Yield Line Analysisof Various Shapesof RCSlabs

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Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs
Thesis · January 2017

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31543.62886
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Republic of Iraq
Al-Mansour University College
Civil Engineering department
Research project
Study year
2016-2017
Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of

R.C. Slabs
This project is in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a
B.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Prepared By
1.Abdulla Basem Mohammed
2.Munter Walled Zamel
3.Zaid Ali Mohammed
4.Aya Aiman Abdulkareem
Supervised by
Dr. Ola Adel Qasim
A.D 2017 Baghdad The Hegira Date:1438

SUPERVISR’S CERTIFICATE
I certify that the preparation of the project entitled:
Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C.

Slabs.
was prepared under my supervision at Al-Mansour

University College as a partial fulfillment of the requirements
for a B.Sc Degree in Civil Engineering.
Supervisor’s Signature:
Name:
Date:
COMMITTEE CERTIFICATE
We certify that the project entitled: Yield Line Analysis

of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs.
was prepared, corrected and defended by the students and in

our opinion it meets the standards of a graduation project for a
B.Sc. Degree at Al-Mansour University College.
Signature:
(Chairman) Name:
Date:
Signature:
(Member) Name:
Date:
Supervisor Signature:
and
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Date:
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Slabs are the flooring systems of most structures including office, commercial
and residential buildings, bridges, sports stadiums and other facilities building. The
main functions of slabs are generally to carry gravity forces, such as loads from
human weight, goods and furniture, vehicles and so on. In modern structure design
particularly for high rise buildings and basement structures, slabs as floor diaphragms
help in resisting external lateral actions such as wind, earthquake and lateral earth
load.
Designing of slabs depends upon its type, the end conditions and the loading.
The design process of structural planning and design requires not only imagination
and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of science of structural
engineering besides the knowledge of practical aspects, such as recent design codes,
bye laws, backed up by ample experience, intuition and judgment. The purpose of
standards is to ensure and enhance the safety, keeping careful balance between
economy and safety.
The yield line analysis method is used extensively in design and analysis
community to determine the strength of reinforced concrete structural elements. Yield
line analysis method deal with common slab configurations, such as one-way spans
of varying support conditions or two-way spans that usually consist of a rectangular
slab supported along two or more edges and slabs with openings. This project
presents the yield line analysis which can be used to analyze and design different
shapes of slabs. Yield line design has the advantages of (economy, simplicity and
versatility), yield line design leads to slabs that are quick and easy to design, and are
quick and easy to construct.
The European Concrete Building Project at Cardington, which tested a variety of
methods of designing flat slabs. It concluded that “yield line was easily the best
opportunity available to the concrete frame industry” to provide best value in floor
design and construction. In particular, it found that yield line design leads to slabs
that are quick and easy to design and to construct. The resulting slabs are thin and
Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs I

Abstract
have low amounts of reinforcement in very regular arrangements. They are therefore
easy to detail and fix. Above all Yield Line design generates very economic concrete
slabs.
Before now, the method has basically been a manual or hand method which
some engineers did not see a need for its use since there are many computers based
packages in the analysis and design of slabs and other civil engineering structures.
This project presents a computer program (staad pro) that able to give solution
approximate to yield line theory in the analysis of slabs.
STAAD PRO has a very interactive user interface which allows the user to draw
any shape and inter many input. This project is deal with many computer programs to
help us to complete the work.
In this project, different types of reinforced concrete slabs system of different
support conditions have been analyzed using yield line theory to determine the
maximum resisting moment, and compared with software program (STAAD-PRO).
OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
The objectives of this study are:
1- To apply the yield line theory to obtain the ultimate resistance moments of
different types of slabs.
2- To compare the results obtained by yield line theory with that obtained by software
program STAAD-PRO.
Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs II

List of Contents
PAGE
SUBJECT
NO.
Acknowledgment.
Abstract. I
List of Contents. III
List of Symbols V
List of Tables. VI
List of Figures. VII
Chapter One:- Introduction.
1-1 Introduction. 1
1-2 Reinforced Concrete Slab. 1
1-3 Construction Process. 3
1-3-1 Prefabricated concrete slabs. 3
1-3-2 In situ concrete slabs. 3
1-4 Types of Slabs. 3
1-4-1 Flat Slab. 3
1-4-2 Ribbed and waffle slabs. 5
1-5 Corrugated. 6
1-6 Reinforcement Design in Slabs. 6
1-7 Difference between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab. 8
1-8 Openings in Slabs. 9
1-9 Design Bases. 9
1-10 Beams. 10
1-11 Columns. 10
1-12 This study is divided into Six chapters. 11
Chapter Two:-Yield Line Theory.
2-1 Introduction. 12
2-2 Types of Load. 13
2-3 Loads on architectural and civil engineering structure. 13
2-4 Imposed Loads. 14
2-5 Dead Loads. 14
2-6 Live Loads. 14
2-7 Other Loads. 15
2-8 What is a yield line pattern. 16
2-9 Upper and Lower Bound Theorems. 16
2-10 Yield Line Analysis. 17
2-11 Method of segmental equilibrium. 17
2-12 Method of virtual work. 18
2-13 Yield-Line Analysis of Slabs. 19
2-14 General Principles of Yield Line Analysis. 20
Chapter Three:- Rules of Yield Line Theory.
3-1 Introduction. 21
Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs III

3-2 Assumptions of Yield Line Theory. 22
3-3 Rules of yield lines. 22
Chapter Four: - Yield Line Solution Examples.
4-1 yield line examples. 24
Chapter Five: - Flat Slab Example.
5-1 Case (1): a flat slab without marginal beam. 56
5-2 Case (2): a flat slab with marginal beam. 59
5-3 Case (3): a flat slab without marginal beam. 60
5-4 Case (4): Analysis of Beam Slab System. 64
Chapter Six:- Conclusions and Recommendation.
6-1 Conclusions. 67
6-2 From compare the results between hands calculate and the program we find that. 67
6-3 Conclusions on Basis of this study can be drawn are as follows. 67
6-4 Recommendations. 68
References.
Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs IV

List of Symbols
Symbol Definition
As Area of steel reinforcement (mm2).
d Effective depth length (mm)
Ab Area of bar (mm2).
f'c Concrete compressive strength (MPa).
fy Yielding strength (MPa).
φ Bar diameter.
ρ Ratio of tension steel.
S Spacing between bars (mm).
Mu Factored moment due to factored load (kN.m).
Wu Factored Load (kN/m2).
Lb Long Span (mm).
La Short Span (mm).
Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs V

List of Tables
Table PAGE
Subject
No. NO.
(5-1) ultimate resisting moments for flat slabs. 64
Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs VI

List of Figures
Figure PAGE
Subject
No. NO.
Chapter One:- Introduction.
(1-1) Multi story reinforced concrete building. 2
(1-2) Flat Plate System. 5
(1-3) Ribbed and waffle slabs. 5
(1-4) Corrugated Slab System. 6
(1-5) One-way slabs System. 7
(1-6) Two-way slab System. 8
(1-7) Slabs-Beam System. 9
(1-8) Opening in Slab. 9
(1-9) beam structural element. 10
(1-10) Exterior and interior column. 11
Chapter Two:- Yield Line Theory.
(2-1) yield line pattern of simply supported slab. 13
(2-1) cracks in slabs. 16
(2-3) Yield line mechanism for rectangular slabs with hinge support at edge. 20
Chapter Three:- Rules of Yield Line Theory.
(3-1) Typical interior panel in a two-way slab system and Yield line pattern under 21
uniformly distributed collapse load
(3-2) Deflected shape at collapse (section A-A). 22
Chapter Four: - Yield Line Solution Examples.
(4-1) slab case (1). 24
(4-2) slab case (1) deformation and moments from staad pro. 25
(4-3) slab case (2). 26
(4-4) slab case (2) moments and stress from staad pro. 27
(4-5) slab case (3). 28
(4-6) slab case (3) moments from staad pro. 28
(4-7) slab case (4). 29
(4-8) slab case (4) moments and stress from staad pro. 30
(4-9) slab case (5). 31
(4-10) slab case (5) moments, deformation and stress from staad pro. 32
(4-11) slab case (6). 34
(4-13) slab case (7). 36
(4-15) slab case (8). 39
(4-18) slab case (10). 43
(4-20) slab case (11). 45
Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs VII

