642 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 49, NO.

1, JANUARY 2013

Optimal Design of Large Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators

Juan A. Tapia , Juha Pyrhönen , Jussi Puranen , Pia Lindh , and Sören Nyman
Electrical Engineering Department, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
Department of Electrical Engineering, Lappeenranta University of Technology, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
The Switch Drive Systems, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
Wärtsilä Finland Oy, 65101 Vaasa, Finland

High power machine has become a large market for wind power and ship propulsion electric, among other applications. Since the size
of these machines is much larger than conventional industrial ones, optimum design must be considered in order to reduce the material
cost and increase profitability. In this paper, a simple analytic optimization algorithm is used to maximize the apparent airgap power
transferred under tangential stress constraint. In this approach, close related expressions between the main design variables, operational
restrictions, and external dimensions are derived to build the mathematical structure of the optimization process. To improve the torque
capacity estimation of the designed machine, a correction procedure, based on the previous result, is used to remove the idealizations
considered for the initial design. Close agreement with the finite element analysis results are found with this approach, which is based
on analytical method.
Index Terms—Optimization methods, permanent magnet (PM) generator design, tangential stress, wind power applications.

NOMENCLATURE Number of turns per phase.

Peak linear current density value. Number of pole pairs.

Peak airgap flux density. Total number of the stator slots.

Terminal voltage.
Conductor cross section.
Displacement angle.
Stator slot area.
Airgap length.
Stator inner diameter.
Torque angle.
Stator outer diameter.
Stator non load induced voltage (max and rms). I. INTRODUCTION

L
Stator induced voltage. OW maintenance, high reliability and efficiency require-
Frequency. ments for wind power generator tend to use gearless di-
rect drive or semi geared machines. These types of machine are
rms stator current.
characterized by the large dimensions and weight but also with
rms current density. requirement on high efficiency and compactness. Similar situa-
Copper fill factor. tion is found in modern propulsion drive systems for large navy
vessels, where efficiency and compactness is required in large
Carter coefficient. synchronous machines [1], [2]. At this point, it is clear that per-
Lamination stack factor. manent magnet (PM) used on electric machinery offers these
characteristics for a wide range of applications. Optimal ma-
Electrical power waveform factor.
chine design must be oriented to maximize power production
Winding factor. with adequate operational condition for the PMs excitation sys-
Iron losses factor correction. tems based.
In high power applications, such as wind power and ship
Active stack stator length. propulsion, the torque capacity is limited by the ability to re-
Leakage inductance. move the heat from the machine. In order to keep the interior
temperature in a safe range, air or other fluid is forced to flow
Magnetizing inductance. through the active material, to remove the heat created by the
Stator number of phases. losses during the machine operation. Main sources of heat are
copper and iron losses which are closely related with the linear
current density and the airgap magnetic load. The relation be-
tween these two variables per unit of airgap perimeter defines
Manuscript received September 19, 2011; revised November 10, 2011, De-
cember 14, 2011, February 29, 2012, and May 14, 2012; accepted June 25, 2012. the tangential stress and this eventually with the torque pro-
Date of publication July 10, 2012; date of current version December 19, 2012. duction capability of the machine [3], [4]. There are a number
Corresponding author: J. A. Tapia (e-mail: juantapia@udec.cl).
of cooling methods used on high power density machines to
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. improve performance and security [5]. Therefore, ultimately,
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMAG.2012.2207907 cooling issues have direct relation with this design variable.

