a) In ships where boilers burning oil under pressure are
c) The standby purifier may also be used for other services. installed to supply steam for propulsion purposes and
d) Each purifier is to be provided with an alarm in case of essential services (such as propulsion machinery,
failures likely to affect the quality of the purified fuel oil. machinery serving essential services or systems essential
for propulsion and other essential services, e.g. heavy
fuel oil heating system), the fuel oil supply system is to
11.9 Design of fuel supply systems include at least two units, each one comprising:
11.9.1 General (1/7/2004) • a suction filter
• an independent pump
a) In ships where heavy fuel oil and marine diesel oil are
used, a change-over system from one fuel to the other is • a heater in the case of heavy fuel oil
to be provided. This system is to be so designed as to • a discharge filter.
avoid: b) Alternative arrangements using double filters are accept-
• overheating of marine diesel oil able provided the element of one such filter can be
• inadvertent ingress of heavy fuel oil into marine die- cleaned while the other operates.
sel oil tanks. c) The fuel oil supply system is to be capable of supplying
the fuel oil necessary to generate enough steam for pro-
b) When necessary, arrangements are to be made for cool-
pulsion purposes and essential services with one unit
ing the marine diesel oil from engine return lines.
out of action.
11.9.2 Fuel oil service tanks (1/7/2011) d) A quick-closing valve is to be provided on the fuel sup-
a) Two fuel oil service tanks for each type of fuel used on ply to the burners of each boiler, arranged to be easily
board necessary for propulsion and vital systems, or operated in case of emergency, either directly or by
equivalent arrangements, are to be provided on each remote control.
new ship, with a capacity of at least 8 h at maximum e) The fuel supply to the burners is to be capable of being
continuous rating of the propulsion plant and normal automatically cut off when required under Sec 3,
operating load at sea of the generator plant. [5.1.8].
b) Where main engines, auxiliary engines and boilers are f) Burners are to comply with Section Sec 3, [2.2.5].
operated with heavy fuel oil, the following equivalent g) Where burners are provided with fuel oil flow-back to
arrangements may be accepted for fuel oil service tanks: the pump suctions or other parts under pressure, non-
• one heavy fuel oil service tank with a capacity of at return devices are to be provided to prevent fuel oil
least 8 h at maximum continuous rating of the pro- from flowing back to the burners when the oil supply is
pulsion plant and normal operating load at sea of cut off.
the generator plant and of the auxiliary boiler h) For the starting-up of boilers, an auxiliary fuel oil unit
• one marine diesel oil service tank with a capacity of not requiring power from shore is to be provided.
at least 8 h at maximum continuous rating of the i) Where fuel oil is supplied to the burners by gravity, a
propulsion plant and normal operating load at sea of double filter satisfying the provisions of a) is to be pro-
the generator plant and of the auxiliary boiler. vided in the supply line.
c) Where main engine and auxiliary boilers are operated j) Fuel oil supply systems are to be entirely separate from
with heavy fuel oil and auxiliary engines are operated feed, bilge, ballast and other piping systems.
11.9.4 Fuel oil supply to internal combustion of delivering fuel at the required capacity for normal
engines (1/1/2015)) operation of the propulsion machinery
a) The suctions of engine fuel pumps are to be so arranged • two separate fuel oil pumps (one main and one
as to prevent the pumping of water and sludge likely to stand-by) are to be fitted, each capable of and suita-
accumulate after decanting at the lower part of service ble for supplying low viscosity fuels at the required
tanks. capacity for normal operation of propulsion machin-
b) Suitable filters are to be provided on the fuel oil line to ery.
the injection pumps. f) Where fuel oils require pre-heating in order to have the
Internal combustion engines intended for main propul- appropriate viscosity when being injected in the engine,
sion are to be fitted with at least two filters, or similar the following equipment is to be provided in the fuel oil
devices, so arranged that one of the filters can be over- line:
hauled while the other is in use. • one viscosity control and monitoring system
Note 1: Where the propulsion plant consists of: • two pre-heaters, one serving as a standby for the
• two or more engines, each one with its own filter, or other.
• one engine with an output not exceeding 375 kW, g) Excess fuel oil from pumps or injectors is to be led back
the second filter may be replaced by a readily accessible and to the service or settling tanks, or to other tanks
easily replaceable spare filter. intended for this purpose.
c) Oil filters fitted in parallel are to be so arranged as to h) De-aeration tanks fitted in pressurised fuel oil return
minimise the possibility of a filter under pressure being lines are to be equipped with at least:
opened by mistake.
• an automatic venting valve or equivalent device dis-
Filter chambers are to be provided with suitable means charging to the daily service tank
for:
• a non-return valve in the return line from the
• ventilating when put into operation engines.
• de-pressurising before being opened. i) Components of a diesel engine fuel system are to be
Valves or cocks used for this purpose are to be fitted designed considering the maximum peak pressure
with drain pipes led to a safe location. which will be experienced in service, including any
high pressure pulses which are generated and transmit-
d) Oil filters are to be so located that in the event of a leak-
ted back into the fuel supply and spill lines by the action
age the fuel oil cannot be pulverised onto the exhaust
of fuel injection pumps.
manifold.
j) Connections within the fuel supply and spill lines are to
e) When a fuel oil booster pump is fitted which is essential
be constructed having regard to their ability to prevent
to the operation of the main engine, a standby pump,
pressurised fuel oil leaks while in service and after
connected ready for immediate use, is to be provided.
maintenance.
The standby pump may be replaced by a complete spare
pump of appropriate capacity ready to be connected, in k) In multi-engine installations which are supplied from
the same fuel source, means of isolating the fuel supply
the following cases:
and spill piping to individual engines, are to be pro-
• where two or more main engines are fitted, each vided. The means of isolation are not to affect the opera-
with its own booster pump tion of the other engines and are to be operable from a
• in ships having main engines each with an output position not rendered inaccessible by a fire on any of
not exceeding 375 kW. the engines.
For ships intending to use Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) or l) For high pressure fuel oil pipes, refer to Sec 2.
Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) in some areas and marine
fuels with a lower viscosity in other areas, either: 11.10 Control and monitoring
• each of the fuel oil pumps (main one and stand-by
one) is suitable to supply both types of fuel at the 11.10.1 General (1/7/2006)
required capacity for normal operation of propul- In addition to those of this item [11.10], the general require-
sion machinery, or ments given in Chapter 3 apply.
• each of the fuel oil pumps (main one and stand-by
In the case of ships with automation notations, the require-
one) is suitable to supply both types of fuel but one
ments in Part F, Chapter 3 also apply.
pump alone is not capable of delivering at the
required capacity, then both pumps may operate in
11.10.2 Monitoring
parallel to achieve the required capacity for normal
operation of propulsion machinery but one addi- Alarms and safeguards are to be provided for fuel oil sys-
tional (third) fuel oil pump shall be fitted. The addi- tems in accordance with Tab 27.
tional pump shall, when operating in parallel with Note 1: Some departures from Tab 27 may be accepted by the
one of the other pumps, be suitable for and capable Society in the case of ships with a restricted navigation notation.
Table 28 : Definition of the design pressure for fuel oil systems (1/7/2002)
Working pressure
↓
P ≤ 0,7 MPa 0,3 MPa or maximum working pressure, which- 0,3 MPa or maximum working pressure, which-
ever is the greater ever is the greater
P > 0,7 MPa maximum working pressure 1,4 MPa or maximum working pressure, which-
ever is the greater
11.11.3 Pipe connections (1/7/2002) tial reduction of the propulsion capability may be
a) Connections and fittings of pipes containing fuel oil are accepted, however, when it is demonstrated that the
to be suitable for a design pressure according to Tab 28. safe operation of the ship is not impaired.
b) Connections of pipes conveying heated fuel oil are to be b) An emergency lubricating system, such as a gravity sys-
made by means of close-fitting flanges, with joints made tem, is to be provided to ensure sufficient lubrication of
of a material impervious to oil heated to 160°C and as equipment which may be damaged due to a failure of
thin as possible. the pump supply.
11.12.1 Passage of fuel oil pipes through 12.3.1 Arrangement of lubricating oil systems
tanks (1/7/2006) a) The arrangements for the storage, distribution and utili-
a) Fuel pipes are not to pass through tanks containing sation of oil used in pressure lubrication systems are to
boiler feed water, fresh water, other flammable oil or liq- be such as to ensure the safety of the ship and persons
uid cargo, unless they are contained within tunnels. on board.
b) Transfer pipes passing through ballast tanks are to com- b) The provisions of [5.10] are to be complied with, where
ply with [5.2.3]. applicable.
12.4.2 Lubrication of auxiliary engines with the provisions of [11.6.4]. Where it is determined that
a) For auxiliary engines with their own lubricating pump, the unintended operation of a quick closing valve on the oil
no additional pump is required. lubricating tank would endanger the safe operation of the
main propulsion and essential auxiliary machinery remote
b) For auxiliary engines with a common lubricating sys-
controlled valves need not be installed.
tem, at least two pumps are to be provided. However,
when such engines are intended for non-essential ser- Suction valves from storage tanks need not be arranged with
vices, no additional pump is required. remote controls provided they are kept closed except dur-
ing transfer operations.
12.5 Design of steam turbine lubrication sys- 12.6.2 Filling and suction pipes
tems Filling and suction pipes are to comply with the provisions
12.5.1 General of [11.6.3].
An alarm device is to be provided giving audible warning in 12.6.3 Air and overflow pipes
the event of damage or of an appreciable reduction of the
Air and overflow pipes are to comply with the provisions of
oil pressure.
[9.1] and [9.3].
12.5.2 Lubrication of propulsive turbines and
12.6.4 Sounding pipes and level gauges
turbogenerators
a) Propulsive turbines and turbogenerators are to be pro- a) Safe and efficient means of ascertaining the amount of
vided with: lubricating oil contained in the tanks are to be provided.
• one main lubricating pump, b) Sounding pipes are to comply with the provisions of
[9.2].
• and one independently driven standby pump of at
least the same capacity. c) Oil-level gauges complying with [2.9.2] may be used in
b) Lubricating systems for propulsive turbines and tur- place of sounding pipes.
bogenerators are to be provided with a device which d) Gauge cocks for ascertaining the level in the tanks are
stops the steam supply to the turbines. (See [12.7.2].) not to be used.
12.5.3 Emergency lubrication of propulsive turbines 12.6.5 Oil collecting tanks for engines
and turbogenerators a) In ships required to be fitted with a double bottom,
a) Propulsive turbines and turbogenerators are to be pro- wells for lubricating oil under main engines may be per-
vided with an emergency lubricating system arranged mitted by the Society provided it is satisfied that the
for automatic start. (See [12.7.2].) arrangements give protection equivalent to that afforded
b) When a gravity system is provided for the purpose of a), by a double bottom complying with Pt B, Ch 4, Sec 4.
it is to ensure an adequate lubrication for not less than b) Where, in ships required to be fitted with a double bot-
six minutes and, in the case of turbogenerators, for a tom, oil collecting tanks extend to the outer bottom, a
period at least equal to the stopping period after unload- valve is to be fitted on the oil drain pipe, located
ing. between the engine sump and the oil drain tank. This
c) When the emergency supply is fulfilled by means of an valve is to be capable of being closed from a readily
emergency pump, it is to be so arranged that its opera- accessible position located above the working platform.
tion is not affected by a failure of the power supply. Alternative arrangements will be given special consider-
d) Suitable arrangements for cooling the bearings after ation.
stopping may also be required. c) Oil collecting pipes from the engine sump to the oil col-
lecting tank are to be submerged at their outlet ends.
12.5.4 Lubrication of auxiliary turbines intended for
essential services
12.7 Control and monitoring
a) Auxiliary turbines intended for essential services are to
be provided with: 12.7.1 General (1/7/2006)
• one main lubricating pump, In addition to those of this item [12.7], the general require-
• and one independently driven standby pump of at ments given in Chapter 3 apply.
least the same capacity. In the case of ships with automation notations, the require-
b) The standby pump is to be capable of supplying satisfac- ments in Part F, Chapter 3 also apply.
tory lubrication to the turbines during starting and stop-
ping operations. 12.7.2 Monitoring
In addition to the requirements in Sec 2 for diesel engines,
12.6 Design of lubricating oil tanks in Sec 4 for steam turbines, in Sec 5 for gas turbines and in
Sec 6 for gears, alarms are to be provided for lubricating oil
12.6.1 Remote control of valves (1/7/2002) systems in accordance with Tab 29.
Lubricating oil tanks with a capacity of 500 litres and above Note 1: Some departures from Tab 29 may be accepted by the
are to be fitted with remote controlled valves in accordance Society in the case of ships with a restricted navigation notation.
• avoid overheating of the thermal oil and contact with air b) The expansion tank is to be arranged for quick gravity
drainage into a draining tank.
• take into account the compatibility of the thermal oil However, where the expansion tank is located in a low
with the heated products in case of contact due to leak- fire risk space, the quick drainage system may be
age of coils or heater tubes replaced by a remote controlled closing device for iso-
• prevent oil from coming into contact with sources of lating the expansion tank.
ignition. The quick drainage system and the alternative closing
device are to be capable of being controlled from inside
13.2.2 Availability and outside the space containing the expansion tank.
Thermal oil systems are to be so designed that, in the event
13.3.4 Ventilation
that any one essential auxiliary is inoperative, the thermal
oil supply to essential services can be maintained. Partial a) Spaces containing thermal oil heaters are to be suitably
reduction of the propulsion capability may be accepted, mechanically ventilated.
however, when it is demonstrated that the safe operation of b) Ventilation is to be capable of being stopped from out-
the ship is not impaired. side these spaces.
13.4 Design of thermal oil heaters and heat 13.6 Design of circulation and heat exchange
exchangers systems
b) The applicable requirements of [9.3] are to be complied 13.8 Construction of thermal oil piping sys-
with.
tems
13.5.6 Sounding pipes and level gauges 13.8.1 Materials
a) Sounding pipes are to comply with the provisions of a) Materials are to comply with the provisions of
[9.2]. [11.11.1].
b) Level gauges are to comply with the provisions of b) Casings of pumps, valves and fittings are to be made of
[2.9.2]. steel or other ductile material.
14.3.3 Location of hydraulic power units tems capable of being operated only in local posi-
a) Whenever practicable, hydraulic power units are to be tion.
located outside main engine or boiler rooms. b) The free volume in the service tank is to be at least 10%
of the tank capacity.
b) Where this requirement is not complied with, shields or
similar devices are to be provided around the units in 14.5.2 Hydraulic oil storage tanks
order to avoid an accidental oil spray or mist on heated a) Hydraulic power installations supplying essential ser-
surfaces which may ignite oil. vices are to include a storage tank of sufficient capacity
to refill the whole installation should the need arise case
14.4 Design of hydraulic systems of necessity.
b) For hydraulic power installations of less than 5 kW, the
14.4.1 Power units storage means may consist of sealed drums or tins stored
a) Hydraulic power installations are to include at least two in satisfactory conditions.
power units so designed that the services supplied by
the hydraulic power installation can operate simultane- 14.5.3 Hydraulic accumulators
ously with one power unit out of service. A reduction of The hydraulic side of the accumulators which can be iso-
the performance not affecting the safety of the ship may lated is to be provided with a relief valve or another device
be accepted, except for steering gear. offering equivalent protection in case of overpressure.
Pump pressure L
(1) The low level alarm is to be activated before the quantity of lost oil reaches 100 litres or 50 % of the circuit volume , which-
ever is the less.
c) Steam connections on boilers and safety valves are to c) When a steam smothering system is provided for cargo
comply with the applicable requirements of Sec 3. holds, provision is to be made to prevent any damage of
the cargo by steam or condensate leakage.
15.3.2 Provision against overpressure
a) If a steam pipe or fitting may receive steam from any 15.3.7 Steam lines in accommodation spaces
source at a higher pressure than that for which it is Steam lines are not to pass through accommodation spaces,
designed, a suitable reducing valve, relief valve and unless they are intended for heating purposes.
pressure gauge are to be fitted.
b) When, for auxiliary turbines, the inlet steam pressure 15.3.8 Turbine connections
exceeds the pressure for which the exhaust casing and
a) A sentinel valve or equivalent is to be provided at the
associated piping up to the exhaust valves are designed,
exhaust end of all turbines. The valve discharge outlets
means to relieve the excess pressure are to be provided.
are to be visible and suitably guarded if necessary.
15.3.3 Provision for dumping b) Bled steam connections are to be fitted with non-return
In order to avoid overpressure in steam lines due to exces- valves or other approved means to prevent steam and
sive steam production, in particular in systems where the water returning to the turbines.
ble, the entry of oil or other contaminants which may 16.5.4 Automatic controls
adversely affect the boiler. Automatic level control is to be provided for:
c) Feed water tanks are not to be located adjacent to fuel • de-aerators,
oil tanks. Fuel oil pipes are not to pass through feed • condensers.
water tanks.
d) For main boilers, one or more evaporators are to be pro-
16.6 Arrangement of feed water and conden-
vided, the capacity of which is to compensate for the sate piping
losses of feed water due to the operation of the
16.6.1
machines, in particular where the fuel supplied to the
boilers is atomised by means of steam. a) Feed water pipes are not to pass through fuel oil or
lubricating oil tanks.
16.3.5 Provision for de-aerating feed water b) Pipes connected to feed water tanks are to be so
A de-aerator is to be provided to ensure the de-aeration of arranged as to prevent the contamination of feed water
the feed water intended for main boilers before it enters by fuel oil, lubricating oil or chlorides.
such boilers.
17.3.2 Number and capacity of air capacity to allow normal operation with one source out
compressors (1/7/2004) of service.
a) Where main and auxiliary engines are arranged for start-
b) At least one air vessel fitted with a non-return valve is to
ing by compressed air, two or more air compressors are
be provided for control and monitoring purposes.
to be fitted with a total capacity sufficient to supply
within one hour, the receivers being at atmospheric c) Pressure reduction units used in control and monitoring
pressure, the quantity of air needed to satisfy the provi- air systems intended for essential services are to be
sions of Sec 2, [5.1.1]. This capacity is to be approxi- duplicated, unless an alternative air supply is provided.
mately equally divided between the number of
compressors fitted, excluding the emergency compres- d) Failure of the control air supply is not to cause any sud-
sor fitted in pursuance of [17.3.1]. den change of the controlled equipment which may be
detrimental to the safety of the ship.
b) At least one of the compressors is to be independent of
the engines for which starting air is supplied and is to 17.4.2 Pressure control
have a capacity of not less than 50% of the total
required in a). Arrangements are to be made to maintain the air pressure at
a suitable value in order to ensure satisfactory operation of
17.3.3 Number and capacity of air receivers the installation.
a) Where main engines are arranged for starting by com-
pressed air, at least two air receivers are to be fitted of 17.4.3 Air treatment
approximately equal capacity and capable of being In addition to the provisions of [17.8.3], arrangements are
used independently. to be made to ensure cooling, filtering and drying of the air
b) The total capacity of air receivers is to be sufficient to prior to its introduction in the monitoring and control cir-
provide without replenishment the number of starts cuits.
required in Sec 2, [5.1.1]. It is also to take into account
the air delivery to other consumers, such as control sys- 17.5 Design of air compressors
tems, whistle, etc., which are connected to the air
receivers.
17.5.1 Prevention of excessive temperature of
discharged air
17.3.4 Air supply for starting the emergency
generating set Air compressors are to be so designed that the temperature
Starting air systems serving main or auxiliary engines may of discharged air cannot exceed 95°C. For this purpose, the
be used for starting the emergency generator under the con- air compressors are to provided where necessary with:
ditions specified in Sec 2, [5.1.3].
• suitable cooling means
17.4 Design of control and monitoring air • fusible plugs or alarm devices set at a temperature not
exceeding 120°.
systems
17.4.1 Air supply 17.5.2 Prevention of overpressure
a) The control and monitoring air supply to essential ser- a) Air compressors are to be fitted with a relief valve com-
vices is to be available from two sources of a sufficient plying with [2.5.3].
b) Means are to be provided to prevent overpressure wher- 17.8.3 Air treatment and draining
ever water jackets or casings of air compressors may be a) Provisions are be made to drain air pressure systems.
subjected to dangerous overpressure due to leakage
from air pressure parts. b) Efficient oil and water separators, or filters, are to be
provided on the discharge of compressors, and drains
c) Water space casings of intermediate coolers of air com- are to be installed on compressed air pipes wherever
pressors are to be protected against any overpressure deemed necessary.
which might occur in the event of rupture of air cooler
tubes. 17.8.4 Lines between compressors, receivers and
engines
17.5.3 Crankcase relief valves All discharge pipes from starting air compressors are to be
Air compressors having a crankcase volume of at least 0,6 lead directly to the starting air receivers, and all starting air
m3 are to be fitted with crankcases explosion relief valves pipes from the air receivers to main or auxiliary engines are
satisfying the provisions of Sec 2, [4.3.4]. to be entirely separate from the compressor discharge pipe
system.
17.5.4 Provision for draining
Air compressors are to be fitted with a drain valve. 17.8.5 Protective devices for starting air mains
Non-return valves and other safety devices are to be pro-
17.6 Control and monitoring of compressed vided on the starting air mains of each engine in accord-
ance with the provisions of Sec 2, [5.1.1].
air systems
18.2.4 Intercommunication of engine exhaust gas mal stresses in the piping system, and in particular in
lines or boiler smoke ducts the connection with engine turboblowers.
a) Exhaust gas from different engines is not to be led to a b) The devices used for supporting the pipes are to allow
common exhaust main, exhaust gas boiler or econo- their expansion or contraction.
miser, unless each exhaust pipe is provided with a suita-
ble isolating device. 18.4.2 Provision for draining
b) Smoke ducts from boilers discharging to a common fun- a) Drains are to be provided where necessary in exhaust
nel are to be separated to a height sufficient to prevent systems, and in particular in exhaust ducting below
smoke passing from a boiler which is operating to a exhaust gas boilers, in order to prevent water flowing
boiler out of action. into the engine.
b) Where exhaust pipes are water cooled, they are to be so
18.2.5 Exhaust gas pipe terminations
arranged as to be self-draining overboard.
a) Where exhaust pipes are led overboard close to the load
waterline, means are to be provided to prevent water 18.4.3 Flexible hoses
from entering the engine or the ship. The use of flexible hoses in water cooled exhaust systems
b) Where exhaust pipes are water cooled, they are to be so will be given special consideration by the Society.
arranged as to be self-draining overboard.
18.4.4 Silencers
18.2.6 Control and monitoring Engine silencers are to be so arranged as to provide easy
A high temperature alarm is to be provided in the exhaust access for cleaning and overhaul.
gas manifolds of thermal oil heaters to detect any outbreak
of fire. 19 Oxyacetylene welding systems
18.3 Materials 19.1 Application
18.3.1 General 19.1.1 This Article applies to centralised fixed plants for
Materials of exhaust gas pipes and fittings are to be resistant oxyacetylene welding installed on ships. It may also be
to exhaust gases and suitable for the maximum temperature applied, at the discretion of the Society, to other plants
expected. using liquefied gas, such as propane.
19.2.2 Acetylene bottle room and are to comply with the following provi-
Acetylene (C2H2) is assumed to be contained in pressurised sions:
gas bottles with pressure equal to 1,5-1,8 MPa at 15°C. • acetylene piping is to be of stainless steel and seam-
less drawn
19.2.3 Oxygen • oxygen piping is to be of copper or stainless steel
Oxygen (O2) is assumed to be contained in pressurized gas and seamless drawn
bottles, with pressure equal to 15-20 MPa at 15°C. • acetylene and oxygen piping and associated fittings
are to be suitable for a design pressure of 29,5 MPa
19.2.4 Gas bottle rooms • a non-return valve is to be installed on the connec-
A gas bottle room is a room containing acetylene and oxy- tion of each acetylene and oxygen bottle to the
gen bottles, where distribution headers, non-return and stop header
valves, pressure reducing devices and outlets of supply lines • stop valves are to be provided on the bottles and
to distribution stations are also installed. kept shut when distribution stations are not working.
c) Low pressure lines (i.e. lines between pressure reducing
19.2.5 Distribution stations devices and distribution stations) are to comply with the
Distribution stations are adequately protected areas or cabi- following provisions:
nets equipped with stop valves, pressure regulating devices, • pipes are to be of seamless steel
pressure gauges, non-return valves and oxygen as well as • piping is to have a thickness of not less than:
acetylene hose connections for the welding torch.
- 2,5 mm when installed in the open air,
- 2 mm otherwise.
19.3 Design of oxyacetylene welding systems
• supply lines to each distribution station are to
include, at the station inlet:
19.3.1 General
- a stop valve to be kept shut when the station is
Except on pontoons and service working ships, no more not working,
than two distribution stations are normally permitted.
- devices to protect the supply lines from back
19.3.2 Acetylene and oxygen bottles flow of gas or flame passage.
d) Safety valves are to be provided on the low pressure
a) The bottles are to be tested by the Society or by a body
side of the pressure reducing devices and led to the
recognised by the Society.
open air at least 3 m above the deck in a safe location
b) Bottles with a capacity exceeding 50 litres are not per- where no source of ignition is present.
mitted.
c) Bottles supplying the plant and spare bottles are to be
19.4 Arrangement of oxyacetylene welding
installed in the gas bottle room. Installation within systems
accommodation spaces, service spaces, control stations 19.4.1 Gas bottle rooms (1/7/2010)
and machinery spaces is not permitted.
a) The gas bottle room is to be located in an independent
d) Bottles are to be installed in a vertical position and are space over the highest continuous deck and provided
to be safely secured. The securing system is to be such with direct access from outside. The limiting bulkheads
as to allow the ready and easy removal of the bottles. and decks are to be made of steel. The limiting bulk-
heads and decks between the room and other enclosed
19.3.3 Piping systems (1/7/2003) spaces are to be gas-tight.
a) Acetylene and oxygen piping systems are to comply b) When the total number of gas bottles, including possi-
with the following provisions: ble spare bottles which are not connected to the plant,
does not exceed 8, acetylene and oxygen bottles may
• all valves and fittings as well as welding torches and be installed in the same room. Otherwise, acetylene
associated supply hoses are to be adapted to this and oxygen bottles are to be separated by a gas-tight
specific service and suitable for the conditions bulkhead.
expected in the different parts of the system
c) The bottle room is to be adequately insulated and fitted
• the connections between the various pipe sections with ventilation systems capable of providing at least six
are to be carried out by means of butt welding. air changes per hour based on the gross volume of the
Other types of connections including threaded con- room. The ventilation system is to be independent of
nections and flange connections are not permitted. ventilation systems of other spaces. The space within 3
m from the mechanical ventilation exhaust or 1 m from
• only a minimum number of unavoidable connec-
the natural ventilation exhaust is to be considered a
tions are permitted provided they are located in a
hazardous area. The fan is to be of non-sparking con-
clearly visible position.
struction. Small storage spaces provided with suffi-
b) High pressure lines (i.e. lines between bottles and pres- ciently large openings for natural ventilation need not
sure reducing devices) are to be installed inside the gas be fitted with mechanical ventilation.
Electrical equipment installed within the storage room, 20 Certification, inspection and testing
including the ventilation fan motor, is to be of the certi-
of piping systems
fied safe type.
Where no storage room is provided, the gas cylinders
may be placed in an open storage area. In such cases 20.1 Application
they are to be shaded from heat sources and protected
against mechanical, weather and se damage. 20.1.1 This Article defines the certification and workshop
d) The gas bottle room is not to be used for other services inspection and testing programme to be performed on:
on board. Flammable oil or gas piping, except that
• the various components of piping systems,
related to the oxyacetylene welding plant, is not to be
led through this room. • the materials used for their manufacture.
Note 1: On pontoons and service working ships, gas bottles may
be installed on open deck in a safe position to the satisfaction of the On board testing is dealt with in Sec 15.
Society. In such case, appropriate protection is to be provided:
• for gas bottles, against sunrays and atmospheric agents, by 20.2 Type tests
means of watertight covers,
• for the associated valves, piping and fittings, by means of steel
20.2.1 Type tests of flexible hoses and expansion
covers, metal grids or similar devices.
joints (1/1/2006)
Such means of protection are to be easily removable to allow bottle
removal, when necessary. a) Type approval tests are to be carried out on flexible
When the total number of bottles exceeds 8, acetylene bottles are hoses or expansion joints of each type and of sizes to be
to be separated from oxygen bottles. agreed with the Society, in accordance with Tab 34 (see
also the "Rules for the type approval of flexible hoses
19.4.2 Distribution stations and expansion joints").
Distribution stations are to be located in the engine room or
in the workshop, in a well-ventilated position and protected b) The flexible hoses or expansion joints subjected to the
against possible mechanical damage. tests are to be fitted with their connections.
Note 1: On pontoons and service working ships, distribution sta-
tions may be installed in the open air, enclosed in a cabinet with a Table 34 : Type tests to be performed for
locked door, or in controlled access areas, to the satisfaction of the flexible hoses and expansion joints (1/7/2001)
Society.
20.2.2 Type tests of air pipe closing 20.4 Hydrostatic testing of piping systems
devices (1/1/2002) and their components
Type approval tests are to be carried out on each type and
size of air pipe closing device, in accordance with Tab 35 20.4.1 General
and the "Rules for type approval and testing of air pipe clos- Pneumatic tests are to be avoided wherever possible.
ing devices". Where such testing is absolutely necessary in lieu of the
hydraulic pressure test, the relevant procedure is to be sub-
mitted to the Society for acceptance prior to testing.
20.3 Testing of materials
20.4.2 Hydrostatic pressure tests of piping
20.3.1 General
a) Hydrostatic pressure tests are to be carried out to the
a) Detailed specifications for material tests are given in Surveyor’s satisfaction for:
Part D. • all class I and II pipes and their integral fittings
b) Requirements for the inspection of welded joints are • all steam pipes, feed water pipes, compressed air
given in Part D. pipes, and fuel oil and other flammable oil pipes
c) The requirements of this Article do not apply to piping with a design pressure greater than 0,35 MPa and
systems subjected to low temperatures, such as cargo their associated integral fittings.
piping of liquefied gas carriers. b) These tests are to be carried out after completion of
manufacture and before installation on board and,
Table 35 : Type tests to be performed for where applicable, before insulating and coating.
air pipe closing appliances
Note 1: Classes of pipes are defined in [1.5.2].
c) Pressure testing of small bore pipes (less than 15 mm)
Type of air closing appliance may be waived at the discretion of the Surveyor,
Test to be performed
Float type Other types depending on the application.
tightness test (1) X X d) Where the design temperature does not exceed 300°C,
flow characteristic determi- X X the test pressure is to be equal to 1,5 p.
nation (2) e) Where the design temperature exceeds 300°C, the test
impact test of floats X pressure is to be as follows:
pressure loading test of X (3) • for carbon and carbon-manganese steel pipes, the
floats test pressure is to be equal to 2 p
(1) the tightness test is to be carried out during immerg- • for alloy steel pipes, the test pressure PH is to be
ing/emerging in water, in the normal position and at an determined by the following formula, but need not
inclination of 40 degrees. exceed 2 p:
(2) pressure drop is to be measured versus flow rate using K 100
water. p H = 1 ,5 --------
-p
KT
(3) only for non-metallic floats.
where:
Note 1: X = required
K100 : permissible stress for 100°C, as stated in
20.3.2 Tests for materials (1/7/2012) Tab 10
KT : permissible stress for the design temper-
a) Where required in Tab 36, materials used for pipes,
ature, as stated in Tab 10.
valves and other accessories are to be subjected to the
following tests: Note 2: Where alloy steels not included in Tab 10 are used, the
permissible stresses will be given special consideration.