(4-22) slab case (12). 47
(4-24) slab case (13). 50
(5-1) flat slab. 56
(5-2) yield line pattern. 56
(5-3) staad pro results case 1. 57
(5-4) flat slab with beam. 59
(5-5) yield line pattern. 60
(5-6) flat slab without beam. 60
(5-7) Expected Yield Line Pattern of slab S1 and S2. 61
(5-9) Staad pro results case 3. 62
(5-11) Expected Yield Line Pattern of Interior Panel S7 and S8. 65
(5-12) Staad pro results case 4. 66
Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs VIII

Chapter
One
Chapter one Introduction
Chapter One
Introduction
1-1 Introduction:
Slabs are the flooring systems of most structures including office, Commercial and
residential buildings, bridges, sports stadiums and other facilities building. The main
functions of slabs are generally to carry gravity forces, such as loads from human weight,
goods and furniture, vehicles and so on. In modern structure design particularly for high
rise buildings and basement structures, slabs as floor diaphragms help in resisting external
lateral actions such as wind, earthquake and lateral earth load. [1]
Depending on the structure framing configuration, architectural requirement, analysis
and design methods selected by the engineer, slabs can be uniform thickness or ribbed
spanning in one way or two ways between beams and/or walls. [1]
These flooring systems can be cast-in-situ reinforced concrete, metal deck with in-
situ concrete, precast concrete or prestressed concrete. Concrete slabs which are resting on
support columns only either with or without column heads and drop panels are defined as
flat slabs. [2]
1-2 Reinforced Concrete Slab:
Is the one of the most important component in a building. It is a structural element of
modern buildings Slabs are supported on Columns and Beams RCC Slabs whose thickness
ranges from 10 to 50 centimeters are most often used for the construction of floors and
ceilings thin concrete slabs are also used for exterior paving purpose. [2]
Reinforced concrete is simply concrete in which steel bars with desirable magnitude
are introduced in the casting stage; the resulting composite material can resist the stresses
developed by the external loads. The revolutionary engineering concept of reinforcing the
weak tensile zone of the concrete with steel bars was developed in the mid-19lh century.
The early 20'h century witnessed significant improvement in the development and use of
reinforced concrete mainly due to the production of a good quality concrete with improved
Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 1

strength and the improved quality of steel with surface characteristics suitable to develop a
good bond with the steel and concrete. [2]
Is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and
ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength
and/or ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing
bars (rebar) and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets.
Reinforcing schemes are generally designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions
of the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure. Modern
reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made of steel, polymers or
alternate composite material in conjunction with rebar or not. Reinforced concrete may
also be permanently stressed (in compression), so as to improve the behavior of the final
structure under working loads. [3]
For a strong, ductile and durable construction the reinforcement needs to have the
following properties at least:
• High relative strength, High toleration of tensile strain
• Good bond to the concrete, irrespective of pH, moisture, and similar factors
• Thermal compatibility, not causing unacceptable stresses in response to changing
temperatures, Durability in the concrete environment.
Fig. (1-1) Multi story reinforced concrete building. [1]

1-3 Construction Process:
A concrete slab can be cast in two ways: It could either be prefabricated or cast in situ. [2]
1-3-1 Prefabricated concrete slabs:
Are cast in a factory and then transported to the site ready to be lowered into place
between steel or concrete beams. They may be pre-stressed (in the factory), post-stressed
(on site), or unstressed. Care should be taken to see that the supporting structure is built to
the correct dimensions to avoid trouble with the fitting of slabs over the supporting
structure.
1-3-2 In situ concrete slabs:
Are built on the building site using formwork. Formwork is a box-like setup in which
concrete is poured for the construction of slabs.
For reinforced concrete slabs, reinforcing steel bars are placed within the formwork and
then the concrete is poured.
Plastic tipped metal, or plastic bar chairs are used to hold the reinforcing steel bars away
from the bottom and sides of the form-work, so that when the concrete sets it completely
envelops the reinforcement.
1-4 Types of Slabs
A concrete slab is common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs
of steel reinforced concrete, typically between (100 and 500 millimeters) thick are most
often used to construct floors and ceilings. On the technical drawings, reinforced concrete
slabs are often abbreviated to "R.C.C.slab" or simply "R.C.". A reinforced concrete slab is
abroad flat plate usually with nearly parallel top and bottom surfaces and may supported
by reinforced concrete beams or directly by columns or masonry brick wall or reinforced
concrete walls (Shear walls).
RCC slab can be various types depending on various criteria. Such as ribbed slab, flat
slab, solid slab, continuous slab, simply supported slab etc.
1-4-1 Flat Slab:
A flat slab is a one-way or two-way system with thickenings in the slab at the columns and
load bearing walls called ‘Drop panels’

 A one way slab has structural strength in shortest direction.
 A two way slab has structural strength in two directions.
Flat slabs are highly versatile elements widely used in construction, providing
minimum depth, fast construction and allowing flexible column grids. It is, also called as
beamless slab, is a slab supported directly by columns without beams. A part of the slab
bounded on each of the four sides by center line of column is called panel. The flat slab is
often thickened closed to supporting columns to provide adequate strength in shear and to
reduce the amount of negative reinforcement in the support regions. The thickened portion
i.e. the projection below the slab is called drop or drop panel. In some cases, the section of
column at top, as it meets the floor slab or a drop panel, is enlarged so as to increase
primarily the perimeter of the critical section, for shear and hence, increasing the capacity
of the slab for resisting two-way shear and to reduce negative bending moment at the
support. Such enlarged or flared portion of and a capital. Slabs of constant thickness which
do not have drop panels or column capitals are referred to as flat plates. The strength of
the flat plate structure is often limited due to punching shear action around columns, and
consequently they are used for light loads and relatively small spans. The load from the
slabs is directly transferred to the columns and then to the foundation. [2]
Advantages:
 Simple formwork
 No beams
 Minimum structural depth
 Doesn’t require Shear reinforcement
Disadvantages:
 Medium spans
 Generally, not suitable for supporting brittle (masonry) partitions
 Drop panels may interfere with larger mechanical ducting
 Vertical penetrations need to avoid area around columns
 For reinforced flat slabs, deflection at the middle strip may be critical.