0018-9464/$31.00 © 2012 IEEE

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TAPIA et al.: OPTIMAL DESIGN OF LARGE PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
Limiting on its value assures adequate operation of the gener-
ator and secure temperature of the materials, particularly PMs.
Optimal machine design should maximize the energy deliv-
ered by the generator which provides revenue for the investor.
It also minimizes material use to reduce cost and to guarantee
safe operation for the machine. Optimization algorithms are
available to improve the electromagnetic (EM) design based on
algebraic relationship, physical quantities, and energy balance;
some of them are strictly mathematical approximation and
some are other procedures with more physical meaning. Dif-
ferent techniques with extended and documented results in the
literature give us a chance to be applied on electrical machines
design [6]–[12]. However, proper selection of the procedure
has to combine simplicity precision and resources consumption
to achieve valid and useful results. In [13] and [14], authors
address the split ratio or inner to outer ratio optimization for
surface and interior PM motors, using analytical approach. The
torque to rotor volume ratio is maximized under fixed copper
losses constrain. Slot area expressions for different design
parameters influence are obtained considering equal iron mag-
netic loading on the stator yoke and tooth. Results presented
are valid for low power motors where such an assumption is
applicable; however in large PM machines where stator teeth
are more magnetically stressed than the stator yoke, therefore a
different value for each section of the magnetic circuit must be
considered. This effect will help to increase heating problems,
which is relevant, particularly when permanent magnets are
used for excitation, since their properties are very sensitive to
the temperature. Selection of the proper iron magnetic loading
has to be part of the design process considering operational
conditions and material properties.
In this paper, an application of a widely know mathematical
method is used to optimize the stator machines size based on
maximizing the airgap Apparent Power value under
a maximal tangential stress constrain. This solution provides
the algebraic relationship between physical unknowns (stator
dimensions), operational electric and magnetic values and tran-
scendental function to optimize (inner to outer diameter ratio).
The proposed method was developed for the particularities
present on high power PM machines where the mechanical and
thermal issues are more demanding, compared to traditional
low power machines. The algorithm provides the optimal outer
to inner diameter ratio for a given value of the operational
constrain. Using these results, a finite element analysis (FEA)
validation is carried out and a correction procedure is developed
to improve the torque estimation. Hypotheses established for
the ideal conditions to calculate the optimal diameter ratio are
removed to include more realistic situations such as flux leakage
and magnetomotive force drop on the magnetic circuit.
Finally a flow chart summarizes the design procedure to achieve
optimal design and electromagnetic torque requirement.
II. ANALYTICAL RELATIONSHIPS
In order to establish the analytical relationship between the
electromagnetic variables, stator geometrical dimensions, and
constrain functions, the airgap apparent power expression is de-
veloped in terms of the induced voltage and current on the stator
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643
winding as follows [15], [16]. The expression for the tangential
stress is derived using the same quantities.
A. Induced Voltage
The induced voltage over one phase of a distributed stator AC
winding can be expressed as
(1)
where voltage peak value is
(2)
For the present case, a sinusoidal airgap flux density is assumed
with as peak value.
B. Current Expression
Since the typical load of a generator is a power electronic con-
verter type (nonlinear load), stator current waveform can be far
from sinusoidal. Therefore, considering any current waveform,
it is possible to define the current waveform, , factor as
(3)
Introducing the linear stator current density expression, ,
the maximum value of the current waveform is
(4)
where
(5)
and finally, the current expression becomes
(6)
C. Airgap Power Expression
The average apparent power transferred through the airgap
over one period of the power source can be written in terms of
the instantaneous induced voltage and the current equations as
(7)
replacing (1) and (6) in (7) results
(8)
The maximum apparent power available to transfer electrome-
chanically from the stator to the rotor (motor operation) or vice
versa (generator operation) is expressed in (8).
D. Tangential Stress
Tangential stress establishes the relation between the total
electromagnetic torque developed by the machine per unit of
rotor volume. This merit index has intimate relation with the
machine construction, type of excitation source and cooling
method [3]. The linear current density and the magnetic flux
density (and their angle) define the maximum value achievable
torque per rotor volume. For regular commercial silicon iron,
644 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 49, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013

maximum flux density is limited to values no larger than 2

teslas; therefore to increase the tangential stress, stator cur-
rent must be increased with the corresponding copper losses
and heating problems associated. Different types of electrical
machines have distinct stress range for proper operation, but
it can be increased as the cooling is improved. The relation
between the peaks linear current density and airgap flux density
magnetic load values define the tangential stress as

(9)

The preceding equation results from the application of a

simple and basic electromagnetic principle , for
the particular case where current is expressed in terms of a Fig. 1. Section of an stator lamination with rectangular slots.
sinusoidal laminar current distribution over the stator surface
interacting with a equally sinusoidal airgap flux distribution. (14)
Under these conditions, several idealizations are considered
that, at the end, will affect the torque prediction quality. These where and are defined as
issues are discussed in detail in later sections.
Considering the total amount of copper on the stator slots,
(15)
is equal to the total number of conductor
sections on the machine; this means
(16)
(10)