• tensile test at ambient temperature
Where it is necessary to avoid excessive stress in way of
• flattening test or bend test, as applicable bends, branches, etc., the Society may give special con-
sideration to the reduction of the test pressure to a value
• impact test as prescribed in the relevant section of
Part D not less than 1,5 p. The membrane stress is in no case to
exceed 90% of the yield stress at the testing tempera-
• tensile test at the design temperature, except if one ture.
of the following conditions is met:
f) While satisfying the condition stated in b), the test pres-
• the design temperature is below 200°C sure of pipes located on the discharge side of centrifugal
• the mechanical properties of the material at high pumps driven by steam turbines is not to be less than the
temperature have been approved maximum pressure liable to be developed by such
pumps with closed discharge at the operating speed of
• the scantling of the pipes is based on reduced their overspeed device.
values of the permissible stress.
g) When the hydrostatic test of piping is carried out on
b) Plastic materials are to be subjected to the tests speci- board, these tests may be carried out in conjunction
fied in App 3. with the tests required in [20.4.7]
20.4.3 Hydrostatic tests of valves, fittings and heat pressure pH defined in a). When determining pH, the
exchangers (1/7/2002) pressure p to be considered is that which may result
from accidental communication between the cooler
a) Valves and fittings non-integral with the piping system
and the adjoining stage of higher pressure, allowance
and intended for class I and II pipes are to be subjected
being made for any safety device fitted on the cooler.
to hydrostatic tests in accordance with standards recog-
nised by the Society, at a pressure not less than 1,5 times d) The test pressure for water spaces of compressors and
the design pressure p defined in [1.3.2]. their intermediate coolers is not to be less than 1,5 times
the design pressure in the space concerned, subject to a
b) Valves intended to be fitted on the ship side below the
minimum of 0,2 MPa.
load waterline are to be subjected to hydrostatic tests
under a pressure not less than 0,5 MPa. e) For air compressors and pumps driven by diesel
engines, see Sec 2.
c) The shells of appliances such as heaters, coolers and
heat exchangers which may be considered as pressure
vessels are to be tested under the conditions specified in 20.4.6 Hydrostatic test of flexible hoses and
Sec 3. expansion joints (1/7/2004)
d) The nests of tubes or coils of heaters, coolers and heat a) Each flexible hose or expansion joint, together with its
exchangers are to be submitted to a hydraulic test under connections, is to undergo a hydrostatic test under a
the same pressure as the fluid lines they serve. pressure at least equal to 1,5 times the maximum ser-
vice pressure.
e) For coolers of internal combustion engines, see Sec 2.
b) During the test, the flexible hose or expansion joint is to
be repeatedly deformed from its geometrical axis.
20.4.4 Hydrostatic tests of fuel oil bunkers and tanks
not forming part of the ship’s structure
20.4.7 Pressure tests of piping after assembly on
Fuel oil bunkers and tanks not forming part of the ship’s board
structure are to be subjected to a hydrostatic test under a
pressure corresponding to the maximum liquid level in such After assembly on board, the following tightness tests are to
spaces or in the air or overflow pipes, witha minimum of be carried out in the presence of the Surveyor.
2,40 m above the top. The minimum height is to be 3,60 m
for tanks intended to contain fuel oil with a flashpoint In general, all the piping systems covered by these require-
below 60°C. ments are to be checked for leakage under operational con-
ditions and, if necessary, using special techniques other
than hydrostatic testing. In particular, heating coils in tanks
20.4.5 Hydrostatic tests of pumps and compressors and liquid or gas fuel lines are to be tested to not less than
a) Cylinders, covers and casings of pumps and compres- 1,5 times the design pressure but in no case less than 0,4
sors are to be subjected to a hydrostatic test under a MPa.
pressure at least equal to the pressure pH determined by
the following formulae: 20.5 Testing of piping system components
• pH = 1,5 p where p ≤ 4 during manufacturing
• pH = 1,4 p + 0,4 where 4 < p ≤ 25
20.5.1 Pumps
• pH = p + 10,4 where p > 25
a) Bilge and fire pumps are to undergo a performance test.
where
b) Rotors of centrifugal feed pumps for main boilers are to
• pH : test pressure, in MPa undergo a balancing test.
c) Intermediate coolers of compressors are to undergo a 20.6.1 The inspections and tests required for piping sys-
hydrostatic test under a pressure at least equal to the tems and their components are summarised in Tab 36.
Table 36 : Inspection and testing at works for piping systems and their components (1/7/2012)
Tests for materials (1) Inspections and tests for the product (1)
Type of During Type of Reference to
No. Item Tests After
material manufacturing product the Rules
required completion
certificate (2) (NDT) certificate
1 Valves, pipes and fittings
a) class I, d ≥ 50 mm or X C [20.3.2]
class II, d ≥ 100 mm X (5) [3.6.2] [3.6.3]
X C (3) [20.4.3]; Pt D,
Ch 2, Sec 2,
[1.8]
.
b) class I, d < 50 mm or X W [20.3.2]
class II, d < 100 mm
X (5) [3.6.2] [3.6.3]
X C (3) [20.4.3]; Pt D,
Ch 2, Sec 2,
[1.8]
T’G : For steering gear which can activate the rudder be permanently lubricated or provided with lubrication
with a reduced number of actuators, the value fittings.
of TG in such conditions c) The construction is to be such as to minimise local con-
σ : Normal stress due to the bending moments and centration of stress.
the tensile and compressive forces, in N/mm2 d) All steering gear components transmitting mechanical
τ : Tangential stress due to the torsional moment forces to the rudder stock, which are not protected
and the shear forces, in N/mm2 against overload by structural rudder stops or mechani-
σa : Permissible stress, in N/mm2 cal buffers, are to have a strength at least equivalent to
that of the rudder stock in way of the tiller.
σc : Combined stress, determined by the following
formula: 2.1.2 Materials and welds
σc =
2
σ + 3τ
2 a) All steering gear components transmitting mechanical
forces to the rudder stock (such as tillers, quadrants, or
R : Value of the minimum specified tensile strength similar components) are to be of steel or other approved
of the material at ambient temperature, in ductile material complying with the requirements of
N/mm2 Part D. In general, such material is to have an elongation
Re : Value of the minimum specified yield strength of not less than 12% and a tensile strength not greater
of the material at ambient temperature, in than 650 N/mm2.
N/mm2 b) The use of grey cast iron is not permitted, except for
R’e : Design yield strength, in N/mm2, determined by redundant parts with low stress level, subject to special
the following formulae: consideration by the Society. It is not permitted for cyl-
• R’e = Re, where R ≥ 1,4 Re inders.
• R’e = 0,417 (Re+R) where R < 1,4 Re c) The welding details and welding procedures are to be
submitted for approval.
d) All welded joints within the pressure boundary of a rud-
2 Design and construction - Require- der actuator or connecting parts transmitting mechani-
ments applicable to all ships cal loads are to be full penetration type or of equivalent
strength.
2.1 Mechanical components
2.1.3 Scantling of components
2.1.1 General The scantling of steering gear components is to be deter-
a) All steering gear components and the rudder stock are mined considering the design torque MT and the permissi-
to be of sound and reliable construction to the satisfac- ble value σa of the combined stress, as given in:
tion of the Society. • Tab 2 for components which are protected against over-
b) Any non-duplicated essential component is, where loads induced by the rudder
appropriate, to utilise anti-friction bearings, such as ball • Tab 3 for components which are not protected against
bearings, roller bearings or sleeve bearings, which are to overloads induced by the rudder.
Table 3 : Scantling of components not protected against overloads induced by the rudder
Normal operation, with a reduced number of actuators lower of TR and 0,8 T’G 0,55 R’e
Emergency operation achieved by hydraulic or electrohydraulic steering gear lower of TR and 0,8 TA 0,69 R’e
Emergency operation, with a reduced number of actuators lower of TR and 0,8 T’G 0,69 R’e
2.1.4 Tillers, quadrants and rotors b) The scantling of the quadrants is to be determined as
specified in a) for the tillers. When quadrants having
a) The scantling of the tiller is to be determined as follows:
two or three arms are provided, the section modulus of
• the depth H0 of the boss is not to be less than ds each arm is not to be less than one half or one third,
respectively, of the section modulus required for the
• the radial thickness of the boss in way of the tiller is tiller.
not to be less than 0,4.ds
Arms of loose quadrants not keyed to the rudder stock
• the section modulus of the tiller arm in way of the may be of reduced dimensions to the satisfaction of the
end fixed to the boss is not to be less than the value Society, and the depth of the boss may be reduced by 10
Zb, in cm3, calculated from the following formula: per cent.
c) Keys are to satisfy the following provisions:
0 ,147 ⋅ d 3 L′ R
Z b = ---------------------------s ⋅ ---- ⋅ -----e′ • the key is to be made of steel with a yield stress not
1000 L Re
less than that of the rudder stock and that of the tiller
where: boss or rotor without being less than 235 N/mm2
L : Distance from the centreline of the rud- • the width of the key is not to be less than 0,25.ds
der stock to the point of application of • the thickness of the key is not to be less than 0,10.ds
the load on the tiller (see Fig 1)
• the ends of the keyways in the rudder stock and in
L’ : Distance between the point of applica- the tiller (or rotor) are to be rounded and the keyway
tion of the above load and the root sec- root fillets are to be provided with small radii of not
tion of the tiller arm under consideration less than 5 per cent of the key thickness.
(see Fig 1)
d) Bolted tillers and quadrants are to satisfy the following
• the width and thickness of the tiller arm in way of provisions:
the point of application of the load are not to be less • the diameter of the bolts is not to be less than the
than one half of those required by the above formula value db, in mm, calculated from the following for-
• in the case of double arm tillers, the section modu- mula:
lus of each arm is not to be less than one half of the TR 235
section modulus required by the above formula. - ⋅ ----------
d b = 153 ---------------------------------
n ( b + 0 ,5d se ) R eb
rial
L
j
d se
β = 0,48 + 0,5 α + 0,1 α0,5,
ls = Length, in mm, of the maximum unsup-
ported reach of the cylinder rod.
b) Auxiliary electric or electrohydraulic steering gear, asso- 2.3.4 Supply of motor control circuits and steering
ciated with main electric or electrohydraulic steering gear control systems
gear, may be connected to one of the circuits supplying
a) Each control for starting and stopping of motors for
the main steering gear.
power units is to be served by its own control circuits
c) The circuits supplying electric or electrohydraulic steer- supplied from its respective power circuits.
ing gear are to have adequate rating for supplying all
b) Any electrical main and auxiliary steering gear control
motors which can be simultaneously connected to them
system operable from the navigating bridge is to be
and may be required to operate simultaneously.
served by its own separate circuit supplied from a steer-
d) When, in a ship of less than 1600 tons gross tonnage, ing gear power circuit from a point within the steering
auxiliary steering gear which is required by [3.3.2], gear compartment, or directly from switchboard busbars
item c) to be operated by power is not electrically pow- supplying that steering gear power circuit at a point on
ered or is powered by an electric motor primarily the switchboard adjacent to the supply to the steering
intended for other services, the main steering gear may gear power circuit. The power supply systems are to be
be fed by one circuit from the main switchboard. protected selectively.
e) Where the rudder stock is required to be over 230 milli- c) The remote control of the power unit and the steering
metres in diameter in way of the tiller, excluding gear control systems is to be supplied also by the alter-
strengthening for navigation in ice, an alternative power native power source when required by [2.3.2], item e).
supply either from the emergency source of electrical
power or from an independent source of power located 2.3.5 Circuit protection
in the steering gear compartment is to be provided, suf-
a) Short-circuit protection is to be provided for each con-
ficient at least to supply the steering gear power unit
trol circuit and each power circuit of electric or electro-
such that the latter is able to perform the duties of auxil-
hydraulic main and auxiliary steering gear.
iary steering gear.
This power source is to be activated automatically, b) No protection other than short-circuit protection is to be
within 45 seconds, in the event of failure of the main provided for steering gear control system supply cir-
source(s) of electrical power. cuits.
The independent source is to be used only for this pur- c) Protection against excess current (e.g. by thermal
pose. relays), including starting current, if provided for power
circuits, is to be for not less than twice the full load cur-
The alternative power source is also to supply the steer- rent of the motor or circuit so protected, and is to be
ing gear control system, the remote control of the power arranged to permit the passage of the appropriate start-
unit and the rudder angle indicator. ing currents.
f) In every ship of 10 000 tons gross tonnage and upwards, d) Where fuses are fitted, their current ratings are to be two
the alternative power supply is to have a capacity for at step higher than the rated current of the motors. How-
least 30 minutes of continuous operation and in any ever, in the case of intermittent service motors, the fuse
other ship for at least 10 minutes. rating is not to exceed 160% of the rated motor current.
2.3.3 Motors and associated control gear e) The instantaneous short-circuit trip of circuit breakers is
to be set to a value not greater than 15 times the rated
a) To determine the required characteristics of the electric current of the drive motor.
motors for power units, the breakaway torque and maxi-
mum working torque of the steering gear under all oper- f) The protection of control circuits is to correspond to at
ating conditions are to be considered. The ratio of pull- least twice the maximum rated current of the circuit,
out torque to rated torque is to be at least 1,6. though not, if possible, below 6 A.
d) Cables for duplicated steering gear control systems with e) The alarms required in c) and d) shall be both audible
their associated components are to be separated as far and visual and situated in a conspicuous position in the
as practicable. They are to follow different routes sepa- main machinery space or control room from which the
rated both vertically and horizontally, as far as practica- main machinery is normally controlled and on the navi-
ble, throughout their entire length. gation bridge.
e) Wires, terminals and the components for duplicated 2.4.2 Hydraulic system
steering gear control systems installed in units, control
a) Hydraulic oil reservoirs are to be provided with the
boxes, switchboards or bridge consoles are to be sepa-
alarms required in [2.2.6].
rated as far as practicable.
b) Where hydraulic locking, caused by a single failure,
Where physical separation is not practicable, separation
may lead to loss of steering, an audible and visual
may be achieved by means of a fire-retardant plate.
alarm, which identifies the failed system, is to be pro-
f) All electrical components of the steering gear control vided on the navigating bridge.
systems are to be duplicated. This does not require Note 1: This alarm is to be activated when, for example:
duplication of the steering wheel or steering lever.
• the position of the variable displacement pump control
g) If a joint steering mode selector switch (uniaxial switch) system does not correspond with the given order, or
is employed for both steering gear control systems, the • an incorrect position in the 3-way valve, or similar, in the
connections for the control systems are to be divided constant delivery pump system is detected.
accordingly and separated from each other by an isolat-
ing plate or air gap. 2.4.3 Control system (1/7/2012)
h) In the case of double follow-up control, the amplifier is In the event of a failure of electrical power supply to the
to be designed and fed so as to be electrically and steering gear control systems, an audible and visual alarm
mechanically separated. In the case of non-follow-up shall be given on the navigating bridge and at a suitable
control and follow-up control, it is to be ensured that main machinery control position.
the follow-up amplifier is protected selectively.
An indication (or an alarm) is to be given on the navigating
i) Control circuits for additional control systems, e.g. bridge in the event that the steering gear remote control sys-
steering lever or autopilot, are to be designed for all- tem is not available (e.g. the steering gear control is from
pole disconnection. the local control position).
j) The feedback units and limit switches, if any, for the 2.4.4 Rudder angle indication
steering gear control systems are to be separated electri-
The angular position of the rudder is to be:
cally and mechanically connected to the rudder stock or
actuator separately. a) indicated on the navigating bridge, if the main steering
gear is power operated. The rudder angle indication is
k) Actuators controlling the power systems of the steering to be independent of the steering gear control system
gear, e.g. magnetic valves, are to be duplicated and sep- and be supplied through the emergency switchboard, or
arated. by an alternative and independent source of electrical
power such as that referred to in [2.3.2], item e);
2.4 Alarms and indications b) recognisable in the steering gear compartment.
Alarms Location
Item Display (audible Navigation Engine Steering gear
and visible) Bridge Control Room compartment
Power failure of each power unit X X X
Indication that electric motor of each power unit is running X X X
Overload of electric motor of each power unit X X X (1)
Phase failure of electric motor of each power unit X X X (1)
Low level of each hydraulic fluid reservoir X X X (1)
Power failure of each control system X X X
Hydraulic lock X X
Rudder angle indicator X X X
Remote control system not available X X
(1) or in the machinery space, for ships with attended machinery spaces.
3 Design and construction - Require- not be proved by trials at maximum astern speed and
maximum rudder angle.
ments for cargo ships of 500 tons
gross tonnage or more and for pas- 3.3.2 Auxiliary steering gear
senger ships The auxiliary steering gear and rudder stock shall be:
a) of adequate strength and capable of steering the ship at
3.1 Application navigable speed and of being brought speedily into
action in an emergency,
3.1.1 The provisions of this Article apply in addition to
those of Article [2]. b) capable of putting the rudder over from 15° on one side
to 15° on the other side in not more than 60s with the
ship at its deepest seagoing draught and running ahead
3.2 General at one half of the maximum ahead service speed or 7
3.2.1 Unless expressly provided otherwise, every ship shall knots, whichever is the greater, and
be provided with main steering gear and auxiliary steering c) operated by power where necessary to meet the
gear to the satisfaction of the Society. requirements of b) and in any case when the Society
requires a rudder stock of over 230 mm diameter in way
3.3 Strength, performance and power opera- of the tiller, excluding strengthening for navigation in ice.
tion of the steering gear
3.4 Control of the steering gear
3.3.1 Main steering gear
The main steering gear and rudder stock shall be: 3.4.1 Main and auxiliary steering gear control
a) of adequate strength and capable of steering the ship at Steering gear control shall be provided:
maximum ahead service speed which shall be demon- a) for the main steering gear, both on the navigation bridge
strated, and in the steering gear compartment,
b) capable of putting the rudder over from 35° on one side b) where the main steering gear is arranged in accordance
to 35° on the other side with the ship at its deepest sea- with [3.5.2], by two independent control systems, both
going draught and running ahead at maximum ahead operable from the navigation bridge and the steering
service speed and, under the same conditions, from 35° gear compartment. This does not require duplication of
on either side to 30° on the other side in not more than the steering wheel or steering lever. Where the control
28s, system consists in a hydraulic telemotor, a second inde-
c) operated by power where necessary to meet the pendent system need not be fitted, except in a tanker,
requirements of b) and in any case when the Society chemical tanker or gas carrier of 10 000 gross tonnage
requires a rudder stock of over 120 mm diameter in way and upwards,
of the tiller, excluding strengthening for navigation in ice, c) for the auxiliary steering gear, in the steering gear com-
and partment and, if power operated, it shall also be opera-
d) so designed that they will not be damaged at maximum ble from the navigation bridge and to be independent of
astern speed; however, this design requirement need the control system for the main steering gear.
3.4.2 Control systems operable from the navigating 3.5.5 Hydraulic locking
bridge Where the steering gear is so arranged that more than one
Any main and auxiliary steering gear control system opera- system (either power or control) can be simultaneously
ble from the navigating bridge shall comply with the follow- operated, the risk of hydraulic locking caused by single fail-
ing: ure is to be considered.
• if electrical, it shall be served by its own separate circuit
supplied from a steering gear power circuit from a point 4 Design and construction - Require-
within the steering gear compartment, or directly from ments for cargo ships of less than
switchboard busbars supplying that steering gear power 500 tons gross tonnage and for fish-
circuit at a point on the switchboard adjacent to the
supply to the steering gear power circuit, ing vessels
• means shall be provided in the steering gear compart-
4.1 Application
ment for disconnecting any control system operable
from the navigation bridge from the steering gear it 4.1.1 The provisions of this Article apply in addition to
serves, those of Article [2].
• the system shall be capable of being brought into opera-
tion from a position on the navigating bridge, 4.2 General
• in the event of failure of electrical power supply to the 4.2.1 (1/7/2009)
control system, an audible and visual alarm shall be Unless expressly provided otherwise, every ship is to be
given on the navigation bridge, and provided with main steering gear and auxiliary steering gear
• short-circuit protection only shall be provided for steer- to the satisfaction of the Society.
ing gear control supply circuits. The Society may accept an arrangement whereby the two
steering gears units share common mechanical components
3.5 Availability (tiller, quadrant, rudder actuators) provided that any defect
can be isolated so that steering capability can be main-
3.5.1 Arrangement of main and auxiliary steering tained or speedily regained.
gear
The main steering gear and the auxiliary steering gear shall 4.3 Strength, performance and power opera-
tion of the steering gear
be so arranged that the failure of one will not render the
other inoperative. 4.3.1 Main steering gear
The main steering gear and rudder stock are to be:
3.5.2 Omission of the auxiliary steering gear
a) of adequate strength and capable of steering the ship at
Where the main steering gear comprises two or more identi- maximum ahead service speed, which is to be demon-
cal power units, auxiliary steering gear need not be fitted, strated,
provided that: b) capable of putting the rudder over from 35° on one side
to 35° on the other side with the ship at its deepest sea-
a) in a passenger ship, the main steering gear is capable of
going draught and running ahead at maximum ahead
operating the rudder as required by paragraph [3.3.1] service speed and, under the same conditions, from 35°
while any one of the power units is out of operation, on either side to 30° on the other side in not more than
b) in a cargo ship, the main steering gear is capable of 28s,
operating the rudder as required by paragraph [3.3.1] c) operated by power where necessary to fulfil the require-
while operating with all power units, ments of b), and
d) so designed that they will not be damaged at maximum
c) the main steering gear is so arranged that after a single
astern speed; however, this design requirement need not
failure in its piping system or in one of the power units, be proved by trials at maximum astern speed and maxi-
the defect can be isolated so that steering capability can mum rudder angle.
be maintained or speedily regained.
4.3.2 Auxiliary steering gear
Steering gear other than of the hydraulic type is to achieve
standards equivalent to the requirements of this paragraph The auxiliary steering gear is to be:
to the satisfaction of the Society. a) of adequate strength and sufficient to steer the ship at
navigable speed and capable of being brought speedily
3.5.3 Hydraulic power supply into action in an emergency,
The hydraulic system intended for main and auxiliary steer- b) capable of putting the rudder over from 15° on one side
ing gear is to be independent of all other hydraulic systems to 15° on the other side in not more than 60s with the
of the ship. ship at its deepest seagoing draught and running ahead
at one half of the maximum ahead service speed or 7
3.5.4 Non-duplicated components knots, whichever is the greater, and
Special consideration is to be given to the suitability of any c) operated by power where necessary to meet the require-
essential component which is not duplicated. ments of b).
4.5 Availability
d
3
d = 3 j
4.5.1 Arrangement of main and auxiliary means for j
6 Design and construction - Require- side to the other at the declared steering angle limits at
an average rotational speed of at least 2,4°/s with the
ments for ships equipped with non-
ship running ahead at maximum ahead service speed
traditional propulsion and steering and to be operated by power where the expected steer-
systems, such as thrusters ing torque exceeds 1,5 kN⋅m
8.2 Testing of materials hydraulic cylinder shells, pump casings and accumula-
tors, refer to Sec 3.
8.2.1 Components subject to pressure or
b) Defects may be repaired by welding only on forged
transmitting mechanical forces
parts or steel castings of weldable quality. Such repairs
a) Materials of components subject to pressure or transmit- are to be conducted under the supervision of the Sur-
ting mechanical forces, specifically: veyor in accordance with the applicable requirements
• cylindrical shells of hydraulic cylinders, rams and of Part D.
piston rods
• tillers, quadrants 8.3.2 Hydraulic piping, valves and accessories
• rotors and rotor housings for rotary vane steering Hydraulic piping, valves and accessories are to be
gear inspected and tested during manufacturing in accordance
• hydraulic pump casings with Sec 10, [20], for a class I piping system.
• and hydraulic accumulators, if any,
are to be duly tested, including examination for internal 8.4 Inspection and tests after completion
defects, in accordance with the requirements of Part D.
b) A works’ certificate may be accepted for low stressed 8.4.1 Hydrostatic tests
parts, provided that all characteristics for which verifica- a) Hydraulic cylinder shells and accumulators are to be
tion is required are guaranteed by such certificate. subjected to hydrostatic tests according to the relevant
provisions of Sec 3.
8.2.2 Hydraulic piping, valves and accessories
Tests for materials of hydraulic piping, valves and accesso- b) Hydraulic piping, valves and accessories and hydraulic
pumps are to be subjected to hydrostatic tests according
ries are to comply with the provisions of Sec 10, [20.3].
to the relevant provisions of Sec 10, [20.4].
SECTION 12 THRUSTERS
Table 1 : Plans to be submitted for athwartship thrusters and azimuth thrusters (1/7/2002)
Table 3 : Data and documents to be submitted for athwartship thrusters, azimuth thrusters and water-jets
2.2 Transverse thrusters and azimuth applicable requirements of Sec 6 for cylindrical gears or
thrusters standards recognised by the Society for bevel gears,
applying the safety factors for propulsion gears.
2.2.1 Prime movers
b) Gears of thrusters intended for manoeuvring only are to
a) Diesel engines intended for driving thrusters are to com- be in accordance with the applicable requirements of
ply with the applicable requirements of Sec 2. Sec 6, for cylindrical gears or Standards recognised by
the Society for bevel gears, applying the safety factors
b) Electric motors intended for driving thrusters and their for auxiliary gears.
feeding systems are to comply with the requirements of
Chapter 2. In particular: 2.2.5 Nozzles and connections to hull for azimuth
• Provisions are to be made to prevent starting of the thrusters
motors whenever there are insufficient generators in a) For the requirements relative to the nozzle structure, see
operation. Part B, Chapter 10.
• Intermittent duty thrusters will be the subject of spe- b) The scantlings of the nozzle connection to the hull and
cial consideration by the Society.
the welding type and size will be specially considered
by the Society, which reserves the right to require
2.2.2 Propellers (1/7/2002)
detailed stress analysis in the case of certain high power
a) For propellers of thrusters intended for propulsion, steer- installations.
ing and dynamic positioning, the requirements of Sec 8
c) For steerable thrusters, the equivalent rudder stock
apply.
diameter is to be calculated in accordance with the
b) For propellers of thrusters intended for manoeuvring requirements of Part B, Chapter 10.
only, the requirements of Sec 8 also apply, although the
increase in thickness of 10% required in Sec 8, [2.5] 2.2.6 Transverse thruster tunnel
does not need to be applied.
a) The thickness of the tunnel is not to be less than the
adjacent part of the hull.
2.2.3 Shafts (1/7/2002)
b) Special consideration will be given by the Society to
a) For propeller shafts of thrusters, the requirements of
tunnels connected to the hull by connecting devices
Sec 7 apply to the portion of propellershaft between the
other than welding.
inner edge of the aftermost shaft bearing and the inner
face of the propeller boss or the face of the integral pro-
2.2.7 Bearings
peller shaft flange for the connection to the propeller
boss. Bearing are to be identifiable and are to have a life ade-
quate for the intended purpose. However, their life cannot
b) For other shafts of thrusters, the requirement of Sec 6,
be less than:
[3.4.2] apply.
• 40 000 hours for continuous duty thrusters. For ships
2.2.4 Gears (1/7/2002) with restricted service, a lesser value may be considered
by the Society.
a) Gears of thrusters intended for propulsion steering and
dynamic positioning are to be in accordance with the • 5 000 hours for intermittent duty thrusters.
2.3 Special requirements for ammonia alternatively, the access is to be provided with an air
(R717) lock.
f) An independent bilge system is to be provided for the
2.3.1 Refrigerating machinery compartment refrigerating machinery space.
g) At least two sets of breathing apparatus and protective
a) The refrigerating machinery compartment and the com- clothing are to be available outside and in the vicinity of
partments where ammonia bottles are stored are to be the ammonia machinery space.
separated by gastight bulkheads from the accommoda- h) All electrical equipment and apparatus in the space is to
tion spaces, the engine room (including the shaft tunnel) be arranged such that it may be shut off by a central
and other machinery spaces intended for essential ser- switch located outside the space. This switch is not to
vices. This requirement does not apply to plants using control the ventilation system.
less than 25 kg of ammonia. i) The electrical equipment and apparatus in the space is
to comply with the requirements for electrical installa-
b) The space is to be arranged with a ventilation system, tions in dangerous areas as per Ch 2, Sec 3, [10].
distinct from that of other spaces, having a capacity of at
least 30 changes per hour. Provision is to be made for 2.3.2 Ammonia in machinery spaces
starting and stopping the ventilation fans from outside When installation of ammonia is allowed in the machinery
the refrigerated space. space in accordance with the provision of [2.3.1] a), the
area where ammonia machinery is installed is to be served
c) A fire-extinguishing water spray system is to be provided by a hood with a negative ventilation system, having a
for any ammonia machinery space, in particular in way capacity of not less than 30 changes per hour, independent
of the access doors. The actuating device is to be fitted from any other ship ventilation system, so as to prevent any
closed to the entrance outside the protected space. leakage of ammonia from dissipating into other areas.
SECTION 14 TURBOCHARGERS
cating for each drawing the relevant number and revision tion) that the selected test unit really is representative for the
status from both licensor and licensee. whole generic range.
Where the licensee proposes design modifications to com- Note 1: A generic range means a series of turbocharger which are
ponents, the associated documents are to be submitted by of the same design, but scaled to each other.
the licensee to the Society for approval, with a Licensor The minimum test speeds, relative to the maximum permis-
statement confirming acceptance of the changes. sible operating speed, are:
In all cases, the licensee is to provide the Surveyor entrusted • for the compressor:120%
to carry out the testing, with a complete set of the docu-
• for the turbine: 140% or the natural burst speed, which-
ments specified above.
ever is lower.
Requirements relative to fabrication, welding, heat treat- 2.4 Alarms and Monitoring
ments, examinations, testing and acceptance will be stipu-
lated on a case by case basis. 2.4.1 (1/7/2016)
In general, all welding is to be carried out by qualified For all turbochargers of Categories B and C, indications and
welders in accordance with qualified welding procedures alarms as listed in Tab 1 are required.
using approved consumables.
2.4.2 (1/7/2016)
Indications may be provided at either local or remote loca-
tions.
Table 1 (1/7/2016)
Category of Turbochargers
Pos. Monitored Parameters B C Notes
Alarm Indication Alarm Indication
1 Speed High (4) X (4) High (4) X (4)
2 Exhaust gas at each High (1) X (1) High X High temp. alarms for each cylinder at engine is
turbocharger inlet, acceptable (2)
temperature
3 Lub. oil at turbo- High X If not forced system, oil temperature near bear-
charger outlet, temper- ings
ature
4 Lub. oil at turbo- Low X Low X Only for forced lubrication systems (3)
charger outlet, temper-
ature
(1) For Category B turbochargers, the exhaust gas temperature may be alternatively monitored at the turbocharger outlet, provided
that the alarm level is set to a safe level for the turbine and that correlation between inlet and outlet temperatures is substanti-
ated.
(2) Alarm and indication of the exhaust gas temperature at turbocharger inlet may be waived if alarm and indication for individual
exhaust gas temperature is provided for each cylinder and the alarm level is set to a value safe for the turbocharger.
(3) Separate sensors are to be provided if the lubrication oil system of the turbocharger is not integrated with the lubrication oil sys-
tem of the diesel engine or if it is separated by a throttle or pressure reduction valve from the diesel engine lubrication oil sys-
tem.
(4) On turbocharging systems where turbochargers are activated sequentially, speed monitoring is not required for the turbo-
charger(s) being activated last in the sequence, provided all turbo-chargers share the same intake air filter and they are not fitted
with waste gates.
3 Type tests, material tests, workshop bility of the turbocharger for such kind of operation is to be
preliminarily stated by the manufacture.
inspection and testing, certification
3.1.4 (1/7/2016)
3.1 Type testing The rotor vibration characteristics shall be measured and
recorded in order to identify possible sub-synchronous
3.1.1 (1/7/2016)
vibrations and resonances.
Applicable to Categories B and C.
3.1.5 (1/7/2016)
3.1.2 (1/7/2016)
The type test shall be completed by a hot running test at
The type test for a generic range of turbochargers may be maximum permissible speed combined with maximum per-
carried out either on an engine (for which the turbocharger missible temperature for at least one hour. After this test, the
is foreseen) or in a test rig. turbo-charger shall be opened for examination, with focus
3.1.3 (1/7/2016) on possible rubbing and the bearing conditions.
3.2 Workshop inspections and testing Society will issue to the turbocharger Manufacturer a Type
Approval Certificate valid for all turbochargers of the same
3.2.1 (1/7/2016)
type.
The manufacturer shall adhere to a quality system designed
to ensure that the designer's specifications are met, and that Where changes are made to a turbocharger and upon satis-
manufacturing is in accordance with the approved draw- factory review of documents as per [1.2.2], the extension to
ings; the verification of compliance with this requirement is the modified turbocharger of the validity of the type tests
within the scope of a Type approval. and containment test previously carried out will be evalu-
3.2.2 (1/7/2016) ated on a case by case basis.
For category C, this shall be verified by means of periodic
product audits of an Alternative Certification Scheme (ACS) 3.4 Testing certification
by the Society.