Fig. (1-2) Flat Plate System. [2]
1-4-2 Ribbed and waffle slabs

Ribbed and waffle slabs provide a lighter and stiffer slab than an equivalent flat slab,
reducing the extend of foundations. They provide a very good form where slab vibration is
an issue, such as laboratories and hospitals. Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band beams
running between columns with equal depth narrow ribs spanning the orthogonal direction.
A thick top slab completes the system. Waffle slabs tend to be deeper than the equivalent
ribbed slab. Waffle slabs have a thin topping slab and narrow ribs spanning in both
directions between column heads or band beams. The column heads or band beams are the
same depth as the ribs. Ribbed floors consisting of equally spaced ribs are usually
supported directly by columns. They are either one-way spanning systems known as
ribbed slab or a two-way ribbed system known as a waffle slab. This form of construction
is not very common because of the formwork costs and the low fire rating.
Fig. (1-3) Ribbed and waffle slabs. [2]

Benefits
 Flexible
 Relatively light, therefore less foundation costs and longer spans are economic
speed of construction
 Fairly slim floor depths
 Robustness
 Excellent vibration control
 Thermal mass
 Good for services integration
 Durable finishes
 Fire resistance.
1-5 Corrugated: usually where the concrete is poured into a corrugated steel tray. This
improves strength and prevents the slab bending under its own weight. The corrugations
run across the short dimension, from side to side.
Fig. (1-4) Corrugated Slab System. [2]

1-6 Reinforcement Design in Slabs:
 One-way slab
A one-way slab needs moment resisting reinforcement only in its short-direction
because the moment along long axes is so small that it can be neglected. When the ratio of
the length of long direction to short direction of a slab is greater than 2 it can be
considered as a one-way slab. One-way slab is supported on two opposite side only thus
structural action is only at one direction. Total load is carried in the direction

perpendicular to the supporting beam. If a slab is supported on all the four sides but the
ratio of longer span (a) to shorten span (b) is greater than 2, then the slab will be
considered as one way slab. Because due to the huge difference in lengths, load is not
transferred to the shorter beams. Main reinforcement is provided in only one direction for
one way slabs. [2]
Fig. (1-5) One-way slabs System. [2]

 Two-way slab
Has structural strength in two directions. Main reinforcement runs both in short and long
direction and stay perpendicularly with one another.
Slabs categorized into two types, in general according to load transfer. When slabs
supported on two opposite sides only which case the structural action of the slab is
essentially one–way the loads being carried by the slab in the direction perpendicular to
the supporting sides. There may be supports (Beams) on all four sides that two-way slab
action is obtained. Intermediate beams may be provided. If the ratio of length to width of
one slab panel is larger than about (2) most of the load is carried in the short direction to
supporting beams and one-way action is obtained in effect even though supporting beams
are provided on all sides. Two-way transfers the loaded and the slabs deflection two
directions. When a Solid RCC slab rests on four beams but long-span of slab is less than
or equal to two times of short-span then we can call that slab a “two-way slab”. In two-
way slab, main reinforcement runs both in short and long direction and stay
perpendicularly with one another. [3]

Fig. (1-6) Two-way slab System. [2]
1-7 Difference between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab:
There are some basic differences between one way slabs and two way slabs. To clear
the concept of one way and two way slabs a table is shown below. [3]
2. 1One Way Slab 2. 2Two Way Slab
One way slab is supported by beams in only 2 Two way slab is supported by beams in all four
sides. sides.
The ratio of longer span panel (L) to shorter The ratio of longer span panel (L) to shorter
span panel (B) is equal or greater than 2. Thus, span panel (B) is less than 2. Thus, L/B < 2.
L/B >= 2
Main reinforcement is provided in only one Main reinforcement is provided in both the
direction for one way slabs. direction for two way slabs.
 Slab, more precisely concrete Slab is a common structural element of modern
building. That is usually horizontal and has smaller thickness comparative of its
span. Slabs are used to furnish a flat and useful surface in reinforced concrete
construction.
 Beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a
result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is
called a bending moment. Beams are characterized by their profile (shape of cross-
section), their length, and their material. Its a structural member constructed to
transfer the loads from slab to the column.
Slab on Beam can construct at all levels. It transfers load to beam and then on to the
columns. This can ensure differential settlement up to one point. The initial construction

cost is higher than slab on grade because formwork at the slab underside and the
reinforcement to join beam and slab is needed.
Fig. (1-7) Slabs-Beam System. [3]
1-8 Openings in Slabs:

Almost invariably, flab systems must include openings. These may be of substantial
size, as required by stairways and elevator shafts, or they may be of smaller dimensions,
such as those needed to accommodate heating, plumbing, and ventilating risers; floor and
roof drains; and access hatches. Relatively small openings usually are not detrimental in
beam-supported slabs. As a general rule, the equivalent of the interrupted reinforcement
should be added at the fides of the opening. Additional diagonal bars should be included at
the corners to control the cracking that will almost inevitably occur there. [1]
Fig. (1-8) Opening in Slab. [1]

1-9 Design Bases:
The single most important characteristic of any structural member is its actual
strength, which must be large enough to resist, with some margin to spare, all foreseeable
loads that may act on it during the life of the structure, without failure or other distress. It
is logical, therefore, to proportion members, i.e., to select concrete dimensions and
reinforcement, so that member strengths are adequate to resist forces resulting from certain

hypothetical overload stages, significantly above loads expected actually to occur in
service. This design concept is known as strength design. For reinforced concrete
structures at loads close to and at failure, one or both of the materials, concrete and steel,
are invariably in their nonlinear inelastic range. That is, concrete in a structural member
reaches its maximum strength and subsequent fracture at stresses and strains far beyond
the initial elastic range in which stresses and strains are fairly proportional. Similarly, steel
close to and at failure of the member is usually stressed beyond its elastic domain into
and even beyond the yield region. Consequently, the nominal strength of a member
must be calculated based on this inelastic behavior of the materials. A member designed
by the strength method must also perform in a satisfactory way under normal service
loading. For example, beam deflections must be limited to acceptable values, and
the number and width of flexural cracks at service loads must be controlled. Serviceability
limit conditions are an important part of the total design, although attention is focused
initially on strength. [1]
1-10 Beams:
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of
the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a
bending moment. [1]
Fig. (1-9) beam structural element. [1]
1-11 Columns:
Columns are defined as members that carry loads chiefly in compression. Usually
columns carry bending moments as well, about one or both axes of the cross-section, and

the bending action may produce tensile forces over apart of cross-section. Even in each
case, columns are generally referring to as compression members, because the
compression forces dominate their behavior. [1]
There are three types of reinforced concrete compression members are in use:
1-members reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral ties.
2-members reinforced with longitudinal bars and continuous spiral.
3-composite compression members reinforced longitudinally with structural steel shapes,
pipe, or tubing, with or without additional longitudinal bars, and various types of lateral
reinforcement.
Fig. (1-10) Exterior and interior column. [1]
1-12 This study is divided into Six chapters:

 The first chapter presents the introduction.
 The second chapter contains the yield-line theory.
 The third chapter presents the rules of Yield Line Theory.
 The forth chapter presents the Yield Line Solution Examples.
 The fifth chapter presents the Flat Slab Example.
 The Six chapters present the conclusions and recommendations of this study.

Chapter
Two
Chapter Two Yield line theory
Chapter Two
Yield-Line Theory
2-1 Introduction:
Structural loads or actions are forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to
a structure or its components. Loads cause stresses, deformations, and displacements in
structures. Assessment of their effects is carried out by the methods of structural
analysis. Excess load or overloading may cause structural failure, and hence such
possibility should be either considered in the design or strictly controlled. Mechanical
structures, such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships and submarines, have
their own particular structural loads and actions. Engineers often evaluate structural
loads based upon published regulations, contracts, or specifications. Accepted technical
standards are used for acceptance testing and inspection. [2]
The loads are broadly classified as vertical loads, horizontal loads and longitudinal
loads. The vertical loads consist of dead load, live load and impact load. The horizontal
loads comprise of wind load and earthquake load. The longitudinal loads i.e. tractive and
braking forces are considered in special case of design of bridges, gantry girders etc.
Yield Line Theory is an ultimate load analysis. It establishes either the moments in
an element (e.g. a loaded slab) at the point of failure or the load at which an element will
fail. It may be applied to many types of slab, both with and without beams. [1]
Consider the case of a square slab simply supported on four sides as illustrated by
Figure. This slab is subjected to a uniformly distributed load, which gradually increases
until collapse occurs. [1]

