Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium: Thesis

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Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium
Thesis · May 2017

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15447.98729
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Republic of Iraq
Al-Mansour University College
Civil Engineering department
Research project
Study year
2016-2017

This project is in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a
B.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Prepared By
1.Zahraa Ameer
2.Hussain Unis
3.Hussain Ali Hashim
Supervised by
Dr. Ola Adel Qasim
A.D 2017 Baghdad The Hegira Date:1438

SUPERVISR’S CERTIFICATE
I certify that the preparation of the project entitled:
Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium.
was prepared under my supervision at Al-Mansour

University College as a partial fulfillment of the requirements
for a B.Sc Degree in Civil Engineering.
Supervisor’s Signature:
Name:
Date:
COMMITTEE CERTIFICATE
We certify that the project entitled: Analysis and Design

of Steel Truss Stadium.
was prepared, corrected and defended by the students and in
our opinion it meets the standards of a graduation project for a
B.Sc. Degree at Al-Mansour University College.
Signature:
(Chairman) Name:
Date:
Signature:
(Member) Name:
Date:
Supervisor Signature:
and
(member) Name:
Date:
‫جمهورية العراق‬
‫كلية المنصور الجامعة‬
‫قسم الهندسة المدنية‬
‫مشروع تخرج‬
‫العام الدراسي‬
‫‪2016-2017‬‬
‫تحليل وتصميم جملون حديدي لملعب‬

‫رياضي‬
‫هذا المشروع هو جزء من متطلبات الحصول على شهادة البكالوريوس في الهندسة‬
‫المدنية‪.‬‬
‫اعداد‬
‫‪.1‬زهراء امير‬
‫‪.2‬حسين يونس‬
‫‪.3‬حسين علي هاشم‬
‫اشراف‬
‫د‪ .‬عال عادل قاسم‬
‫هـ ‪1438‬‬ ‫بغداد‬ ‫‪ 2017‬م‬

Abstract
ABSTRACT
The principle objective of this project is to analyze and design steel stadium, the
design was made by hand calculations according to (AISC LRFD manual) and
compare the results by using STAAD.PRO. In order to design, it is important to first
obtain the plan of the particular stadium such that they serve their respective purpose
and also complying with the requirements.
This research specifies the design and analysis of steel truss stadium using Staad
Pro program. This project has of 28 m width and 44 m length and truss high of 9 m.
STAAD PRO has a very interactive user interface which allows the user to draw
the frame and input the load values dimensions and materials properties. Then
according to the specified criteria assigned it analysis the structure and design the
members with reinforcement details.
The design process of structural planning and design requires not only
imagination and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of science of structural
engineering besides the knowledge of practical aspects, such as recent design codes,
bye laws, backed up by ample experience, intuition and judgment. The purpose of
standards is to ensure and enhance the safety, keeping careful balance between
economy and safety. This project deals with many computer programs for completing
the work.
Objective of the Study:
The objectives of this study are as follows:
To analyze and design of the steel stadium with steel roof truss.
To realize the design concept for steel stadium.
Comparison of hand calculations with staad pro program.
Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium I

List of Contents
PAGE
SUBJECT
NO.
Acknowledgment.
Abstract. I
List of Contents. II
List of Symbols IV
List of Tables. V
List of Figures. VI
Chapter One:- Introduction.
1-1 Introduction. 1
1-2 Overview of Stadium. 2
1-3 Truss. 2
1-4 Types of Trusses. 4
1-5 The erection methodology. 6
1-6This study is divided into seventh chapters. 7
Chapter Two:- Types of Loads.
2-1 Loads. 8
2-2 Types of Loads. 8
Chapter Three:- steel design
3-1 Method of steel design. 11
3-2 Component Parts. 12
3-3 Internal Member Forces. 12
3-4 Example. 13
3-5 Problem definition. 14
3-6 Analysis. 16
3-6-1 Computation of loads. 16
3-6-2 Shape and dimensions of a single truss. 18
3-6-3 Equilibrium. 20
Chapter Four: - Staad pro analysis.
4-1 Selection of truss member. 26
4-2 Design of tension member. 27
4-3 Design of compression member. 28
4-4 Assumptions. 30
4-5 Sketches of connections. 32
Chapter Five: comparison of sections selected with STAAD Pro Program.
5-1 Design Operations. 34
5-2 Code Checking. 35
5-3 Design Parameters. 36
5-4 purpose of comparison. 37
5-5 Design of tension member by AISC manual by (LRFD method) and STAAD 38
PRO program (Check the adequacy of members based on specifications of the
desired code).
Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium II