3.4.1 (1/7/2016)
These audits shall focus on:
Turbochargers shall be delivered with:
• chemical composition of material for the rotating parts;
• mechanical properties of the material of a representative • For category C, a society certificate, which at a mini-
specimen for the rotating parts and the casing; mum cites the applicable type approval and the Alterna-
tive Certification Scheme, when applicable.
• UT and crack detection of rotating parts;
• dimensional inspection of rotating parts; • For category B, a work's certificate, which at a minimum
cites the applicable type approval, which includes pro-
• rotor balancing;
duction assessment according to [3.2.1].
• hydraulic testing of cooling spaces to 4 bars or 1.5 times
maximum working pressure, whichever is higher; 3.4.2 (1/7/2016)
• overspeed test of all compressor wheels for a duration of The same applies to replacement of rotating parts and cas-
3 minutes at either 20% above alarm level speed at ing.
room temperature or 10% above alarm level speed at
3.4.3 (1/7/2016)
45°C inlet temperature when tested in the actual hous-
ing with the corresponding pressure ratio. The over- Rotating parts of category C turbochargers are to be marked
speed test may be waived for forged wheels that are for easy identification with the appropriate certificate.
individually controlled by an approved non-destructive 3.4.4 (1/7/2016)
method.
Alternatively to the Alternative Certification Scheme and
periodic product audits according to [3.2.2] individual cer-
3.3 Type approval certificate and its validity tification of a turbocharger and its parts may be made at the
3.3.1 (1/7/2016) discretion of the Society. However, such individual certifi-
Subject to the satisfactory outcome of the type tests speci- cation of category C turbocharger and its parts shall also be
fied in [3.1] and a factory audit specified in [3.2.1], the based on test requirements specified in [3.2.2].
a) satisfactory operation of the machinery in relation to the 3.1.2 Power of the machinery
service for which it is intended a) The power developed by the propulsion machinery in
the course of the sea trials is to be as close as possible to
b) quick and easy response to operational commands
the power for which classification has been requested.
c) safety of the various installations, as regards: In general, this power is not to exceed the maximum
continuous power at which the weakest component of
• the protection of mechanical parts the propulsion system can be operated. In cases of die-
• the safeguards for personnel sel engines and gas turbines, it is not to exceed the max-
imum continuous power for which the engine type
d) accessibility for cleaning, inspection and maintenance. concerned has been approved.
Where the above features are not deemed satisfactory and b) Where the rotational speed of the shafting is different
require repairs or alterations, the Society reserves the right from the design value, thereby increasing the stresses in
to require the repetition of the trials at the moorings, either excess of the maximum allowable limits, the power
wholly or in part, after such repairs or alterations have been developed in the trials is to be suitably modified so as to
carried out. confine the stresses within the design limits.
b) In general, the power is to be determined by means of b) Accumulation tests and setting of safety valves of boilers
torsiometric readings, to be effected with procedures and superheaters
and instruments deemed suitable by the Society. • Safety valves are to be set to lift at a pressure not
exceeding 103% of the design pressure
As an alternative, for reciprocating internal combustion
engines and gas turbines, the power may be determined • For boilers fitted with superheaters, the safety valves
by measuring the fuel consumption and on the basis of of the latter are to be set to lift before or, at the latest,
the other operating characteristics, in comparison with at the same time as the valves of the saturated steam
the results of bench tests of the prototype engine. chest
Other methods of determining the power may be con- c) Verification that, at the maximum steaming rate, the
sidered by the Society on a case by case basis. boiler pressure does not exceed 110% of the design
pressure when the stop valves of the boiler, except those
which must remain open for the burning operation, are
3.2 Navigation and manoeuvring tests
closed. The boiler is to be fed so that the water level
remains normal throughout the test. The test is to last:
3.2.1 Speed trials
• 15 minutes for fire tube boilers
a) Where required by the Rules (see Pt A, Ch 1, Sec 2,
[4.9.4]), the speed of the ship is to be determined using • 7 minutes for water tube boilers.
procedures deemed suitable by the Society.
d) Test and simulation of all safety devices, alarms, shut-off
b) The ship speed is to be determined as the average of the and automatic starting of standby equipment.
speeds taken in not less than two pairs of runs in oppo-
site directions. 3.3.3 Alternative requirement
For electric propulsion systems, see [3.7]. 3.4 Tests of diesel engines
3.4.1 General
3.3 Tests of boilers
a) The scope of the trials of diesel engines may be
3.3.1 General expanded in consideration of the special operating con-
ditions, such as towing, trawling, etc.
The satisfactory operation of the main and auxiliary boilers
supplying essential services is to be ascertained in all oper- b) Where the machinery installation is designed for resid-
ating conditions during the trials at the moorings and the ual or other special fuels, the ability of engines to burn
sea trials. such fuels is to be demonstrated.
3.4.2 Main propulsion engines driving fixed shipboard generating sets, account is to be taken of the
propellers times needed to actuate the generator’s overload protec-
Trials of main propulsion engines driving fixed propellers tion system.
are to include the following tests:
a) operation at rated engine speed n0 for at least 4 hours 3.5 Tests of steam turbines
b) operation at engine speed corresponding to normal con-
3.5.1 Main propulsion turbines (1/7/2004)
tinuous cruise power for at least 2 hours
Main turbines are to be subjected during dock trials and
c) operation at engine speed n = 1,032 n0 for 30 minutes
subsequent sea trials to the following tests:
Note 1: The test in c) is to be performed only where permitted by
the engine adjustment, see Note 3 to Sec 2, [7.4.4]. • operation at rated rpm for at least 3 hours
e) starting and reversing manoeuvres • in free route astern at least 70% of the ahead revolutions
for a period of at least 15 minutes. The astern trial is to
f) operation in reverse direction of propeller rotation at a be limited to 30 minutes or in accordance with the
minimum engine speed of n = 0,7 n0 for 10 minutes Manufacturer's recommendation to avoid overheating
Note 2: The test in f) may be performed during the dock or sea tri- of the turbine due to the effects of "windage" and fric-
als tion.
g) tests of the monitoring, alarm and safety systems
During astern and subsequent forward operation, the steam
h) for engines fitted with independently driven blowers, pressures and temperatures and the relative expansion are
emergency operation of the engine with one blower not to assume magnitudes liable to endanger the safe opera-
inoperative. tion of the plant.
3.4.3 Main propulsion engines driving controllable During the trials all safety, alarm, shut-off and control sys-
pitch propellers or reversing gears tems associated to the turbine are to be tested or properly
a) The scope of the trials for main propulsion engines driv- simulated.
ing controllable pitch propellers or reversing gears is to
comply with the relevant provisions of [3.4.2]. 3.5.2 Auxiliary turbines
Turbines driving electric generators or auxiliary machines
b) Engines driving controllable pitch propellers are to be
are to be run for at least 4 hours at their rated power and for
tested at various propeller pitches.
30 minutes at 110% of rated power.
3.4.4 Single main engines driving generators for During the trials all safety, alarm, shut-off and control sys-
propulsion (1/1/2009) tems associated to the turbine are to be tested or properly
Trials of engines driving generators for propulsion are to simulated.
include the following tests:
a) operation at 100% power (rated propulsion power) for 3.6 Tests of gas turbines
at least 4 hours
b) operation at normal continuous cruise propulsion 3.6.1 Main propulsion turbines
power for at least 2 hours Main turbines are to be subjected during dock trials and
c) operation at 110% rated propulsion power for 30 min- subsequent sea trials to the following tests:
utes • operation at rated rpm for at least 3 hours
d) operation in reverse direction of propeller rotation at a • ship reversing manoeuvres.
minimum engine speed 70% of the nominal propeller
speed for 10 minutes During the various operations, the pressures, temperatures
e) starting manoeuvres and relative expansion are not to assume magnitudes liable
to endanger the safe operation of the plant.
f) tests of the monitoring, alarm and safety systems.
During the trials all safety, alarm, shut-off and control sys-
Note 1: The above tests a) to f) are to be performed at rated speed
tems associated to the turbine are to be tested or properly
with a constant governor setting. The powers refer to the rated elec-
trical powers of the electric propulsion motors. simulated.
3.7 Tests of electric propulsion system Upon completion of the trials, the tooth contact is to be
inspected. The contact marking is to appear uniformly
3.7.1 Dock trials distributed without hard bearing at the ends of the teeth
a) The dock trials are to include the test of the electrical and without preferential contact lines.
production system, the power management and the The tooth contact is to comply with Tab 1.
load limitation.
b) The verification of tooth contact at sea trials by methods
b) A test of the propulsion plant at a reduced power, in other than that described above will be given special
accordance with dock trial facilities, is to be carried out. consideration by the Society.
During this test, the following are to be checked:
c) In the case of reverse and/or reduction gearing with sev-
• Electric motor rotation speed variation
eral gear trains mounted on roller bearings, manufac-
• Functional test, as far as practicable (power limita- tured with a high standard of accuracy and having an
tion is to be tested with a reduced value) input torque not exceeding 20 000 N⋅m, the check of
• Protection devices the tooth contact may be reduced at the Society’s discre-
• Monitoring and alarm transmission including inter- tion.
locking system. Such a reduction may also be granted for gearing which
c) Prior to the sea trials, an insulation test of the electric has undergone long workshop testing at full load and for
propulsion plant is to be carried out. which the tooth contact has been checked positively.
In any case, the teeth of the gears are to be examined by
3.7.2 Sea trials (1/7/2002) the Surveyor after the sea trials. Subject to the results,
Testing of the performance of the electric propulsion system additional inspections or re-examinations after a speci-
is to be effected in accordance with an approved test pro- fied period of service may be required.
gram.
This test program is to include at least: Table 1 : Tooth contact for gears
a) Speed rate of rise
Percentage of tooth contact
b) Endurance test:
Heat treatment across the of the tooth
• 4 hours at 100% rated output power and machining whole face working
• 2 hours at the maximum continuous output power width depth
normally used at sea
• 10 minutes at maximum astern running power quenched and tempered, cut 70 40
c) Check of the crash astern operation in accordance with • quenched and tempered, 90 40
the sequence provided to reverse the speed from full shaved or ground
ahead to full astern, in case of emergency. During this • surface-hardened
test, all necessary data concerning any effects of the
reversing of power on the generators are to be recorded, 3.9 Tests of main propulsion shafting and
including the power and speed variation propellers
d) Test of functionality of electric propulsion, when
manoeuvring and during the ship turning test 3.9.1 Shafting alignment
e) Test of power management performance: reduction of Where alignment calculations are required to be submitted
power due to loss of one or several generators to check, in pursuance of Sec 7, [3.3.1], the alignment conditions are
in each case, the power limitation and propulsion avail- to be checked on board as follows:
ability. a) shafting installation and intermediate bearing position,
before and during assembling of the shafts:
3.8 Tests of gears • optical check of the relative position of bushes after
fitting
3.8.1 Tests during sea trials
• check of the flanged coupling parameters (gap and
During the sea trials, the performance of reverse and/or
sag)
reduction gearing is to be verified, both when running
ahead and astern. • check of the centring of the shaft sealing glands
In addition, the following checks are to be carried out: b) engine (or gearbox) installation, with floating ship:
• check of the bearing and oil temperature • check of the engine (or gearbox) flanged coupling
• detection of possible gear hammering, where required parameters (gap and sag)
by Sec 9, [3.6.1] • check of the crankshaft deflections before and after
• test of the monitoring, alarm and safety systems. the connection of the engine with the shaft line, by
measuring the variation in the distance between
3.8.2 Check of the tooth contact adjacent webs in the course of one complete revolu-
a) Prior to the sea trials, the tooth surfaces of the pinions tion of the engine
and wheels are to be coated with a thin layer of suitable Note 1: The ship is to be in the loading conditions defined in the
coloured compound. alignment calculations.
c) load on the bearings: (zero speed waterline) and the vessel is in an acceptable
• check of the intermediate bearing load by means of trim condition, or the rudder load and torque at the
jack-up load measurements specified trial loading condition have been predicted
and extrapolated to the full load condition. In any case,
• check of the bearing contact area by means of coat-
the speed of ship corresponding to the number of maxi-
ing with an appropriate compound.
mum continuous revolution of main engine and maxi-
3.9.2 Shafting vibrations mum design pitch applies.
Torsional, bending and axial vibration measurements are to 3.11.2 Tests to be performed
be carried out where required by Sec 9. The type of the
Tests of the steering gear are to include at least:
measuring equipment and the location of the measurement
points are to be specified. a) functional test of the main and auxiliary steering gear
with demonstration of the performances required by
3.9.3 Bearings Sec 11, [3.3] and Sec 11, [4.3].
The temperature of the bearings is to be checked under the b) test of the steering gear power units, including transfer
machinery power conditions specified in [3.1.2] between steering gear power units
3.9.4 Stern tube sealing gland c) test of the isolation of one power actuating system,
checking the time for regaining steering capability
The stern tube oil system is to be checked for possible oil
leakage through the stern tube sealing gland. d) test of the hydraulic fluid refilling system
e) test of the alternative power supply required by Sec 11,
3.9.5 Propellers [2.3.2], item e)
a) For controllable pitch propellers, the functioning of the
f) test of the steering gear controls, including transfer of
system controlling the pitch from full ahead to full
controls and local control
astern position is to be demonstrated. It is also to be
checked that this system does not induce any overload g) test of the means of communication between the navi-
of the engine. gation bridge, the engine room and the steering gear
compartment
b) The proper functioning of the devices for emergency
operations is to be tested during the sea trials. h) test of the alarms and indicators
i) where the steering gear design is required to take into
3.10 Tests of piping systems account the risk of hydraulic locking, a test is to be per-
formed to demonstrate the efficiency of the devices
3.10.1 Functional tests intended to detect this.
During the sea trials, piping systems serving propulsion and Note 1: Tests d) to i) may be carried out either during the mooring
auxiliary machinery, including the associated monitoring trials or during the sea trials.
and control devices, are to be subjected to functional tests Note 2: For ships of less than 500 tons gross tonnage and for fish-
at the nominal power of the machinery. Operating parame- ing vessels, the Society may accept departures from the above list,
ters (pressure, temperature, consumption) are to comply in particular to take into account the actual design features of their
with the values recommended by the equipment manufac- steering gear.
turer. Note 3: Azimuth thrusters are to be subjected to the above tests, as
far as applicable.
3.10.2 Performance tests
The Society reserves the right to require performance tests, 4 Inspection of machinery after sea tri-
such as flow rate measurements, should doubts arise from
the functional tests.
als
c) If the ship cannot be tested at the deepest draught, steer- b) Should the inspection reveal defects or damage of some
ing gear trials shall be conducted at a displacement as importance, the Society may require other similar
close as reasonably possible to full-load displacement machinery or parts to be opened up for inspection.
as required by Section 6.1.2 of ISO 19019:2005 on the c) An exhaustive inspection report is to be submitted to the
conditions that either the rudder is fully submerged Society for information.
1.3 Principles of calculation a) Bending moments and radial forces acting in web
1.3.1 (1/1/2007) The bending moment MBRF and the radial force QRF are
taken as acting in the centre of the solid web (distance
The design of crankshafts is based on an evaluation of safety
L1) and are derived from the radial component of the
against fatigue in the highly stressed areas.
connecting rod force.
The calculation is also based on the assumption that the
The alternating bending and compressive stresses due to
areas exposed to highest stresses are:
bending moments and radial forces are to be related to
• fillet transitions between the crankpin and web as well the cross-section of the crank web. This reference sec-
as between the journal and web, tion results from the web thickness W and the web
width B (see Fig 2).
• outlets of crankpin oil bores.
Mean stresses are disregarded.
When journal diameter is equal to or larger than crankpin
diameter, the outlets of main journal oil bores are to be b) Bending acting in outlet of crankpin oil bore
formed in a similar way to the crankpin oil bores; otherwise, The two relevant bending moments are taken in the
separate documentation of fatigue safety may be required. crankpin cross-section through the oil bore (see Fig 3).
Calculation of crankshaft strength consists initially in deter- The alternating stresses due to these bending moments
mining the nominal alternating bending (see [2.1]) and are to be related to the cross-sectional area of the axially
nominal alternating torsional stresses (see [2.2]) which, bored crankpin.
multiplied by the appropriate stress concentration factors
(see [3]), result in an equivalent alternating stress (uni-axial Mean bending stresses are disregarded.
a) Crankthrow for in line engine b) Crankthrow for Vee engine with two adjacent
connecting rods
th
1
X N = ± ----- [ X max – X min ] 1
2 M BON = ± ----- [ M BOm ax – M BOmin ]
2
where:
with:
XN : is considered as alternating force, moment
or stress
M BO = M BT O ⋅ cos ψ + M BRO ⋅ sin ψ
Xmax : is maximum value within one working cycle
ψ [°] : angular position (see Fig 3)
Xmin : is minimum value within one working cycle
We [mm3]: section modulus related to the cross-section
b) The calculation of the nominal alternating bending and of the axially bored crankpin
compressive stresses in the web cross-section is as fol-
lows: π D 4 – D BH 4
W e = ------ ----------------------
-
32 D
M BRFN
σ BFN = ± --------------
- ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ K e
W eq w
Q RFN
2.1.3 Calculation of alternating bending stresses in
σ QFN = ± -----------
- ⋅ Ke fillets (1/1/2007)
F
The calculation of stresses is to be carried out for the crank-
where: pin fillet as well as for the journal fillet.
σBFN [N/mm²]:nominal alternating bending stress related For the crankpin fillet:
to the web.
MBRFN [Nm]:alternating bending moment related to the σ BH = ± ( α B ⋅ σ BFN )
centre of the web (see Fig 1).
where:
σBH [N/mm²]: alternating bending stress in the crankpin fillet
1
M BRFN = ± ----- [ M BRFmax – M BRFmin ] αB [-] : stress concentration factor for bending in the
2
crankpin fillet (determination - see [3])
Weqw[mm3]:section modulus related to the cross-section For the journal fillet (not applicable to semi-built crank-
of the web. shafts):
B⋅W
2 σ BG = ± ( β B ⋅ σ BFN + β Q ⋅ σ QFN )
W eqw = ------------------
6 where:
Ke : empirical factor considering to some extent σBG [N/mm²]: alternating bending stress in the journal fillet
the influence of adjacent crank and bearing βB [-] : stress concentration factor for bending in the
restraint with: journal fillet (determination - see [3])
2.2.1 General (1/1/2007) The approval of the crankshaft will be based on the installa-
tion having the largest nominal alternating torsional stress
The calculation for nominal alternating torsional stresses is
(but not exceeding the maximum figure specified by the
to be undertaken by the engine Manufacturer according to
engine Manufacturer).
the information contained in [2.2.2].
Thus, for each installation, it is to be ensured by suitable
The Manufacturer is to specify the maximum nominal alter- calculation that this approved nominal alternating torsional
nating torsional stress. stress is not exceeded. This calculation is to be submitted
2.2.2 Calculation of nominal alternating torsional for assessment.
stresses (1/1/2007)
2.2.3 Calculation of alternating torsional stresses in
The maximum and minimum torques are to be ascertained fillets and the outlet of the crankpin oil
for every mass point of the complete dynamic system and bore (1/1/2007)
for the entire speed range by means of a harmonic synthesis The calculation of stresses is to be carried out for the crank-
of the forced vibrations from the 1st order up to and includ- pin fillet, the journal fillet and the outlet of the crankpin oil
ing the 15th order for 2-stroke cycle engines and from the bore. For the crankpin fillet:
0,5th order up to and including the 12th order for 4-stroke
cycle engines. Whilst doing so, allowance is to be made for
τH = ± ( αT ⋅ τN )
the damping that exists in the system and for unfavourable
conditions (misfiring in one of the cylinders). The speed step where:
calculation is to be selected in such a way that any reso- τH [N/mm²]: alternating torsional stress in the crankpin fillet
nance found in the operational speed range of the engine αT [-] : stress concentration factor for torsion in the
will be detected. crankpin fillet (determination - see [3])
Note 1: Misfiring is defined as a cylinder condition when no com-
τN [N/mm²]: nominal alternating torsional stress related to
bustion occurs but only a compression cycle.
the crankpin diameter.
Where barred speed ranges are necessary, they are to be
For the journal fillet (not applicable to semi-built crank-
arranged so that satisfactory operation is possible despite
shafts):
their existence. There are to be no barred speed ranges
above a speed ratio of γ > 0,8 for normal firing conditions.
τG = ± ( βT ⋅ τN )
The values received from such calculation are to be submit-
ted to the Society. where:
The nominal alternating torsional stress in every mass point, τG [N/mm²]: alternating torsional stress in the journal fillet
which is essential to the assessment, results from the follow- βT [-] : stress concentration factor for torsion in the
ing equation: journal fillet (determination - see [3])
τN [N/mm²]: nominal alternating torsional stress related to
MTN the journal diameter.
τ N = ± ---------
- ⋅ 10 3
WP For the outlet of the crankpin oil bore:
1 σ T O = ± ( γT ⋅ τN )
M TN = ± --- ⋅ ( M Tmax – M T min )
2 where:
σTO [N/mm²]: alternating stress in the outlet of the crankpin
where: oil bore due to torsion
γT [-] : stress concentration factor for torsion in the out- The stress concentration factor for bending (αB, βB) is
let of the crankpin oil bore (determination- see defined as the ratio of the maximum equivalent stress (VON
[3]) MISES) - occurring in the fillets under bending load - to the
nominal bending stress related to the web cross-section (see
τN [N/mm²]: nominal alternating torsional stress related to
Tab 4).
crankpin diameter.
The stress concentration factor for compression (βQ) in the
3 Evaluation of stress concentration journal fillet is defined as the ratio of the maximum equiva-
lent stress (VON MISES) - occurring in the fillet due to the
factors radial force - to the nominal compressive stress related to
the web cross-section.
3.1 General
The stress concentration factor for torsion (αT, βT) is defined
3.1.1 (1/1/2012) as the ratio of the maximum equivalent shear stress - occur-
ring in the fillets under torsional load - to the nominal tor-
The stress concentration factors are evaluated by means of sional stress related to the axially bored crankpin or journal
the formulae according to items [3.2], [3.3] and [3.4] appli- cross-section (see Tab 4).
cable to the fillets and crankpin oil bore of solid forged web
type crankshafts and to the crankpin fillets of semi-built The stress concentration factors for bending (γB) and torsion
crankshafts only. It is to be noted that stress concentration (γT) are defined as the ratio of the maximum principal stress
factor formulae concerning the oil bore are only applicable - occurring at the outlet of the crankpin oil hole under
to a radially drilled oil hole. All formulae are based on
bending and torsional loads - to the corresponding nominal
investigations of FVV (Forschungsvereinigung Verbrennung-
stress related to the axially bored crankpin cross-section
skraftmaschinen) for fillets and on investigations of ESDU
(see Tab 5).
(Engineering Science Data Unit) for oil holes.
When reliable measurements and/or calculations are availa-
Where the geometry of the crankshaft is outside the bound-
ble, which can allow direct assessment of stress concentra-
aries of the analytical stress concentration factors (SCF), the
calculation method detailed in [9] may be undertaken tion factors, the relevant documents and their method of
analysis are to be submitted to the Society in order to
All crank dimensions necessary for the calculation of stress demonstrate their equivalence to the present Rule evalua-
concentration factors are shown in Fig 4 and Tab 1. tion.
tH = TH/D α T = 0, 8 ⋅ f (r,s) ⋅ f ( b ) ⋅ f ( w )
tG = TG/D where:
βT = αT
3.3 Journal fillet (not applicable to semi- if the diameters and fillet radii of crankpin and journal are the
built crankshafts) same.
3.3.1 (1/1/2007) If crankpin and journal diameters and/or radii are of differ-
The stress concentration factor for bending (βB) is: ent sizes
β T = 0, 8 ⋅ f ( r , s ) ⋅ f ( b ) ⋅ f ( w )
β B = 2, 7146 ⋅ f B ( s, w ) ⋅ f B ( w ) ⋅ f B ( b ) ⋅ f B ( r ) ⋅ f B ( d G ) where:
⋅ f B ( d H ) ⋅ f ( recess )
f (r,s), f (b) and f (w) are to be determined in accordance
where: with item [3.2] (see calculation of αT); however, the radius
of the journal fillet is to be related to the journal diameter :
f B (s,w) = – 1, 7625 + 2, 9821 ⋅ w – 1, 5276 ⋅ w 2 + ( 1 – s )
⋅ ( 5 , 1169 – 5, 8089 ⋅ w + 3, 1391 ⋅ w 2 ) + ( 1 – s ) 2 R
⋅ ( – 2, 1567 + 2, 3297 ⋅ w – 1, 2952 ⋅ w 2 ) r = ------G-
DG
γ B = 3 – 5, 88 ⋅ d o + 34, 6 ⋅ d 2 o
f B ( r ) = 0, 1908 ⋅ r ( –0, 5568 )
The stress concentration factor for torsion (γT) is:
4.1 General
f ( recess ) = 1 + ( t H + t G ) ⋅ ( 1, 8 + 3, 2 ⋅ s ) 4.1.1 (1/1/2007)
In addition to the alternating bending stresses in fillets (see
The stress concentration factor for compression (βQ) due to the
item [2.1.3]), further bending stresses due to misalignment
radial force is: and bedplate deformation as well as due to axial and bend-
ing vibrations are to be considered by applying σadd as given
β Q = 3, 0128 ⋅ f Q ( s ) ⋅ f Q ( w ) ⋅ f Q ( b ) ⋅ f Q ( r ) ⋅ f Q ( d H ) ⋅ f ( recess ) by Tab 3.
where:
5 Calculation of equivalent alternating
stress
f Q ( s ) = 0, 4368 + 2, 1630 ⋅ ( 1 – s ) – ( 1, 5212 ) ⋅ ( 1 – s ) 2
5.1 General
w 5.1.1 (1/1/2007)
f Q ( w ) = ------------------------------------------------------
0, 0637 + 0, 9369 ⋅ w In the fillets, bending and torsion lead to two different biax-
ial stress fields which can be represented by a Von Mises
equivalent stress with the additional assumptions that bend-
f Q ( b ) = – 0, 5 + b
ing and torsion stresses are time phased and the corre-
sponding peak values occur at the same location (see Tab
f Q ( r ) = 0, 5331 ⋅ r ( – 0, 2038 ) 4).
As a result, the equivalent alternating stress is to be calcu-
lated for the crankpin fillet as well as for the journal fillet by
f Q ( d H ) = 0, 9937 – 1, 1949 ⋅ d H + 1, 7373 ⋅ d 2 H using the Von Mises criterion.
At the oil hole outlet, bending and torsion lead to two dif-
ferent stress fields which can be represented by an equiva-
f ( recess ) = 1 + ( t H + t G ) ⋅ ( 1, 8 + 3, 2 ⋅ s ) lent principal stress equal to the maximum of principal
stress resulting from the combination of these two stress
fields with the assumption that bending and torsion are time
phased (see Tab 5). σ V = ± ( σ BH + σ ad d ) 2 + 3 ⋅ τ H
2
The above two different ways of equivalent stress evaluation For the journal fillet:
both lead to stresses which may be compared to the same
fatigue strength value of crankshaft assessed according to 2
the Von Mises criterion. σ V = ± ( σ BG + σ ad d ) 2 + 3 ⋅ τ G
Table 3 (1/1/2007)
6 Calculation of fatigue strength K [-] : factor for different types of crankshafts without
surface treatment. Values greater than 1 are
only applicable to fatigue strength in the fillet
6.1 General
area.
6.1.1 (1/1/2007)
K = 1,05 for continuous grain flow forged or
The fatigue strength is to be understood as that value of drop-forged crankshafts
equivalent alternating stress (Von Mises) which a crankshaft
can permanently withstand at the most highly stressed K = 1,0 for free form forged crankshaft (without
points. The fatigue strength may be evaluated by means of continuous grain flow)
the following formulae. Factor for cast steel crankshafts with cold rolling
Related to the crankpin diameter: treatment in fillet area
K = 0,93 for cast steel crankshafts manufactured
by companies using a classification society
σ DW = ± K ⋅ ( 0 , 42 ⋅ σ B + 39, 3 ) ⋅ 0, 264 + 1, 073 ⋅ D –0, 2 approved cold rolling process
785 – σ 196 1 σB [N/mm2]: minimum tensile strength of crankshaft mate-
+ ---------------------B- + ---------- ⋅ ------
4900 σB RX rial.
with: For other parameters see [3.3].
RX = RH in the fillet area When a surface treatment process is applied, it is to be
RX = D0 / 2 in the oil bore area approved by the Society.
Related to the journal diameter: These formulae are subject to the following conditions:
• surfaces of the fillet, the outlet of the oil bore and inside
the oil bore (down to a minimum depth equal to 1,5
σ DW = ± K ⋅ ( 0 , 42 ⋅ σ B + 39, 3 ) ⋅ 0, 264 + 1, 073 ⋅ D G– 0, 2 times the oil bore diameter) are to be smoothly finished.
785 – σ 196 1 • for calculation purposes RH, RG or RX are to be taken as
+ ---------------------B- + ---------- ⋅ ------
4900 σB RG not less than 2 mm.
where: As an alternative, the fatigue strength of the crankshaft can
σDW [N/mm2]: allowable fatigue strength of crankshaft be determined by experiment based either on a full size
crankthrow (or crankshaft) or on specimens taken from a DA [mm]: outside diameter of web or twice the minimum
full size crankthrow. distance x between centreline of journals and
In any case, the experimental procedure for fatigue evalua- outer contour of web, whichever is the lesser
tion of specimens and fatigue strength of crankshaft assess- DS [mm]: shrink diameter
ment is to be submitted for approval to the Society (method,
type of specimens, number of specimens (or crankthrows), DG [mm] : journal diameter
number of tests, survival probability, confidence number).
DBG [mm]: diameter of axial bore in journal
Equivalent stress
and S.C.F. σ1 – σ3
τ equiv = -----------------
2
τ eq uiv
S.C.F. = ------------ for α T, β T
τn
Equivalent stress
and S.C.F. 2 2
σ equiv = σ 1 + σ 2 – σ1 ⋅ σ 2
σ equ iv
S.C.F. = ------------- for α B, β B, β Q
σn
Table 5 : Stress Concentration Factors and stress distribution at the edge of oil drillings (1/1/2007)
Stress Nominal Uniaxial stress distribution around the edge Mohr's circle diagram
type stress tensor
Tension
σ α = σ n γ B ⁄ 3 [ 1 + 2 cos ( 2α ) ]
σn 0
0 0
γ B = ( σ max ⁄ σ n ) for α = kπ
Shear
σ α = γ T τ n sin ( 2α )
0 τn
τn 0
π π
γ T = ( σ max ⁄ τ n ) for α = --- + k ---
4 2
γ 3γ τ
σ α = ----B σ n 1 + 2 cos ( 2α ) + --- ----T -----n sin ( 2α )
3 2 γB σn
Tension + σn τn
shear
τn 0
γ 9 γ τ 2
σ max = ----B σ n 1 + 2 1 + --- ----T -----n
3 4 γB σ n
3γ τ
for α = --- tg – 1 --- ----T -----n
1
2 2 γB σ n
Oil bore
Crankpin >2r
r Web
If the actual element mesh does not fulfil any of the follow- For all nodes in both the journal and crank pin fillet, princi-
ing criteria in the area examined for SCF evaluation, then a pal stresses are extracted and the equivalent torsional stress
second calculation with a refined mesh is to be performed. is calculated:
Figure 7 : Boundary and load conditions for the torsion load case (1/1/2012)
y
Multi-point constraint:
All nodes of cross section
z x are rigidly connected to
central node (= master)
Load:
Torque T applied
to central node
Boundary Conditions:
DOFs for all nodes are
fully restrained u = 0
x,y,z
Figure 8 : Boundary and load conditions for the pure bending load case (1/1/2012)
Multi-point constraint:
All nodes of cross section
z x are rigidly connected to
central node (= master)
Load:
In-plane bending by
moment M applied at
central node
Boundary Conditions:
DOFs for all nodes are
fully restrained u = 0
x,y,z
Figure 9 : Boundary and load conditions for the 3-point bending load case of an in-line engine (1/1/2012)
Boundary Conditions:
Displacement in z
direction for master node
Load: is restrained, uz = 0;
Force F 3p applied at central uy , ux and φ ≠ 0 (axial, vertical
y node at connecting rod displacement and rotations are free)
centre line.
z x
Multi-point constraint:
All nodes of cross section
are rigidly connected to
central node (= master)
Boundary Conditions:
Displacements for master Boundary Conditions:
node are fully restrained Displacements in y and z
ux,y,z = 0; directions for master node
φ ≠ 0 (rotations are free)
are restrained uy,z = 0
Ux , φ≠ 0 (axial displacement
and rotations are free)
The maximum equivalent Von Mises stress σ3P in the journal In a statically determined system with one crank throw
fillet is evaluated. The SCF in the journal fillet can be deter- supported by two bearings, the bending moment and
mined in two ways as shown in a) and b) below. radial (shear) force are proportional. Therefore the jour-
nal fillet SCF can be found directly by the 3-point bend-
a) Method 1
ing FE calculation.