Fig. (2-1) yield line pattern of simply supported slab. [1]
2-2 Types of Load:

Dead loads are static forces that are relatively constant for an extended time. They
can be in tension or compression. The term can refer to a laboratory test method or to the
normal usage of a material or structure. [2]
Live loads are usually unstable or moving loads. These dynamic loads may involve
considerations such as impact, momentum, vibration, slosh dynamics of fluids, etc.
An impact load is one whose time of application on a material is less than one-third
of the natural period of vibration of that material. [2]
Cyclic loads on a structure can lead to fatigue damage, cumulative damage, or
failure. These loads can be repeated loadings on a structure or can be due to vibration.
2-3 Loads on architectural and civil engineering structure:
Building codes require that structures be designed and built to safely resist all
actions that they are likely to face during their service life, while remaining fit for use.
Minimum loads or actions are specified in these building codes for types of structures,
geographic locations, usage and materials of construction. Structural loads are split into
categories by their originating cause. In terms of the actual load on a structure, there is
no difference between dead or live loading, but the split occurs for use in safety
calculations or ease of analysis on complex models. [2]

To meet the requirement that design strength be higher than maximum
loads, building codes prescribe that, for structural design, loads are increased by load
factors. These load factors are, roughly, a ratio of the theoretical design strength to the
maximum load expected in service. They are developed to help achieve the desired level
of reliability of a structure based on probabilistic studies that take into account the load's
originating cause, recurrence, distribution, and static or dynamic nature. [2]
2-4 Imposed Loads:
Imposed load is produced by the intended use or occupancy of building including
the weight of movable partitions distributed and concentrated loads, load due to impact
and vibration and dust load, imposed do not include due to wind, seismic activity, snow,
and loads imposed due to temperature changes to which the structure will be subjected
to creep and shrinkage of the structure, the differential settlements to which the structure
may undergo. [2]
2-5 Dead Loads:
Dead loads are permanent or stationary loads which are transferred to structure
throughout the life span. Dead load is primarily due to self-weight of structural
members, permanent partition walls, fixed permanent equipment’s and weight of
different materials. The dead load includes loads that are relatively constant over time,
including the weight of the structure itself, and immovable fixtures such as
walls, plasterboard or carpet. The roof is also a dead load. Dead loads are also known as
permanent or static loads. [2]
2-6 Live Loads:
Live loads are either movable or moving loads without any acceleration or impact.
There are assumed to be produced by the intended use or occupancy of the building
including weights of movable partitions or furniture etc. The floor slabs have to be
designed to carry either uniformly distributed loads or concentrated loads whichever
produce greater stresses in the part under consideration. Since it is unlikely that any one
particular time all floors will not be simultaneously carrying maximum loading, the code

permits some reduction in imposed loads in designing columns, load bearing walls, piers
supports and foundations. Live loads include any temporary or transient forces that act
on a building or structural element. Typically, they include people, furniture, vehicles,
and almost everything else that can be moved throughout a building. [2]
2-7 Other Loads:
Engineers must also be aware of other actions that may affect a structure, such as:
 Foundation settlement or displacement
 Fire
 Corrosion
 Explosion
 Creep or shrinkage
 Impact from vehicles or machinery vibration
 Construction loads
Initially, at service load, the response of the slab is elastic with the maximum steel
stress and deflection occurring at the center of the slab. At this stage, it is possible that
some hairline cracking will occur on the soffit where the flexural tensile capacity of the
concrete has been exceeded at mid span. Increasing the load hastens the formation of
these hairline cracks, increasing the load further will increase the size of the cracks
further and induce yielding of the reinforcement, initiating the formation of large cracks
emanating from the point of maximum deflection. On increasing the load yet further,
these cracks migrate to the free edges of the slab at which time all the tensile
reinforcement passing through a yield line yields. [2]
Figure Onset of yielding of bottom reinforcement at point of maximum deflection
in a simply supported two-way slab. At this ultimate limit state, the slab fails. As
illustrated by Figure the slab is divided into rigid plane regions A, B, C and D. Yield
lines form the boundaries between the rigid regions, and these regions, in effect, rotate
about the yield lines. The regions also pivot about their axes of rotation, which usually
lie along lines of support, causing supported loads to move. It is at this juncture that the

work dissipated by the hinges in the yield lines rotating is equated to work expended by
loads on the regions moving. This is Yield Line Theory. [1]
Fig. (2-2) cracks in slabs. [1]
Figure The formation of a mechanism in a simply supported two-way slab with the
bottom steel having yielded along the yield lines Under this theory, elastic deformations
are ignored; all the deformations are assumed to be concentrated in the yield lines and,
for convenience, the maximum deformation is given the value of unity.
2-8 What is a yield line pattern:
When a slab is loaded to failure, yield lines form in the most highly stressed areas
and these develop into continuous plastic hinges. As described above, these plastic
hinges develop into a mechanism forming a yield line pattern.
Yield lines divide the slab up into individual regions, which pivot about their axes of
rotation. [1]
2-9 Upper and Lower Bound Theorems
According to the general theory of structural plasticity, the collapse load of a
structure lies in between the upper bound and lower bound of the true collapse load.
Therefore, the solution employing the theory of plasticity should ensure that lower and
upper bounds converge to the unique and correct values of the collapse load. [1]

(1) Lower bound theorem:
The lower bound of the true collapse load is that external load for which a
distribution of moments can be found satisfying the requirements of equilibrium and
boundary conditions so that the moments at any location do not exceed the yield
moment. [1]
(2) Upper bound theorem:
The upper bound of the true collapse load is that external load for which the
internal work done by the slab for a small increment of displacement, assuming that
moment at every plastic hinge is equal to the yield moment and satisfying the boundary
conditions, is equal to the external work done by that external load for the same amount
of small increment of displacement. Thus, the collapse load satisfying the lower bound
theorem is always lower than or equal to the true collapse load. On the other hand, the
collapse load satisfying the upper bound theorem is always higher than or equal to the
true collapse load. [1]
2-10 Yield Line Analysis:
The yield line analysis is an upper bound method in which the predicted failure
load of a slab for given moment of resistance (capacity) may be higher than the true
value. Thus, the solution of the upper bound method (yield line analysis) may result into
unsafe design if the lowest mechanism could not be chosen. However, it has been
observed that the prediction of the most probable true mechanism in slab is not difficult.
Thus, the solution is safe and adequate in most of the cases. However, it is always
desirable to employ a lower bound method, which is totally safe from the design point of
view. [1]
2-11 Method of segmental equilibrium:
In this method, equilibrium of the individual slab segments causing the collapse
forming the required mechanism is considered to arrive at a set of simultaneous
equations. The solutions of the simultaneous equations give the values of geometrical
parameters for finalizing the yield pattern and the relation between the load capacity and

resisting moment. It should be specially mentioned that equilibrium of a slab segment
should not be confused with the general equilibrium equation of the true equilibrium
method, which is lower bound. Strip method of slab design, developed by A. Hillerborg,
“Equilibrium theory for reinforced concrete slabs”, is a true equilibrium method
resulting in a lower bound solution of the collapse load, which is safe and preferable too.
[1]
2-12 Method of virtual work:
This method is based on the principle of virtual work, after predicting the possible
yield pattern and the axes of rotation, the slab, which is in equilibrium with the moments
and loads on the structure, is given an infinitesimal increase in load to cause the
structure further deflection. The principle of virtual work method is that the external
work done by the loads to cause a small virtual deflection should be equal to the internal
work done by the yield moments to cause the rotation in accommodating the virtual
deflection. The relation between the applied loads and the ultimate resisting moments of
the slab is obtained by equating the internal and external works. As the elastic
deflections and rotations are small compared to the plastic deformations and rotations,
they are neglected in the governing equation. Further, the compatibility of deflection
must be maintained. The work equation is written as follows: [1]
Σ w Δ = ΣM θ l
Where
w = collapse load,
Δ = vertical deflection through which the collapse load w moves,
M = moment capacity of the section per unit length,
θ = rotation of the slab segment satisfying the compatibility of deflection,
and
l = length of the yield line.
As mentioned earlier, both the methods of segmental equilibrium and virtual work
are upper bound methods. Therefore, the collapse load obtained by either method of