therefore peak linear current density can be written using (5) These last two parameters represent the saturation ratio of
and (10) becomes the stator teeth and stator yoke iron respect of the airgap flux
density. Adequate selection of the iron magnetic load should be
(11) based on operational frequency value and iron magnetic prop-
erties in order to tolerate a reasonable amount of losses. At 50
Consequently, (9) can be rewritten as and 60 Hz machine frequency operation, the author in [16] sug-
gests values for and of 0.55 and 0.62, respectively, for
(12) regular silicon iron. For higher frequencies, there are some sug-
gestions for the magnitude of the flux density in different part
of the magnetic circuit [18] that can be considered.
This last expression relates the linear current density with the
total slot area available. Optimization procedure uses this rela- B. Total Stator Slot Area
tionship to achieve maximum for a given outer machine From the stator geometry depicted in Fig. 1, the following
diameter. At the same time, this index is used to establish a op- two expressions can be written:
erational constraint to the optimization process.
(17)
III. GEOMETRICAL RELATIONS (18)
In general, for simplicity, the stator windings of low and
medium power electrical machinery are unsorted and allocated therefore the total stator slot area becomes as
by hand or other type of mechanism on the slots. They can
easily be fixed using tooth tip performed during the punching (19)
process. In this manner, stator slots are trapezoidal and teeth are
rectangular. On the other hand, in large machines, windings are where the function is defined by
prefabricated with solid or holed conductors with transposition
and proper insulation. As a result, manufacturing and repair (20)
process is simple and less time consuming. A schematic rep-
resentation of a larger synchronous machine stator lamination with the and constant are
is depicted in Fig. 1, for the present analysis only the active
magnetic portion of the iron is considered. (21)

A. Magnetic Loading (22)

Based on the magnetic flux continuity law and the geometry
described in Fig. 1, it is possible to express the inner stator tooth
width and yoke depth as
(13)
It is noticed that the total slot area, (19), is related with the
linear current density, and ultimately, with the tangential stress,
(12). Expression indicated on (20) is a function which defines
the total slot area available for a given outer stator diameter. This
function is determined by the inner to outer diameter ratio, the

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TAPIA et al.: OPTIMAL DESIGN OF LARGE PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS 645

magnetic machine loading, and the number of poles. Equation

(20) has difference from that encountered for trapezoidal slots
[16]; therefore, optimization based on this estimation is affected
by the dissimilar expressions. Later, differences from these two
approaches are pointed out.

C. Function:
With (5), (10), and (19), the expression for the airgap apparent
power, (8), can be expressed as

(23)

where and function is

related with the previous defined (20) as

(24)
Fig. 2. Optimal diameter ratio for airgap VA for teeth magnetic loading
. Solid line: rectangular slot optimization approach. Dotted line: trape-
zoidal slot optimization approach [16], [17].
Equation (23) states that for given values of current density
and airgap flux density, current and voltage waveforms, number
of pole and operational frequency, the is maximal when
function , defined by (24), is maximal. This equa-
tion is only dependant on the diameter ratio and the iron mag-
netic loading across the magnetic circuit. At this point, max-
imum power is transferred through the airgap for a specified
outer stator diameter and axial active stack length.
In order to evaluate this function, a relation of 0.8125 is used
as a to ratio. This value indicates that stator teeth are ap-
proximately 23% more saturated than the stator yoke, which is a
reasonable approximation for synchronous machines. In Fig. 2,
several functions defined by (24) are plotted in terms of the
inner to outer diameter ratio (solid lines). Additionally,
function [16], [17] for trapezoidal slot geometry is depicted in
the same figure (Fig. 2, dotted line). It is clear that the differ-
ences on the optimum values found using each approach will
reach to dissimilar stator geometry. Optimum values for the
function for the present case are located between 0.6 to
0.67 of the diameter ratio as the parameter varies. These re- Fig. 3. Tangential stress as a function of the diameter ratio with teeth magnetic
loading as a parameter.
sults indicate that the optimum inner diameter is approximately
one half of the outer diameter with deep slots and thin tooth.
stress is limited to a maximum value specified by . Then,
However, this diameter ratio leads in a high value of stator slot
constraint function can be written as
area, resulting in an unacceptable high tangential stress com-
pared with those recommended values [3] for the optimal design
area, as is shown in Fig. 3. Consequently severe heating prob-
lems removal arises, a limit on the tangential stress value must
be imposed to reduce the problem.