The results from 3-point and 4-point bending are com-
The SCF is then calculated according to:
bined as follows:
σ3P = σN3P x βB + σQ3P x βQ σ 3P
β BQ = ----------
-
where: σ N 3P
σ3P : as found by the FE calculation For symbols, see item a) above.
σN3P : Nominal bending stress in the web centre When using this method, the radial force and stress
due to the force F3P [N] applied to the determination become superfluous. The alternating
centreline of the actual connecting rod; see bending stress in the journal fillet as per [2.1.3] is then
Fig 10 evaluated:
βB : as determined in [9.3.3]
σQ3P : Q3P / (BW) where Q3P is the radial (shear) σ BG = ± β BQ ⋅ σ BFN
force in the web due to the force F3P [N]
Note that the use of this method does not apply to the
applied to the centreline of the actual con- crankpin fillet and that this SCF must not be used in
necting rod; see also Fig 1. connection with calculation methods other than those
b) Method 2 assuming a statically determined system.
1.2 Documentation to be submitted 2.3 DF engine air inlet and exhaust system
1.2.1 In addition to the documentation required in Sec 2, 2.3.1 Explosion relief valves or other appropriate protec-
[1.4] the following is to be submitted: tion system against explosion are to be provided in the
exhaust, scavenge and air inlet manifolds.
• a failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) examining all
possible faults affecting the combustion process is to be
submitted (see [2.6.1]) 2.3.2 The exhaust gas pipes from DF engines are not to be
connected to the exhaust pipes of other engines or systems.
• drawings and specifications concerning the gas feed to
the DF engine.
2.4 Starting air line
1.3 Operation mode
2.4.1 Starting air branch pipes to each cylinder are to be
provided with effective flame arresters.
1.3.1 DF engines are to employ pilot oil fuel injection for
gas ignition and are to be capable of immediate change-
over to oil fuel only. Table 1 : Guidance for combustion monitoring
1.3.4 In the event of shut-off of the gas fuel supply, the DF Exhaust gas temper- H
engines are to be capable of uninterrupted operation by oil ature at each cylin-
fuel only. der outlet
Exhaust gas temper- H (positive or H (negative value)
ature deviation from negative value)
2 Design, control and monitoring average
Cylinder pressure or X X
2.1 Protection of crankcase ignition failure of
each cylinder
2.1.1 Crankcase relief valves are to be fitted in way of each
crankthrow. The construction and operating pressure of the (1) X = required monitoring; L = low value; H = high value.
relief valves are to be determined considering explosions (2) It is recommended that the gas master valve is also
due to gas leaks. closed.
2.5 Gas fuel supply to the DF engine sis requested in [1.2.1]. However, Tab 1 may be used as
guidance.
2.5.1 The gas supply line is to be enclosed in protection
pipes or ducts, as required in Pt E, Ch 9, Sec 16. 2.7 Emergency stop
The protection pipes or ducts are to provide complete cov-
erage of the gas line to the fuel injection valves. 2.7.1 The gas supply is to be stopped before the gas con-
centration detected by the gas detectors fitted in the
2.6 Combustion monitoring machinery space as required in 16.2.2 of the International
Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying
2.6.1 Details of required monitoring will be determined Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code) reaches 60% of the
based on the outcome of the failure mode and effect analy- lower flammable limit.
The nominal external pressure is not to exceed Pcol/3, 2.3.2 Flame spread
where: a) All pipes, except those fitted on open decks and within
Pcol : Collapse pressure tanks, cofferdams, pipe tunnels and ducts, are to have
Note 1: The external pressure is the sum of the vacuum inside the low spread characteristics not exceeding average values
pipe and the static pressure head outside the pipe. listed in IMO Resolution A.653(16).
c) The collapse pressure is not to be less than 0,3 MPa. b) Surface flame characteristics are to be determined using
the procedure given in IMO Res. A.653(16) with regard
2.2.3 Permissible temperature to the modifications due to the curvilinear pipe surfaces
a) In general, plastic pipes are not to be used for media as listed in Appendix 3 of Res. A.753(18).
with a temperature above 60°C or below 0°C, unless c) Surface flame spread characteristics may also be deter-
satisfactory justification is provided to the Society. mined using the text procedures given in ASTM D635,
b) The permissible working temperature range depends on or other national equivalent standards.
the working pressure and is to be in accordance with
2.3.3 Fire protection coating
manufacturer’s recommendations.
Where a fire protective coating of pipes and fittings is nec-
c) The maximum permissible working temperature is to be essary for achieving the fire endurance level required, it is
at least 20°C lower than the minimum heat distortion to meet the following requirements:
temperature of the pipe material, determined according
to ISO 75 method A or equivalent. • The pipes are generally to be delivered from the manu-
facturer with the protective coating on.
d) The minimum heat distortion temperature is not to be
• The fire protection properties of the coating are not to
less than 80°C.
be diminished when exposed to salt water, oil or bilge
2.2.4 Axial strength slops. It is to be demonstrated that the coating is resist-
ant to products likely to come into contact with the pip-
a) The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure,
ing.
weight and other loads is not to exceed the allowable
stress in the longitudinal direction. • In considering fire protection coatings, such characteris-
tics as thermal expansion, resistance against vibrations
b) In the case of fibre reinforced plastic pipes, the sum of and elasticity are to be taken into account.
the longitudinal stresses is not to exceed half of the
nominal circumferential stress derived from the nominal • The fire protection coatings are to have sufficient resist-
internal pressure condition (see [2.2.2]). ance to impact to retain their integrity.
LOCATION
Accommo-
Other Coffer-
Other dation,
PIPING Machinery machinery Cargo Ro/ro Fuel Ballast dams, void
dry Cargo service Open
spaces of spaces and pump cargo oil water spaces,
SYSTEM cargo tanks and decks
category A pump rooms holds tanks tanks pipe tun-
holds (16) control (21)
(11) rooms (13) (14) (17) (18) nels and
(15) spaces
(12) ducts (19)
(20)
CARGO (FLAMMABLE CARGOES WITH FLASH POINT ≤ 60°C)
Cargo lines NA NA L1 NA NA 0 NA 0 (10) 0 NA L1 (2)
Crude oil NA NA L1 NA NA 0 NA 0 (10) 0 NA L1 (2)
washing lines
Vent lines NA NA NA NA NA 0 NA 0 (10) 0 NA X
INERT GAS
Water seal efflu- NA NA 0 NA NA 0 0 0 0 NA 0
ent line (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Scrubber 0 0 NA NA NA NA NA 0 0 NA 0
effluent line (1) (1) (1) (1)
Main line 0 0 L1 NA NA NA NA NA 0 NA L1 (6)
Distribution line NA NA L1 NA NA 0 NA NA 0 NA L1 (2)
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (FLASH POINT > 60°C)
Cargo lines X X L1 X X NA (3) 0 0 (10) 0 NA L1
Fuel oil X X L1 X X NA (3) 0 0 0 L1 L1
Lubricating oil X X L1 X X NA NA NA 0 L1 L1
Hydraulic oil X X L1 X X 0 0 0 0 L1 L1
SEA WATER (1)
Bilge main and L1 (7) L1 (7) L1 X X NA 0 0 0 NA L1
branches
Fire main and L1 L1 L1 X NA NA NA 0 0 X L1
water spray
Foam system L1 L1 L1 NA NA NA NA NA 0 L1 L1
Sprinkler system L1 L1 L3 X NA NA NA 0 0 L3 L3
Ballast L3 L3 L3 L3 X 0 (10) 0 0 0 L2 L2
Cooling water, L3 L3 NA NA NA NA NA 0 0 NA L2
essential serv-
ices
Tank cleaning NA NA L3 NA NA 0 NA 0 0 NA L3 (2)
services, fixed
machines
Non-essential 0 0 0 0 0 NA 0 0 0 0 0
systems
FRESH WATER
LOCATION
Accommo-
Other Coffer-
Other dation,
PIPING Machinery machinery Cargo Ro/ro Fuel Ballast dams, void
dry Cargo service Open
spaces of spaces and pump cargo oil water spaces,
SYSTEM cargo tanks and decks
category A pump rooms holds tanks tanks pipe tun-
holds (16) control (21)
(11) rooms (13) (14) (17) (18) nels and
(15) spaces
(12) ducts (19)
(20)
Cooling water, L3 L3 NA NA NA NA 0 0 0 L3 L3
essential
services
Condensate L3 L3 L3 0 0 NA NA NA 0 0 0
return
Non-essential 0 0 0 0 0 NA 0 0 0 0 0
systems
SANITARY, DRAINS, SCUPPERS
Deck drains L1 L1 NA L1 0 NA 0 0 0 0 0
(internal) (4) (4) (4)
Sanitary drains 0 0 NA 0 0 NA 0 0 0 0 0
(internal)
Scuppers and 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
discharges (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
(over-board) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8)
SOUNDING, AIR
Water tanks, dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
spaces (10)
Oil tanks (flash X X X X X X 0 0 0 X X
point > 60°C) (3) (10)
MISCELLANEOUS
Control air L1 (5) L1 (5) L1 (5) L1 (5) L1 (5) NA 0 0 0 L1 (5) L1 (5)
Service air 0 0 0 0 0 NA 0 0 0 0 0
(non-essential)
Brine 0 0 NA 0 0 NA NA NA 0 0 0
LOCATION
Accommo-
Other Coffer-
Other dation,
PIPING Machinery machinery Cargo Ro/ro Fuel Ballast dams, void
dry Cargo service Open
spaces of spaces and pump cargo oil water spaces,
SYSTEM cargo tanks and decks
category A pump rooms holds tanks tanks pipe tun-
holds (16) control (21)
(11) rooms (13) (14) (17) (18) nels and
(15) spaces
(12) ducts (19)
(20)
Auxiliary low L2 L2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
steam pressure (9) (9) (9) (9) (9)
(≤ 0,7 MPa)
(1) Where non-metallic piping is used, remote controlled valves to be provided at ship side (valve is to be controlled from outside
space).
(2) Remote closing valves to be provided at the cargo tanks.
(3) When cargo tanks contain flammable liquids with flash point > 60 °C, “0” may replace “NA” or “X”.
(4) For drains serving only the space concerned, “0” may replace “L1”.
(5) When controlling functions are not required by the Rules, “0” may replace “L1”.
(6) For pipes between machinery space and deck water seal, “0” may replace “L1”.
(7) For passenger vessels, “X” is to replace “L1”.
(8) Scuppers serving open decks in positions 1 and 2, as defined in Pt B, Ch 1, Sec 2, are to be “X” throughout unless fitted at
the upper end with a means of closing capable of being operated from a position above the freeboard deck in order to prevent
downflooding.
(9) For essential services, such as fuel oil tank heating and ship’s whistle, “X” is to replace “0”.
(10) For tankers required to comply with Pt E, Ch 7, Sec 4, [2.1.3], “NA” is to replace “0”.
(11) Machinery spaces of category A are defined in Sec 1, [1.4.1].
(12) Spaces, other than category A machinery spaces and cargo pumps rooms, containing propulsion machinery, boilers, steam and
internal combustion engines, generators and major electrical machinery, pumps, oil filling stations, refrigerating, stabilising,
ventilation and air-conditioning machinery, and similar spaces, and trunks to such spaces.
(13) Spaces containing cargo pumps, and entrances and trunks to such spaces.
(14) Ro-ro cargo spaces and special category spaces are defined in Ch 4, Sec 1, [3].
(15) All spaces other than ro-ro cargo holds used for non-liquid cargo and trunks to such spaces.
(16) All spaces used for liquid cargo and trunks to such spaces.
(17) All spaces used for fuel oil (excluding cargo tanks) and trunks to such spaces.
(18) All spaces used for ballast water and trunks to such spaces.
(19) Empty spaces between two bulkheads separating two adjacent compartments.
(20) Accommodation spaces, service spaces and control stations are defined in Ch 4, Sec 1, [3].
(21) Open decks are defined in Ch 4, Sec 1, [3].
b) The selection and spacing of pipe supports are to take 3.5 Earthing
into account the following data:
• pipe dimensions 3.5.1 Where, in pursuance of [2.3.4], pipes are required to
be electrically conductive, the resistance to earth from any
• mechanical and physical properties of the pipe
point in the piping system is not to exceed 1 x 106 ohm.
material
• mass of pipe and contained fluid 3.5.2 Where provided, earthing wires are to be accessible
• external pressure for inspection.
• operating temperature
• thermal expansion effects 3.6 Penetration of fire divisions and water-
tight bulkheads or decks
• load due to external forces
• thrust forces 3.6.1 Where plastic pipes pass through “A” or “B” class
• water hammer divisions, arrangements are to be made to ensure that fire
endurance is not impaired. These arrangements are to be
• vibrations
tested in accordance with “Recommendations for Fire Test
• maximum accelerations to which the system may be Procedures for “A”, “B” and “F” Bulkheads” (IMO Resolu-
subjected. tion A754 (18) as amended).
Combinations of loads are also to be considered.
3.6.2 When plastic pipes pass through watertight bulk-
c) Support spacing is not to be greater than the pipe man-
heads or decks, the watertight integrity of the bulkhead or
ufacturer’s recommended spacing.
deck is to be maintained. If the bulkhead or deck is also a
fire division and destruction by fire of plastic pipes may
3.2.2 Each support is to evenly distribute the load of the
cause the inflow of liquid from tanks, a metallic shut-off
pipe and its content over the full width of the support.
valve operable from above the freeboard deck is to be fitted
Measures are to be taken to minimise wear of the pipes
at the bulkhead or deck.
where they are in contact with the supports.
3.2.3 Heavy components in the piping system such as 3.7 Systems connected to the hull
valves and expansion joints are to be independently sup-
ported. 3.7.1 Bilge and sea water systems
a) Where, in pursuance of [2.3.1], plastic pipes are permit-
3.3 Provision for expansion ted in bilge and sea water systems, the ship side valves
required in Sec 10, [2.8] and, where provided, the con-
3.3.1 Suitable provision is to be made in each pipeline to necting pipes to the shell are to be made of metal in
allow for relative movement between pipes made of plastic accordance with Sec 10, [2.1].
and the steel structure, having due regard to:
b) Ship side valves are to be provided with remote control
• the high difference in the coefficients of thermal expan-
from outside the space concerned. See Tab 1, footnote
sion
(1).
• deformations of the ship’s structure.
3.7.2 Scuppers and sanitary discharges
3.3.2 Calculations of the thermal expansions are to take
into account the system working temperature and the tem- a) Where, in pursuance of [2.3.1], plastic pipes are permit-
perature at which the assembly is performed. ted in scuppers and sanitary discharge systems con-
nected to the shell, their upper end is to be fitted with
closing means operated from a position above the free-
3.4 External loads board deck in order to prevent downflooding. See
Tab 1, footnotes (1) and (8).
3.4.1 When installing the piping, allowance is to be made
for temporary point loads, where applicable. Such allow- b) Discharge valves are to be provided with remote control
ance is to include at least the force exerted by a load (per- from outside the space concerned.
son) of 100 kg at mid-span on any pipe of more than 100
mm nominal outside diameter.
3.8 Application of fire protection coatings
3.4.2 Pipes are to be protected from mechanical damage
where necessary. 3.8.1 Where necessary for the required fire endurance as
stated in [2.3.3], fire protection coatings are to be applied
3.4.3 (1/1/2007) on the joints, after performing hydrostatic pressure tests of
As well as providing adequate robustness for all piping, the piping system.
including open-ended piping, the minimum wall thickness
complying with [2.2.2] a) may be increased at the request 3.8.2 The fire protection coatings are to be applied in
of the Society taking into account the conditions encoun- accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations,
tered during service on board ships. using a procedure approved in each case.
b
2.2 Scantling of steel tanks
b
2.2.1 General
l
types shown in Fig 2. Other cases will be given special 2.3 Installation
consideration.
b) The minimum values of the ratio w/b required for stiff- 2.3.1 Securing
eners are given in: Independent tanks are to be securely fixed to hull structures
and are to be so arranged as to permit inspection of adja-
• Tab 2 for vertical stiffeners
cent structures.
• Tab 3 for horizontal stiffeners
for the different types of attachments shown in Fig 2. 2.3.2 Protection against spillage
Where permitted, independent fuel oil tanks are to be
placed in an oil-tight spill tray of ample size with a suitable
drain pipe leading to a suitably sized spill oil tank.
H (m)
2,4 - 2,7 - 3,0 - 3,3 - 3,6 - 4,0 - 4,4 - 4,8 - 5,2 - 5,8 - 6,4 - 7,0 - 8,0 - 9,0 -
l (m) L/l 2,7 3,0 3,3 3,6 4,0 4,4 4,8 5,2 5,8 6,4 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0
<2 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,5 3,5 3,5 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,5
0,40
≥2 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,5 3,5 3,5 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,5 4,5 5,0 5,0 5,5
<2 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,5 3,5 3,5 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,5 4,5 5,0
0,45
≥2 3,5 3,5 3,5 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,5 4,5 4,5 5,0 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,0
<2 3,0 3,0 3,5 3,5 3,5 4,5 4,5 5,0 5,0 5,5 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0
0,50
≥2 3,5 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,5 4,5 4,5 5,0 5,0 5,5 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0
<2 3,5 3,5 3,5 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,5 4,5 5,0 5,0 5,5 5,5 6,0
0,55
≥2 4,0 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5 5,0 5,0 5,5 5,5 6,0 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,5
<2 3,5 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,5 4,5 4,5 5,0 5,0 5,5 5,5 6,0 6,5
0,60
≥2 4,5 4,5 4,5 5,0 5,0 5,5 5,5 6,0 6,0 6,5 6,5 7,0 7,5 8,0
<2 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,5 4,5 5,0 5,0 5,5 5,5 6,0 6,0 6,5 7,0
0,65
≥2 4,5 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,0 6,5 6,5 7,0 7,5 7,5 8,5 8,5
<2 4,0 4,0 4,5 4,5 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,5 5,5 6,0 6,5 6,5 7,0 7,5
0,70
≥2 5,0 5,0 5,5 5,5 6,0 6,5 6,5 7,0 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0 ----
<2 4,5 4,5 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,5 5,5 6,0 6,0 6,5 6,5 7,0 7,5 8,0
0,75
≥2 5,5 5,5 6,0 6,0 6,5 6,5 7,0 7,5 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0 ---- ----
<2 4,5 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,0 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5
0,80
≥2 5,5 6,0 6,0 6,5 6,5 7,0 7,5 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0 ---- ---- ----
<2 5,0 5,0 5,5 5,5 5,5 6,0 6,5 6,5 7,0 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0
0,85
≥2 6,0 6,5 6,5 7,0 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,0 8,5 9,0 ---- ---- ---- ----
<2 5,0 5,5 5,5 6,0 6,0 6,5 6,5 7,0 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0 ----
0,90
≥2 6,5 6,5 7,0 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5 8,5 9,0 ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
<2 5,5 5,5 6,0 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,0 7,5 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0 ---- ----
0,95
≥2 6,5 7,0 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0 9,0 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
<2 5,5 6,0 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,0 7,5 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0 ---- ---- ----
1,00
≥2 7,0 7,5 7,5 8,0 8,5 8,5 9,0 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
end H, in m (1)
L (m)
attachment 3,0 3,3 3,6 3,9 4,3 4,6 5,0 5,5 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0
0,6 I 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,5 8,0 9,0 9,5 10,5 11,5 14,0 16,0 18,0
II 8,0 9,0 10,0 11,0 12,0 12,5 13,0 15,0 16,0 19,0 22,0 25,0 28,0
0,8 I 8,5 9,5 10,5 11,5 13,0 14,0 15,0 16,5 18,0 22,0 25,0 28,0 31,5
II 13,0 15,0 16,0 18,0 20,0 21,5 24,0 25,5 28,5 34,0 38,0 43,0 48,0
1,0 I 14,5 16,0 17,5 19,5 21,0 23,0 26,0 28,5 34,0 38,0 43,0 49,0
II 22,0 24,0 27,0 30,0 32,5 36,0 39,0 43,0 51,0 58,0 67,0 75,0
1,2 I 22,5 24,5 28,0 30,0 33,0 37,0 40,5 48,0 55,0 63,0 71,0
II 34,0 30,7 42,5 46,0 50,0 55,0 61,0 73,0 84,0 96,0 107
1,4 I 30,0 32,5 37,0 40,0 44,0 49,0 55,0 65,0 75,0 85,0 96,0
II 45,0 49,0 56,0 61,0 67,0 74,0 82,0 98,0 113,0 129,0 144,0
1,6 I 47,0 53,0 57,0 64,0 71,0 79,0 94,0 110,0 125,0 140,0
II 71,0 80,0 87,0 96,0 107,0 118,0 141,0 165,0 187,0
I 58,0 65,0 71,0 79,0 88,0 98,0 117,0 136,0 156,0 175,0
1,8
II 87,0 98,0 107,0 118,0 132,0 147,0 176,0 204,0
I 78,0 85,0 95,0 107,0 119,0 142,0 166,0 190,0
2,0
II 118,0 129,0 142,0 160,0 178,0
I 100,0 112,0 126,0 140,0 170,0 198,0
2,2
II 151,0 168,0 190,0
I 124,0 139,0 158,0
2,5
II 187,0
(1) H is to be taken equal to the height of the tank top above the lower end of the stiffener, plus h.
Table 3 : Values of w/b ratio for horizontal and top and bottom stiffeners (cm3/m)
end H, in m (1)
L
attach
(m) 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,3 3,6 3,9 4,3 4,6 5,0 5,5 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0
-ment
0,6 I 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,5 8,5 9,0 10,0 11,0 12,0 13,5 15,0 17,0 19,0
II 7,0 8,0 8,5 9,0 10,0 11,0 11,5 12,5 13,5 15,0 16,0 17,5 21,0 24,0 27,0 30,0
0,8 I 8,0 9,0 9,5 10,0 11,0 12,0 13,0 14,5 15,5 17,0 18,5 20,0 23,5 27,0 30,0 33,5
II 13,0 15,0 15,5 16,5 18,0 19,5 21,5 23,5 25,0 27,0 30,0 34,0 38,0 44,0 49,0 55,0
1,0 I 13,0 15,0 15,5 16,5 18,0 19,5 21,5 23,5 25,0 27,0 30,0 34,0 38,0 44,0 49,0 55,0
II 20,0 22,0 23,5 25,0 28,0 30,0 33,0 36,0 39,0 42,0 46,0 50,0 59,0 67,0 75,0 84,0
1,2 I 18,0 20,0 21,0 22,5 25,0 26,5 29,5 32,5 34,5 37,5 41,5 45,0 52,5 60,0 67,5 75,0
II 28,0 31,0 33,0 35,0 39,0 42,0 46,0 51,0 54,0 59,0 65,0 70,0 82,0 93,0 105 117
1,4 I 26,0 28,0 30,5 32,5 36,0 39,0 42,5 46,5 50,0 54,5 59,5 65,0 76,0 87,0 97,0 108
II 39,0 43,0 45,5 49,0 54,0 58,5 63,5 70,0 75,0 81,0 89,0 97,0 113 130 146 162
1,6 I 36,0 39,0 42,0 45,0 50,0 54,0 59,0 65,0 69,0 75,0 82,0 90,0 105 120 135 150
II 56,0 61,0 66,0 70,0 77,0 84,0 91,0 100 107 117 128 140 163 186
1,8 I 46,0 50,0 54,0 58,0 63,0 69,0 75,0 82,0 88,0 95,0 105 115 134 153 172 191
II 70,0 76,0 82,0 88,0 96,0 105 113 125 134 146 160 175 204
2,0 I 57,0 62,0 67,0 72,0 78,0 85,0 92,0 102 109 118 130 142 166 190
II 87,0 95,0 102 109 120 130 141 155 166 181 198
2,2 I 70,0 76,0 82,0 88,0 96,0 105 113 125 134 145 160 175 204
II 107 116 125 134 147 160 174 192 205
2,5 I 92,0 100 108 115 127 138 150 165 176 191
II 140 152 163 175 192
(1) For horizontal stiffeners, H is to be measured from the horizontal stiffener immediately below the stiffener considered.
For top stiffeners, H = h.
2.1.8 (1/1/2008) of 9,5% ±0,5%. The pressure in the test vessel is to be not
less than atmospheric pressure and is not to exceed the
The test vessel for explosion testing is to have documented
opening pressure of the relief valve.
dimensions. The dimensions are to be such that the vessel
is not "pipe like" with the distance between dished ends 3.1.2 (1/1/2007)
being not more than 2,5 times its diameter. The internal vol-
ume of the test vessel is to include any standpipe arrange- The concentration of methane in the test vessel is to be
ments. measured at the top and bottom of the vessel and these con-
centrations are not to differ by more than 0,5%.
2.1.9 (1/1/2008)
3.1.3 (1/1/2008)
The test vessel is to be provided with a flange, located cen-
The ignition of the methane and air mixture is to be made at
trally at one end perpendicular to the vessel longitudinal
axis for mounting the explosion relief valve. The test vessel the centreline of the test vessel at a position approximately
is to be arranged in an orientation consistent with the way one third of the height or length of the test vessel opposite
to where the valve is mounted.
the valve will be installed in service, i.e. in the vertical
plane or the horizontal plane. 3.1.4 (1/1/2008)
2.1.10 (1/7/2007) The ignition is to be made using a maximum 100 joule
explosive charge.
A circular plate is to be provided for fitting between the
pressure vessel flange and valve to be tested with the fol-
lowing dimensions: 3.2 Valves to be tested
• Outside diameter of 2 times the outer diameter of the 3.2.1 (1/7/2009)
valve top cover.
The valves used for type testing (including the testing speci-
• Internal bore having the same internal diameter as the fied in item [3.2.3]) are to be selected from the Manufac-
valve to be tested. turer's normal production line for such valves by the QSCS
Classification Society (see Pt A, Ch 1, Sec 1, [1.2.1]) wit-
2.1.11 (1/1/2007) nessing the tests.
The test vessel is to have connections for measuring the
3.2.2 (1/1/2008)
methane in air mixture at the top and bottom.
For approval of a specific valve size, three valves are to be
2.1.12 (1/1/2007) tested in accordance with [3.2.3] and [3.3]. For a series of
The test vessel is to be provided with a means of fitting an valves, refer to [3.5].
ignition source at a position as specified in [3.1.3].
3.2.3 (1/7/2007)
2.1.13 (1/1/2008) The valves selected for type testing are to have been previ-
The test vessel volume is to be, as far as practicable, related ously tested at the Manufacturer's works to demonstrate that
to the size and capability of the relief valve to be tested. In the opening pressure is in accordance with the specification
general, the volume is to correspond to the requirement in within a tolerance of ± 20% and that the valve is airtight at
Sec 2, [4.3.4] b) for the free area of explosion relief valve to a pressure below the opening pressure for at least 30 sec-
be not less than 115cm2/m3 of crankcase gross volume. onds.
This means that the testing of a valve having 1150 cm2 of This test is to verify that the valve is airtight following
free area, would require a test vessel with a volume of assembly at the Manufacturer's works and that the valve
10m3. begins to open at the required pressure demonstrating that
the correct spring has been fitted.
Where the free area of relief valves is greater than 115
cm2/m3 of the crankcase gross volume, the volume of the 3.2.4 (1/1/2007)
test vessel is to be consistent with the design ratio. The type testing of valves is to recognise the orientation in
which they are intended to be installed on the engine or
In no case the volume of the test vessel is to vary by more
gear case. Three valves of each size are to be tested for each
than +15% to -15% from the design cm2/m3 volume ratio. intended installation orientation, i.e. in the vertical and /or
horizontal positions.
3 Explosion tests, assessment and
design series qualifications 3.3 Method
3.3.1 (1/7/2009)
3.1 Process The following requirements are to be satisfied at explosion
3.1.1 (1/1/2008) testing:
All explosion tests to verify the functionality of crankcase a) The explosion testing is to be witnessed by a QSCS Clas-
explosion relief valves are to be carried out using an air and sification Society Surveyor (see Pt A, Ch 1, Sec 1,
methane mixture with a volumetric methane concentration [1.2.1]).
b) Where valves are to be installed on an engine or gear sible after the first test. During the second explosion
case with shielding arrangements to deflect the emission test, the valve is to be visually monitored for any
of explosion combustion products, the valves are to be indication of combustion outside the flame arrester
tested with the shielding arrangements fitted. and video records are to be kept for subsequent
analysis. The second test is required to demonstrate
c) Successive explosion tests to establish a valve's func-
that the valve can still function in the event of a sec-
tionality are to be carried out as quickly as possible dur-
ondary crankcase explosion.
ing stable weather conditions.
4) After each explosion, the test vessel is to be main-
d) The pressure rise and decay during all explosion testing
is to be recorded. tained in the closed condition for at least 10 seconds
to enable the tightness of the valve to be ascer-
e) The external condition of the valves is to be monitored tained. The tightness of the valve can be verified
during each test for indication of any flame release by during the test from the pressure/time records or by a
video and heat sensitive camera. separate test after completing the second explosion
3.3.2 (1/7/2007) test.
g) The valve tightness is to be ascertained by verifying from valves are of identical type and have identical construction
the records at the time of testing that an under pressure features, subject to the following items a) to c).
of at least 0,03 MPa is held by the test vessel for at least
a) The free area of a larger valve does not exceed three
10 seconds following an explosion.
times + 5% that of the valve that has been satisfactorily
This test is to verify that the valve has effectively closed tested.
and is reasonably gas-tight following dynamic operation
during an explosion. b) One valve of the largest size requiring qualification is
subjected to satisfactory testing required by [3.2.3] and
h) After each explosion test in Stage 2, the external condi- [3.3.2] b) except that a single valve will be accepted in
tion of the flame arrester is to be examined for signs of [3.3.2] b)1) and the volume of the test vessel is not to be
seious damage and/or deformation that may affect the less than one third of the volume required by [2.1.13].
operation of the valve.
c) The assessment and records are to be in accordance
i) After completion of the explosion tests, the valves are to with [3.4], noting that [3.4.1] f) will only be applicable
be dismantled and the condition of all components to Stage 2 for a single valve.
ascertained and documented. In particular, any indica-
tion of valve sticking or uneven opening that may affect 3.5.4 (1/7/2007)
the operation of the valve is to be noted. Photographic The qualification of explosion relief valves of smaller sizes
records of the valve condition are to be taken and than that which has been previously satisfactorily tested in
included in the report. accordance with [3.3] and [3.4] can be evaluated where
valves are of identical type and have identical construction
features, subject to the following items a) to c).
3.5 Design series qualification
a) The free area of a smaller valve is not less than one third
3.5.1 (1/1/2007)
of the valve that has been satisfactorily tested.
The qualification of quenching devices to prevent the pas-
sage of flame can be evaluated for other similar devices b) One valve of each smaller size requiring qualification is
where one device has been tested and found satisfactory. subjected to satisfactory testing required by [3.2.3] and
[3.3.2]b) except that a single valve will be accepted in
3.5.2 (1/1/2008) [3.3.2]b)1) and the volume of the test vessel is not to be
The quenching ability of a flame screen depends on the less than one third of the volume required by [2.1.13].
total mass of quenching lamellas/mesh. Provided the mate-
c) The assessment and records are to be in accordance
rials, thickness of materials, depth of lamellas/thickness of
with [3.4], noting that [3.4.1]f) will only be applicable
mesh layer and quenching gaps are the same, then the same
to Stage 2 for a single valve.
quenching ability can be qualified for different size of flame
screen. This is subject to the following relations being satis-
fied. 4 Report and approval
n1 S1
4.1 The test report
----- = -----
n2 S2 4.1.1 (1/7/2007)
The test facility is to deliver a full report that includes the
A1 S following information and documents:
------ = -----1
A2 S2 a) Test specification
n1 = total depth of flame arrester corresponding to the num- c) The orientation in which the valve was tested (vertical or
ber of lamellas of size 1 quenching device for a valve with a horizontal position)
relief area equal to S1 d) Methane in air concentration for each test
n2 = total depth of flame arrester corresponding to the num- e) Ignition source
ber of lamellas of size 2 quenching device for a valve with a
relief area equal to S2 f) Pressure curves for each test
A1 = free area of quenching device for a valve with a relief g) Video recordings of each valve test
area equal to S1 h) The assessment and records stated in [3.4].