yield line analysis will be at the higher end of the true collapse load. Accordingly, each
of the two methods should be developed to get the correct solution for predicted
mechanism. However, the true collapse load will be obtained only if the correct
mechanism has been predicted.
Thus, the solution of any of the two upper bound methods has two essential parts:
(1) predicting the correct yield pattern, and (2) determining the geometric parameters
that define the exact location and orientation of the yield pattern and solving for the
relation between applied load and resisting moments.
2-13 Yield-Line Analysis of Slabs:
Under overload conditions in a slab failing in flexure, the reinforcement will yield
first in a region of high moment. When that occurs, this portion of the slab acts as a
plastic hinge, only able to resist its hinging moment. When the load is increased further,
the hinging region rotates plastically, and the moments due to additional loads are
redistributed to adjacent sections, causing them to yield, as shown. The bands in which
yielding has occurred are referred to as yield lines and divide the slab into a series of
elastic plates. Eventually, enough yield lines exist to form a plastic mechanism in which
the slab can deform plastically without an increase in the applied load. The yield-line
analysis method for slabs actually brings more continuity between the analysis of load
effects and analysis of member strengths. In general design, moments and shears from
an elastic analysis are compared to plastic member strengths, using appropriate load
factors and strength-reduction factors. In the yield-line method for slabs, the loads
required to develop a plastic mechanism are compared directly to the plastic resistance
(nominal strength) of the member. Load factors and strength-reduction factors can be
incorporated into the procedure, as will be shown in some later examples. A yield-line
analysis uses rigid plastic theory to compute the failure loads corresponding to given
plastic moment resistances in various parts of the slab. It does not give any information
about deflections or about the loads at which yielding first starts. Although the concept

of yield-line analysis was first presented by A. Ingerslev in 1921–1923, K. W. Johansen
developed modern yield-line theory. [1]
Fig. (2-3) Yield line mechanism for rectangular slabs with hinge support at edge. [1]
2-14 General Principles of Yield Line Analysis:

Yield line analysis is founded upon the principle of conservation of energy: the work
performed by an external force moving through a distance is equal to the internal work
performed by rotations about plastic hinges that resist the external force. The yield line
analysis method provides an upper limit estimate of the maximum ultimate resistance, of a
slab for an assumed mode of failure. The slab is assumed to fail by deflecting until plastic
hinges form along the supports and in the interior of the slab. These plastic hinges or yield
lines subdivide the slab into planar sectors that rotate about these hinges until maximum
deflection or failure occurs. Any of several geometric combinations of plastic hinges can
describe a valid mode for failure (failure mechanism) of a given slab, and each must be
checked to determine which describes the lowest value of mu. The failure mechanism that
defines the lowest value of mu will require the least amount of energy to fail. The
assumption of an incorrect failure mechanism for a slab will result in either over predicting
the ultimate resistance of the element or in an undefined solution. This underscores the
importance of checking all of the credible failure mechanisms for a slab to ensure the most
reliable mu has been identified. There are two methods available in yield line analysis that
can be used to calculate mu: the virtual work method and the equilibrium method. Each
method has its advantages and disadvantages as a design/analysis tool. [1]

Chapter
Three
Chapter Three Rules of Yield line theory
Chapter Three
Rules of Yield Line theory
3-1 Introduction:
In the case of two-way slab systems, which are statically indeterminate, detailed
inelastic analysis (yield line analysis) is conducted. The moment coefficients given in the
Code for two-way rectangular slabs with various possible edge conditions are based on
Yield Line Analysis. ‘Yield line analysis’ is the equivalent for a two-dimensional flexural
member (plate or slab) of the limit analysis of a one-dimensional member (continuous
beam), Yield lines– Typical crack patterns – generated when ultimate moment is reached
Characteristics of yield lines are, [1]
i) Yield lines are straight
ii) Yield lines end at supporting edges of slab
iii) Yield lines passes through intersection of axis of rotation of adjacent slab elements
iv) Axis of rotation lies along lines of supports and passes over columns
Fig. (3-1) Typical interior panel in a two-way slab system and Yield line pattern under uniformly
distributed collapse load. [1]

Fig. (3-2) Deflected shape at collapse (section A-A). [1]
3-2 Assumptions of Yield Line Theory:

The following are the assumptions of the yield line analysis of reinforced concrete slabs: [1]
1. The steel reinforcement is fully yielded along the yield lines at collapse. Rotation following
yield is at constant moment.
2. The slab deforms plastically at collapse and is separated into segments by the yield lines.
The individual segments of the slab behave elastically.
3. The elastic deformations are neglected and plastic deformations are only considered. The
entire deformations, therefore, take place only along the yield lines. The individual segments
of the slab remain plane even in the collapse condition.
4. The bending and twisting moments are uniformly distributed along the yield lines. The
maximum values of the moments depend on the capacities of the section based on the amount
of reinforcement provided in the section.
5. The yield lines are straight lines as they are the lines of intersection between two planes.
3-3 Rules of yield lines:
The two terms, positive and negative yield lines, are used in the analysis to designate the
yield lines for positive bending moments having tension at the bottom and negative bending
moments having tension at the top of the slab, respectively. [1]
The following are the guidelines for predicting the yield lines and axes of rotation:
1. Yield lines between two intersecting planes are straight lines.
2. Positive yield line will be at the mid-span of one-way simply supported slabs.
3. Negative yield lines will occur at the supports in addition to the positive yield lines at the
mid-span of one-way continuous slabs.

4. Yield lines will occur under point loads and they will be radiating outward from the point of
application of the point loads.
5. Yield line between two slab segments should pass through the point of intersection of the
axes of rotation of the adjacent slab segments.
6. Yield lines should end at the boundary of the slab or at another yield line.
7. Yield lines represent the axes of rotation.
8. Supported edges of the slab will also act as axes of rotation. However, the fixed supports
provide constant resistance to rotation having negative yield lines at the supported edges. On
the other hand, axes of rotation at the simply supported edges will not provide any resistance
to rotation of the segment.
9. Axis of rotation will pass over any column support, if provided, whose orientation will
depend on other considerations.

Chapter
Four
Chapter Four Yield line solution
Chapter Four
Yield Line Solution Examples
4-1 yield line examples:
Different types of reinforced concrete slabs system of different support conditions have been
analyzed using yield line theory to determine the maximum resisting moment, the result of
resisting moments obtained, were compared with others those obtained by using software
program (STAAD-PRO).
►Case (1)◄
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = ∑ 𝑊. 𝛿 = ∑[𝑊𝑠𝑢 ∗ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∗ 𝛿]

𝑎𝐿 𝛿
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = [𝑊𝑠𝑢 ∗ ( ) ∗ ( )] ∗ 2
2 2
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑠𝑢 . 𝑎. 𝐿. 𝛿/2
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. = ∑[𝑚 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝜃]
𝛿
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. = (𝑚. 𝑎. 𝐿 ) ∗ 2
2
4𝑚𝑎
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. =( )∗𝛿
𝐿
𝛿 4𝑚𝑎
→ 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. → 𝑊𝑠𝑢 . 𝑎. 𝐿. = 𝛿
2 𝐿
𝑊𝑠𝑢. 𝐿2
→𝑚= 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
8
If the load=1 kN/m2 then m=1*1*1/8=0.125 from staad pro m=0.126 kN.m/m
Fig. (4-1) slab case (1).