D. Constrain Function
Introducing (19) and (20) in (12), the tangential stress equa- (26)
tion, in terms of the diameter ratio expression, becomes
The extended function to be optimized is formulated as (27),
where and are the function and
the constraint function, respectively, expressed by (24) and (26)
(25) and is the Lagrange multiplier:
On Lagrange multiplier formulation, a constrain function,
, must be defined in terms of the maximum value
(27)
allowed for the restricted variable. In this case, tangential

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646
Fig. 4. New optimal diameter ratio for airgap VA under tangential stress con-
strain with teeth magnetic loading as a parameter.
Fig. 5. Resulting stator lamination from the optimization process. a. Without
constrain; b. with constrain.
Solving this problem according to the Lagrange formulation,
the solution for optimal diameter ratio under tangential stress
constrain is reached as
(28)
In this case, optimum is displaced to higher values
compared with the solution without restriction, shown in Fig. 2.
Feasible optimal diameter ratios now are located between 0.8
and 0.9, where the maximum tangential stress meets the restric-
tion imposed. A graphical representation of the new displace-
ment is depicted in Fig. 4, both and functions are shown
and the optimal are highlighted.
Slot area has direct relation with the maximum tangential
stress allowed on the design; therefore, significant reduction
is found when a constraint condition is applied. Stator geome-
tries obtained using the unrestricted and restricted approach, on
scaled dimensions, is depicted on Fig. 5. The algorithm intends
to reach a thinner structure when a restriction is imposed. In
Table I, a set of numerical values for the stator lamination is
listed for both conditions.
Results on the machine dimensions from the application of
the previous algorithm are presented in Fig. 6. These results
are in terms of the stator tooth magnetic load (values are high-
lighted for ). As expected, with the tangential stress
constrains imposed to the airgap apparent power function ,
optimal diameter ratio becomes closer to the unity [solid line in
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 49, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013
TABLE I
OPTIMAL DESIGN STATOR LAMINATION
Fig. 6. Optimal diameter ratio to maximize airgap VA and stator main magni-
tudes comparison for optimal diameter ratio.
Fig. 6(a)] with respect to the calculated with no constrains situ-
ation (dotted line in the same figure); as a result, stator becomes
thin with large stator yoke depth. Some of the consequences of
this fact are larger inner diameter and shorter stator tooth when
the tangential stress is limited. As a result, since inner diameter
is larger on the constrained case and airgap flux density is con-
stant for both cases, flux per pole increases proportional to the
; therefore stator yoke becomes larger on the constraint situ-
ation [Fig. 6(b)]. At the same time, stator tooth is significantly
short [Fig. 6(c)] which leads to an increment on the slot width
[Fig. 6(d)].
IV. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS VALIDATION
To validate the performance of the torque prediction using
the preceding design procedure, an FEA is carried out. Since
the tangential stress approach, used as a constraint, is derived
from an ideal current and airgap flux distribution, some correc-
tions must be done based on the optimized structure obtained.
Leakage and magnetizing inductance parameters are calculated
for both ideal and non-ideal case to estimate the actual torque
value. In this section, detailed numerical analyses and analyt-
ical results comparison on the ideal and non-ideal design case
are presented.
TAPIA et al.: OPTIMAL DESIGN OF LARGE PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
TABLE II
FEA INPUT DESIGN DATA
Fig. 7. Optimal stator design lamination for constant airgap diameter. Airgap
diameter constant at 1562 mm.
A. Optimal Design and Finite Element Evaluation
Using the optimization algorithm, a set of machine stators is
designed for different tangential stress values considering stator
inner diameter as a design input. In general, in a situation when
there is no restriction on space, airgap diameter is considered as
a design data which leads, using this procedure, to determine the
outer diameter with the optimal diameter ratio defined by (28).
Under this circumstance, output torque is proportional to the
tangential stress as expressed in (29) for a given stack length [3]:
(29)
In Table II, design variables are listed for the optimal design
to calculate the machine dimensions for the FEA solution.
The resultant stator lamination geometries achieved from this
approach are depicted in Fig. 7. It is clear that, as the tangential
stress increases, more slot area is required to allocate higher
stator current; therefore slots become deeper and deeper (rising
in Fig. 1), and since the iron magnetic loading is the same in
each evaluation, teeth have the same airgap width ( in Fig. 1).
Magnet geometry is determined in order to establish an airgap
flux density value taking into account the BH curve and
magnetic loading of the iron. PM height is calculated by (31),
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647
Fig. 8. Results comparison between ideal and FEA solutions.
where and are the flux intensity on the teeth and stator
yoke, respectively, calculated from the BH iron characteristic
(Appendix A). For this particular evaluation, stator and rotor
yoke depth are considered to be equal. Electromagnetic torque