5-6 Design of Compression member by AISC manual by (LRFD method) and 42
STAAD PRO program (Check the adequacy of members based on specifications of
the desired code).
5-7 Design of tension member by STAAD PRO program (Select Least weight section 47
size based on specifications of the desired code. The selection is done using the
results from the most recent analysis and iterating on section sizes until a least
weight size is obtained and Optimum section).
5-8 Design of compression member by STAAD PRO program (Select Least weight 51
section size based on specifications of the desired code. The selection is done using
the results from the most recent analysis and iterating on section sizes until a least
5-9 Comparisons between methods. 56
Chapter Six: Conclusions and Recommendation.
6-1 Conclusions. 58
6-2 Recommendation 58
References.
Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium III

List of Symbols
Symbol Definition
fu Ultimate strength (MPa).
d Effective depth length (mm)
b Width of section (mm).
h Height of section (mm)
A Area of section (mm2).
f'c Concrete compressive strength (MPa).
fy Yielding strength (MPa).
Pu Axial Force (kN).
Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium IV

List of Tables
Table PAGE
Subject
No. NO.
Chapter Four:- staad pro analysis.
(4-1) Member forces. 26
(4-2) Design of tension member. 27
(4-3) Design of Compression Member. 28
(4-4) All connections design. 31
Chapter Five:- comparison of sections selected with STAAD Pro Program.
(5-1) Comparison of Design results with ASCE manual by (LRFD method) and 38
STAAD PRO in Tension Member.
STAAD PRO in Compression Member.
STAAD PRO in Tension Member.
STAAD PRO in Compression Member.
(5-5) comparisons between methods of analysis. 56
(5-6) Reason for the different in comparisons between methods of analysis. 57
Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium V

List of Figures
Figure PAGE
Subject
No. NO.
Chapter One:- Introduction.
(1-1) Steel stadium platform. 4
(1-2) Three dimensional stadium platform view. 6
Chapter Two:- Types of Loads.
(2-1) dead load. 8
(2-1) Live load. 9
(2-3) snow load. 10
Chapter Three:- steel design
(3-1) Type of steel truss members. 12
(3-2) Typical Truss connections. 12
(3-3) Plan of cover stadium. 15
(3-4) Divisions of plan of the stage stadium. 16
(3-5) divisions parts of the steel stadium. 18
(3-6) Full steel stadium. 19
(3-7) Staad pro steel stadium. 19
(3-8) Staad pro steel stadium covered with steel plate. 20
(3-9) Staad pro full steel stadium nodes. 22
(3-10) Staad pro full steel stadium properties. 22
(3-11) Staad pro full steel stadium loads. 23
(3-12) Staad pro full steel stadium displacement. 23
(3-13) Staad pro full steel stadium stresses. 24
(3-14) Staad pro full steel stadium reactions. 25
(3-15) Staad pro full steel stadium axial forces. 25
Chapter Four: - staad pro analysis.
(4-1) Staad pro full steel members. 26
(4-2) Steel members selected. 29
(4-3) Steel member’s connections. 33
Chapter Five:- comparison of sections selected with STAAD Pro Program.
(5-1) Steel truss. 37
(5-2) Staad Pro results based on check the adequacy of members. 38
(5-3) Staad Pro results based on check the adequacy of members 43
(5-4) Staad Pro results based on the least weight. 47
(5-5) Staad Pro results based on least weight. 52
Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium VI

Chapter
One
Chapter one Introduction
Chapter One
Introduction
1-1 Introduction:
Building be using steel material has become a major trend in all over the world
because of many advantages that steel provide. Steel material has many properties that
made him better than using concrete in building. Such like easy of formation as it is a very
ductile material, also it is lighter than concrete and it also save time and in cost.
The process of design using steel material is similar to other processes, it begins with
study the design problem in all its dimensions, structurally, environmentally, costly and its
usefulness. Then the process of design begins by settling models and do calculations and
feedback. Then finally get to the appropriate design by trials.
A stadium is a place or venue for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events
and consists of a field or stage either partly or completely surrounded by a tiered structure
designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.
Development of country’s infrastructure is of vital importance. Infrastructures such
as tall buildings, highways, long bridges, modern airports, international standard sport
complex, etc are needed. International football stadiums are one of infrastructure. The
stadium building itself should be a memorable landmark like many of the architectural
achievements of previous eras. Furthermore, people do all types of physical activities to
keep healthy or for enjoyment. Therefore, international standard football stadiums and
modern sport complex are needed to construct all over the country. Football stadiums are
not only places of emotion and fascination but also places where people celebrate football.
Today, football stadiums are being designed to fulfill particularly stringent criteria in
terms of comfort, safety and security. In this study, the analysis and design of football
stadium with steel roof truss is proposed.
Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 1