Fig. (4-2) slab case (1) deformation and moments from staad pro.

►Case (2)◄
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑃. 𝛿
𝛿
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. = (𝑚. 𝐿. 𝐿 )*4
2
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 8𝑚. 𝛿
→ 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. → 𝑃. 𝛿 = 8𝑚. 𝛿
𝑃
→𝑚= 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚′
8
If the load=1 kN/m2 then m=1/8=0.125 from staad pro m=0.19 kN.m/m

Fig. (4-4) slab case (2) moments and stress from staad pro.
►Case (3)◄
𝛿
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑠𝑢 ∗ 𝑎𝐿.
2
𝛿
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 𝑚. 𝑎.
𝐿
𝛿 𝛿
→ 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. → 𝑊𝑠𝑢 . 𝑎. 𝐿. = 𝑚𝑎
2 𝐿
𝑊𝑠𝑢 . 𝐿2
→𝑚= 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚′
2
Fig. (4-6) slab case (3) moments from staad pro.

► Case (4)◄
Given 𝑊𝑠𝑢 = 10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = ∑ 𝑊 . 𝛿
2.5 ∗ 2.5 𝛿 𝛿 2.5 ∗ 5 𝛿
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑠𝑢 [ ∗ ∗ 4 + 2 ∗ 2.5 ∗ ∗ 2 + ∗ ∗ 2]
2 3 2 2 3
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 13.33𝑊𝑠𝑢 . 𝛿 = 13.33 ∗ 10 ∗ 𝛿 = 133.33𝛿
𝛿 𝛿
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. = (𝑚 ∗ 7 ∗ ) ∗ 2 + (𝑚 ∗ 5 ∗ ) ∗ 2 = 9.6𝑚. 𝛿
2.5 2.5
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. → 133.33𝛿 = 9.6𝑚. 𝛿 → 𝑚 = 13.89 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚′
from staad pro Mx=10.5 kN.m/m My=18 kN.m/m.

Fig. (4-8) slab case (4) moments and stress from staad pro.

► Case (5): Special Beam Slab System of Different Support conditions◄
A rectangular slab of length 6m and width 4m with continuance edge in one side and simply
supported in two sides, and free edge in one.

Fig. (4-10) slab case (5) moments, deformation and stress from staad pro.

◄Case (6)►
𝑘𝑁
Given: 𝑊𝑠𝑢 = 22 , 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑚2
3∗6 𝛿 3∗3 𝛿 𝛿
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑠𝑢 [ ∗ + ∗ ∗ 2 + 3 ∗ 1 ∗ ∗ 2]
2 3 2 3 2
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 9𝑊𝑠𝑢 . 𝛿 = 9 ∗ 22 ∗ 𝛿 = 198𝛿
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. = ∑ 𝑚𝐿𝜃
𝛿 𝛿
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 𝑚 ∗ 6 ∗ +𝑚∗4∗ ∗2
3 3
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 4.67𝑚𝛿
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. → 198𝛿 = 4.67𝑚𝛿 → 𝑚 = 42.43 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
From staad pro mx=62.9 kN.m/m


◄Case (7)►
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑊𝑠𝑢 = 15 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = ∑ 𝑊. 𝛿
2∗4 𝛿 2∗2 𝛿 2 ∗ 2 2𝛿
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑠𝑢 ( ∗ ∗ 2) + ( ∗ ∗ 6) + ( ∗ ∗ 2)
2 3 2 3 2 3
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
+ (2 ∗ 4 ∗ ∗ 2) + (2 ∗ 2 ∗ ) + (2 ∗ 6 ∗ )
2 2 2
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 25.33𝑊𝑠𝑢 . 𝛿 = 25.33 ∗ 15 ∗ 𝛿 = 380𝛿
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 𝑚 ∗ 4 ∗ + 𝑚 ∗ 8 ∗ + 𝑚 ∗ 10 ∗ + 𝑚 ∗ 4 ∗
2 2 2 2
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
+𝑚∗8∗ +𝑚∗6∗ +𝑚∗2∗ ∗2
2 2 2

→ 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚 = 𝑚′
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 22𝑚 𝛿
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. → 380𝛿 = 22𝑚𝛿 → 𝑚 = 𝑚′ = 17.27 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚

◄Case (8)►
𝑘𝑁 25𝑁
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑊𝑠𝑢 = 15 , 𝑓𝑐𝑢 =
𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2

9∗6 𝛿 3∗2
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑠𝑢 [ ∗ − ∗ 0.78𝛿] ∗ 2
2 3 2
12 ∗ 4.5 𝛿 4 ∗ 1.5
+ 𝑊𝑠𝑢 [ ∗ − ∗ 0.78𝛿] ∗ 2
2 3 2
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 26.64𝑊𝑠𝑢 . 𝛿 = 26.64 ∗ 15 ∗ 𝛿 = 399.6
𝛿 𝛿
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 𝑚 ∗ 6 ∗ ∗2+𝑚∗8∗ ∗2
6 4.5
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 5.56𝑚𝛿
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. → 399.6𝛿 = 5.56𝑚𝛿 → 𝑚 = 88.73 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚′
From staad pro mx=131 kN.m/m


◄Case (9)►
Given: Wsu =15 KN/m2 , fcu =25 N/mm2

wext. =∑ W.δ
1.0∗1.4 𝛿 𝛿 3∗2.1 2𝛿 1∗1.4 𝛿
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑠𝑢 [ ∗ * 4+3 * 1.4 * * 2 + ∗ ∗2+ ∗ ∗ 4 + 4.2 ∗ 1
2 3 2 2 3 2 3
𝛿 4.2∗1.5 2𝛿
∗ ∗2+ ∗ ∗ 2]
2 2 3
𝑤𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 18.67𝑤𝑠𝑢 .δ=18.67*15*δ=280δ
𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 𝑚 ∑L𝜃
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 𝑚 ∗ 5 ∗ *2+ 𝑚 *7* *2+ 𝑚 *3* *2+ 𝑚 *4.2* *2
1.4 1 2.1 1.5
, 𝛿 , 𝛿
+𝑚 *3* *2+𝑚 *4.2* *2
2.1 1.5
Assume 𝑚 = 𝑚,

wint. = 38.06mδ
wext. = wint. → 280δ=38.06mδ → m = m, =7.36 KN.m/m,
From staad pro mx=10 kN.m/m My=9 kN.m/m

◄Case (10)►
𝑊𝑠𝑢 =22 KN/𝑚2 , 𝑃𝑢 =25K , 𝑓𝑐𝑢 =25 N/𝑚𝑚2

Mc total = ωsu *area*xc.g

5.0∗2.4 2.4
Mc total = 22.0* *
2 3
Mc total = 105.6 KN.m
Mc total 105.6
mc = = =21.12 KN.m/m,
5 5
Wext. = ∑W.δ
16∗2.5 δ 4∗1.25 δ
Wext. = ωsu [ ∗ − ∗ ∗ 2]+Pu . δ
2 3 2 6
10∗2.8 δ 5∗1.4 δ
+ ωsu [ ∗ − ∗ ]∗2
2 3 2 6
Wext. = 14 ωsu .δ + Pu . δ = 14*22*δ + 40 * δ =348 δ
Wint = ∑ m.Lθ
δ δ δ δ
Wint = m * 8 * + m′ ∗ 8 ∗ + m * 6.05 * * 2 + mc * 5 * * 2
2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8
Assume m = m, → Wint =10.72mδ + 75.43 δ
m = m, = 25.43 KN.m\m,