obtained from the optimized design (considering the restricted
tangential stress value imposed to the design procedure) is cal-
culated using FEA. This result is depicted in Fig. 8. At the same
time, torque calculated by (29) is also presented in this figure
exhibiting a proportional dependence with the tangential stress.
As is indicated, these two torque values came from the same
tangential stress. Significant differences between the ideal case
(29) and FEA are found as the tangential stress increases, which
leads to a poor torque estimation based on (29).
Several factors not considered on the ideal case torque calcu-
lation represented in (29) are the main source of this difference.
Detailed discussion about these non-ideal conditions are pre-
sented in the next section.
B. Ideal and Non-Idealities Issues on Torque Production
For the ideal case, Fig. 9(a), torque is the resultant effect of
a continuous superficial sinusoidal current distribution, inter-
acting with an equally sinusoidal airgap flux distribution and
the shift angle between them . This entire phenomenon takes
place in a smooth, continuous, and homogeneous airgap surface
and infinity permeable stator and rotor iron [19]. The optimal
torque production occurs when both distributions are in phase
. The corresponding phasor diagrams that represent
these ideal conditions are presented in Fig. 10(a) and (b), re-
spectively. With this, there are not leakage flux and mmf drops
along the magnetic circuit and all the current components con-
tribute to torque production, and terminal voltage corresponds
to the airgap voltage, induced from the resultant flux.
From the same equation and (2) and (4), it can be easily
demonstrated that electromagnetic torque for the ideal case is
given by (31) [see (30) at the bottom of the next page]:
(31)
and the torque angle from Fig. 10(b)
(32)
648
Fig. 9. 80 kPa optimal design. a) Fields distributions for torque production on
the airgap: ideal case. b) Non-ideal magnet and stator current allocation.
Fig. 10. Equivalent phasor diagram. a) Arbitrary linear current density and
airgap flux distribution. b) Optimal torque production conditions. c) Non-ideal
condition considering effective airgap and leakage flux.
Under these circumstances, the ideal magnetizing inductance,
, corresponds to the relation between armature reaction flux
linkages and the required current to impose this linkages in an
ideal magnetic circuit with no saturation, infinite iron perme-
ability, and no leakage. In this case, an analytical expression for
this inductance can be written as
(33)
The equivalent airgap length, without slots are present on the
stator and the magnetic material is perfect, can be written as
(34)
where is the magnet height to provide the excitation
required on the airgap for ideal conditions, which means ne-
glecting mmf drops on (30):
(35)
The non-idealities found on the real machines define ele-
ments that are not considered on the torque expression given
by (29) or (31). Slotted stator surface, nonlinear magnetizing
characteristic of the iron, and coils allocated in slots modify
the predicted torque value calculated in ideal conditions. From
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 49, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013
phasor diagram shown in Fig. 10(c), non-ideal torque is calcu-
lated by
(36)
where the new torque angle is
(37)
For the non-ideal case , the slotted stator surface is in-
cluded by the Carter coefficient; at the same time, the increment
of the magnetic circuit reluctance due to the mmf drop effect
along the magnetic circuit and the nonlinear BH characteristic
of the magnetic steel can be reflected as an additional airgap
length on top of the physical one:
(38)
In this manner the equivalent non-ideal magnetizing induc-
tance, , becomes
(39)
On the other hand, magnet height calculated by (30) main-
tains the airgap flux density value invariable for all tangential
stress value; therefore the no load induced voltage, , varies
with respect to the ideal case. This phasor diagram of condi-
tion is depicted in Fig. 10(c). Based on the previous work, it is
possible to estimate as a proportion of the PM height values
as
(40)
Conversely, winding coils allocated on slots, as is illustrated
on Fig. 9(b), will introduce a leakage flux, which will increase as
the tangential stress increases (deep slots), affecting torque pro-
duction. In fact, for the same amount of current presented on the
ideal case, portion of it creates flux that does not cross the airgap,
which results in a lower resultant flux, and large angle between
the induced voltage and current distribution. From the phasor
diagram point of view, torque production is reduced since the
torque angle results are larger compared to the ideal case. Sim-
ilar effect introduces iron saturation since the total reluctance of
the magnetic circuit varies. Indeed, as the tangential stress rises,
stator tooth become longer and the mmf drop along them also in-
creases; therefore, total excitation flux is reduced in each case.
FEA solution takes into account these two effects on torque
calculation.
(30)
TAPIA et al.: OPTIMAL DESIGN OF LARGE PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
Fig. 11. Flow chart for optimum machine design and torque requirement
calculation.
Leakage inductance is now taken into account considering the
leakage flux along stator slot. The analytical expression for the
leakage inductance, , parameter is
(41)
where is the specific permeance derived for a rectangular slot,
according to Fig. 1 as [8]
(42)
In this manner, non-idealities present on the actual stator lam-