1-2 OVERVIEW OF STADIUM:

Modern stadium should be provided spacious and high-quality dressing rooms and
other facilities to ensure that players and match officials can carry out their activities in
comfort and safety. A football stadium should be covered to protect spectators from the
rain and from the glare of strong sunlight. In those parts of the world where relatively
constant sunshine is normal, the shade provided by a roof should be made available to all
spectators for at least a certain period of the game. As for roof and facade envelope of
proposed stadium, colorful steel plate and aluminum plate structure will be adopted. The
shape and type of stadium varies according to the community and types of matches will be
held.
Modern football stadiums should be designed so that all spectators are safe and
comfortable, have a perfect view of the pitch and have easy access to toilets and
refreshment facilities. Access and exit to and from the seats, both in normal and
emergency situations are carefully planned in this stadium All spectators should be seated.
Seats must be individual, affixed to the structure and comfortably shaped, with backrests
of a minimum height of one foot to provide support. Seats should be unbreakable,
fireproof and capable of withstanding the rigours of the prevailing climate without undue
deterioration or loss of color. Seats for VIPs should be wider and more comfortable and
should be located at the center of the field and separated from the rest of the seating areas.
1-3 Truss:
A truss is a structure consisting of members/elements that takes only tension or
compression and no bending is induced what so ever. The members are connected with a
joint that is either riveted, bolted or welded in such a way that has only axial forces are
induced in the structure. The reason behind axial forces is the reason that the external
loads are applied in such a way that their effects are in the form of forces applying only on
joints.

The other definition of truss it is structural member that is assembled in such a way
that forces are applied only on the ends. The function of a truss is to transfer load from
point of application to the supports as directly as possible.

Fig. (1-1) Steel stadium platform.

1-4 Types of Trusses:
A truss can be of two types as far as workspace is considered:
 Planar truss
 Space truss
Planar truss is that in which members lie in a two dimensional plane while space truss lies
in three dimension.
There is variety of trusses available depending on the requirement including span length
and loading condition
 Roof structure:
The roof is a big structure based on two cross-haired arches on the outside. They are
connected to two longitudinal beams that are fixed in correspondence with the playing
field's rectangle. Along the arches, semi-transparent panels can flow to completely close
the stadium, they will seal perfectly on the fixed part of the stadium to ensure a totally
closed stadium.
 The benefit of the stadium:
Stadium is a vehicle for exploring and expressing the ideas about the role of structure
in architecture, and about an architect’s realm of control in a building project. As the ideas
developed, the design of stadium tend to be much better-looked than their 20th centuries
predecessors. International stadium should be completed the following facilities. Modern
stadium should be provided spacious and high-quality dressing rooms and other facilities
to ensure that players and match officials can carry out their activities in comfort and
safety. A football stadium should be covered to protect spectators from the rain and from
the glare of strong sunlight. In those parts of the world where relatively constant sunshine
is normal, the shade provided by a roof should be made available to all spectators for at
least a certain period of the game. As for roof and facade envelope of proposed stadium,
colorful steel plate and aluminum plate structure will be adopted. The shape and type of
stadium varies according to the community and types of matches will be held. In proposed
stadium, the grandstand structure is made of granting stadium subsidies, governments
claim that the new or improved stadiums will bring positive benefits to the city.
Proponents tout improvements to the local economy as the primary benefits. The first way
this is accomplished is through the creation of jobs. New stadiums generate construction
jobs, and game attendees and team employees increase spending in the area, thereby
leading to more jobs created. Supporters further argue that the stadiums attract tourism and
businesses that lead to further spending and job creation. All of the increased spending
causes a multiplier effect that leads to more spending and job creation and eventually
finances the subsidy through increased tax revenues from ticket and concessions sales,
improved property values and more spending nearby the stadium.
Advocates for stadium subsidies also claim less quantifiable positive externalities,
such as civic pride and fan identification, so that hosting a major sports team becomes
something of a public good. Local sports fans enjoy the benefit even if they do not pay for
it.