◄Case (11)►
Given: 𝑤𝑠𝑢 =20KN/𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑐𝑢 =25 N/𝑚𝑚2
Wext. = ∑ W.δ
δ 2δ 2.0∗2.5 2.5∗2.0 2δ
Wext. = ωsu [5.0*2.0* + 2.0*2.5* + *0.89δ]* 4 +ωsu [ * ]*4
2 3 2 2 3
Wext. = 48.9ωsu , δ = 48.9 ∗ 20 ∗ δ =978 δ
Wint. =∑ m.Lθ
δ δ
Wint. = m*6.4* * 4 +(m+m, )*3.2* ∗4
4.68 1.56
Assume m = m,
Wint. = 21.88mδ
Wext. = Wint. → 978δ = 21.88mδ → m = m, = 44.70 KN.m/m,
From staad pro mx=33.3 kN.m/m My=39.7 kN.m/m


◄Case (12)►
Given: wsu =25 KN/m2 , pu = 50 KN , fcu =25 N/mm2
Wext. = ∑ W. δ
2.0∗2.0 δ δ
Wext. = ωsu [ ∗ ∗ 8 + 2.0 ∗ 2.0 ∗ ∗ 4 ] + Pu ∗ δ ∗ 4
2 3 2
Wext. =13.33 ωsu δ+4Pu * δ = 13.33*25* δ+4*50 δ=533.33 δ
Wint. =∑ m.Lθ
δ δ
Wint. = [ m ∗ 4 ∗ + 𝑚′ ∗ 4 ∗ ]*4
2.0 2.0
assume m=m, → Wint. = 16 mδ

Wext. = Wint. → 533.33δ=16mδ
m=m, = 33.33 KN.m\m,
From staad pro mx=51.3 kN.m/m My=51.3 kN.m/m


◄Case (13)►
𝑘𝑁
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑊𝑠𝑢 = 22 , 𝑃𝑢 = 15 𝑘𝑁 , 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑚2
2.0 ∗ 1.5 2𝛿 𝛿 5𝛿
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑠𝑢 [ ∗ ∗ 2 + 2.0 ∗ 3.0 ∗ ∗ 2 + 1.0 ∗ 1.5 ∗ ∗ 2]
2 9 3 6
2.0 ∗ 1.5 2𝛿 𝛿 2𝛿
+ 𝑊𝑠𝑢 [ ∗ ∗ 2 + 2.0 ∗ 1.5 ∗ ] + 𝑃𝑢 ∗ ∗4
2 9 3 3
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 8.83𝑊𝑠𝑢 𝛿 + 2.67𝑃𝑢 ∗ 𝛿 = 8.83 ∗ 22 ∗ 𝛿 + 2.67 ∗ 15𝛿 = 234.33𝛿
𝛿 𝛿 2𝛿
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 𝑚 ∗ 3 ∗ ∗ 2 + 𝑚′ ∗ 4.5 ∗ ∗ 2 + 𝑚 ∗ 4.0 ∗
3.0 3.0 3 ∗ 1.5
𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚 = 𝑚′ → 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 6.78𝑚𝛿
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. → 234.33𝛿 = 6.78𝑚𝛿
𝑚 = 𝑚′ = 34.57 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚\𝑚′

◄Case (14) Two-Way Solid Slab ►
Case 1:
4p 314.66 1
( )=4Mn ( 2 )(233.35)
4 431.34 431.34
P
Mn= minimum kN. m/m
5.932752813
Case 2:

2P 2P 1
+ (140/305 )=2Mn ( 660)
4 4 305
P
Mn= minimum kN. m/m
5.93258427
Case 3:
4p 1
(0.5)=4Mn (660)
4 330
P
Mn= kN. m/m To high so not used
16

◄Case (15) Two-Way Slab with (100x100) Opening at Center ►
Case 1:
4p 314.66 1
( )=4Mn ( 2)(197.99)
4 395.98 395.95
P
Mn= minimum kN. m/m
5.03375
Case 2:
2P 2P 1
+ ( 140/305 )=2Mn (560)
4 4 305
P
Mn= minimum kN. m/m
5.033707865
Case 3: to high not used

◄Case (16) One-Way Solid Slab ►
Case 1:
P 300 1
(400)x2 = 2Mn (400)
2x(400) 450 450
P
Mn= minimum kN. m/m
2.667
Case 2:
P P 300 1 1
(400) + x (400) = Mn (400) + Mn (400)
2x(400) 2x(400) 600 300 600
P
Mn= minimum kN. m/m
2.667
Case 3:
P 1
(400)x2 = 2Mn x(400)
2x(400) 300
P
Mn= minimum kN. m/m
2.667
◄Case (17) One-Way Solid Slab ►
Case 1:

P 300 1
(400)x2 = 2Mn (300)
2(400) 450 450
P
Mn= minimum kN. m/m
2.0
Case 2:
Same as solid
Case 3:
Same as solid

Chapter
Five
Chapter Five Flat Slab
Chapter Five
Flat Slab Example
5-1 Case (1): a flat slab without marginal beam:
Fig. (5-1) flat slab.
Fig. (5-2) yield line pattern.
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
Given: 𝐹. 𝐶. +𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡. = 3.02
𝐿. 𝐿 = 4.0 2
𝑚 𝑚
𝑅𝑒𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑: 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑦 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦

& 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠.
Solution
600
𝑡𝑠 = = 18.75 𝑐𝑚 → 𝑡𝑠 = 20𝑐𝑚
32
𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑠𝑢 = 1.2 ∗ [𝑡𝑠 𝛾𝑐 + 𝐹. 𝑐 + 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡. ] + 1.6𝐿. 𝐿
𝑚2
𝑊𝑠𝑢 = 1.2[0.20 ∗ 25 + 3.0] + 1.6 ∗ 4.0
𝑊𝑠𝑢 = 16.0 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝛿
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝜔𝑠𝑢 3.0 ∗ 3.0 ∗ 4 = 18𝜔𝑠𝑢 = 18 ∗ 16 = 288 𝛿
2
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ∑ 𝑚𝐿𝜃
𝛿 𝛿
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 𝑚 ∗ 4.24 ∗ ∗ 4 + 𝑚′ ∗ 2.12 ∗ ∗4
4.24 4.24
𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚′ = 1.5𝑚
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 7𝑚 𝛿
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡. → 288 𝛿 = 7𝑚 𝛿
𝑚
→ 𝑚 = 41.14 𝑘𝑁. ′
𝑚
Maximum moments from staad pro mx=46.8 kN.m/m My=46.8 kN.m/m
Fig. (5-3) staad pro results case 1.


5-2 Case (2): a flat slab with marginal beam:
Fig. (5-4) flat slab with beam.

Fig. (5-5) yield line pattern.

5-3 Case (3): a flat slab without marginal beam:
The Fig shown below is the plan of flat slab has three equal spans at direction X of 6 m
length and three spans at direction Y of length 6 m for the edges spans and 4 m length
for middle span. The slab is subjected to uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m2. By
considering a reasonable pattern of positive and negative yield lines, the ultimate
resisting moment (M) can be obtained for each panel as:
Fig. (5-6) flat slab without beam.

 Analysis of External Corner Panel S1
Panel S1 is the square panel has length of 6 m each with two adjacent edges
discontinuous and continuous in other two edges, by considering a reasonable pattern of
positive and negative yield lines:
 Analysis of Edge Panel S2
Panel S2 is the square panel has length of 6m with one edge discontinuous and three
edges continuous.
Fig (5-7) Expected Yield Line Pattern of slab S1 and S2.