A2 = free area of quenching device for a valve with a relief
area equal to S2 4.2 Approval
3.5.3 (1/1/2008) 4.2.1 (1/1/2007)
The qualification of explosion relief valves of larger sizes The approval of an explosion relief valve is at the discretion
than that which has been previously satisfactorily tested in of the Society based on the appraisal plans and particulars
accordance with [3.3] and [3.4] can be evaluated where and on the test facilities' report of the results of type testing.
1 General precautions. The Society may accept the use of low tox-
icity, low hazard oils as used in other applications, pro-
vided it is demonstrated to have similar properties to
1.1 Application
SAE 40 monograde mineral oil specified in [3.4.2].
1.1.1 (1/7/2007)
This test procedure applies to type approved crankcase oil
3 Tests
mist detection and alarm equipment as required under item
Sec 2, [4.3.5].
3.1 Equipment testing
1.1.2 (1/7/2007)
This test procedure is also applicable to oil mist detection 3.1.1 (1/7/2007)
and alarm equipment intended for gear cases. The range of tests is to include the following:
1.1.3 (1/1/2007) a) For the alarm/monitoring panel:
The provisions of Ch 3, Sec 6 apply as far as required in 1) Functional tests described in [3.2]
[3.1.1].
2) Electrical power supply failure test
3) Power supply variation test
1.2 Purpose
4) Dry heat test
1.2.1 (1/7/2007)
The purpose of type test crankcase oil mist detection and 5) Damp heat test
alarm equipment is sevenfold: 6) Vibration test
a) To verify the functionality of the system 7) EMC test
b) To verify the effectiveness of oil mist detectors 8) Insulation resistance test
c) To verify the accuracy of oil mist detectors 9) High voltage test
d) To verify the alarm set points 10) Static and dynamic inclinations.
e) To verify time delays between oil mist leaving the source b) For the detectors:
and alarm activation
1) Functional tests described in [3.2]
f) To verify the operation of alarms indicating functional
failure in the equipment and associated arrangements 2) Electrical power supply failure test
g) To verify the influence of optical obscuration on detec- 3) Power supply variation test
tion. 4) Dry heat test
5) Damp heat test
2 Test houses 6) Vibration test
7) Insulation resistance test
2.1 General
8) High voltage test
2.1.1 (1/7/2016)
Test houses carrying out type testing of crankcase oil mist 9) Static and dynamic inclinations.
detection and alarm equipment are to satisfy the following
criteria: 3.2 Functional test process
a) A full range of facilities for carrying out the environmen- 3.2.1 (1/7/2007)
tal and functionality tests required by this procedure are All tests to verify the functionality of crankcase oil mist
to be available and be acceptable to the Society. detection and alarm equipment are to be carried out in
b) The test house that verifies the functionality of the accordance with [3.2.2] to [3.2.7] with an oil mist concen-
equipment is to be equipped so that it can control, tration in air, known in terms of mg/l to an accuracy of
measure and record oil mist concentration levels in ±10%.
terms of mg/l to an accuracy of ± 10% in accordance 3.2.2 (1/7/2007)
with this procedure. The concentration of oil mist in the test chamber is to be
c) When verifying the functionality, test houses are to con- measured in the top and bottom of the chamber and these
sider the possible hazards associated with the genera- concentrations are not to differ by more than 10% (see also
tion of the oil mist required and take adequate item [3.4.1].
the filter from the oil mist test chamber. The oil mist ascertained and documented. Photographic records of
chamber is to be fitted with a recirculating fan. the monitoring condition are to be taken and included
in the report.
c) Samples of oil mist are to be taken at regular intervals
and the results plotted against the oil mist detector out-
put. The oil mist detector is to be located adjacent to 3.6 Design series qualification
where the oil mist samples are drawn off. 3.6.1 (1/1/2007)
d) The results of a gravimetric analysis are considered inva- The approval of one detection/monitoring device may be
lid and are to be rejected if the resultant calibration used to qualify other devices having identical construction
curve has an increasing gradient with respect to the oil details. Proposals are to be submitted for consideration by
mist detection reading. This situation occurs when insuf- the Society.
ficient time has been allowed for the oil mist to become
homogeneous. Single results that are more than 10%
below the calibration curve are to be rejected. This situ-
4 Report and approval
ation occurs when the integrity of the filter unit has been
compromised and not all of the oil is collected on the 4.1 Report
filter paper.
4.1.1 (1/7/2016)
e) The filters are required to be weighed to a precision of The test house is to provide a full report which includes the
0,1 mg and the volume of air/oil mist is to be sampled to following information and documents:
10 ml.
a) test specification;
3.4.3 (1/7/2016)
b) details of equipment tested;
For type approval the testing is to be witnessed by author-
ised personnel from the society. c) results of tests.
1.3.7 (1/1/2017) situated. If tank connections are located in the fuel stor-
Control station means those spaces defined in SOLAS chap- age hold space, it will also be a tank connection space;
ter II-2 and additionally for this Code, the engine control b) interbarrier space is the space between a primary and a
room. secondary barrier, whether or not completely or par-
tially occupied by insulation or other material; and
1.3.8 (1/1/2017)
c) tank connection space is a space surrounding all tank
Design temperature for selection of materials is the mini- connections and tank valves that is required for tanks
mum temperature at which liquefied gas fuel may be loaded with such connections in enclosed spaces.
or transported in the liquefied gas fuel tanks.
1.3.17 (1/1/2017)
1.3.9 (1/1/2017)
Filling limit (FL) means the maximum liquid volume in a
Design vapour pressure "P0" is the maximum gauge pres- fuel tank relative to the total tank volume when the liquid
sure, at the top of the tank, to be used in the design of the fuel has reached the reference temperature.
tank.
1.3.18 (1/1/2017)
1.3.10 (1/1/2017)
Fuel preparation room means any space containing pumps,
Double block and bleed valve means a set of two valves in compressors and/or vaporizers for fuel preparation pur-
series in a pipe and a third valve enabling the pressure poses.
release from the pipe between those two valves. The
arrangement may also consist of a two-way valve and a 1.3.19 (1/1/2017)
closing valve instead of three separate valves. Gas means a fluid having a vapour pressure exceeding 0.28
MPa absolute at a temperature of 37.8°C.
1.3.11 (1/1/2017)
Dual fuel engines means engines that employ fuel covered 1.3.20 (1/1/2017)
by this Code (with pilot fuel) and oil fuel. Oil fuels may Gas consumer means any unit within the ship using gas as a
include distillate and residual fuels. fuel.
1.3.32 (1/1/2017)
Membrane tanks are non-self-supporting tanks that consist
2 Alternative design
of a thin liquid and gas tight layer (membrane) supported IGF CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 2, 2.3
through insulation by the adjacent hull structure.
2.1
1.3.33 (1/1/2017)
Multi-fuel engines means engines that can use two or more 2.1.1 (1/1/2017)
different fuels that are separate from each other. Fuels, appliances and arrangements of low-flashpoint fuel
systems may either:
1.3.34 (1/1/2017) a) deviate from those set out in this Appendix, or
Non-hazardous area means an area in which an explosive
b) be designed for use of a fuel not specifically addressed
gas atmosphere is not expected to be present in quantities
in this Appendix.
such as to require special precautions for the construction,
installation and use of equipment. Such fuels, appliances and arrangements can be used pro-
vided that these meet the intent of the goal and functional
1.3.35 (1/1/2017) requirements concerned and provide an equivalent level of
Open deck means a deck having no significant fire risk that safety of the relevant chapters.
at least is open on both ends/sides, or is open on one end 2.1.2 (1/1/2017)
and is provided with adequate natural ventilation that is The equivalence of the alternative design is to be demon-
effective over the entire length of the deck through perma- strated as specified in SOLAS regulation II-1/55, and
nent openings distributed in the side plating or deckhead. approved by the Administration. Operational methods or
1.3.36 (1/1/2017) procedures will not be allowed as an alternative to a par-
ticular fitting, material, appliance, apparatus, item of equip-
Risk is an expression for the combination of the likelihood
ment, or type thereof which is prescribed by these Rules.
and the severity of the consequences.
designer, and expert(s) having the necessary knowledge and 5.2 Goal
experience in safety, design and/or operation as necessary IGF CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 5, 5.1
for the specific evaluation at hand. Other members may
include marine surveyors, ship operators, safety engineers, 5.2.1 (1/1/2017)
equipment manufacturers, human factors experts, naval
architects and marine engineers, according to the problem The goal of this chapter is to provide for safe location, space
under scope. arrangements and mechanical protection of power genera-
tion equipment, fuel storage systems, fuel supply equipment
and refuelling systems.
4.3 Limitation of explosion consequences
IGF CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 4, 4.2
5.3 Functional requirements
4.3.1 (1/1/2017) IGF CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 5, 5.2
The preferred safety policy is to be the elimination of either
any source of release or any source of ignition, or both. 5.3.1 (1/1/2017)
Only in case this is demonstrated not to be feasible, the fol- This chapter is related to functional requirements in 3.2.1 to
lowing applies. 3.2.3, 3.2.5, 3.2.6, 3.2.8, 3.2.12 to 3.2.15 and 3.2.17. In
An explosion in any space containing any potential sources particular the following apply:
of release4 and potential ignition sources is not to:
a) the fuel tank(s) are to be located in such a way that the
a) cause damage to or disrupt the proper functioning of probability for the tank(s) to be damaged following a
equipment/systems located in any space other than that collision or grounding is reduced to a minimum taking
in which the incident occurs; into account the safe operation of the ship and other
hazards that may be relevant to the ship;
b) damage the ship in such a way that flooding of water
below the main deck or any progressive flooding occur; b) fuel containment systems, fuel piping and other fuel
c) damage work areas or accommodation in such a way sources of release are to be so located and arranged that
that persons who stay in such areas under normal oper- released gas is lead to a safe location in the open air;
ating conditions are injured;
c) the access or other openings to spaces containing fuel
d) disrupt the proper functioning of control stations and sources of release are to be so arranged that flammable,
switchboard rooms necessary for power distribution; asphyxiating or toxic gas cannot escape to spaces that
are not designed for the presence of such gases;
e) damage life-saving equipment or associated launching
arrangements; d) fuel piping is to be protected against mechanical dam-
age;
f) disrupt the proper functioning of fire-fighting equipment
located outside the explosion-damaged space; e) the propulsion and fuel supply system are to be so
g) affect other areas of the ship in such a way that chain designed that safety actions after any gas leakage do not
reactions involving, inter alia, cargo, gas and bunker oil lead to an unacceptable loss of power; and
may arise; or
f) the probability of a gas explosion in a machinery space
h) prevent persons access to life-saving appliances or with gas or low-flashpoint fuelled machinery is to be
impede escape routes. minimized.
The aforesaid points are to be demonstrated in a way
acceptable to the Society. 5.4 Regulations - General
Note 1: Double wall fuel pipes are not considered as potential
sources of release. 5.4.1 (1/1/2017)
Fuel storage tanks are to be protected against mechanical
5 Ship design and arrangement damage.
IGF CODE REFERENCE: Part A-1: Specific require-
5.4.2 (1/1/2017)
ments for ships using natural gas as fuel
Fuel storage tanks and/or equipment located on open deck
are to be located to ensure sufficient natural ventilation, so
5.1 as to prevent accumulation of escaped gas.
5.1.1 (1/1/2017)
5.4.3 (1/1/2017)
Fuel in the context of the regulations in this part means nat-
ural gas, either in its liquefied or gaseous state. The fuel tank(s) shall be protected from external damage
caused by collision or grounding in the following way:
It should be recognized that the composition of natural gas
may vary depending on the source of natural gas and the a) The fuel tanks shall be located at a minimum distance of
processing of the gas. B/5 or 11.5 m, whichever is less, measured inboard
from the ship side at right angles to the centreline at the b) the fCN is calculated by the following formulation:
level of the summer load line draught; where:
fCN = fl x ft x fv
B is the greatest moulded breadth of the ship at or below
the deepest draught (summer load line draught) (refer to where:
SOLAS regulation II-1/2.8).
fl is calculated by use of the formulations for factor p
b) The boundaries of each fuel tank shall be taken as the contained in SOLAS regulation II-1/7-1.1.1.1. The value
extreme outer longitudinal, transverse and vertical limits of x1 shall correspond to the distance from the aft termi-
of the tank structure including its tank valves. nal to the aftmost boundary of the fuel tank and the
c) For independent tanks the protective distance shall be value of x 2 shall correspond to the distance from the aft
measured to the tank shell (the primary barrier of the terminal to the foremost boundary of the fuel tank.
tank containment system). For membrane tanks the dis-
ft is calculated by use of the formulations for factor r
tance shall be measured to the bulkheads surrounding
contained in SOLAS regulation II-1/7-1.1.2, and reflects
the tank insulation.
the probability that the damage penetrates beyond the
d) In no case shall the boundary of the fuel tank be located outer boundary of the fuel tank. The formulation is:
closer to the shell plating or aft terminal of the ship than
as follows: ft = 1 - r (x1, x2, b)6
1) For passenger ships: B/10 but in no case less than fv is calculated by use of the formulations for factor v
0.8 m. However, this distance need not be greater contained in SOLAS regulation II-1/7-2.6.1.1 and
than B/15 or 2 m whichever is less where the shell reflects the probability that the damage is not extending
plating is located inboard of B/5 or 11.5 m, which- vertically above the lowermost boundary of the fuel
ever is less, as required by a). tank. The formulations to be used are:
2) For cargo ships: fv = 1,0 • 0,8•((H•d) / 7,8), if (H•d) is less than or equal
- for Vc below or equal 1,000 m3, 0.8 m; to 7,8 m. fv shall not be taken greater than 1.
- for 1,000 m3 < Vc < 5,000 m3, 0.75 + Vc x
fv = 0,2•0,2 •((H•d)•7,8)/4,7), in all other cases fv shall
0.2/4,000 m;
not be taken less than 0.
- for 5,000 m3 ≤ Vc < 30,000 m3, 0.8 + Vc/25,000
m; and where:
- for Vc ≤ 30,000 m3, 2 m, H is the distance from baseline, in metres, to the lower-
most boundary of the fuel tank; and
where:
Vc corresponds to 100% of the gross design volume d is the deepest draught (summer load line draught).
of the individual fuel tank at 20°C, including domes Note 1: The value fCN accounts for collision damages that may
and appendages. occur within a zone limited by the longitudinal projected
e) The lowermost boundary of the fuel tank(s) shall be boundaries of the fuel tank only, and cannot be considered or
located above the minimum distance of B/15 or 2.0 m, used as the probability for the fuel tank to become damaged
whichever is less, measured from the moulded line of given a collision. The real probability will be higher when
accounting for longer damages that include zones forward and
the bottom shell plating at the centreline.
aft of the fuel tank.
f) For multihull ships the value of B may be specially con-
sidered. When the outermost boundary of the fuel tank is outside the
boundary given by the deepest subdivision waterline the value
g) The fuel tank(s) shall be abaft a transverse plane at 0.08L of b should be taken as 0.
measured from the forward perpendicular in accord-
ance with SOLAS regulation II-1/8.1 for passenger ships, c) The boundaries of each fuel tank shall be taken as the
and abaft the collision bulkhead for cargo ships. extreme outer longitudinal, transverse and vertical limits
of the tank structure including its tank valves.
Where:
L is the length as defined in the International Conven- d) For independent tanks the protective distance shall be
tion on Load Lines (refer to SOLAS regulation II-1/2.5). measured to the tank shell (the primary barrier of the
tank containment system). For membrane tanks the dis-
h) For ships with a hull structure providing higher collision
tance shall be measured to the bulkheads surrounding
and/or grounding resistance, fuel tank location regula-
the tank insulation.
tions may be specially considered in accordance with
section 2.3. e) In no case shall the boundary of the fuel tank be located
5.4.4 (1/1/2017) closer to the shell plating or aft terminal of the ship than
As an alternative to [5.4.3] a) above, the following calcula- as follows:
tion method may be used to determine the acceptable loca- 1) For passenger ships: B/10 but in no case less than
tion of the fuel tanks: 0,8 m. However, this distance need not be greater
a) the value fCN calculated as described in the following than B/15 or 2 m whichever is less where the shell
shall be less than 0,02 for passenger ships and 0,04 for plating is located inboard of B/5 or 11.5 m, which-
cargo ships (see Note 1); ever is less, as required by 5.4.3 a).
amount of LNG spilled onto the drip tray, the evapora- 5.13 Regulations for airlocks
tion rate, and the possibility to fully accommodate the IGF CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 5, 5.12
LNG in the drip tray. The dispersion of methane result-
5.13.1 (1/1/2017)
ing from LNG evaporation in the affected space is also
to be ascertained. An airlock is a space enclosed by gastight bulkheads with
two substantially gastight doors spaced at least 1,5 m and
e) The simulation is to be conducted by commercially not more than 2,5 m apart. Unless subject to the require-
available and validated tools (typically, by CFD tools). It ments of the International Convention on Load Lines, the
is to focus on the calculation of the amount of LNG door sill is not be less than 300 mm in height. The doors are
spilled before the stop of LNG flow. not to be self-closing without any holding back arrange-
f) For the sake of conservatism, in order to maximize the ments.
accumulation of LNG onto the drip tray, LNG release is 5.13.2 (1/1/2017)
to be directed downward, impinging on the drip tray, Airlocks are to be mechanically ventilated at an overpres-
and ambient temperature is to be set to the minimum sure relative to the adjacent hazardous area or space.
credible winter temperature. Equipment and space sur-
5.13.3 (1/1/2017)
faces and drip tray are to be considered adiabatic, to
The airlocks are to be designed in a way that no gas can be
conservatively minimize the heat exchange with the
released to safe spaces in case of the most critical event in
LNG droplets, and to increase the amount of liquid
the gas dangerous space separated by the airlock. The
accumulated in the drip tray.
events are to be evaluated in the risk analysis according to
g) Reasonable assumptions are to be made by the design 4.2.
team regarding detection time, LNG flow stop time and
For this purpose, the design team is to conduct a Hazard
human reaction time, in case operators are credited in
Identification (HAZID) to agree on the airlocks to be sub-
the emergency
jected to the risk analysis, and on the assumptions regarding
If the simulation demonstrates that the drip tray cannot the most critical events.
accommodate the LNG spill, mitigating measures are to be In order to assess the structural integrity of the room and the
provided and subjected to the same simulation process, to suitability of the designed airlock, the maximum pressure
appreciate the risk reduction. within the spaces identified by the HAZID has to be evalu-
ated, considering the effectiveness of the ventilation system.
5.12 Regulations for arrangement of This calls for a simulation by means of the tools mentioned
entrances and other openings in in 5.11.6. The following steps, as a minimum, are to be per-
enclosed spaces formed.
IGF CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 5, 5.11 a) Representative accidental scenarios of loss of LNG from
failures in process or containment systems are to be
5.12.1 (1/1/2017)
selected by the design team in the identified spaces. The
Direct access is not to be permitted from a non-hazardous simulation is to focus on the calculation of the amount
area to a hazardous area. Where such openings are neces- of LNG spilled before the stop of the LNG flow
sary for operational reasons, an airlock which complies
b) Reasonable assumptions on the extent of containment
with 5.13 is to be provided.
failure and the process parameters of the LNG are to be
5.12.2 (1/1/2017) made by the design team, preferably on the basis of sta-
If the fuel preparation room is approved located below tistics available in the public domain or provided and
deck, the room is, as far as practicable, to have an inde- documented by stakeholders.
pendent access direct from the open deck. Where a sepa- c) Reasonable assumptions on the operation of ventilation
rate access from deck is not practicable, an airlock which system are to be made according to layout and proce-
complies with 5.13 is to be provided. dures of the selected spaces.
5.12.3 (1/1/2017) d) For the sake of conservatism, in order to maximize the
Unless access to the tank connection space is independent accumulation of LNG onto the space floor, LNG release
and direct from open deck it is to be arranged as a bolted is to be directed downward, impinging on the floor, and
hatch. The space containing the bolted hatch will be a haz- ambient temperature is to be set to the maximum credi-
ardous space. ble summer temperature in the space. The surfaces are
to be considered isothermal at ambient temperature, to
5.12.4 (1/1/2017) conservatively increase the evaporation rate and, conse-
If the access to an ESD-protected machinery space is from quently, the pressure buildup.
another enclosed space in the ship, the entrances are to be
e) Reasonable assumptions are to be made by the design
arranged with an airlock which complies with 5.13.
team regarding detection time, LNG flow stop time and
5.12.5 (1/1/2017) human reaction time, in case operators are credited in
For inerted spaces access arrangements are to be such that the emergency.
unintended entry by personnel are to be prevented. If If the simulation demonstrates that the analysed airlocks
access to such spaces is not from an open deck, sealing cannot prevent gas release in safe space, mitigating meas-
arrangements are to ensure that leakages of inert gas to ures are to be provided and subjected to the same simula-
adjacent spaces are prevented. tion process, to appreciate the risk reduction.
5.13.4 (1/1/2017) d) if portable tanks are used for fuel storage, the design of
Airlocks are to have a simple geometrical form. They are to the fuel containment system is to be equivalent to per-
provide free and easy passage, and are to have a deck area manent installed tanks as described in this chapter.
not less than 1,5 m2. Airlocks are not to be used for other
purposes, for instance as store rooms. 6.3 Regulations - General
5.13.5 (1/1/2017) 6.3.1 (1/1/2017)
An audible and visual alarm system to give a warning on
Natural gas in a liquid state may be stored with a maximum
both sides of the airlock is to be provided to indicate if more
allowed relief valve setting (MARVS) of up to 1,0 MPa.
than one door is moved from the closed position.
6.3.2 (1/1/2017)
5.13.6 (1/1/2017)
For non-hazardous spaces with access from hazardous The Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) of the
spaces below deck where the access is protected by an air- gas fuel tank is not to exceed 90% of the Maximum Allowa-
lock, upon loss of underpressure in the hazardous space ble Relief Valve Setting (MARVS).
access to the space is to be restricted until the ventilation 6.3.3 (1/1/2017)
has been reinstated. Audible and visual alarms are to be A fuel containment system located below deck is to be gas
given at a manned location to indicate both loss of pressure tight towards adjacent spaces.
and opening of the airlock doors when pressure is lost.
6.3.4 (1/1/2017)
5.13.7 (1/1/2017)
All tank connections, fittings, flanges and tank valves are to
Essential equipment required for safety is not to be de-ener-
be enclosed in gas tight tank connection spaces, unless the
gized and is to be of a certified safe type. This may include
tank connections are on open deck. The space is to be able
lighting, fire detection, public address, general alarms sys-
to safely contain leakage from the tank in case of leakage
tems.
from the tank connections.
6.3.11 (1/1/2017) b) The design life of fixed liquefied gas fuel containment
Means are to be provided whereby liquefied gas in the stor- system is not to be less than the design life of the ship or
age tanks can be safely emptied. 20 years, whichever is greater
6.3.12 (1/1/2017) c) The design life of portable tanks is not to be less than 20
It is to be possible to empty, purge and vent fuel storage years.
tanks with fuel piping systems. Instructions for carrying out d) Liquefied gas fuel containment systems is to be
these procedures are to be available on board. Inerting is to designed in accordance with North Atlantic environ-
be performed with an inert gas prior to venting with dry air mental conditions and relevant long-term sea state scat-
to avoid an explosion hazardous atmosphere in tanks and ter diagrams for unrestricted navigation. Less
fuel pipes. See detailed regulations in 6.10. demanding environmental conditions, consistent with
the expected usage, may be accepted by the Society for
6.4 Regulations for liquefied gas fuel con- liquefied gas fuel containment systems used exclusively
tainment for restricted navigation. More demanding environmen-
tal conditions may be required for liquefied gas fuel
6.4.1 General (1/1/2017) containment systems operated in conditions more
a) The risk assessment required in 4.2 is to include evalua- severe than the North Atlantic environment.
tion of the ship's liquefied gas fuel containment system, e) Liquefied gas fuel containment systems is to be
and may lead to additional safety measures for integra- designed with suitable safety margins:
tion into the overall vessel design.
1) to withstand, in the intact condition, the environ-
For this purpose, the design team is to conduct a Hazard mental conditions anticipated for the liquefied gas
Identification (HAZID) to agree on the scenarios to be fuel containment system's design life and the load-
subjected to the risk analysis, and on the assumptions ing conditions appropriate for them, which are to
regarding the most critical events. If such scenarios are include full homogeneous and partial load condi-
liquid spills or gas releases, their effects in the affected tions and partial filling to any intermediate levels;
spaces (in particular, pressure buildup and low tempera- and
ture effects) are to be simulated by means of the tools
mentioned in 5.11.6. The following steps, as a mini- 2) being appropriate for uncertainties in loads, struc-
mum, are to be performed. tural modelling, fatigue, corrosion, thermal effects,
material variability, aging and construction toler-
1) Representative accidental scenarios of loss of LNG ances.
or methane from failures in process or containment
systems are to be selected by the design team in the f) The liquefied gas fuel containment system structural
identified spaces. strength is to be assessed against failure modes, includ-
ing but not limited to plastic deformation, buckling and
2) Reasonable assumptions on the extent of contain-
fatigue. The specific design conditions that are to be
ment failure and the process parameters of the LNG
considered for the design of each liquefied gas fuel con-
or methane are to be made by the design team, pref-
tainment system are given in 6.4.15. There are three
erably on the basis of statistics available in the pub-
main categories of design conditions:
lic domain or provided and documented by
stakeholders. 1) Ultimate Design Conditions - The liquefied gas fuel
containment system structure and its structural com-
3) Reasonable assumptions on the operation of ventila-
ponents are to withstand loads liable to occur during
tion system are to be made according to layout and
its construction, testing and anticipated use in ser-
procedures of the selected spaces.
vice, without loss of structural integrity. The design
4) For the sake of conservatism, in order to maximize is to take into account proper combinations of the
the accumulation of LNG onto the space floor, LNG following loads:
release is to be directed downward, impinging on
• internal pressure;
the floor, and ambient temperature is to be set to the
maximum credible summer temperature in the • external pressure;
space. The surfaces are to be considered isothermal • dynamic loads due to the motion of the ship in
at ambient temperature, to conservatively increase all loading conditions;
the evaporation rate and, consequently, the pressure
• thermal loads;
buildup.
• sloshing loads;
5) Reasonable assumptions are to be made by the
design team regarding detection time, LNG flow • loads corresponding to ship deflections;
stop time, flow through relief valves and human • tank and liquefied gas fuel weight with the cor-
reaction time, in case operators are credited in the responding reaction in way of supports;
emergency.
• insulation weight;
If the simulation demonstrates that an analysed scenario
may cause the failure of the containment, mitigating • loads in way of towers and other attachments;
measures are to be provided and subjected to the same and
simulation process, to appreciate the risk reduction. • test loads;
2) Fatigue Design Conditions - The liquefied gas fuel lation system, of preventing lowering of the temperature
containment system structure and its structural com- of the ship structure to an unsafe level.
ponents are not to fail under accumulated cyclic b) The size and configuration or arrangement of the sec-
loading. ondary barrier may be reduced or omitted where an
equivalent level of safety can be demonstrated in
3) Accidental Design Conditions - The liquefied gas
accordance with 6.4.2 c) to 6.4.2 e) as applicable.
fuel containment system is to meet each of the fol-
lowing accident design conditions (accidental or c) Liquefied gas fuel containment systems for which the
abnormal events), addressed in this Code: probability for structural failures to develop into a criti-
cal state has been determined to be extremely low but
• Collision - The liquefied gas fuel containment where the possibility of leakages through the primary
system is to withstand the collision loads speci- barrier cannot be excluded, are to be equipped with a
fied in 6.4.9e)1) without deformation of the sup- partial secondary barrier and small leak protection sys-
ports or the tank structure in way of the supports tem capable of safely handling and disposing of the
likely to endanger the tank and its supporting leakages (a critical state means that the crack develops
structure. into unstable condition).
The arrangements are to comply with the following:
• Fire - The liquefied gas fuel containment systems
are to sustain without rupture the rise in internal 1) failure developments that can be reliably detected
pressure specified in 6.7.3a) under the fire sce- before reaching a critical state (e.g. by gas detection
narios envisaged therein. or inspection) are to have a sufficiently long devel-
opment time for remedial actions to be taken; and
• Flooded compartment causing buoyancy on tank
2) failure developments that cannot be safely detected
- the anti-flotation arrangements are to sustain
before reaching a critical state are to have a pre-
the upward force, specified in 6.4.9e)2) and
dicted development time that is much longer than
there are to be no endangering plastic deforma- the expected lifetime of the tank.
tion to the hull. Plastic deformation may occur in
the fuel containment system provided it does not d) No secondary barrier is required for liquefied gas fuel
endanger the safe evacuation of the ship. containment systems, e.g. type C independent tanks,
where the probability for structural failures and leakages
g) Measures are to be applied to ensure that scantlings through the primary barrier is extremely low and can be
required meet the structural strength provisions and are neglected.
maintained throughout the design life. Measures may e) For independent tanks requiring full or partial secondary
include, but are not limited to, material selection, coat- barrier, means for safely disposing of leakages from the
ings, corrosion additions, cathodic protection and inert- tank are to be arranged.
ing.
6.4.3 Secondary barriers in relation to tank
h) An inspection/survey plan for the liquefied gas fuel con- types (1/1/2017)
tainment system is to be developed and approved by the Secondary barriers in relation to the tank types defined in
Society. The inspection/survey plan is to identify aspects 6.4.15 are to be provided in accordance with the following
to be examined and/or validated during surveys table.
throughout the liquefied gas fuel containment system's
life and, in particular, any necessary in-service survey, Table 3 (1/1/2017)
maintenance and testing that was assumed when select-
ing liquefied gas fuel containment system design param-
eters. The inspection/survey plan may include specific Basic tank type Secondary barrier requirements
critical locations as per 6.4.12 b)8) or 6.4.12b)9). Membrane Complete secondary barrier
mary barrier will not impair the due function of the sec- defined in 6.4.9 e)2) without plastic deformation likely
ondary barrier, or vice versa; to endanger the hull structure.
c) failure of a support or an attachment to the hull structure c) Supports and supporting arrangements are to with-
will not lead to loss of liquid tightness of both the pri- stand the loads defined in 6.4.9c)3) and 6.4.9e), but
mary and secondary barriers; these loads need not be combined with each other or
d) it is capable of being periodically checked for its effec- with wave-induced loads.
tiveness by means of a visual inspection or other suita-
6.4.7 Associated structure and
ble means acceptable to the Society;
equipment (1/1/2017)
e) the methods required in 6.4.4 d) are to be approved by Liquefied gas fuel containment systems are to be designed
the Society and are to include, as a minimum: for the loads imposed by associated structure and equip-
1) details on the size of defect acceptable and the loca- ment. This includes pump towers, liquefied gas fuel domes,
tion within the secondary barrier, before its liquid liquefied gas fuel pumps and piping, stripping pumps and
tight effectiveness is compromised; piping, nitrogen piping, access hatches, ladders, piping
2) accuracy and range of values of the proposed penetrations, liquid level gauges, independent level alarm
method for detecting defects in item 1) above; gauges, spray nozzles, and instrumentation systems (such as
pressure, temperature and strain gauges).
3) scaling factors to be used in determining the accept-
ance criteria if full-scale model testing is not under- 6.4.8 Thermal insulation (1/1/2017)
taken; and Thermal insulation is to be provided as required to protect
4) effects of thermal and mechanical cyclic loading on the hull from temperatures below those allowable (see
the effectiveness of the proposed test. 6.4.13a)1) and limit the heat flux into the tank to the levels
f) the secondary barrier is to fulfil its functional require- that can be maintained by the pressure and temperature
ments at a static angle of heel of 30°. control system applied in 6.9.