Fig. (1-2) Three dimensional stadium platform view.

1-5 The erection methodology:
One of the main issues of the erection was the great length and weight of the main
trusses. Another significant issue that affected strongly the final erection methodology,
stemmed from the fact that the installation of a single truss on top of the columns did not
result into a laterally stable structure. Therefore, truss consisting of two main trusses,
purlins and horizontal and vertical bracings. Finally, the roof structure was divided into
many dual truss modules and truss modules, which were unavoidable due to geometric
restrictions. However, special care was given to the installation sequence of these truss
modules so as to be connected to completed and already stable roof subparts.
For the needs of the method statement, analysis models were setup in order to verify
that the roof structure has adequate strength to sustain the loads that may be applied on it

during the construction periods, for any temporary stage in which it may exist. Moreover,
the developed deflections and section forces under self-weight in critical components,
resulting at the end of the erection procedure, were compared against the corresponding
magnitudes that develop when the roof structure is analyzed as a whole (load application
on the completed structure). By this comparison it was verified that the erection procedure
did not actually alter the design assumptions. The AISC LRFD steel design was employed
for the verification of the structural members, for the primary design.
In order to verify that the erection procedure does not affect the shape of the roof, the
deflections at the edges of the trusses developing at the end of the installation sequence
were compared with the deflections that would occur if the self-weight of the roof would
have been applied on the completed structure (normal design procedure).
In order to verify that the erection procedure does not affect the design assumption,
i.e. that the self-weight is applied on the completed structure, the section forces that
develop at critical locations after the finalization of the erection procedure (staged
construction analysis) are compared with those that occur under the design assumption, for
critical structural components.
1-6This study is divided into seventh chapters:
 The first chapter presents the introduction.
 The second chapter contains types of load.
 The third chapter presents the steel design.
 The forth chapter presents the staad pro analysis.
 The fifth chapter presents the comparison of sections selected with STAAD Pro
Program.
 The sixth chapter presents the conclusions and recommendations.

Chapter
Two
Chapter Two Load Type
Chapter Two
Types of Loads
2-1 Loads:
loads are forces tending to effect and produce deformations, stresses or
displacement in structure stadiums are subjected to several types of loads. they are
gravity loads and lateral loads. gravity loads are caused by the gravitational pull of the
earth and act in vertical direction. gravity loads are further classified as dead loads and
live loads. the two primary lateral loads on stadiums are wind and earthquakes. design
load combinations are also used.
2-2 Types of Loads:
 Dead load:
The dead load includes loads that are relatively constant over time, including the
weight of the structure itself, and immovable fixtures such as walls, plasterboard or
carpet. The roof is also a dead load. Dead loads are also known as permanent or static
loads. Building materials are not dead loads until constructed in permanent position.
Give unit weight of building materials, parts, components. Loads consist of the weight
of all these material and fixed equipment incorporated into the building.
Fig. (2-1) dead load.

 Live load, Imposed loads, Transient load:

Live loads, or imposed loads, are temporary, of short duration, or a moving load.
These dynamic loads may involve considerations such as impact, momentum, vibration,
slosh dynamics of fluids and material fatigue.
Live loads, sometimes also referred to as probabilistic loads, include all the forces
that are variable within the object's normal operation cycle not including construction or
environmental loads. Roof and floor live loads are produced during maintenance by
workers, equipment and materials, and during the life of the structure by movable
objects, such as planters and people.
Fig. (2-2) Live load.
 Snow loads:
Snow develops in clouds that themselves are part of a larger weather system. The
physics of snow crystal development in clouds results from a complex set of variables
that include moisture content and temperatures. The resulting shapes of the falling and
fallen crystals can be classified into a number of basic shapes and combinations, thereof.
Occasionally, some plate-like, dendritic and stellar-shaped snowflakes can form under
clear sky with a very cold temperature inversion present.

Fig. (2-3) snow load.
 Winds load:
In the field of engineering it includes strong winds, which may cause discomfort, as
well as extreme winds, such as in a tornado, hurricane or heavy storm, which may cause
widespread destruction. In the fields of wind energy and air pollution it also includes
low and moderate winds as these are relevant to electricity production resp. dispersion of
contaminants
Wind engineering draws upon meteorology, fluid dynamics, mechanics, geographic
information systems and a number of specialist engineering disciplines including
aerodynamics, and structural dynamics. The tools used include atmospheric models,
atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnels, open jet facilities and computational fluid
dynamics models.
 Earthquake Load:
Nowadays, the structures are designed to resist in an earthquake according to lateral
force design.