 Analysis of edge Panel S3
Panel S3 is the rectangular panel has length of 6m and 4m width with one edge
discontinuous and three edges continuous.
 Analysis of edge Panel S4
Panel S4 is the rectangular panel has length of 6m and width 4m with four edges
continuous.


The results obtained for the ultimate resisting moments for each slab of reinforced
concrete flat slabs were summarized at table and were compared with value obtained by
using STAAD-Pro Software.
Fig. (5-9) Staad pro results case 3.


Table (5-1) ultimate resisting moments for flat slabs.

Slab Moments by yield line Mx Moments by Staad My Moments by Staad
theory kN.m/m Pro kN.m/m Pro kN.m/m
S1 61.8 Maximum moment Mx=56.8 kN.m/m
S2 52.0 Maximum moment My=59.3 kN.m/m
S3 48.02
S4 27.6
5-4 Case (4): Analysis of Beam Slab System

The Fig below is the plan of slab with beam has three equal spans at X direction of 6 m
length and three spans at Y direction of length 6 m for the edges spans and 4 m length
for middle span. The slab is subjected to uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m2. By
considering a reasonable pattern of positive and negative yield lines, the ultimate
moment (M) can be obtained for each slabs.
 Analysis of External Corner Slab S5
Panel S5 is the square panel has length of 6 m each with two adjacent edges
discontinuous and continuous in other two sides.
 Analysis of Edge Slab S6
Panel S6 is the square panel has length of 6m with one edge discontinuous and three
edges continuous.

 Analysis of Edge Slab S7
Panel S7 is the rectangular panel has length of 6m and width 4m with one edge
discontinuous and three edges continuous.
 Analysis of Interior Slab S8
Panel S8 is the rectangular panel has length of 6m and width 4m with four edges
continuous.
Fig (5-11) Expected Yield Line Pattern of Interior Panel S7 and S8.
The results obtained for the ultimate moments for each panel of reinforced concrete
slabs with beams are summarized as shown in Table and compared with others obtained
by using STAAD-Pro Software.
Maximum moment Mx=56.8 kN.m/m
Maximum moment My=59.3 kN.m/m

Fig. (5-12) Staad pro results case 4.

Chapter
Six
Chapter Six Conclusions and Recommendations
Chapter Six
Conclusions & Recommendations
6-1 Conclusions:
A slab may be designed by any procedure satisfying conditions for equilibrium and
geometrical compatibility if shown that the design strength at every section is at least
equal to the required strength, and that all serviceability conditions, including specified
limits on deflections, are met.
Slabs come in a wide amount of shapes, and have been adapted throughout history
for a wide number of factors. RCC slab can be various types depending on various
criteria. Such as ribbed slab, flat slab, solid slab, continuous slab, simply supported slab
etc. In this project yield line analysis for calculation of Moment were used.
6-2 From compare the results between hands calculate and the program we find that:
 The advantages of using computer program is faster to analysis the structural
element and time consuming.
 The programs very fast so that the results show according a minute while the hand
calculating take a long time.
 The degree of agreement of the results with the program is good.
 Accuracy of the results depends upon the inputs accuracy.
 It's very easy for user while the hand calculate should be have more information
for slab design and be more accrue in calculate.
6-3 Conclusions on Basis of this study can be drawn are as follows:
1. By using yield line theory, different types of reinforced concrete slabs are used to
determine the ultimate resisting moments and their locations.
2. One of the most popular methods of application in yield line theory is the virtual
work method that was used in this research to analysis and assessment different

Chapter Six Conclusions and Recommendations
models of reinforced concrete slabs of different shapes and different support
conditions.
3. Results confirm that software program STAAD Pro is very close to manual
calculations by yield line theory.
4. Staad pro was able to give approximated deflected shape to that of yield line
theory.
5. The percentages range between the results of bending moments for the slab that
were compared with others those obtained by using STAAD-Pro software. This
results confirm to the software program STAAD-Pro with manual calculations,
the results were classified as very good once.
6-4 Recommendations:
1- Design and analysis of another and complex shapes of slabs.
2- use another programs for design and analysis of slabs.

References
1. G. Kennedy MSc (Eng), CEng MICE C. H. Goodchild BSc, CEng, MCIOB,
MIStructE, “Practical Yield Line Design” Published by The Concrete Centre,
Published September 2004, Price Group L. © The Concrete Centre.
2. D. Fanella, I. Alsamsam, “The Design of Concrete Floor Systems”, PCA
Professional Development Series, 2005.
3. Tim Gudmand-Høyer, “Yield line Theory for Concrete Slabs Subjected to
Axial Force” Rapport BYG·DTU R073, 2003, DANMARKS TEKN I S K E
UNIVERSITET.
4. McGregor, J.G. “Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design”, Prentice Hall,
New Jersey, 1997.
5. Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin, Charls W. Dolan, "Design of concrete
structures",13th edition.
6. Yield Line Analysis for Slabs, Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur, “Basic Principles,
Theory and One-way Slabs”.
7. Yield Line Analysis for Slabs, Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur, “Two-way
Rectangular, Square, Triangular and Circular Slabs”.
8. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI318-14) and
Commentary (ACI 318R-14), American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 9094,
Farmington Hills, Michigan.
9. Arthur H. Nilson, George Winter, "Design of concrete structures",10th edition.
10.AUTO-CAD, Autodesk, 2013, http://www.autodesk.com.
11.STAAD.Pro V8iSSS, Copyright attribution: ©2014, Bentley Systems,
http://www. Bentley.com.
Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs

‫جمهورية العراق‬
‫كلية المنصور الجامعة‬
‫قسم الهندسة المدنية‬
‫مشروع تخرج‬
‫العام الدراسي‬
‫‪2016-2017‬‬
‫تحليل مختلف االشكال من البالطات‬

‫الخرسانية بواسطة نظرية خط الخضوع‬
‫هذا المشروع هو جزء من متطلبات الحصول على شهادة البكالوريوس في الهندسة‬
‫المدنية‪.‬‬
‫اعداد‬
‫عبدهللا باسم محمد‬

‫منذر وليد زامل‬
‫زيد علي محمد‬
‫ايه ايمن عبدالكريم‬
‫اشراف‬
‫د‪ .‬عال عادل قاسم‬
‫هـ ‪1438‬‬ ‫بغداد‬ ‫‪ 2017‬م‬
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Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs

Thesis · January 2017

Ola Adel Qasim

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Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs I

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs II

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs III

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs IV

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs V

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs VI

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs VII

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs VIII

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 1

Fig. (1-1) Multi story reinforced concrete building. [1]

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 2

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 3

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 4

Fig. (1-2) Flat Plate System. [2]

1-4-2 Ribbed and waffle slabs

Fig. (1-3) Ribbed and waffle slabs. [2]

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 5

Fig. (1-4) Corrugated Slab System. [2]

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 6

Fig. (1-5) One-way slabs System. [2]

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 7

Fig. (1-6) Two-way slab System. [2]

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 8

Fig. (1-7) Slabs-Beam System. [3]

1-8 Openings in Slabs:

Fig. (1-8) Opening in Slab. [1]

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 9

Fig. (1-9) beam structural element. [1]

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 10

Fig. (1-10) Exterior and interior column. [1]

1-12 This study is divided into Six chapters:

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 11

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 12

Fig. (2-1) yield line pattern of simply supported slab. [1]

2-2 Types of Load:

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 13

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 14

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 15

Fig. (2-2) cracks in slabs. [1]

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 16

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 17

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 18

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 19

2-14 General Principles of Yield Line Analysis:

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 20

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 21

Fig. (3-2) Deflected shape at collapse (section A-A). [1]

3-2 Assumptions of Yield Line Theory:

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 22

Yield Line Analysis of Various Shapes of R.C. Slabs 23

Mc total = ωsu areaxc.g