6.4.5 Partial secondary barriers and primary barrier 6.4.9 Design loads (1/1/2017)
small leak protection system (1/1/2017) a) General
a) Partial secondary barriers as permitted in 6.4.2 c) are to 1) This section defines the design loads that are to be
be used with a small leak protection system and meet considered with regard to regulations in 6.4.10 to
all the regulations in 6.4.4. 6.4.12. This includes load categories (permanent,
The small leak protection system is to include means to functional, environmental and accidental) and the
detect a leak in the primary barrier, provision such as a description of the loads.
spray shield to deflect any liquefied gas fuel down into 2) The extent to which these loads are to be considered
the partial secondary barrier, and means to dispose of depends on the type of tank, and is more fully
the liquid, which may be by natural evaporation. detailed in the following paragraphs.
b) The capacity of the partial secondary barrier is to be 3) Tanks, together with their supporting structure and
determined, based on the liquefied gas fuel leakage cor- other fixtures, are to be designed taking into account
responding to the extent of failure resulting from the relevant combinations of the loads described below.
load spectrum referred to in 6.4.12 b) 6), after the initial
detection of a primary leak. Due account may be taken b) Permanent loads
of liquid evaporation, rate of leakage, pumping capacity 1) Gravity loads
and other relevant factors. The weight of tank, thermal insulation, loads caused
c) The required liquid leakage detection may be by means by towers and other attachments are to be consid-
of liquid sensors, or by an effective use of pressure, tem- ered.
perature or gas detection systems, or any combination 2) Permanent external loads
thereof.
Gravity loads of structures and equipment acting
d) For independent tanks for which the geometry does not externally on the tank are to be considered.
present obvious locations for leakage to collect, the par-
c) Functional loads
tial secondary barrier is also to fulfil its functional
requirements at a nominal static angle of trim. 1) Loads arising from the operational use of the tank
system are to be classified as functional loads.
6.4.6 Supporting arrangements (1/1/2017)
2) All functional loads that are essential for ensuring
a) The liquefied gas fuel tanks are to be supported by the the integrity of the tank system, during all design
hull in a manner that prevents bodily movement of the conditions, are to be considered.
tank under the static and dynamic loads defined in 6.4.9
3) As a minimum, the effects from the following crite-
b) to 6.4.9 e), where applicable, while allowing contrac-
ria, as applicable, are to be considered when estab-
tion and expansion of the tank under temperature varia-
lishing functional loads:
tions and hull deflections without undue stressing of the
tank and the hull. • internal pressure
b) Anti-flotation arrangements are to be provided for inde- • external pressure
pendent tanks and capable of withstanding the loads • thermally induced loads
3) When determining responses to dynamic loads, the 2) Analysis are to be based on characteristic load val-
dynamic effect are to be taken into account where it ues as follows:
may affect structural integrity.
b) Load scenarios Table 5 (1/1/2017)
• σx,st, σy,st, σz,st, τxy,st, τxz,st and τyz,st are static 4) The equivalent stress σc (von Mises, Huber) is to be
stresses; and determined by:
• σx,dyn, σy,dyn, σz.dyn, τxy,dyn, τxz,dyn and τyz,dyn are
dynamic stresses, σc = σ 2 x + σ 2 y + σ 2 z – σ x σ y – σ x σ z – σ y σ z + 3 ( τ 2 xy + τ 2 xz + τ 2 yz )
each is to be determined separately from accelera-
tion components and hull strain components due to where:
deflection and torsion. σx : total normal stress in x-direction;
σy : total normal stress in y-direction;
6.4.12 Design conditions (1/1/2017)
σz : total normal stress in z-direction;
All relevant failure modes are to be considered in the design
for all relevant load scenarios and design conditions. The τxy : total shear stress in x-y plane;
design conditions are given in the earlier part of this chap- τxz : total shear stress in x-z plane; and
ter, and the load scenarios are covered by 6.4.11 b). τyz : total shear stress in y-z plane.
a) Ultimate design condition The above values are to be calculated as described
Structural capacity may be determined by testing, or by in 6.4.11.2.3.
analysis, taking into account both the elastic and plastic 5) Allowable stresses for materials other than those
material properties, by simplified linear elastic analysis covered by 7.4 are to be subject to approval by the
or by the provisions of this Code: Society in each case.
1) Plastic deformation and buckling are to be consid- 6) Stresses may be further limited by fatigue analysis,
ered. crack propagation analysis and buckling criteria.
b) Fatigue Design Condition 6) Where the size of the secondary barrier is reduced,
1) The fatigue design condition is the design condition as is provided for in 6.4.2 c), fracture mechanics
with respect to accumulated cyclic loading. analyses of fatigue crack growth are to be carried
out to determine:
2) Where a fatigue analysis is required the cumulative
• crack propagation paths in the structure, where
effect of the fatigue load is to comply with:
necessitated by 6.4.12 b) 7) to 6.4.12 b) 9), as
applicable;
ni n load in g
-----
N N
+ ----------------- ≤ C
i load in g
w
• crack growth rate;
• the time required for a crack to propagate to
where: cause a leakage from the tank;
ni : number of stress cycles at each stress • the size and shape of through thickness cracks;
level during the life of the tank; and
Ni : number of cycles to fracture for the • the time required for detectable cracks to reach a
respective stress level according to the critical state after penetration through the thick-
Wohler (S-N) curve; ness.
nloading : number of loading and unloading cycles The fracture mechanics are in general based on
during the life of the tank not to be less crack growth data taken as a mean value plus two
than 1000. Loading and unloading standard deviations of the test data. Methods for
cycles include a complete pressure and fatigue crack growth analysis and fracture mechan-
thermal cycle; ics are to be based on recognized standards.
Nloading : number of cycles to fracture for the In analysing crack propagation the largest initial
fatigue loads due to loading and unload- crack not detectable by the inspection method
ing; and applied are to be assumed, taking into account the
Cw : maximum allowable cumulative fatigue allowable non-destructive testing and visual inspec-
damage ratio. tion criterion as applicable.
The fatigue damage is to be based on the design life Crack propagation analysis specified in 6.4.12 b) 7)
the simplified load distribution and sequence over a
of the tank but not less than 108 wave encounters.
period of 15 days may be used. Load distribution
3) Where required, the liquefied gas fuel containment and sequence for longer periods, such as in 6.4.12
system is to be subject to fatigue analysis, consider- b) 8) and 6.4.12 b) 9) are to be approved by the
ing all fatigue loads and their appropriate combina- Society.
tions for the expected life of the liquefied gas fuel
The arrangements are to comply with 6.4.12 b) 7) to
containment system. Consideration is to be given to
6.4.12 b) 9) as applicable.
various filling conditions.
7) For failures that can be reliably detected by means
4) Design S-N curves used in the analysis are to be
of leakage detection:
applicable to the materials and weldments, con-
struction details, fabrication procedures and appli- Cw is to be less than or equal to 0,5.
cable state of the stress envisioned. Predicted remaining failure development time, from
The S-N curves are to be based on a 97.6% proba- the point of detection of leakage till reaching a criti-
bility of survival corresponding to the mean-minus- cal state, is not to be less than 15 days unless differ-
two-standard-deviation curves of relevant experi- ent regulations apply for ships engaged in particular
mental data up to final failure. Use of S-N curves voyages.
derived in a different way requires adjustments to 8) For failures that cannot be detected by leakage but
the acceptable Cw values specified in 6.4.12 b) 7) to that can be reliably detected at the time of in-service
6.4.12 b) 9). inspections:
5) Analysis is to be based on characteristic load values Cw is to be less than or equal to 0,5.
as follows: Predicted remaining failure development time, from
the largest crack not detectable by in-service inspec-
Table 6 (1/1/2017) tion methods until reaching a critical state, is not to
be less than three (3) times the inspection interval.
Permanent loads Expected values
9) In particular locations of the tank where effective
Functional loads Specified values or specified his- defect or crack development detection cannot be
tory assured, the following, more stringent, fatigue
acceptance criteria are to be applied as a minimum:
Environmental loads Expected load history, but not less
than 108 cycles Cw is to be less than or equal to 0,1.
Predicted failure development time, from the
If simplified dynamic loading spectra are used for assumed initial defect until reaching a critical state,
the estimation of the fatigue life, those are to be spe- is not to be less than three (3) times the lifetime of
cially considered by the Society. the tank.
b) Materials of primary and secondary barriers following properties, as applicable, to ensure that
they are adequate for the intended service:
1) Metallic materials used in the construction of pri- - compatibility with the liquefied gas fuels;
mary and secondary barriers not forming the hull,
- solubility in the liquefied gas fuel;
are to be suitable for the design loads that they may
be subjected to, and be in accordance with table - absorption of the liquefied gas fuel;
7.1, 7.2 or 7.3. - shrinkage;
- ageing;
2) Materials, either non-metallic or metallic but not
- closed cell content;
covered by tables 7.1, 7.2 and 7.3, used in the pri-
mary and secondary barriers may be approved by - density;
the Society considering the design loads that they - mechanical properties, to the extent that they are
may be subjected to, their properties and their subjected to liquefied gas fuel and other loading
intended use. effects, thermal expansion and contraction;
- abrasion;
3) Where non-metallic materials, including com- - cohesion;
posites, are used for or incorporated in the pri-
- thermal conductivity;
mary or secondary barriers, they are to be tested for
the following properties, as applicable, to ensure - resistance to vibrations;
that they are adequate for the intended service: - resistance to fire and flame spread; and
- resistance to fatigue failure and crack propaga-
- compatibility with the liquefied gas fuels; tion.
- ageing; 3) The above properties, where applicable, are to be
tested for the range between the expected maximum
- mechanical properties; temperature in service and 5°C below the minimum
design temperature, but not lower than minus
- thermal expansion and contraction;
196°C.
- abrasion; 4) Due to location or environmental conditions, ther-
mal insulation materials are to have suitable proper-
- cohesion; ties of resistance to fire and flame spread, and are to
be adequately protected against penetration of water
- resistance to vibrations;
vapour and mechanical damage. Where the thermal
- resistance to fire and flame spread; and insulation is located on or above the exposed deck,
and in way of tank cover penetrations, it is to have
- resistance to fatigue failure and crack propaga- suitable fire resistance properties in accordance with
tion. a recognized standard or be covered with a material
having low flame spread characteristics and forming
4) The above properties, where applicable, are to be an efficient approved vapour seal.
tested for the range between the expected maximum
5) Thermal insulation that does not meet recognized
temperature in service and 5°C below the minimum
standards for fire resistance may be used in fuel stor-
design temperature, but not lower than minus196°C.
age hold spaces that are not kept permanently
5) Where non-metallic materials, including compos- inerted, provided its surfaces are covered with mate-
ites, are used for the primary and secondary barriers, rial with low flame spread characteristics and that
the joining processes are also to be tested as forms an efficient approved vapour seal.
described above. 6) Testing for thermal conductivity of thermal insula-
tion is to be carried out on suitably aged samples.
6) Consideration may be given to the use of materials
7) Where powder or granulated thermal insulation is
in the primary and secondary barrier, which are not used, measures are to be taken to reduce compac-
resistant to fire and flame spread, provided they are tion in service and to maintain the required thermal
protected by a suitable system such as a permanent conductivity and also prevent any undue increase of
inert gas environment, or are provided with a fire pressure on the liquefied gas fuel containment sys-
retardant barrier. tem.
c) Thermal insulation and other materials used in liquefied 6.4.14 Construction processes (1/1/2017)
gas fuel containment systems
a) Weld joint design
1) Load-bearing thermal insulation and other materials 1) All welded joints of the shells of independent tanks
used in liquefied gas fuel containment systems are to are to be of the in-plane butt weld full penetration
be suitable for the design loads. type. For dome-to-shell connections only, tee welds
of the full penetration type may be used depending
2) Thermal insulation and other materials used in liq- on the results of the tests carried out at the approval
uefied gas fuel containment systems are to have the of the welding procedure. Except for small penetra-
tions on domes, nozzle welds are also to be cable, and the ship deflection in way of sup-
designed with full penetration. ports.
2) Welding joint details for type C independent tanks, - The tanks with supports are to be designed for
and for the liquid-tight primary barriers of type B the accidental loads specified in 6.4.9 e). These
independent tanks primarily constructed of curved loads need not be combined with each other or
surfaces, are to be as follows: with environmental loads.
- The effects of all dynamic and static loads are to Table 8 (1/1/2017)
be used to determine the suitability of the struc-
ture with respect to: Nickel steels and
Aluminium
carbon manganese Austenitic steel
• plastic deformation; alloys
steels
• buckling;
A 3 3,5 4
• fatigue failure; and
B 2 1,6 1,5
• crack propagation.
C 3 3 3
Finite element analysis or similar methods and
fracture mechanics analysis or an equivalent D 1,5 1,5 1,5
approach, are to be carried out
The above Table may be altered considering the
- A three-dimensional analysis is to be carried out design condition considered in acceptance with
to evaluate the stress levels, including interac- the Society. For type B independent tanks, pri-
tion with the ship's hull. The model for this anal- marily constructed of plane surfaces, the allowa-
ysis is to include the liquefied gas fuel tank with ble membrane equivalent stresses applied for
its supporting and keying system, as well as a finite element analysis are not to exceed:
reasonable part of the hull.
• for nickel steels and carbon-manganese
- A complete analysis of the particular ship accel- steels, the lesser of Rm /2 or Re /1.2;
erations and motions in irregular waves, and of
the response of the ship and its liquefied gas fuel • for austenitic steels, the lesser of Rm /2.5 or Re
tanks to these forces and motions, are to be per- /1.2; and
formed unless the data is available from similar • for aluminium alloys, the lesser of Rm /2.5 or
ships. Re /1.2
3) Ultimate design condition The above Table may be amended considering
the locality of the stress, stress analysis methods
- Plastic deformation and design condition considered in acceptance
For type B independent tanks, primarily con- with the Society.
structed of bodies of revolution, the allowable The thickness of the skin plate and the size of the
stresses are not to exceed: stiffener are not to be less than those required for
• σm ≤ f type A independent tanks.
- Buckling
• σL ≤ 1,5 f
Buckling strength analyses of liquefied gas fuel
• σb ≤ 1,5 F tanks subject to external pressure and other
• σL + σb ≤ 1,5 F loads causing compressive stresses are to be car-
ried out in accordance with recognized stand-
• σm + σb ≤ 1,5 F ards. The method is to adequately account for
• σm + σb+ σg ≤ 3,0 F the difference in theoretical and actual buckling
stress as a result of plate edge misalignment, lack
• σL + σb+ σg ≤ 3,0 F of straightness or flatness, ovality and deviation
where: from true circular form over a specified arc or
chord length, as applicable.
σm : equivalent primary general mem-
- Fatigue design condition
brane stress;
• Fatigue and crack propagation assess-
σL : equivalent primary local membrane ment are to be performed in accordance
stress; with the provisions of 6.4.12 b). The
σb : equivalent primary bending stress; acceptance criteria are to comply with
6.4.12 b)7), 6.4.12 b)8) or 6.4.12 b)9),
σg : equivalent secondary stress; depending on the detectability of the defect.
f : the lesser of (Rm / A) or (Re / B); and • Fatigue analysis is to consider construction
F : the lesser of (Rm / C) or (Re / D), tolerances.
• Where deemed necessary by the Society,
with Rm and Re as defined in 6.4.12.1.1.3. With
model tests may be required to determine
regard to the stresses σm , σL σg and σb see also stress concentration factors and fatigue life of
the definition of stress categories in 6.4.15.2.3.6. structural elements.
The values A and B are to have at least the fol- - Accidental design condition
lowing minimum values:
• The tanks and the tank supports are to be
designed for the accidental loads and design
to this section is to be based on the principles of limit acceleration, taking into account the ship characteristics
state design which is an approach to structural design and the position of the tanks.
that can be applied to established design solutions as 6.5.4 (1/1/2017)
well as novel designs. This more generic approach
Consideration is to be given to the strength and the effect of
maintains a level of safety similar to that achieved for
the portable fuel tanks on the ship's stability.
known containment systems as designed using 6.4.15.
6.5.5 (1/1/2017)
1) The limit state design is a systematic approach
Connections to the ship's fuel piping systems are to be
where each structural element is evaluated with
made by means of approved flexible hoses or other suitable
respect to possible failure modes related to the
means designed to provide sufficient flexibility.
design conditions identified in 6.4.1.6. A limit state
can be defined as a condition beyond which the 6.5.6 (1/1/2017)
structure, or part of a structure, no longer satisfies Arrangements are to be provided to limit the quantity of fuel
the regulations. spilled in case of inadvertent disconnection or rupture of
2) For each failure mode, one or more limit states may the non-permanent connections.
be relevant. By consideration of all relevant limit 6.5.7 (1/1/2017)
states, the limit load for the structural element is The pressure relief system of portable tanks is to be con-
found as the minimum limit load resulting from all nected to a fixed venting system.
the relevant limit states. The limit states are divided
6.5.8 (1/1/2017)
into the three following categories:
Control and monitoring systems for portable fuel tanks is to
- Ultimate limit states (ULS), which correspond to be integrated in the ship's control and monitoring system.
the maximum load-carrying capacity or, in some Safety system for portable fuel tanks is to be integrated in
cases, to the maximum applicable strain or the ship's safety system (e.g. shutdown systems for tank
deformation; under intact (undamaged) condi- valves, leak/gas detection systems).
tions.
6.5.9 (1/1/2017)
- Fatigue limit states (FLS), which correspond to
Safe access to tank connections for the purpose of inspec-
degradation due to the effect of time varying
tion and maintenance is to be ensured.
(cyclic) loading.
6.5.10 (1/1/2017)
- Accident limit states (ALS), which concern the
ability of the structure to resist accidental situa- After connection to the ship's fuel piping system,
tions. • with the exception of the pressure relief system in 6.5.6
each portable tank is to be capable of being isolated at
3) The procedure and relevant design parameters of the
any time;
limit state design is to comply with the Standards for
the Use of limit state methodologies in the design of • isolation of one tank is not to impair the availability of
fuel containment systems of novel configuration the remaining portable tanks; and
(LSD Standard), as set out in the annex to part A-1. • the tank is not to exceed its filling limits as given in 6.8.
6.5 Regulations for portable liquefied gas 6.6 Regulations for CNG fuel containment
fuel tanks 6.6.1 (1/1/2017)
6.5.1 (1/1/2017) The storage tanks to be used for CNG is to be certified and
The design of the tank is to comply with 6.4.15 c). The tank approved by the Society.
support (container frame or truck chassis) is to be designed 6.6.2 (1/1/2017)
for the intended purpose. Tanks for CNG are to be fitted with pressure relief valves
6.5.2 (1/1/2017) with a set point below the design pressure of the tank and
Portable fuel tanks are to be located in dedicated areas fit- with outlet located as required in 6.7.2 g) and 6.7.2 h).
ted with: 6.6.3 (1/1/2017)
• mechanical protection of the tanks depending on loca- Adequate means are to be provided to depressurize the tank
tion and cargo operations; in case of a fire which can affect the tanks.
• if located on open deck: spill protection and water spray 6.6.4 (1/1/2017)
systems for cooling; and Storage of CNG in enclosed spaces is normally not accept-
• if located in an enclosed space: the space is to be con- able, but may be permitted after special consideration and
sidered as a tank connection space. approval by the Society provided the following is fulfilled in
addition to 6.3.4 to 6.3.6:
6.5.3 (1/1/2017) • adequate means are provided to depressurize and inert
Portable fuel tanks are to be secured to the deck while con- the tank in case of a fire which can affect the tank;
nected to the ship systems. • all surfaces within such enclosed spaces containing the
The arrangement for supporting and fixing the tanks is to be CNG storage are provided with suitable thermal protec-
designed for the maximum expected static and dynamic tion against any lost high-pressure gas and resulting
inclinations, as well as the maximum expected values of condensation unless the bulkheads are designed for the
lowest temperature that can arise from gas expansion provided that fail-safe operation of the PRV is not
leakage; and compromised; and
• a fixed fire-extinguishing system is installed in the 4) sensing and exhaust lines on pilot operated relief
enclosed spaces containing the CNG storage. Special valves are to be of suitably robust construction to
consideration should be given to the extinguishing of prevent damage.
jet-fires. f) In the event of a failure of a fuel tank PRV a safe means
of emergency isolation is to be available.
6.7 Regulations for pressure relief system 1) procedures are to be provided and included in the
operation manual (refer to chapter 18);
6.7.1 General (1/1/2017) 2) the procedures are to allow only one of the installed
a) All fuel storage tanks are to be provided with a pressure PRVs for the liquefied gas fuel tanks to be isolated,
relief system appropriate to the design of the fuel con- physical interlocks are to be included to this effect;
tainment system and the fuel being carried. Fuel storage and
hold spaces, interbarrier spaces, tank connection spaces 3) isolation of the PRV is to be carried out under the
and tank cofferdams, which may be subject to pressures supervision of the master. This action is to be
beyond their design capabilities, are also to be provided recorded in the ship's log, and at the PRV.
with a suitable pressure relief system. Pressure control
g) Each pressure relief valve installed on a liquefied gas
systems specified in 6.9 are to be independent of the
fuel tank is to be connected to a venting system, which
pressure relief systems.
is to be:
b) Fuel storage tanks which may be subject to external 1) so constructed that the discharge will be unimpeded
pressures above their design pressure are to be fitted and normally be directed vertically upwards at the
with vacuum protection systems. exit;
2) arranged to minimize the possibility of water or
6.7.2 Pressure relief systems for liquefied gas fuel
snow entering the vent system; and
tanks (1/1/2017)
3) arranged such that the height of vent exits are nor-
a) If fuel release into the vacuum space of a vacuum insu-
mally not to be less than B/3 or 6 m, whichever is
lated tank cannot be excluded, the vacuum space is to
the greater, above the weather deck and 6 m above
be protected by a pressure relief device which is to be
working areas and walkways. However, vent mast
connected to a vent system if the tanks are located
height could be limited to lower value according to
below deck. On open deck a direct release into the
special consideration by the Society.
atmosphere may be accepted by the Society for tanks
not exceeding the size of a 40 ft container if the released h) The outlet from the pressure relief valves is normally to
gas cannot enter safe areas. be located at least 10 m from the nearest:
1) air intake, air outlet or opening to accommodation,
b) Liquefied gas fuel tanks are to be fitted with a minimum
service and control spaces, or other non-hazardous
of 2 pressure relief valves (PRVs) allowing for discon-
area; and
nection of one PRV in case of malfunction or leakage.
2) exhaust outlet from machinery installations.
c) Interbarrier spaces are to be provided with pressure
i) All other fuel gas vent outlets are also to be arranged in
relief devices. For membrane systems, the designer is to
accordance with 6.7.2 g) and 6.7.2 h). Means are to be
demonstrate adequate sizing of interbarrier space PRVs.
provided to prevent liquid overflow from gas vent out-
d) The setting of the PRVs is not to be higher than the lets, due to hydrostatic pressure from spaces to which
vapour pressure that has been used in the design of the they are connected.
tank. Valves comprising not more than 50% of the total j) In the vent piping system, means for draining liquid
relieving capacity may be set at a pressure up to 5% from places where it may accumulate are to be pro-
above MARVS to allow sequential lifting, minimizing vided. The PRVs and piping are to be arranged so that
unnecessary release of vapour. liquid can, under no circumstances, accumulate in or
e) The following temperature regulations apply to PRVs fit- near the PRVs.
ted to pressure relief systems: k) Suitable protection screens of not more than 13 mm
square mesh are to be fitted on vent outlets to prevent
1) PRVs on fuel tanks with a design temperature below
the ingress of foreign objects without adversely affecting
0oC are to be designed and arranged to prevent their
the flow.
becoming inoperative due to ice formation;
l) All vent piping is to be designed and arranged not
2) the effects of ice formation due to ambient tempera- to be damaged by the temperature variations to which
tures are to be considered in the construction and it may be exposed, forces due to flow or the ship's
arrangement of PRVs; motions.
3) PRVs are to be constructed of materials with a melt- m) PRVs are to be connected to the highest part of the fuel
ing point above 925°C. Lower melting point materi- tank. PRVs are to be positioned on the fuel tank so that
als for internal parts and seals may be accepted they will remain in the vapour phase at the filling limit
(FL) as given in 6.8, under conditions of 15° list and the fire exposure factor is to be
0.015L trim, where L is defined in 2.2.25. determined on the basis of the sur-
face areas above and below deck.
6.7.3 Sizing of pressure relieving system (1/1/2017)
G : gas factor according to formula:
a) Sizing of pressure relief valves
- vapours generated under fire exposure com- L : latent heat of the mate-
puted using the following formula: rial being vaporized at
relieving conditions, in
Q = FGA 0,82 (m3/s)
kJ/kg;
where:
D : a constant based on rela-
Q : minimum required rate of discharge tion of specific heats k
of air at standard conditions of and is calculated as fol-
273,15 Kelvin (K) and 0,1013 MPa lows:
F : fire exposure factor for different liq-
uefied gas fuel types: k+1
k ------------ k – 1
2 ------------
D =
F : 1,0 for tanks without k + 1
insulation located on
deck; where:
6.9 Regulations for the maintaining of fuel oxidation system is sufficient to consume the required
storage condition quantity of vapours. In this regard, periods of slow steaming
and/or no consumption from propulsion or other services of
6.9.1 Control of tank pressure and the ship are to be considered.
temperature (1/1/2017)
a) With the exception of liquefied gas fuel tanks designed 6.9.5 Compatibility (1/1/2017)
to withstand the full gauge vapour pressure of the fuel Refrigerants or auxiliary agents used for refrigeration or
under conditions of the upper ambient design tempera- cooling of fuel are to be compatible with the fuel they may
ture, liquefied gas fuel tanks' pressure and temperature come in contact with (not causing any hazardous reaction
are to be maintained at all times within their design or excessively corrosive products). In addition, when sev-
range by means acceptable to the Society, e.g. by one of eral refrigerants or agents are used, these are to be compati-
the following methods: ble with each other.
1) reliquefaction of vapours; 6.9.6 Availability of systems (1/1/2017)
2) thermal oxidation of vapours; a) The availability of the system and its supporting auxil-
3) pressure accumulation; or iary services is to be such that in case of a single failure
(of mechanical non-static component or a component
4) liquefied gas fuel cooling.
of the control systems) the fuel tank pressure and tem-
The method chosen is to be capable of maintaining tank perature can be maintained by another service/system.
pressure below the set pressure of the tank pressure
relief valves for a period of 15 days assuming full tank at b) Heat exchangers that are solely necessary for maintain-
normal service pressure and the ship in idle condition, ing the pressure and temperature of the fuel tanks within
i.e. only power for domestic load is generated. their design ranges are to have a standby heat exchanger
unless they have a capacity in excess of 25% of the larg-
b) Venting of fuel vapour for control of the tank pressure is est required capacity for pressure control and they can
not acceptable except in emergency situations. be repaired on board without external sources.
6.9.2 Design of systems (1/1/2017)
a) For worldwide service, the upper ambient design tem-
6.10 Regulations on atmospheric control
perature is to be sea 32°C and air 45°C. For service in within the fuel containment system
particularly hot or cold zones, these design tempera- 6.10.1 (1/1/2017)
tures are to be increased or decreased, to the satisfac- A piping system is to be arranged to enable each fuel tank
tion of the Society. to be safely gas-freed, and to be safely filled with fuel from a
b) The overall capacity of the system is to be such that it gas-free condition. The system is to be arranged to mini-
can control the pressure within the design conditions mize the possibility of pockets of gas or air remaining after
without venting to atmosphere. changing the atmosphere.
6.10.2 (1/1/2017)
6.9.3 Reliquefaction systems (1/1/2017)
The system is to be designed to eliminate the possibility of a
a) The reliquefaction system is to be designed and calcu- flammable mixture existing in the fuel tank during any part
lated according to 6.9.3 b). The system is to be sized in of the atmosphere change operation by utilizing an inerting
a sufficient way also in case of no or low consumption. medium as an intermediate step.
b) The reliquefaction system is to be arranged in one of the 6.10.3 (1/1/2017)
following ways:
Gas sampling points are to be provided for each fuel tank to
1) a direct system where evaporated fuel is com- monitor the progress of atmosphere change.
pressed, condensed and returned to the fuel tanks;
6.10.4 (1/1/2017)
2) an indirect system where fuel or evaporated fuel is Inert gas utilized for gas freeing of fuel tanks may be pro-
cooled or condensed by refrigerant without being vided externally to the ship.
compressed;
3) a combined system where evaporated fuel is com- 6.11 Regulations on atmosphere control
pressed and condensed in a fuel/refrigerant heat
within fuel storage hold spaces (Fuel
exchanger and returned to the fuel tanks; or
containment systems other than type C
4) if the reliquefaction system produces a waste stream independent tanks)
containing methane during pressure control opera-
tions within the design conditions, these waste gases 6.11.1 (1/1/2017)
are, as far as reasonably practicable, to be disposed Interbarrier and fuel storage hold spaces associated with liq-
of without venting to atmosphere. uefied gas fuel containment systems requiring full or partial
secondary barriers are to be inerted with a suitable dry inert
6.9.4 Thermal oxidation systems (1/1/2017) gas and kept inerted with make-up gas provided by a ship-
Thermal oxidation can be done by either consumption of board inert gas generation system, or by shipboard storage,
the vapours according to the regulations for consumers which is to be sufficient for normal consumption for at least
described in this Code or in a dedicated gas combustion 30 days. Shorter periods may be considered by the Society
unit (GCU). It is to be demonstrated that the capacity of the depending on the ship's service.
6.13.1 (1/1/2017)
7.1 Goal
Arrangements to prevent back-flow of fuel vapour into the
inert gas system are to be provided as specified below. 7.1.1 (1/1/2017)
6.13.2 (1/1/2017) The goal of this chapter is to ensure the safe handling of
To prevent the return of flammable gas to any non-hazard- fuel, under all operating conditions, to minimize the risk to
ous spaces, the inert gas supply line is to be fitted with two the ship, personnel and to the environment, having regard
shutoff valves in series with a venting valve in between to the nature of the products involved.
(double block and bleed valves). In addition, a closable
non-return valve is to be installed between the double block 7.2 Functional requirements
and bleed arrangement and the fuel system. These valves 7.2.1 (1/1/2017)
are to be located outside non-hazardous spaces.
This chapter relates to functional requirements in 3.2.1,
6.13.3 (1/1/2017) 3.2.5, 3.2.6, 3.2.8, 3.2.9 and 3.2.10. In particular the fol-
Where the connections to the fuel piping systems are non- lowing apply:
permanent, two non-return valves may be substituted for a) Fuel piping is to be capable of absorbing thermal expan-
the valves required in 6.13.2. sion or contraction caused by extreme temperatures of
6.13.4 (1/1/2017) the fuel without developing substantial stresses.
The arrangements are to be such that each space being b) Provision is to be made to protect the piping, piping sys-
inerted can be isolated and the necessary controls and relief tem and components and fuel tanks from excessive
valves, etc. are to be provided for controlling pressure in stresses due to thermal movement and from movements
these spaces. of the fuel tank and hull structure.
6.13.5 (1/1/2017) c) If the fuel gas contains heavier constituents that may
Where insulation spaces are continually supplied with an condense in the system, means for safely removing the
inert gas as part of a leak detection system, means are to be liquid are to be fitted.
provided to monitor the quantity of gas being supplied to
d) Low temperature piping is to be thermally isolated from
individual spaces
the adjacent hull structure, where necessary, to prevent
the temperature of the hull from falling below the design
6.14 Regulations on inert gas production and temperature of the hull material.
storage on board
6.14.1 (1/1/2017) 7.3 Regulations for general pipe design
The equipment is to be capable of producing inert gas with
oxygen content at no time greater than 5% by volume. A 7.3.1 General (1/1/2017)
continuous-reading oxygen content meter is to be fitted to a) Fuel pipes and all the other piping needed for a safe and
the inert gas supply from the equipment and is to be fitted reliable operation and maintenance are to be colour
marked in accordance with a standard at least equiva- by other design regulations. This allowance
lent to those acceptable to the Organization is to be consistent with the expected life of
the piping; and
b) Where tanks or piping are separated from the ship's
structure by thermal isolation, provision is to be made a : negative manufacturing tolerance for thick-
for electrically bonding to the ship's structure both the ness (%).
piping and the tanks. All gasketed pipe joints and hose
b) The absolute minimum wall thickness is to be in
connections are to be electrically bonded.
accordance with a standard acceptable to the Society.
c) All pipelines or components which may be isolated in a
liquid full condition are to be provided with relief 7.3.3 Design condition (1/1/2017)
valves.
a) The greater of the following design conditions is to be
d) Pipework, which may contain low temperature fuel, is used for piping, piping system and components as
to be thermally insulated to an extent which will mini- appropriate:
mize condensation of moisture.