Chapter
Three
Chapter Three Design of Slabs
Chapter Three
Steel Design
3-1 Method of steel design:
All parts of the steel framework of a structure should be capable of sustaining the
most adverse combination of the dead loads, superimposed load and floor loads, wind
loads, seismic forces where applicable and any other forces or loads to which the building
may be reasonably subjected without exceeding the permissible stresses.
Steel structures may be proportioned based on simple design, semi-rigid design, full-
rigid design ad plastic design or plastic theory.
 Simple design
This method applies to structures in which the end connections between members are
such that the structure will not develop restraint moments adversely affecting the members
of the structure as a whole, and in consequence the structure for the purpose of design be
assumed to be pin-jointed.
 Semi-rigid design
This method permits a reduction in the maximum bending moment in beams suitably
connected their supports, so as to provide a degree of direction fixity, in the case of
triangulated frames, it permits account being taken of the rigidity of the connections and
the moment of inter-section of members.
 Fully Rigid design
This method as compared to the methods of simple and semi-rigid designs, gives the
greatest rigidity and economy in the weight of steel used when applied in appropriate
cases. The end connections of members of the frame should have sufficient rigidity to hold
the original angles between such members and the members they connect virtually
unchanged. The design is virtually based on theoretical methods of elastic analysis and the
calculated stress should confirm to the provisions of the relevant code.

3-2 Component Parts:
Modern steel truss members are manufactured in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. A
few common examples are shown on the following page. The model truss we will be
building uses both solid bars and hollow tubes.
Fig. (3-1) Type of steel truss members.

The truss drawings above do not show the connections that are used to join the
structural members together. Even though the connections are not shown, they are
important. They have a big influence on the ability of a structure to carry load.
There are two common types of structural connections used in trusses-pinned
connections and gusset plate connections. As the name suggests, the pinned connection
uses a single large metal pin to connect two or more members together, much like the pin
in a door hinge. In a gusset plate connection, members are joined together by one or two
heavy metal gusset plates, which are attached to the individual members with rivets, bolts,
or welds. Pinned connections were used extensively throughout the 19th century.
Fig. (3-2) Typical Truss connections.

3-3 Internal Member Forces:
When applying external loads to a structure, external reactions occur at the supports.
But internal forces are also developed within each structural member. In a truss, these
internal member forces will always be either tension or compression. Tension force tends

to make a member longer. A member in compression is being squashed, like the block of
foam in the picture below. Compression force makes a member shorter. In our nutcracker
truss example, the two handles are in compression, while the string is in tension. Like loads
and reactions, internal member forces must obey the laws of physics. Internal forces must
be in equilibrium with each other and with the loads and reactions. By applying the
concept of equilibrium and some relatively simple math, we can actually calculate the
internal force in every member of a truss.
3-4 Example:

3-5 Problem definition:

Project problem summarized in which that to design and cover stadium platform
by using steel material, the structural model that are allowed to use is (TRUSS
structure). Several factors must be taken into consideration such as covering from the

sun's rays, drainage facility and other important factor. The most important factor is
weight that we must take the lighter weight for economical purposes.
The determinants of the project are determined in the project paper. The following
figure shows the plan of the stage stadium which is needed to be covered. The
following figure shows the plan of cover that used in the project:
Fig. (3-3) plan of cover stadium.

Fig. (3-4) Divisions of plan of the stage stadium.
3-6 Analysis:
3-6-1 Computation of loads:
 Wind load:
For calculations of wind load we take a value of (Kz = 0.7) according to the table below.
The elevation of our structure is (9.0 meter).

 For Roof load :

qz = 0.613( Kz )( Kzt )( Kd )( V2 )( I )
= 0.613 ( 0.87 )( 1.0 )( 0.85 )( 100*1000/3600 )2 ( 1.0 )
= 349.78 N/m2
P = ( qz )( G )( Cp )
= ( 349.78 )( 0.85 )( -0.7 )
=- 208.12 N/m2
Plmin = ( 500/1.3 ) * ( CP )
= ( 500/1.3 ) * ( -0.7 )
= -269.23 N/m2
Since ( Plmin> P ) we take ( Roof =- 0.27 KN/m2 ).
* Note: roof is taking into considerations when (the slope < 0.75).
* Note: for our project we take only the sloped roof into consideration because the
covering (which is subjected to wind load) will only be on the roof of our structure.

