VCE Internship: Module 2

Smart Task 02

Basics of Waste Management

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Submitted by-

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Poorva Halshetty

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 1. Write a detailed process flow analysis of MSW Management Unit. What are the steps and how each
step manage the waste content.

The flow process of Municipal Solid Waste Management is as follows:

Generation of the Municipal Solid Waste from

-Residential area
-Commercial establishments
-Parks/streets

Storage

Collection of waste
-Door to door

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-By sweepers

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Ragpickers Dumped at community dustbin/junkyard

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Transportation by vehicle
energy recovery
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Final disposal
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Generation-
Generation of solid waste is the stage at which materials become valueless to the owners and hence get
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dumped to get rid of.

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Storage-
Storage is a system for keeping materials after they have been discarded and prior to collection and final
disposal.
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Improved storage facilities include:

-Small containers: household containers, plastic bins, etc.
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-Large containers: communal bins, oil drums, etc.

-Shallow pits
-Communal depots: walled or fenced-in areas
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Collection-
Waste is collected for transportation to the final disposal site. Collection system should be carefully
planned to ensure that storage facilities do not become overloaded. Collection intervals and volumes of
collected waste must be estimated carefully.

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 Transport-
This is the stage when solid waste is transported to the final disposal site. There are various modes of
transport which may be adopted and the chosen method depends upon local availability and the volume
of waste to be transported.
The modes are:
-Human powered
-Animal powered
-Motorized

Disposal-
The final stage of solid waste management is safe disposal where associated risks are minimised.

There are four main methods for the disposal of solid waste:
-Land application: burial or landfilling
-Composting
-Burning or incineration

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-Recycling (resource recovery)

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2. How Compost/fertilizer, RDF, and Plastics are extracted from MSW?

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Compost/fertilizer- Composting of vegetables and other organic waste can be applied in many

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situations. Organic waste can be dug into the soil to add humus and fiber. This makes the waste safe and
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assists the growing process.
Properly managed composting requires careful monitoring of decomposing waste to control moisture
and chemical levels and promote microbial activity. This is designed to produce compost which is safe to
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handle and which acts as a good fertilizer.

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RDF- RDF consists largely of combustible components of such waste, as non-recyclable plastics (not
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including PVC), paper cardboard, labels, and other corrugated materials.

These fractions are separated by different processing steps, such as
-Screening
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-Air classification
-Ballistic separation
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-Separation of ferrous and non-ferrous materials, glass, stones and other foreign materials
-Shredding into a uniform grain size, or also pelletized in order to produce a homogeneous material
which can be used as substitute for fossil fuels as a fuel for burning.
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Using a combustible fraction of solid wastes that cannot be recycled as an energy source is one efficient
way to reduce the amount of landfilled waste.
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Plastics- Due to the development of many technologies and systems, the generated plastic wastes can be
recovered and recycled for sustainable manufacturing and resource management.
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Recycling has a number of benefits as opposed to landfilling; it saves energy and natural resources which
leads to the reduction of production costs, generates income and job creation for the unemployed and
poor and reduces the costs of landfilling and waste management. Empirically remanufacturing and
recycling processes saves energy, labor, materials and production lead time reduces.

Sorting- plastics are segregated based on their resin content, which are recycled for various purposes.

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 The sorting can be done through:
 Manually
 Macro-sorting: it is done for shredded plastic, which is sorted based on many characteristics of
plastic.
Techniques like spectroscopy, sink-float system are used commercially for sorting plastics.

3. What is Sanitary Landfill? Explain in detail with example.

Sanitary landfill is a method of controlled disposal of municipal solid waste (refuse) on land.
The steps are:
 Waste is deposited in thin layers (up to 1 meter, or 3 feet) and promptly compacted by heavy
machinery
 Several layers are placed and compacted on top of each other to form a refuse cell (up to 3
meters, or 10 feet, thick). At the end of each day the compacted refuse cell is covered with a
layer of compacted soil to prevent odors and windblown debris
 When the landfill is completed, it is capped with a layer of clay or a synthetic liner in order to

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prevent water from entering

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 A final topsoil cover is placed, compacted, and graded, and various forms of vegetation may be

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planted in order to reclaim otherwise useless land or to fill declivities to levels convenient for

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building parks, golf courses, or other suitable public projects

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There are three general methods of landfills:
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(1) Area method
(2) Trench method
(3) Ramp, or slope method
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(1) The area method is best suited for flat or gently sloping areas where some land depressions may
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exist. The wastes are spread, compacted and then covered with material which may need to be
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hauled in from adjacent areas.

(2) The trench method consists of an excavated trench into which the solid wastes are spread,
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compacted and covered. The trench method is best suited for nearly level land where the water
table is not near the surface. Usually the soil excavated from the trench is used for cover
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material.

(3) The slope or ramp is sometimes used in combination with the other two methods. The wastes
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are spread on an existing slope, compacted and covered. This variation may be suitable for most
areas. The cover materials usually come from just ahead of the working face.
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