1) for systems or components which may be separated
e) Piping other than fuel supply piping and cabling may be from their relief valves and which contain only
arranged in the double wall piping or duct provided that vapour at all times, vapour pressure at 45°C assum-
they do not create a source of ignition or compromise ing an initial condition of saturated vapour in the
the integrity of the double pipe or duct. The double wall system at the system operating pressure and temper-
piping or duct is to contain only piping or cabling nec- ature; or
essary for operational purposes.
2) the MARVS of the fuel tanks and fuel processing sys-
7.3.2 Wall thickness (1/1/2017) tems; or
a) The minimum wall thickness is to be calculated as fol- 3) the pressure setting of the associated pump or com-
lows: pressor discharge relief valve; or
t = (t0 + b + c) / (1 - a/100) (mm) 4) the maximum total discharge or loading head of the
fuel piping system; or
where:
t0 : theoretical thickness 5) the relief valve setting on a pipeline system.
K : allowable stress (N/mm2) referred to in a) For pipes made of steel including stainless steel, the
7.3.4; and allowable stress to be considered in the formula of the
strength thickness in 7.3.2 a) is to be the lower of the
D : efficiency factory equal to 1.0 for seamless following values:
pipes and for longitudinally or spirally
welded pipes, delivered by approved manu- Rm/2,7 or Re/1,8
facturers of welded pipes, that are consid- Rm : specified minimum tensile strength at room
ered equivalent to seamless pipes when
temperature (N/mm2); and
non-destructive testing on welds is carried
out in accordance with recognized stand- Re : specified minimum yield stress at room tem-
ards. In other cases an efficiency factor of perature (N/mm2). If the stress strain curve
less than 1,0, in accordance with recog- does not show a defined yield stress, the
nized standards, may be required depend- 0.2% proof stress applies.
ing on the manufacturing process;
b) Where necessary for mechanical strength to prevent
h : allowance for bending (mm). The value of b damage, collapse, excessive sag or buckling of pipes
is to be chosen so that the calculated stress due to superimposed loads, the wall thickness is to be
in the bend, due to internal pressure only, increased over that required by 7.3.2 or, if this is
does not exceed the allowable stress. Where impracticable or would cause excessive local stresses,
such justification is not given, b is to be: these loads are to be reduced, protected against or elim-
b = D t0 / 2,5r (mm) inated by other design methods. Such superimposed
loads may be due to; supports, ship deflections, liquid
with pressure surge during transfer operations, the weight of
r : mean radius of the bend (mm); suspended valves, reaction to loading arm connections,
or otherwise.
c : corrosion allowance (mm). If corrosion or
erosion is expected the wall thickness of the c) For pipes made of materials other than steel, the allowa-
piping is to be increased over that required ble stress is to be considered by the Society.
d) High pressure fuel piping systems is to have sufficient external diameter of 50 mm or less and design
constructive strength. This is to be confirmed by carry- temperatures not colder than minus 55°C.
ing out stress analysis and taking into account: - Screwed couplings complying with recognized
standards are only to be used for accessory lines
1) stresses due to the weight of the piping system;
and instrumentation lines with external diame-
2) acceleration loads when significant; and ters of 25 mm or less.
2) Flanged connections
3) internal pressure and loads induced by hog and sag
of the ship. - Flanges in flange connections are to be of the
welded neck, slip-on or socket welded type; and
e) When the design temperature is minus 110°C or colder,
- For all piping except open ended, the following
a complete stress analysis, taking into account all the restrictions apply:
stresses due to weight of pipes, including acceleration
loads if significant, internal pressure, thermal contrac- • For design temperatures colder than minus
tion and loads induced by hog and sag of the ship is to 55°C, only welded neck flanges are to be
be carried out for each branch of the piping system. used; and
• For design temperatures colder than minus
7.3.5 Flexibility of piping (1/1/2017) 10°C, slip-on flanges are not to be used in
nominal sizes above 100 mm and socket
The arrangement and installation of fuel piping is to provide welded flanges are not to be used in nominal
the necessary flexibility to maintain the integrity of the pip- sizes above 50 mm.
ing system in the actual service situations, taking potential
3) Expansion joints
for fatigue into account.
Where bellows and expansion joints are provided in
7.3.6 Piping fabrication and joining accordance with 7.3.6 a) the following apply:
details (1/1/2017) - if necessary, bellows are to be protected against
icing;
a) Flanges, valves and other fittings is to comply with a
standard acceptable to the Society, taking into account - slip joints are not to be used except within the
the design pressure defined in 7.3.3 a). For bellows and liquefied gas fuel storage tanks; and
expansion joints used in vapour service, a lower mini- - bellows are normally not to be arranged in
mum design pressure than defined in 7.3.3 a) may be enclosed spaces.
accepted.
4) Other connections
b) All valves and expansion joints used in high pressure Piping connections are to be joined in accordance
fuel piping systems are to be approved according to a with 7.3.6 d)1) to 7.3.6 d)3) but for other excep-
standard acceptable to the Society. tional cases the Society may consider alternative
arrangements.
c) The piping system is to be joined by welding with a
minimum of flange connections. Gaskets are to be pro-
tected against blow-out. 7.4 Regulations for materials
d) Piping fabrication and joining details are to comply with 7.4.1 Metallic materials (1/1/2017)
the following: a) Materials for fuel containment and piping systems are to
comply with the minimum regulations given in the fol-
1) Direct connections
lowing Tables 10 to 14.
- Butt-welded joints with complete penetration at b) Materials having a melting point below 925°C are not to
the root may be used in all applications. For be used for piping outside the fuel tanks.
design temperatures colder than minus 10°C,
butt welds are to be either double welded or c) For CNG tanks, the use of materials not covered above
equivalent to a double welded butt joint. This may be specially considered by the Society.
may be accomplished by use of a backing ring, d) Where required the outer pipe or duct containing high
consumable insert or inert gas back-up on the pressure gas in the inner pipe, as a minimum, is to fulfil
first pass. For design pressures in excess of 1.0 the material regulations for pipe materials with design
MPa and design temperatures of minus 10°C or temperature down to minus 55°C in table 13.
colder, backing rings are to be removed.
e) The outer pipe or duct around liquefied gas fuel pipes as
- Slip-on welded joints with sleeves and related a minimum are to fulfil the material regulations for pipe
welding, having dimensions in accordance with materials with design temperature down to minus
recognized standards, are only to be used for 165°C in table 13.
instrument lines and open-ended lines with an
Table 10 : Plates, pipes (seamless and welded) (1) (2), sections and forgings for fuel tanks and process pressure
vessels for design temperatures not lower than 0°C (1/1/2017)
Carbon-manganese steel
Fully killed fine grain steel
Small additions of alloying elements by agreement with the Society
Composition limits to be approved by the Society
Normalized, or quenched and tempered (4)
TENSILE AND TOUGHNESS (IMPACT) TEST REGULATIONS
Sampling frequency
Plates Each "piece" to be tested
Sections and forgings Each "piece" to be tested
Mechanical properties
Tensile properties Specified minimum yield stress not to exceed 410
N/mm2 5 (5)
Toughness (Charpy V-notch test)
Plates Transverse test pieces. Minimum average energy value (KV)
27J
Sections and forgings Longitudinal test pieces. Minimum average energy (KV) 41J
Test temperature Thickness t (mm)
Test temperature (°C) 0
T ≤ 20
Test temperature 20 < t <40 (3) -20
(1) For seamless pipes and fittings normal practice applies. The use of longitudinally and spirally welded pipes are to be specially
approved by the Society.
(2) Charpy V-notch impact tests are not required for pipes.
(3) This Table is generally applicable for material thicknesses up to 40 mm. Proposals for greater thicknesses are to be approved by
the Society.
(4) A controlled rolling procedure or thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP) may be used as an alternative.
(5) Materials with specified minimum yield stress exceeding 410 N/mm2 may be approved by the
Society. For these materials, particular attention is to be given to the hardness of the welded and heat affected zones.
Table 11 : Plates, sections and forgings (1) for fuel tanks, secondary barriers and process pressure vessels for
design temperatures below 0°C and down to minus 55°C - Maximum thickness 25 mm (2) (1/1/2017)
Carbon-manganese steel
Fully killed, aluminium treated fine grain steel
Chemical composition (ladle analysis)
C Mn Si S P
0,16% max (3) 0,70-1,60% 0,10-0,50% 0,025% max 0,025% max
Optional additions: Alloys and grain refining elements may be generally in accordance with the following
Ni Cr Mo Cu Nb
0,80% max 0,25% 0,08% 0,35% max 0,05% max
V
0,10% max
Al content total 0,020% min. (Acid soluble 0,015% min.)
Normalized, or quenched and tempered (4)
TENSILE AND TOUGHNESS (IMPACT) TEST REGULATIONS
Sampling frequency
Plates Each "piece" to be tested
Sections and forgings Each "piece" to be tested
Mechanical properties
Tensile properties Specified minimum yield stress not to exceed 410 N/mm2 (5)
Toughness (Charpy V-notch test)
Plates Transverse test pieces. Minimum average energy value (KV) 27J
Sections and forgings Longitudinal test pieces. Minimum average energy (KV) 41J
Test temperature 5°C below the design temperature or -20°C whichever is lower
(1) The Charpy V-notch and chemistry regulations for forgings may be specially considered by the Society.
(2) For material thickness of more than 25 mm, Charpy V-notch tests are to be conducted as follows:
Material thickness Test temperature (°C)
25 < t ≤ 30 10°C below design temperature or -20°C whichever is lower
30 < t ≤ 35 15°C below design temperature or -20°C whichever is lower
35 < t ≤ 40 20°C below design temperature
40 < t Temperature approved by the Society
The impact energy value is to be in accordance with the table for the applicable type of test specimen. Materials for tanks and
parts of tanks which are completely thermally stress relieved after welding may be tested at a temperature 5°C below design
temperature or -20°C whichever is lower.
For thermally stress relieved reinforcements and other fittings, the test temperature is to be the same as that required for the
adjacent tank-shell thickness.
(3) By special agreement with the Society, the carbon content may be increased to 0.18% maximum provided the design tempera-
ture is not lower than -40°C.
(4) A controlled rolling procedure or thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP) may be used as an alternative.
(5) Materials with specified minimum yield stress exceeding 410 N/mm2 may be approved by the Society. For these materials, par-
ticular attention is to be given to the hardness of the welded and heat affected zones.
Note 1:
Guidance:
For materials exceeding 25 mm in thickness for which the test temperature is -60°C or lower, the application of specially treated
steels or steels in accordance with table 12 may be necessary.
Table 12 : Plates, sections and forgings (1) for fuel tanks, secondary barriers and process pressure vessels for
design temperatures below minus 55°C and down to minus 165°C (2) - Maximum thickness 25 mm (3) (4) (1/1/2017)
-165 Austenitic Fe-Ni alloy (36% nickel) Heat treatment as agreed Not required
Table 13 : Pipes (seamless and welded) (1), forgings (2) and castings (2) for fuel and process piping for design tem-
peratures below 0°C and down to minus 165°C (3) - Maximum thickness 25 mm (1/1/2017)
Impact test
Minimum
design temp. Chemical composition (5) and heat treatment Minimum
(°C) Test temp. (°C) average
energy (KV)
-55 Carbon-manganese steel. Fully killed fine grain. Normalized or as agreed. (6) (4) 27
-65 2.25% nickel steel - normalized or normalized and tempered or quenched and -70 34
tempered (6)
-90 3.5% nickel steel - normalized or normalized and tempered or quenched and -95 34
tempered (6)
9% nickel steel (7) - Double normalized and tempered or quenched and tem- -196 41
pered
-165 Austenitic steels, such as types 304, 304L, 316, 316L, 321 and 347 solution -196 41
treated. (8)
Aluminium alloys; such as type 5083 annealed Not required
TENSILE AND TOUGHNESS (IMPACT) TEST REGULATIONS
Sampling frequency
Each "batch" to be tested
Toughness (Charpy V-notch test)
Impact test: Longitudinal test pieces
(1) The use of longitudinally or spirally welded pipes is to be specially approved by the Society.
(2) The regulations for forgings and castings may be subject to special consideration by the Society.
(3) The regulations for design temperatures below -165°C are to be specially agreed with the Society.
(4) The test temperature is to be 5°C below the design temperature or -20°C whichever is lower.
(5) The composition limits are to be in accordance with Recognized Standards.
(6) A lower design temperature may be specially agreed with the Society for quenched and tempered materials.
(7) This chemical composition is not suitable for castings.
(8) Impact tests may be omitted subject to agreement with the Society.
Table 14 : Plates and sections for hull structures required by 6.4.13 a)1)bullett2) (1/1/2017)
down to -5 15 25 30 50 25 45 50 50
down to -10 x 20 25 50 20 40 50 50
down to -20 x x 20 50 x 30 50 50
down to -30 x x x 40 x 20 40 50
Below -30 In accordance with table 11 except that the thickness limitation given in table 11 and in footnote 2 of
that table does not apply.
Note 1:
'x' means steel grade not to be used.
1) The design team is to conduct a Hazard Identifica- 7) For the sake of conservatism, in order to maximize
tion (HAZID) to agree on the scenarios to be sub- the accumulation of LNG onto the drip tray, LNG
jected to the risk analysis, and on the assumptions release is to be directed downward, impinging on
regarding the most critical events (typically, connec- the drip tray, and ambient temperature is to be set to
tion failures causing an LNG spill). The effects in the the minimum credible winter temperature. Equip-
bunker station and above it are to be simulated by ment, bunker station floor and surfaces and drip tray
means of the tools mentioned in 5.10.6. are to be considered adiabatic, to conservatively
2) As a minimum, a scenario to be assumed is the fail- increase the amount of liquid accumulated in the
ure of the presentation flange on the liquid bunker- drip tray.
8) Reasonable assumptions are to be made by the and remote valve is to be fitted in every bunkering line
design team regarding detection time, LNG flow close to the connecting point. It is to be possible to operate
stop time and human reaction time, in case opera- the remote valve in the control location for bunkering oper-
tors are credited in the emergency. ations and/or from another safe location.
If the simulation demonstrates that the drip tray cannot 8.5.4 (1/1/2017)
accommodate the LNG spill, or the dispersion of evapo- Means are to be provided for draining any fuel from the
rated methane reaches hazardous areas, mitigating bunkering pipes upon completion of operation.
measures are to be provided and subjected to the same
simulation process, to appreciate the risk reduction. 8.5.5 (1/1/2017)
b) Connections and piping are to be so positioned and Bunkering lines are to be arranged for inerting and gas free-
arranged that any damage to the fuel piping does not ing. When not engaged in bunkering, the bunkering pipes
cause damage to the ship's fuel containment system are to be free of gas, unless the consequences of not gas
resulting in an uncontrolled gas discharge. freeing is evaluated and approved.
inert gas at a pressure greater than the gas fuel pressure. b) local instantaneous peak pressure in way of the rupture:
Suitable alarms are to be provided to indicate a loss of this pressure is to be taken as the critical pressure given
inert gas pressure between the pipes. When the inner by the following expression:
pipe contains high pressure gas, the system is to be so
arranged that the pipe between the master gas valve and k
p = p 0 ------------ k – 1
2 ------------
the engine is automatically purged with inert gas when k+1
the master gas valve is closed; or
where:
b) the gas fuel piping is to be installed within a ventilated
pipe or duct. The air space between the gas fuel piping p0 : maximum working pressure of the inner
and the wall of the outer pipe or duct is to be equipped pipe
with mechanical under pressure ventilation having a k : Cp/Cv constant pressure specific heat
capacity of at least 30 air changes per hour. This ventila- divided by the constant
tion capacity may be reduced to 10 air changes per
k = 1,31 for CH4
hour provided automatic filling of the duct with nitro-
gen upon detection of gas is arranged for. The fan The tangential membrane stress of a straight pipe is not
motors are to comply with the required explosion pro- to exceed the tensile strength divided by 1,5 (Rm/1,5)
tection in the installation area. The ventilation outlet is when subjected to the above pressures. The pressure rat-
to be covered by a protection screen and placed in a ings of all other piping components are to reflect the
position where no flammable gas-air mixture may be same level of strength as straight pipes.
ignited; or As an alternative to using the peak pressure from the
c) other solutions providing an equivalent safety level may above formula, the peak pressure found from represent-
also be accepted by the Society. ative tests can be used. Test reports are then to be sub-
9.6.2 (1/1/2017) mitted.
The connecting of gas piping and ducting to the gas injec- 9.8.3 (1/1/2017)
tion valves is to be completely covered by the ducting. The Verification of the strength is to be based on calculations
arrangement is to facilitate replacement and/or overhaul of demonstrating the duct or pipe integrity. As an alternative to
injection valves and cylinder covers. The double ducting is calculations, the strength can be verified by representative
also required for all gas pipes on the engine itself, until gas tests.
is injected into the chamber.
9.8.4 (1/1/2017)
9.7 Regulations for gas fuel supply to con- For low pressure fuel piping the duct is to be dimensioned
for a design pressure not less than the maximum working
sumers in ESD-protected machinery
pressure of the fuel pipes. The duct is to be pressure tested
spaces to show that it can withstand the expected maximum pres-
9.7.1 (1/1/2017) sure at fuel pipe rupture.
The pressure in the gas fuel supply system is not to exceed
1.0 MPa. 9.9 Regulations for compressors and
9.7.2 (1/1/2017) pumps
The gas fuel supply lines is to have a design pressure not 9.9.1 (1/1/2017)
less than 1.0 MPa.
If compressors or pumps are driven by shafting passing
through a bulkhead or deck, the bulkhead penetration is to
9.8 Regulations for the design of ventilated be of gastight type.
duct, outer pipe against inner pipe gas
9.9.2 (1/1/2017)
leakage
Compressors and pumps are to be suitable for their
9.8.1 (1/1/2017)
intended purpose. All equipment and machinery is to be
The design pressure of the outer pipe or duct of fuel systems such as to be adequately tested to ensure suitability for use
is not to be less than the maximum working pressure of the within a marine environment. Such items to be considered
inner pipe. Alternatively for fuel piping systems with a would include, but not be limited to:
working pressure greater than 1.0 MPa, the design pressure
of the outer pipe or duct is not to be less than the maximum a) environmental;
built-up pressure arising in the annular space considering b) shipboard vibrations and accelerations;
the local instantaneous peak pressure in way of any rupture
and the ventilation arrangements. c) effects of pitch, heave and roll motions, etc.; and
This chapter is related to functional requirements in 3.2.1, 10.3.2 Regulations for dual fuel engines (1/1/2017)
3.2.11, 3.2.13, 3.2.16 and 3.2.17. In particular the follow-
ing apply: a) In case of shutoff of the gas fuel supply, the engines are
to be capable of continuous operation by oil fuel only
a) the exhaust systems are to be configured to prevent any without interruption.
accumulation of un- burnt gaseous fuel;
b) An automatic system is to be fitted to change over from
b) unless designed with the strength to withstand the worst gas fuel operation to oil fuel operation and vice versa
case over pressure due to ignited gas leaks, engine com- with minimum fluctuation of the engine power. Accept-
ponents or systems containing or likely to contain an able reliability is to be demonstrated through testing. In
ignitable gas and air mixture are to be fitted with suita- the case of unstable operation on engines when gas fir-
ble pressure relief systems. Dependent on the particular ing, the engine is to automatically change to oil fuel
engine design this may include the air inlet manifolds mode. Manual activation of gas system shutdown is
and scavenge spaces; always to be possible.
c) the explosion venting is to be led away from where per- c) In case of a normal stop or an emergency shutdown, the
sonnel may normally be present; and gas fuel supply is to be shut off not later than the igni-
d) all gas consumers are to have a separate exhaust system. tion source. It is not to be possible to shut off the igni-
tion source without first or simultaneously closing the
gas supply to each cylinder or to the complete engine.
10.3 Regulations for internal combustion
engines of piston type 10.3.3 Regulations for gas-only engines (1/1/2017)
In case of a normal stop or an emergency shutdown, the gas
10.3.1 General (1/1/2017)
fuel supply is to be shut off not later than the ignition
a) The exhaust system is to be equipped with explosion source. It is not to be possible to shut off the ignition source
relief ventilation sufficiently dimensioned to prevent without first or simultaneously closing the gas supply to
excessive explosion pressures in the event of ignition each cylinder or to the complete engine.
failure of one cylinder followed by ignition of the
unburned gas in the system. 10.3.4 Regulations for multi-fuel engines (1/1/2017)
b) For engines where the space below the piston is in a) In case of shutoff of one fuel supply, the engines are to
direct communication with the crankcase a detailed be capable of continuous operation by an alternative
evaluation regarding the hazard potential of fuel gas fuel with minimum fluctuation of the engine power.
accumulation in the crankcase is to be carried out and
reflected in the safety concept of the engine. b) An automatic system is to be fitted to change over from
one fuel operation to an alternative fuel operation with
c) Each engine other than two-stroke crosshead diesel minimum fluctuation of the engine power. Acceptable
engines is to be fitted with vent systems independent of reliability is to be demonstrated through testing. In the
other engines for crankcases and sumps. case of unstable operation on an engine when using a
particular fuel, the engine is to automatically change to
d) Where gas can leak directly into the auxiliary system
an alternative fuel mode. Manual activation is always to
medium (lubricating oil, cooling water), an appropriate
be possible.
means is to be fitted after the engine outlet to extract gas
in order to prevent gas dispersion. The gas extracted
the hazardous area to be certified as suitable for zone 1; due regard being paid to static electricity and corro-
and sion between ring and housing; or
i) except for type C tanks, an area within 2.4 m of the 5) any combination of ferrous (including austenitic
outer surface of a fuel containment system where such stainless steel) impellers and housings with not less
surface is exposed to the weather. than 13 mm tip design clearance.
12.5.3 Hazardous area zone 2 (1/1/2017) b) In no case is the radial air gap between the impeller and
the casing to be less than 0.1 of the diameter of the
a) This zone includes, but is not limited to areas within 1.5
impeller shaft in way of the bearing but not less than 2
m surrounding open or semi-enclosed spaces of zone 1.
mm. The gap need not be more than 13 mm.
b) Space containing bolted hatch to tank connection
c) Any combination of an aluminium or magnesium alloy
space.
fixed or rotating component and a ferrous fixed or rotat-
ing component, regardless of tip clearance, is consid-
13 Ventilation ered a sparking hazard and is not to be used in these
IGF CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 13 places.
13.3.4 (1/1/2017)
13.1 Goal Ventilation systems required to avoid any gas accumulation
13.1.1 (1/1/2017) are to consist of independent fans, each of sufficient capac-
ity, unless otherwise specified in this Code.
The goal of this chapter is to provide for the ventilation
required for safe operation of gas-fuelled machinery and 13.3.5 (1/1/2017)
equipment.
Air inlets for hazardous enclosed spaces are to be taken
from areas that, in the absence of the considered inlet,
13.2 Functional requirements would be non-hazardous. Air inlets for non-hazardous
13.2.1 (1/1/2017) enclosed spaces are to be taken from non-hazardous areas
at least 1,5 m away from the boundaries of any hazardous
This chapter is related to functional requirements in 3.2.2, area. Where the inlet duct passes through a more hazardous
3.2.5, 3.2.8, 3.2.10, 3.2.12 to 3.2.14 and 3.2.17. space, the duct is to be gas-tight and have over-pressure rel-
ative to this space.
13.3 Regulations - General
13.3.6 (1/1/2017)
13.3.1 (1/1/2017)
Air outlets from non-hazardous spaces are to be located
Any ducting used for the ventilation of hazardous spaces is outside hazardous areas.
to be separate from that used for the ventilation of non-haz-
ardous spaces. The ventilation is to function at all tempera- 13.3.7 (1/1/2017)
tures and environmental conditions the ship will be Air outlets from hazardous enclosed spaces are to be
operating in. located in an open area that, in the absence of the consid-
13.3.2 (1/1/2017) ered outlet, would be of the same or lesser hazard than the
ventilated space.
Electric motors for ventilation fans are not be located in
ventilation ducts for hazardous spaces unless the motors are 13.3.8 (1/1/2017)
certified for the same hazard zone as the space served. The required capacity of the ventilation plant is normally
13.3.3 (1/1/2017) based on the total volume of the room. An increase in
Design of ventilation fans serving spaces containing gas required ventilation capacity may be necessary for rooms
sources is to fulfil the following: having a complicated form.
14 Electrical installations audible and visual alarm on the navigation bridge, continu-
ously manned central control station or onboard safety cen-
IGF CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 14
tre.
14.3.8 (1/1/2017)
14.1 Goal
Submerged fuel pump motors and their supply cables may
14.1.1 (1/1/2017) be fitted in liquefied gas fuel containment systems. Fuel
The goal of this chapter is to provide for electrical installa- pump motors are to be capable of being isolated from their
tions that minimizes the risk of ignition in the presence of a electrical supply during gas-freeing operations.
flammable atmosphere.
14.3.9 (1/1/2017)
For non-hazardous spaces with access from hazardous
14.2 Functional requirements open deck where the access is protected by an airlock, elec-
14.2.1 (1/1/2017) trical equipment which is not of the certified safe type is to
This chapter is related to functional requirements in 3.2.1, be de-energized upon loss of overpressure in the space.
3.2.2, 3.2.4, 3.2.7, 3.2.8, 3.2.11, 3.2.13 and 3.2.16 to 14.3.10 (1/1/2017)
3.2.18. In particular the following apply.
Electrical equipment for propulsion, power generation,
Electrical generation and distribution systems, and associ-
manoeuvring, anchoring and mooring, as well as emer-
ated control systems, are to be designed such that a single
fault will not result in the loss of ability to maintain fuel tank gency fire pumps, that are located in spaces protected by
pressures and hull structure temperature within normal airlocks, is to be of a certified safe type.
operating limits.
15 Control monitoring and safety sys-
14.3 Regulations - General tems
14.3.1 (1/1/2017) IGF CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 15
Electrical installations are to be in compliance with a stand-
ard at least equivalent to those acceptable to the Society. 15.1 Goal
14.3.2 (1/1/2017) 15.1.1 (1/1/2017)
Electrical equipment or wiring are not to be installed in haz- The goal of this chapter is to provide for the arrangement of
ardous areas unless essential for operational purposes or control, monitoring and safety systems that support an effi-
safety enhancement. cient and safe operation of the gas-fuelled installation as
14.3.3 (1/1/2017) covered in the other chapters of this Code.
Where electrical equipment is installed in hazardous areas
as provided in 14.3.2 it is to be selected, installed and 15.2 Functional requirements
maintained in accordance with standards at least equivalent
15.2.1 (1/1/2017)
to those acceptable to the Organization.
This chapter is related to functional requirements in 3.2.1,
Equipment for hazardous areas is to be evaluated and certi- 3.2.2, 3.2.11, 3.2.13 to 3.2.15, 3.2.17 and 3.2.18. In par-
fied or listed by an accredited testing authority or notified ticular the following apply:
body recognized by the Society.
a) the control, monitoring and safety systems of the gas-
14.3.4 (1/1/2017) fuelled installation are to be so arranged that the
Failure modes and effects of single failure for electrical gen- remaining power for propulsion and power generation
eration and distribution systems in 14.2 are to be analysed is in accordance with 9.3.1 in the event of single failure;
and documented to be at least equivalent to those accept-
b) a gas safety system is to be arranged to close down the
able to the Organization.
gas supply system automatically, upon failure in systems
14.3.5 (1/1/2017) as described in table 1 and upon other fault conditions
The lighting system in hazardous areas is to be divided which may develop too fast for manual intervention;
between at least two branch circuits. All switches and pro- c) for ESD protected machinery configurations the safety
tective devices are to interrupt all poles or phases and are to system is to shut down gas supply upon gas leakage and
be located in a non-hazardous area. in addition disconnect all non-certified safe type electri-
14.3.6 (1/1/2017) cal equipment in the machinery space;
The installation on board of the electrical equipment units is d) the safety functions are to be arranged in a dedicated
to be such as to ensure the safe bonding to the hull of the gas safety system that is independent of the gas control
units themselves. system in order to avoid possible common cause fail-
14.3.7 (1/1/2017) ures. This includes power supplies and input and output
Arrangements are to be made to alarm in low-liquid level signal;
and automatically shut down the motors in the event of e) the safety systems including the field instrumentation
low-liquid level. The automatic shutdown may be accom- are to be arranged to avoid spurious shutdown, e.g. as a
plished by sensing low pump discharge pressure, low motor result of a faulty gas detector or a wire break in a sensor
current, or low-liquid level. This shutdown is to give an loop; and
f) where two or more gas supply systems are required to At the first occasion of full loading after delivery and
meet the regulations, each system is to be fitted with its after each dry-docking, testing of high level alarms is to
own set of independent gas control and gas safety sys- be conducted by raising the fuel liquid level in the liq-
tems. uefied gas fuel tank to the alarm point.
d) All elements of the level alarms, including the electrical
15.3 Regulations - General circuit and the sensor(s), of the high, and overfill alarms,
15.3.1 (1/1/2017) are to be capable of being functionally tested. Systems
Suitable instrumentation devices are to be fitted to allow a are to be tested prior to fuel operation in accordance
local and a remote reading of essential parameters to ensure with 18.4.3.
a safe management of the whole fuel-gas equipment includ- e) Where arrangements are provided for overriding the
ing bunkering. overflow control system, they are to be such that inad-
15.3.2 (1/1/2017) vertent operation is prevented. When this override is
operated, continuous visual indication is to be provided
A bilge well in each tank connection space of an independ-
at the navigation bridge, continuously manned central
ent liquefied gas storage tank is to be provided with both a
control station or onboard safety centre.
level indicator and a temperature sensor. Alarm is to be
given at high level in the bilge well. Low temperature indi- 15.4.3 (1/1/2017)
cation is to activate the safety system. The vapour space of each liquefied gas fuel tank is to be
15.3.3 (1/1/2017) provided with a direct reading gauge. Additionally, an indi-
For tanks not permanently installed in the ship a monitoring rect indication is to be provided on the navigation bridge,
system is to be provided as for permanently installed tanks. continuously manned central control station or onboard
safety centre.
15.4 Regulations for bunkering and liquefied 15.4.4 (1/1/2017)
gas fuel tank monitoring The pressure indicators are to be clearly marked with the
highest and lowest pressure permitted in the liquefied gas
15.4.1 (1/1/2017)
fuel tank.
Level indicators for liquefied gas fuel tanks:
15.4.5 (1/1/2017)
a) Each liquefied gas fuel tank is to be fitted with liquid
level gauging device(s), arranged to ensure a level read- A high-pressure alarm and, if vacuum protection is
ing is always obtainable whenever the liquefied gas fuel required, a low-pressure alarm is to be provided on the nav-
tank is operational. The device(s) is (are) to be designed igation bridge and at a continuously manned central control
to operate throughout the design pressure range of the station or onboard safety centre. Alarms are to be activated
liquefied gas fuel tank and at temperatures within the before the set pressures of the safety valves are reached.
fuel operating temperature range. 15.4.6 (1/1/2017)
b) Where only one liquid level gauge is fitted, it is to be Each fuel pump discharge line and each liquid and vapour
arranged so that it can be maintained in an operational fuel manifold is to be provided with at least one local pres-
condition without the need to empty or gas-free the sure indicator.
tank. 15.4.7 (1/1/2017)
c) Liquefied gas fuel tank liquid level gauges may be of the Local-reading manifold pressure indicator is to be provided
following types: to indicate the pressure between ship's manifold valves and
1) indirect devices, which determine the amount of hose connections to the shore.
fuel by means such as weighing or in-line flow 15.4.8 (1/1/2017)
metering; or
Fuel storage hold spaces and interbarrier spaces without
2) closed devices, which do not penetrate the liquefied open connection to the atmosphere are to be provided with
gas fuel tank, such as devices using radio-isotopes or pressure indicator.
ultrasonic devices.