 Live load:
The live load is estimated to be (1.2 KN/m2).
 Super imposed load (Covering load):
Polycarbonate material was used in this project as a covering material. This material
is very good as a roof covering material due to its high features and light weight.
Unit weight of Sandwich panel = 0.0344 KN/m2 (for a 25 mm thickness)
Weight of purlins (approx. equal to the weight of truss =0.13KN/m2 (the final result)
assume super imposed dead load = 0.2 KN/m2.
3-6-2 Shape and dimensions of a single truss:
Fig. (3-5) divisions parts of the steel stadium.

Fig. (3-6) full steel stadium.
Fig. (3-7) staad pro steel stadium.

Fig. (3-8) staad pro steel stadium covered with steel plate.
3-6-3 Equilibrium:
 Equilibrium from live load and super imposed dead load:
* Manual solution:
Total area = (3.88*4 +3.66*4)*44
=30.16*44
=1327 M²
Live load = 1327*1.2 = 1592.4 KN
Super imposed dead load = 1327*0.2=265.4 KN
Note: wind load is difficult to calculate because we have multiple areas each one with
different slope and the load is perpendicular to the area .. so it will take a long time to
calculate
Since live and super imposed dead load is ok , we assume that the whole counter balance is
ok
*Note: wind load reaction make sense since the wind load is upward so the reactions
are downward and wind load approx. = dead load *0.27/0.2 (less than this number
because of horizontal components)
Total dead weight of the truss = 161.418 KN
= 16454.434 KG
Weight / 1 m² area = 1645.434/ (44*28) = 13.356 kg/m²
 Joint method:
We take the joint in one reaction in the truss
Reaction (live load)

ƩFZ = (T* Sin48.98°) +169.37= 0.0
T=-224.49 KN (compression)
 Section method:
we calculate axial force in the same member from live load only as follows:
calculation manually:
T * d = (WL2) / 2
T * 3 = (1.2*5 * 14.32) / 2
T = 204.5 KN (Compression)

Fig. (3-9) staad pro full steel stadium nodes.
Fig. (3-10) staad pro full steel stadium properties.

Fig. (3-11) staad pro full steel stadium loads.
Fig. (3-12) staad pro full steel stadium displacement.

Fig. (3-13) staad pro full steel stadium stresses.

Fig. (3-14) staad pro full steel stadium reactions.
Fig. (3-15) staad pro full steel stadium axial forces.

Chapter
Four
Chapter Four Staad pro Analysis
Chapter Four
Staad pro Analysis
4-1 Selection of truss member:
Fig (4-1) Staad pro full steel members.
Table (4-1) Member forces.

Member D.L kN/m L.L kN/m Wind load kN/m Total
1 compression
2 compression
3 compression
4 compression
0.2 1.2 0.3
5 Tension
6 Tension
7 Tension
8 Tension

9 Tension
10 compression
11 Tension
12 compression
13 Tension
14 compression
15 Tension
16 compression
4-2 Design of tension member:
KL
Max = 300 K =1 (AASHTO specification)
r
Table (4-2) Design of tension member.
Member 5 6 7 8 9 11 13 15
Design
35.22 23 15.48 6.04 6.056 6.49 5.825 11.81
load kip
Length 12.2 12.99 13.33 11.04 7.43 6.72 9.048 11.52
2
A g (in ) 1.087 0.709 0.477 0.186 0.187 0.2 0.18 0.36
A g (in2) 0.89 0.587 0.395 0.154 0.155 0.17 0.149 0.3
Section W4*13 W4*13 W4*13 W4*13 W4*13 W4*13 W4*13 W4*13
rmin. 0.488 0.519 0.529 0.441 0.29 0.27 0.36 0.46
L*12/r 108.58 138.24
146.4 155.88 158.67 132.48 89.16 80.64
min<300
 Example for calculation
 By using LRFD method
member (5) = 35.22 k

Length = 53.15 ft
35.22
min A g  Pu/ * Fy   1.087in 2 (control )
0.9 * 36
35.22
A g  Pu/ * Fu * u  est. holes   0  22.81 in 2
0.75 * 58 * 0.9
We will take the bigger Ag