ination calculated are considered on the inductances expres-
sion. By using these expressions, more accurate torque estima-
tion can be performed based on the result of the optimal design
algorithm.
C. Torque Correction Factor
In order to improve the torque estimation based on the result
of the optimal diameter ratio procedure and the specified tan-
gential stress value, an approximation of the non-ideal torque
can be calculated using (31) and (35). In fact, the non-ideal
to ideal torque ratio defines a correction factor based on these
expressions
(43)
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649
TABLE III
BH CURVE
where the corresponding torque angles are obtained from (31)
and (36), respectively. Using (39), torque estimation is calcu-
lated and compared with FEA and ideal case results, depicted
in Fig. 8. It can be noticed that there is a better agreement with
the numerical value when the non-idealities are included on the
analytical torque estimation. Differences between the non-ideal
solution and FEA results are explained due to the other leakage
component not included (zigzag, belt, etc.).
D. Improved Design Flow Chart
The design method presented suggests an iterative algorithm
to meet the torque requirement based on optimal diameter ratio
calculation with tangential stress constrain. To summarize the
procedure, a flow chart is developed to highlight each step, as
depicted in Fig. 11. With initial data input, optimal diameter
ratio is calculated and stator diameter and slot dimensions are
computed. Initial ideal torque is obtained from the rotor volume
and maximum tangential stress specified. Inductance parame-
ters for ideal and non-ideal case are calculated; based on that,
torque correction factor and non-ideal torque is determined. If
this result does not meet the torque requirement, airgap torque
is increased and the procedure is repeated.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an optimization procedure based on a well-
known mathematical approach—Lagrange multiplier—is used
to maximize the airgap apparent power under tangential stress
constrain for large PM generator. This type of machine offers de-
sign particularities that are addressed on the analytical construc-
tion of the optimization functions which have a simple physical
meaning for a proper understanding. Rectangular slots on the
stator laminations, required to allocate preformed winding, de-
scribe a distinctive function expression. Cooling problem is
considered by the introduction of limited value of the tangential
stress; this limit can be modified by using proper cooling system.
To improve the torque capacity of the designed lamination,
a correction procedure is developed to take into account the
non-ideal condition establishes by the slots-teeth group and iron
characteristics. Results show close agreement of the presented
analytical algorithm and FEA solution.
APPENDIX A
Table III lists data about the BH curve.
650
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank TEKES, the Finnish funding
agency for Technology and Innovation, and industrial partners
for their support.
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Juan A. Tapia received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering
from the University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile, in 1991, 1997, respec-
tively, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in
2002.
Since 1992, he has worked with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Concepcion, where he is currently an Associate Professor. Since
2010, he has been a FiDiPro Fellow from the Academy of Finland at Lappeen-
ranta University of Technology where he conducts research on PM machine on
LUT-Energia Group. His primary research areas are electrical machine design,
numerical method for electromagnetic field, DSP-based electric machine con-
trol, and renewable energy.
Juha Pyrhönen received the D.Sc. degree from Lappeenranta University of
Technology (LUT), Lappeenranta, Finland, in 1991.
He became an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at LUT in 1993
and a Professor of Electrical Machines and Drives in 1997. He is currently the
Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering, LUT, where he is engaged
in research and development of electric motors and electric drives. His current
interests include different synchronous machines and drives, induction motors
and drives, and solid-rotor high-speed induction machines and drives.
Jussi Puranen received the M.Sc. (technology) degree in electrical engineering
and the D.Sc. (technology) degree from Lappeenranta University of Technology
(LUT), Lappeenranta, Finland, in 2003 and 2006, respectively.
He is currently working as an electric development engineer at The Switch
Drive Systems, Lappeenranta, Finland, where his main responsibility is electro-
magnetic design of permanent magnet wind generators.
Pia Lindh received the M.Sc. degree in energy technology and the D.Sc. degree
in electrical engineering (technology) from Lappeenranta University of Tech-
nology (LUT), Lappeenranta, Finland, in 1998 and 2004, respectively.
She is currently a Researcher and Teacher with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, LUT. Her research work focuses on drives and motors, especially
permanent magnet motors.
Sören Nyman received the M.Sc. (technology) degree in electrical and energy
engineering from the University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland, in 2008.
He has experience from industrial applications within electrical machinery.
Currently, he is working in engine automation development at Wärtsilä Finland
Oy, Vaasa, Finland.