15.4.9 (1/1/2017)
15.4.2 (1/1/2017)
At least one of the pressure indicators provided is to be
Overflow control: capable of indicating throughout the operating pressure
a) Each liquefied gas fuel tank is to be fitted with a high range.
liquid level alarm operating independently of other liq-
15.4.10 (1/1/2017)
uid level indicators and giving an audible and visual
warning when activated. For submerged fuel-pump motors and their supply cables,
arrangements are to be made to alarm in low-liquid level
b) An additional sensor operating independently of the and automatically shut down the motors in the event of
high liquid level alarm is to automatically actuate a low-liquid level. The automatic shutdown may be accom-
shutoff valve in a manner that will both avoid excessive plished by sensing low pump discharge pressure, low motor
liquid pressure in the bunkering line and prevent the liq- current, or low-liquid level. This shutdown is to give an
uefied gas fuel tank from becoming liquid full. audible and visual alarm on the navigation bridge, continu-
c) The position of the sensors in the liquefied gas fuel tank ously manned central control station or onboard safety cen-
is to be capable of being verified before commissioning. tre.
If the ventilation in the ducting enclosing the bunkering j) or at ventilation inlets to accommodation and machin-
lines stops, an audible and visual alarm is to be provided at ery spaces if required based on the risk assessment
the bunkering control location, see also 15.8. required in 4.2.
15.8.2 (1/1/2017)
15.5.3 (1/1/2017)
In each ESD protected machinery space, redundant gas
If gas is detected in the ducting around the bunkering lines detection systems provided.
an audible and visual alarm and emergency shutdown is to 15.8.3 (1/1/2017)
be provided at the bunkering control location.
The number of detectors in each space is to be considered
taking into account the size, layout and ventilation of the
15.6 Regulations for gas compressor moni- space.
toring 15.8.4 (1/1/2017)
15.6.1 (1/1/2017) The detection equipment is to be located where gas may
accumulate and in the ventilation outlets. Gas dispersal
Gas compressors are to be fitted with audible and visual analysis or a physical smoke test is to be used to find the
alarms both on the navigation bridge and in the engine con- best arrangement.
trol room. As a minimum the alarms are to include low gas 15.8.5 (1/1/2017)
input pressure, low gas output pressure, high gas output
pressure and compressor operation. Gas detection equipment is to be designed, installed and
tested in accordance with a recognized standard.
15.6.2 (1/1/2017) 15.8.6 (1/1/2017)
Temperature monitoring for the bulkhead shaft glands and An audible and visible alarm is to be activated at a gas
bearings are to be provided, which automatically give a vapour concentration of 20% of the lower explosion limit
continuous audible and visual alarm on the navigation (LEL). The safety system is to be activated at 40% of LEL at
bridge or in a continuously manned central control station two detectors (see footnote 1 in table 1).
15.8.7 (1/1/2017)
15.7 Regulations for gas engine monitoring For ventilated ducts around gas pipes in the machinery
spaces containing gas-fuelled engines, the alarm limit can
15.7.1 (1/1/2017) be set to 30% LEL. The safety system is to be activated at
60% of LEL at two detectors (see footnote 1 in table 1).
In addition to the instrumentation provided in accordance
with part C of SOLAS chapter II-1, indicators are to be fitted 15.8.8 (1/1/2017)
on the navigation bridge, the engine control room and the Audible and visible alarms from the gas detection equip-
manoeuvring platform for: ment are to be located on the navigation bridge or in the
continuously manned central control station.
a) operation of the engine in case of gas-only engines; or
15.8.9 (1/1/2017)
b) operation and mode of operation of the engine in the Gas detection required by this section is to be continuous
case of dual fuel engines. without delay.
15.9 Regulations for fire detection instruction to this effect is to be placed at the operating sta-
tion for the shutoff valves in the fuel supply lines.
15.9.1 (1/1/2017)
15.11.2 (1/1/2017)
Required safety actions at fire detection in the machinery
If a fuel leak leading to a fuel supply shutdown occurs, the
space containing gas-fuelled engines and rooms containing
fuel supply is not to be operated until the leak has been
independent tanks for fuel storage hold spaces are given in
found and dealt with. Instructions to this effect are to be
table 1 below.
placed in a prominent position in the machinery space.
15.11.3 (1/1/2017)
15.10 Regulations for ventilation
A caution placard or signboard is to be permanently fitted
15.10.1 (1/1/2017) in the machinery space containing gas-fuelled engines stat-
Any loss of the required ventilating capacity is to give an ing that heavy lifting, implying danger of damage to the fuel
audible and visual alarm on the navigation bridge or in a pipes, is not to be done when the engine(s) is running on
continuously manned central control station or safety cen- gas.
tre. 15.11.4 (1/1/2017)
15.10.2 (1/1/2017) Compressors, pumps and fuel supply are to be arranged for
manual remote emergency stop from the following loca-
For ESD protected machinery spaces the safety system is to
tions as applicable:
be activated upon loss of ventilation in engine-room.
a) navigation bridge;
Automatic shut-
down of
Automatic shutdown gas supply to
Parameter Alarm Comments
of tank valve (6) machinery
space containing
gas-fuelled engines
Gas detection in tank connection space at 20% x
LEL
Gas detection on two detectors (1) in tank con- x x
nection space at 40% LEL
Fire detection in fuel storage hold space x
Fire detection in ventilation trunk for fuel con- x
tainment system below deck
Bilge well high level in tank connection space x
(1) Two independent gas detectors located close to each other are required for redundancy reasons. If the gas detector is of self-
monitoring type the installation of a single gas detector can be permitted
(2) If the tank is supplying gas to more than one engine and the different supply pipes are completely separated and fitted in sepa-
rate ducts and with the master valves fitted outside of the duct, only the master valve on the supply pipe leading into the duct
where gas or loss of ventilation is detected is to close.
(3) If the gas is supplied to more than one engine and the different supply pipes are completely separated and fitted in separate
ducts and with the master valves fitted outside of the duct and outside of the machinery space containing gas-fuelled engines,
only the master valve on the supply pipe leading into the duct where gas or loss of ventilation is detected is to close.
(4) Only double block and bleed valves to close.
(5) If the duct is protected by inert gas (see 9.6.1a)) then loss of inert gas overpressure is to lead to the same actions as given in this
table.
(6) Valves referred to in 9.4.1.
Automatic shut-
down of
Automatic shutdown gas supply to
Parameter Alarm Comments
of tank valve (6) machinery
space containing
gas-fuelled engines
Bilge well low temperature in tank connection x
x
space
Gas detection in duct between tank and x
machinery space containing gas-fuelled
engines at 20% LEL
Gas detection on two detectors (1) in duct x x (2)
between tank and machinery space containing
gas-fuelled engines at 40% LEL
Gas detection in fuel preparation room at 20% x
LEL
Gas detection on two detectors (1)) in fuel x x (2)
preparation room at 40% LEL
Gas detection in duct inside machinery space x If double pipe fitted in
containing gas-fuelled engines at 30% LEL machinery space
containing gas-fuelled
engines
Gas detection on two detectors (1) in duct x x (3) If double pipe fitted in
inside machinery space machinery space con-
containing gas-fuelled taining gas-fuelled
engines at 60% LEL engines
Automatic shut-
down of
Automatic shutdown gas supply to
Parameter Alarm Comments
of tank valve (6) machinery
space containing
gas-fuelled engines
Loss of ventilation in ESD protected machinery x x
space containing
gas-fuelled engines
Fire detection in machinery space x
containing gas-fuelled engines
Abnormal gas pressure in gas supply pipe x
Failure of valve control actuating medium x x (4) Time delayed as found
necessary
Automatic shutdown of engine (engine failure) x x (4)
Manually activated emergency shutdown of x
x
engine
(1) Two independent gas detectors located close to each other are required for redundancy reasons. If the gas detector is of self-
monitoring type the installation of a single gas detector can be permitted
(2) If the tank is supplying gas to more than one engine and the different supply pipes are completely separated and fitted in sepa-
rate ducts and with the master valves fitted outside of the duct, only the master valve on the supply pipe leading into the duct
where gas or loss of ventilation is detected is to close.
(3) If the gas is supplied to more than one engine and the different supply pipes are completely separated and fitted in separate
ducts and with the master valves fitted outside of the duct and outside of the machinery space containing gas-fuelled engines,
only the master valve on the supply pipe leading into the duct where gas or loss of ventilation is detected is to close.
(4) Only double block and bleed valves to close.
(5) If the duct is protected by inert gas (see 9.6.1a)) then loss of inert gas overpressure is to lead to the same actions as given in this
table.
(6) Valves referred to in 9.4.1.
16 Manufacture workmanship and test- 16.2 General test regulations and specifica-
ing tions
16.2.1 Tensile test (1/1/2017)
16.1 General
a) Tensile testing is to be carried out in accordance with
16.1.1 (1/1/2017) recognized standards.
The manufacture, testing, inspection and documentation
are to be in accordance with recognized standards and the b) Tensile strength, yield stress and elongation are to be to
regulations given in this Code. the satisfaction of the Society. For carbon-manganese
steel and other materials with definitive yield points,
16.1.2 (1/1/2017)
consideration is to be given to the limitation of the yield
Where post-weld heat treatment is specified or required, the to tensile ratio.
properties of the base material are to be determined in the
heat treated condition, in accordance with the applicable 16.2.2 Toughness test (1/1/2017)
tables of chapter 7, and the weld properties are to be deter-
a) Acceptance tests for metallic materials are to include
mined in the heat treated condition in accordance with
Charpy V-notch toughness tests unless otherwise speci-
16.3. In cases where a post-weld heat treatment is applied,
fied by the Society. The specified Charpy V-notch regu-
the test regulations may be modified at the discretion of the
lations are minimum average energy values for three full
Society.
size (10 mm × 10 mm) specimens and minimum single
energy values for individual specimens. Dimensions
and tolerances of Charpy V-notch specimens are to be
in accordance with recognized standards. The testing
and regulations for specimens smaller than 5.0 mm in
size are to be in accordance with recognized standards.
Minimum average values for sub-sized specimens are to
be:
• 4 - in HAZ, 3 mm from fusion line; and with 16.2 with specimens made from each test assem-
• 5 - in HAZ, 5 mm from fusion line. bly:
16.3.5 Production weld tests (1/1/2017) 1) Total non-destructive testing referred to in 6.4.15 c)
a) For all fuel tanks and process pressure vessels except Radiographic testing:
membrane tanks, production weld tests are generally to - all butt welds over their full length.
be performed for approximately each 50 m of butt-weld Non-destructive testing for surface crack detection:
joints and are to be representative of each welding posi-
- all welds over 10% of their length;
tion. For secondary barriers, the same type production
tests as required for primary tanks are to be performed, - reinforcement rings around holes, nozzles, etc.
except that the number of tests may be reduced subject over their full length.
to agreement with the Society. Tests, other than those As an alternative, ultrasonic testing, as described in
specified in 16.3.5 b) to 16.3.5 e) may be required for 16.3.6.1, may be accepted as a partial substitute for
fuel tanks or secondary barriers. the radiographic testing. In addition, the Society
may require total ultrasonic testing on welding of
b) The production tests for types A and B independent
reinforcement rings around holes, nozzles, etc.
tanks are to include bend tests and, where required for
procedure tests, one set of three Charpy V-notch tests. 2) Partial non-destructive testing referred to in 6.4.15
The tests are to be made for each 50 m of weld. The c):
Charpy V-notch tests are to be made with specimens Radiographic testing:
having the notch alternately located in the centre of the - all butt welded crossing joints and at least 10%
weld and in the heat affected zone (most critical loca- of the full length of butt welds at selected posi-
tion based on procedure qualification results). For auste- tions uniformly distributed.
nitic stainless steel, all notches are to be in the centre of Non-destructive testing for surface crack detection:
the weld.
- reinforcement rings around holes, nozzles, etc.
c) For type C independent tanks and process pressure ves- over their full length.
sels, transverse weld tensile tests are required in addi- Ultrasonic testing:
tion to the tests listed in 16.3.5 b). Tensile tests are to
- as may be required by the Society in each
meet regulation 16.3.3 e).
instance.
d) The quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program e) The quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program
is to ensure the continued conformity of the production is to ensure the continued conformity of the non-
welds as defined in the material manufacturers quality destructive testing of welds, as defined in the material
manual (QM). manufacturer's quality manual (QM).
e) The test regulations for membrane tanks are the same as f) Inspection of piping is to be carried out in accordance
the applicable test regulations listed in 16.3.3. with the regulations of chapter 7.
16.3.6 Non-destructive testing (1/1/2017) g) The secondary barrier is to be non-destructive tested for
internal defects as considered necessary. Where the
a) All test procedures and acceptance standards are to be outer shell of the hull is part of the secondary barrier, all
in accordance with recognized standards, unless the sheer strake butts and the intersections of all butts and
designer specifies a higher standard in order to meet seams in the side shell are to be tested by radiographic
design assumptions. Radiographic testing is to be used testing.
in principle to detect internal defects. However, an
approved ultrasonic test procedure in lieu of radio-
graphic testing may be conducted, but in addition sup-
16.4 Other regulations for construction in
plementary radiographic testing at selected locations is metallic materials
to be carried out to verify the results. Radiographic and
16.4.1 General (1/1/2017)
ultrasonic testing records are to be retained.
Inspection and non-destructive testing of welds is to be in
b) For type A independent tanks where the design tempera- accordance with regulations in 16.3.5 and 16.3.6. Where
ture is below -20°C, and for type B independent tanks, higher standards or tolerances are assumed in the design,
regardless of temperature, all full penetration butt welds they are also to be satisfied.
of the shell plating of fuel tanks are to be subjected to
non-destructive testing suitable to detect internal defects 16.4.2 Independent tank (1/1/2017)
over their full length. Ultrasonic testing in lieu of radio- For type C tanks and type B tanks primarily constructed of
graphic testing may be carried out under the same con- bodies of revolution the tolerances relating to manufacture,
ditions as described in 16.3.6 a). such as out-of-roundness, local deviations from the true
form, welded joints alignment and tapering of plates having
c) In each case the remaining tank structure, including the
different thicknesses, are to comply with recognized stand-
welding of stiffeners and other fittings and attachments,
ards. The tolerances are also to be related to the buckling
is to be examined by magnetic particle or dye penetrant
analysis referred to in 6.4.15 b) and 6.4.15 c).
methods as considered necessary.
d) For type C independent tanks, the extent of non-destruc- 16.4.3 Secondary barriers (1/1/2017)
tive testing is to be total or partial according to recog- During construction the regulations for testing and inspec-
nized standards, but the controls to be carried out are tion of secondary barriers are to be approved or accepted
not to be less than the following: by the Society (see also 6.4.4 e) and 6.4.4 f)).
16.4.4 Membrane tanks (1/1/2017) hydropneumatic test is performed, the conditions are to
The quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program is simulate, as far as practicable, the design loading of the
to ensure the continued conformity of the weld procedure tank and of its support structure including dynamic compo-
qualification, design details, materials, construction, nents, while avoiding stress levels that could cause perma-
inspection and production testing of components. These nent deformation.
standards and procedures are to be developed during the
prototype testing programme. 16.5.3 Type B independent tanks (1/1/2017)
Type B independent tanks are to be subjected to a hydro-
static or hydro-pneumatic pressure testing as follows:
16.5 Testing
a) The test is to be performed as required in 16.5.2 for type
16.5.1 Testing and inspections during A independent tanks
construction (1/1/2017)
b) In addition, the maximum primary membrane stress or
a) All liquefied gas fuel tanks and process pressure vessels maximum bending stress in primary members under test
are to be subjected to hydrostatic or hydro-pneumatic conditions is not to exceed 90% of the yield strength of
pressure testing in accordance with 16.5.2 to 16.5.5, as the material (as fabricated) at the test temperature. To
applicable for the tank type. ensure that this condition is satisfied, when calculations
b) All tanks are to be subject to a tightness test which may indicate that this stress exceeds 75% of the yield
be performed in combination with the pressure test strength the test of the first of a series of identical tanks
referred to in 16.5.1 a). is to be monitored by the use of strain gauges or other
suitable equipment.
c) The gas tightness of the fuel containment system with
reference to 6.3.3 is to be tested. 16.5.4 Type C independent tanks and other pressure
d) Regulations with respect to inspection of secondary bar- vessels (1/1/2017)
riers are to be decided by the Society in each case, tak- a) Each pressure vessel is to be subjected to a hydrostatic
ing into account the accessibility of the barrier (see also test at a pressure measured at the top of the tanks, of not
6.4.4). less than 1.5 P0. In no case during the pressure test is the
e) The Society may require that for ships fitted with novel calculated primary membrane stress at any point to
type B independent tanks, or tanks designed according exceed 90% of the yield strength of the material at the
to 6.4.16 at least one prototype tank and its support is to test temperature. To ensure that this condition is satis-
be instrumented with strain gauges or other suitable fied where calculations indicate that this stress will
equipment to confirm stress levels during the testing exceed 0,75 times the yield strength, the test of the first
required in 16.5.1 a). Similar instrumentation may be of a series of identical tanks is to be monitored by the
required for type C independent tanks, depending on use of strain gauges or other suitable equipment in pres-
their configuration and on the arrangement of their sup- sure vessels other than simple cylindrical and spherical
ports and attachments. pressure vessels.
f) The overall performance of the fuel containment system b) The temperature of the water used for the test is to be at
is to be verified for compliance with the design parame- least 30°C above the nil-ductility transition temperature
ters during the first LNG bunkering, when steady ther- of the material, as fabricated.
mal conditions of the liquefied gas fuel are reached, in c) The pressure is to be held for 2 hours per 25 mm of
accordance with the requirements of the Society. thickness, but in no case less than 2 hours.
Records of the performance of the components and
equipment, essential to verify the design parameters, are d) Where necessary for liquefied gas fuel pressure vessels,
to be maintained on board and be available to the Soci- a hydro-pneumatic test may be carried out under the
ety. conditions prescribed in 16.5.4 a) to 16.5.4 c).
g) The fuel containment system is to be inspected for cold e) Special consideration may be given to the testing of
spots during or immediately following the first LNG tanks in which higher allowable stresses are used,
bunkering, when steady thermal conditions are reached. depending on service temperature. However, regulation
Inspection of the integrity of thermal insulation surfaces in 16.5.4.1 is to be fully complied with.
that cannot be visually checked is to be carried out in f) After completion and assembly, each pressure vessel
accordance with the requirements of the Society. and its related fittings is to be subjected to an adequate
h) Heating arrangements, if fitted in accordance with tightness test, which may be performed in combination
6.4.13 a), are to be tested for required heat output and with the pressure testing referred to in 16.5.4 a) or
heat distribution. 16.5.4 d) as applicable.
g) Pneumatic testing of pressure vessels other than lique-
16.5.2 Type A independent tanks (1/1/2017) fied gas fuel tanks is to be considered on an individual
All type A independent tanks are to be subjected to a hydro- case basis. Such testing is to only be permitted for those
static or hydro-pneumatic pressure testing. This test is to be vessels designed or supported such that they cannot be
performed such that the stresses approximate, as far as prac- safely filled with water, or for those vessels that cannot
ticable, the design stresses, and that the pressure at the top be dried and are to be used in a service where traces of
of the tank corresponds at least to the MARVS. When a the testing medium cannot be tolerated.
1) The design development testing required in 6.4.15 1) design temperatures colder than minus 10°C; or
d) is to include a series of analytical and physical 2) design pressure greater than 1.0 MPa; or
models of both the primary and secondary barriers,
3) gas supply pipes in ESD protected machinery
including corners and joints, tested to verify that
spaces; or
they will withstand the expected combined strains
due to static, dynamic and thermal loads at all filling 4) inside diameters of more than 75 mm; or
levels. This will culminate in the construction of a
5) wall thicknesses greater than 10 mm.
prototype scaled model of the complete liquefied
gas fuel containment system. Testing conditions con- b) when such butt welded joints of piping sections are
sidered in the analytical and physical model are to made by automatic welding procedures approved by
represent the most extreme service conditions the the Society, then a progressive reduction in the extent of
liquefied gas fuel containment system will be likely radiographic or ultrasonic inspection can be agreed, but
to encounter over its life. Proposed acceptance crite- in no case to less than 10% of each joint. If defects are
ria for periodic testing of secondary barriers required revealed the extent of examination is to be increased to
in 6.4.4 may be based on the results of testing car- 100% and is to include inspection of previously
ried out on the prototype scaled model. accepted welds. This approval can only be granted if
well- documented quality assurance procedures and
2) The fatigue performance of the membrane materials
records are available to assess the ability of the manu-
and representative welded or bonded joints in the
facturer to produce satisfactory welds consistently.
membranes is to be determined by tests. The ulti-
mate strength and fatigue performance of arrange- c) The radiographic or ultrasonic inspection regulation
ments for securing the thermal insulation system to may be reduced to 10% for butt-welded joints in the
the hull structure are to be determined by analyses outer pipe of double-walled fuel piping.
or tests. d) For other butt-welded joints of pipes not covered by
b) Testing 16.6.3 a) and 16.6.3 c), spot radiographic or ultrasonic
inspection or other non-destructive tests are to be car-
1) In ships fitted with membrane liquefied gas fuel con-
ried out depending upon service, position and materi-
tainment systems, all tanks and other spaces that
als. In general, at least 10% of butt-welded joints of
may normally contain liquid and are adjacent to the
pipes are to be subjected to radiographic or ultrasonic
hull structure supporting the membrane, are to be
inspection.
hydrostatically tested.
2) All hold structures supporting the membrane are to 16.7 Testing regulations
be tested for tightness before installation of the liq-
uefied gas fuel containment system. 16.7.1 Type testing of piping components (1/1/2017)
3) Pipe tunnels and other compartments that do not Valves
normally contain liquid need not be hydrostatically
Each type of piping component intended to be used at a
tested.
working temperature below minus 55°C is to be subject to
the following type tests:
16.6 Welding, post-weld heat treatment and
• Each size and type of valve is to be subjected to seat
non-destructive testing tightness testing over the full range of operating pres-
sures and temperatures, at intervals, up to the rated
16.6.1 General (1/1/2017)
design pressure of the valve. Allowable leakage rates are
Welding is to be carried out in accordance with 16.3. to be to the requirements of the Society. During the test-
ing satisfactory operation of the valve is to be verified.
16.6.2 Post-weld heat treatment (1/1/2017)
• The flow or capacity is to be certified to a recognized
Post-weld heat treatment is to be required for all butt welds standard for each size and type of valve.
of pipes made with carbon, carbon-manganese and low
alloy steels. The Society may waive the regulations for ther- • Pressurized components are to be pressure tested to at
mal stress relieving of pipes with wall thickness less than 10 least 1.5 times the design pressure.
mm in relation to the design temperature and pressure of • For emergency shutdown valves, with materials having
the piping system concerned. melting temperatures lower than 925°C, the type testing
is to include a fire test to a standard at least equivalent
16.6.3 Non-destructive testing (1/1/2017) to those acceptable to the Organization.
In addition to normal controls before and during the weld-
ing, and to the visual inspection of the finished welds, as 16.7.2 Expansion bellows (1/1/2017)
necessary for proving that the welding has been carried out The following type tests are to be performed on each type of
correctly and according to the regulations in this paragraph, expansion bellows intended for use on fuel piping outside
the following tests are to be required: the fuel tank as found acceptable in 7.3.6d)3) and where
required by the Society, on those installed within the fuel at the first bunkering operation, in accordance with the
tanks: requirements of the Society.
f) Emergency shutdown valves in liquefied gas piping sys-
a) Elements of the bellows, not pre-compressed, but axi-
tems are to close fully and smoothly within 30 s of actu-
ally restrained are to be pressure tested at not less than
ation. Information about the closure time of the valves
five times the design pressure without bursting. The
and their operating characteristics is to be available on
duration of the test is to be not less than five minutes.
board, and the closing time is to be verifiable and
repeatable.
b) A pressure test is to be performed on a type expansion
joint, complete with all the accessories such as flanges, g) The closing time of the valve referred to in 8.5.8 and
stays and articulations, at the minimum design tempera- 15.4.2 b) (i.e. time from shutdown signal initiation to
ture and twice the design pressure at the extreme dis- complete valve closure) is to be not greater than:
placement conditions recommended by the 3600 U / BR (second)
manufacturer without permanent deformation.
where:
c) A cyclic test (thermal movements) is to be performed U : ullage volume at operating signal level (m3);
on a complete expansion joint, which is to withstand BR : maximum bunkering rate greed between
at least as many cycles under the conditions of pressure, ship and shore facility (m3/h); or 5 seconds,
temperature, axial movement, rotational movement and whichever is the least.
transverse movement as it will encounter in actual ser-
The bunkering rate is to be adjusted to limit surge pres-
vice. Testing at ambient temperature is permitted when
sure on valve closure to an acceptable level, taking into
this testing is at least as severe as testing at the service account the bunkering hose or arm, the ship and the
temperature. shore piping systems, where relevant.
d) A cyclic fatigue test (ship deformation, ship accelera-
tions and pipe vibrations) is to be performed on a com- 17 Drills and emergency exercises
plete expansion joint, without internal pressure, by
simulating the bellows movement corresponding to a 17.1 General
compensated pipe length, for at least 2,000,000 cycles
at a frequency not higher than 5 Hz. This test is only
17.1.1 (1/1/2017)
required when, due to the piping arrangement, ship Drills and emergency exercises on board shall be con-
deformation loads are actually experienced. ducted at regular intervals. Such gas-related exercises could
include for example:
16.7.3 System testing regulations (1/1/2017) a) tabletop exercise;
b) review of fueling procedures based in the fuel handling
a) The regulations for testing in this section apply to fuel
manual required by 18.2.3;
piping inside and outside the fuel tanks. However, relax-
ation from these regulations for piping inside fuel tanks c) responses to potential contingences;
and open ended piping may be accepted by the Society. d) tests of equipment intended for contingency response;
and
b) After assembly, all fuel piping is to be subjected to a
strength test with a suitable fluid. The test pressure is to e) reviews that assigned seafarers are trained to perform
be at least 1.5 times the design pressure for liquid lines assigned duties during fuelling and contingency
and 1.5 times the maximum system working pressure response.
for vapour lines. When piping systems or parts of sys- Gas related exercises may be incorporated into periodical
tems are completely manufactured and equipped with drills required by SOLAS.
all fittings, the test may be conducted prior to installa- The response and safety system for hazards and accident
tion on board the ship. Joints welded on board are to be control shall be reviewed and tested.
tested to at least 1.5 times the design pressure.
18.2 Functional requirements fied in the annex to part C-1, completed and signed by
the bunkering source PIC.
18.2.1 (1/1/2017)
This chapter relates to the functional requirements in 3.2.1 18.4.2 Overview of control, automation and safety
to 3.2.3, 3.2.9, 3.2.11, 3.2.15, 3.2.16 and 3.2.17. In par- systems (1/1/2017)
ticular the following apply: a) The fuel handling manual required by 18.2.3 shall
a) a copy of this Code, or national regulations incorporat- include but is not limited to:
ing the provisions of this Code, shall be on board every 1) overall operation of the ship from dry-dock to dry-
ship covered by this Code; dock, including procedures for system cool down
b) maintenance procedures and information for all gas and warm up, bunker loading and, where appropri-
related installations shall be available on board; ate, discharging, sampling, inerting and gas freeing;
c) the ship shall be provided with operational procedures 2) bunker temperature and pressure control, alarm and
including a suitably detailed fuel handling manual, such safety systems;
that trained personnel can safely operate the fuel bun- 3) system limitations, cool down rates and maximum
kering, storage and transfer systems; and fuel storage tank temperatures prior to bunkering,
d) the ship shall be provided with suitable emergency pro- including minimum fuel temperatures, maximum
cedures. tank pressures, transfer rates, filling limits and slosh-
ing limitations;
a) Before any bunkering operation commences, the master a) Prior to conducting bunkering operations, pre-bunker-
of the receiving ship or his representative and the repre- ing verification including, but not limited to the follow-
sentative of the bunkering source (Persons In Charge, ing, shall be carried out and documented in the bunker
PIC) shall: safety checklist:
1) agree in writing the transfer procedure, including 1) all communications methods, including ship shore
cooling down and if necessary, gassing up; the max- link (SSL), if fitted;
imum transfer rate at all stages and volume to be 2) operation of fixed gas and fire detection equipment;
transferred;
3) operation of portable gas detection equipment;
2) agree in writing action to be taken in an emergency;
and 4) operation of remote controlled valves; and
3) complete and sign the bunker safety check-list. 5) inspection of hoses and couplings.
b) Upon completion of bunkering operations the ship PIC b) Documentation of successful verification shall be indi-
shall receive and sign a Bunker Delivery Note for the cated by the mutually agreed and executed bunkering
fuel delivered, containing at least the information speci- safety checklist signed by both PIC's.
18.4.4 Ship bunkering source tank connection spaces or other enclosed spaces where gas
communications (1/1/2017) or flammable vapours may accumulate, unless the gas con-
tent of the atmosphere in such space is determined by
a) Communications are to be maintained between the ship means of fixed or portable equipment to ensure oxygen suf-
PIC and the bunkering source PIC at all times during the ficiency and absence of an explosive atmosphere.
bunkering operation. In the event that communications
cannot be maintained, bunkering is to stop and not 18.5.2 (1/1/2017)
resume until communications are restored.
Personnel entering any space designated as a hazardous
b) Communication devices used in bunkering are to com- area is not to introduce any potential source of ignition into
ply with recognized standards for such devices accept- the space unless it has been certified gas-free and main-
able to the Society. tained in that condition.
gases/liquids in high concentration. The following require- fitted with open/close indicator for automatic detection of
ments are also to be satisfied: the by-pass event.
a) Pipe joints are to be of welded type except for connec-
tions to shut off valves, double walled pipes or pipes in 5 BWMS
ducts equipped with mechanical exhaust ventilation.
Alternatively it is to be demonstrated that risk of leakage 5.1 General
is minimized and the formation of toxic or flammable
5.1.1 (1/1/2017)
atmosphere is prevented.
• BWMS which does not require after-treatment (see
b) Location of the piping system is to be away from heat Fig 4)
sources and protected from mechanical damage.
3.4.2 (1/1/2017) Figure 4 (1/1/2017)
For BWMS using chemical substances, handling procedures
are to be in accordance with the Material Safety Data Sheet
and BWM.2/Circ.20, and the following measures are to be
taken as appropriate:
a) The materials used for the chemical storage tanks, pip-
ing and fittings are to be resistant to such chemicals.
b) Chemical storage tanks are to have sufficient strength
and be constructed such that maintenance and inspec-
tion can be easily performed.
c) Chemical storage tank air pipes are to be led to a safe
area on open deck.
d) An operation manual containing chemical injection
procedures, alarm systems, measures in case of emer-
gency, etc, is to be kept onboard.
3.4.3 (1/1/2017)
Where the BWMS is installed in an independent compart-
ment, the compartment is to be: • BWMS which requires after-treatment (Injection type)
a) Provided with fire integrity equivalent to other machin- (see Fig 5)
ery spaces.
Figure 5 (1/1/2017)
b) Positioned outside of any combustible, corrosive, toxic,
or hazardous areas unless otherwise specifically
approved.
3.4.4 (1/1/2017)
A risk assessment may be conducted to ensure that risks,
including but not limited to those arising from the use of
dangerous gas affecting persons on board, the environment,
the structural strength or the integrity of the ship are
addressed.
4 Automation
4.1
4.1.1 (1/1/2017)
In case of any by-pass or override operation of BWMS, an
audible and visual alarm is to be given and these events are
to be automatically recorded in control equipment. The * : Appropriate Isolation Means: Two (2) screw down check
valves in the by-pass line which trigger the by-pass opera- valves in series with a spool piece or a liquid seal, or automatic
tion are to be remote-controllable by control equipment or double block and bleed valves (Fig 1 or Fig 2 or Fig 3)
1 General
1.1
1.1.1 (1/7/2016)
Please enclose additional pages if the text fields of this form are insufficient.
1 General
1.1
1.1.1 (1/7/2016)
1 General
1.1
1.1.1 (1/7/2016)