L 1 *12.2 *12
rmin    2.126 in
300 300
From table (1-1) in the AISC manual
Try W4*13(Ag=3.83 in2, rx=1.72 in, ry=1.0 in, d=4.16 in, bf=4.06 in, tf=0.345 in)
Recheck
1-Pu=Fy*Ag=36*3.83=137.88 ….o.k.
φ tensile strength >pu o.k [(D2-1) PDF (1503)]
φP=0.9*137.88=124.09>35.22 o.k
2- φ Check tensile rapture (tensile rupture >pu) o.k
Pn=Fu*Ae=Fu*Anet*U [(D2-2) PDF (1503)]
=0.75*3.83*0.85=188.81 k
φPn=0.75*188.81=141.60>35.22 ...o.k
3-Check the slenderness ratio L*12/r <300 (min r for the new section (in))
L *12 1 *12.2 *12
 300......  146.4  300....o.k.
r 1
4-3 Design of compression member:
Table (4-3) Design of Compression Member.

member Design Length
Force (ft) Ag Section φFcr λ flange λrflange λweb λrweb
(k) 2
(in )
1 20.05 12.88 3.83 W4*13 9.44 5.88 15.89 10.6 42.3
2 14.08 14.12 3.83 W4*13 7.646 5.88 15.89 10.6 42.3
3 11.45 13.15 3.83 W4*13 9.074 5.88 15.89 10.6 42.3
4 5.62 12.85 3.83 W4*13 9.504 5.88 15.89 10.6 42.3
10 0.21 5.63 3.83 W4*13 25.5 5.88 15.89 10.6 42.3
12 1.3 7.93 3.83 W4*13 20.06 5.88 15.89 10.6 42.3
14 1.79 10.15 3.83 W4*13 14.84 5.88 15.89 10.6 42.3
16 9.44 4.06 3.83 W4*13 16.44 5.88 15.89 10.6 42.3
Example for calculation
member 1 = 20.05 k
Length = 12.88 ft
KL/r< 300
1-Assume KL/r=50…..table 4-22 to find φFcr=37.5
minAg  Pu/Fcr  20.05/37.5  0.53 in 2

2- try W4*13 (Ag=3.83 in2, rx=1.72, ry=1.0, d=4.16, bf=4.06, tf=0.345)
3-recheck:
1-(KL/r )x = 1*12.88*12/1.72=89.86
(KL/r )y =1*12.88*12/1=154.56
choose the largest ….table 4-22 ….φFcrAg=9.44*3.83=36.16 >Pu=20.05 ok
2-Check buckling :-
For flange :
𝐸 29000
λ=bf/2tf=5.88<λr= 0.56√ = 0.56√ =15.89
𝐹𝑦 50
λflange< λr ….o.k non-slender flange (flange is compact).
For web :
ℎ 𝐸 29000
λ= = 10.6< λr= 1.49√ = 1.49√ =42.3
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦 50
λweb< λr ….o.k non-slender web (web is compact).
Fig (4-2) Steel members selected.

* Note: Project deals with welding as a connection between members.

4-4 Assumptions:
1) using all around welding on all connections in order to be in safe side.
2) using F70XX weld (FEXX = 480 MPa) .
3) welding at angle 45° (area of weld = 0.7 * 0.7 * a).
 Design of joint (8) (critical joint):
1- connecting member 6 with 5
Member 6 forces :12.741 kN tension ,-313.468 compression
Member 6 froces : 32.893 kN tension, -433.409 compression
Members sections TUBO160*112*5.9
t min= 3 mm
there is not max because the welding is not along the thickness of the tubes
* Weld failure: ΦRn = 0.75 * (L) * (0.7*0.7*a) * fw
ΦRn = Pu = 433.409 kN
fw = 0.6 * Fexx = 0.6 * 480 = 288 Mpa
Length of weld = 2*(160+112) =544 mm
so 433.409= (0.75 * 544 * 0.7*0.7* a * 288) / 1000
so a = 7.5 mm
* Base metal failure: ΦRn = 0.9 * L * t * 0.6 * Fy
L = 544 mm
t = tube thikness = 5.9 mm
Fy = 340 Mpa
ΦRn = (0.9*544*5.9*0.6*340)/1000 = 589 KN >433 KN OK
2- connecting member 15 (TUBO 100*70*)
Weld failure: ΦRn = 0.75 * (L) * (0.7*0.7*a) * fw
ΦRn = Pu = 134.7 kN
fw = 0.6 * Fexx = 0.6 * 480 = 288 Mpa

Length of weld = 2*(170) =340 mm
so 134.7= (0.75 * 340 * 0.7*0.7* a * 288) / 1000
so a = 3.7
* Base metal failure: ΦRn = 0.9 * L * t * 0.6 * Fy
L = 340 mm
t = tube thickness = 4 mm
Fy = 340 Mpa
ΦRn = (0.9*340*4*0.6*340)/1000 = 249 kN > 134.43 kN OK
Table (4-4) All connections design.
Pu Pu a
Tension Compression a amin used L
Connection Members ( KN ) ( KN ) ( mm ) ( mm ) (mm) (mm)
1 1 10.5 93.1 1.6169662 3 3 540
2 91.6 10.5 1.5909141 3 3 540
2 1 10.5 93.1 1.6169662 3 3 540
3 5 28.4 0.7892046 3 3 340
4 6 66.8 1.1601863 3 3 540
3 2 91.6 10.5 1.5909141 3 3 540
3 5 28.4 0.4932529 3 3 540
5 8.3 105.2 2.9233916 3 3 340
6 146.3 13.3 2.5409469 3 3 540
4 4 6 66.8 1.1601863 3 3 540
5 8.3 105.2 2.9233916 3 3 340
7 24 0.2 0.6669334 3 3 340
8 13.2 188.4 3.2721422 3 3.3 540
5 6 146.3 13.3 2.5409469 3 3 540
7 24 0.2 0.6669334 3 3 340
9 9.6 122.9 3.415255 3 3.5 340
10 240.9 21.6 4.1839653 3 4.2 540
6 8 13.2 188.4 3.2721422 3 3.3 540
9 9.6 122.9 3.415255 3 3.5 340
11 26.4 1.3 0.7336268 3 3 340
12 21.8 313.5 5.4448863 3 5.5 540
7 10 240.9 21.6 4.1839653 3 4.2 540
11 26.4 1.3 0.7336268 3 3 340
13 12.8 134.7 3.7431639 3 3.8 340
14 325.6 23.7 5.6550398 3 5.7 540
8 12 21.8 313.5 5.4448863 3 5.5 540
13 12.8 134.7 3.7431639 3 3.8 340
15 23.9 2.9 0.6641546 3 3 340
16 23.9 433.4 7.5273165 3 7.6 540

4-5 Sketches of connections:

Fig (4-3) Steel member’s connections.

Chapter
Five
Chapter Five Comparison of sections selected with staad pro program
Chapter Five
Comparison of Sections Selected
with STAAD Pro Program
5-1 Design Operations:
STAAD contains a broad set of facilities for designing structural members as
individual components of an analyzed structure. The member design facilities provide
the user with the ability to carry out a number of different design operations. These
facilities may be used selectively in accordance with the requirements of the design
problem. The operations to perform a design are:
 Specify the members and the load cases to be considered in the design.
 Specify whether to perform code checking or member selection.
 Specify design parameter values, if different from the default values.
These operations may be repeated by the user any number of times depending upon
the design requirements.
Steel Design may be performed based on the following codes: AISC-ASD, AISC-
LRFD and AASHTO.
Currently STAAD supports steel design of wide flange, S, M, HP shapes, angle,
double angle, channel, double channel, beams with cover plate, composite beams and
code checking of prismatic properties. Almost all AISC steel shapes are available for
input. Following are the descriptions of all the types of sections available:
1. Wide Flanges (W shapes): All wide flange sections as listed in AISC/LRFD are
available the way they are written, e.g. W10X49, W21X50, etc.
2. C, MC, S, M, HP Shapes: The above shapes are available as listed in AISC
without decimal points. For example, C8X11.5 will be input as C8X11 and
S15X42.9 will be input as S15X42, omitting the decimal weights. (Exception:
MC6X151 for MC6X15.1 and MC6X153 for MC6X15.3.)
Analysis and Design of Steel Stadium 34

3. Double Channels, Angle, Double Angles, Tees, Pipes, Tubes, Welded Plate
Girders
5-2 Code Checking:
The purpose of code checking is to check whether the provided section properties
of the members are adequate. The adequacy is checked as per AISC. Code checking is
done using the forces and moments at specified sections of the members. If no sections
are specified, the program uses the start and end forces for code checking. When code
checking is selected, the program calculates and prints whether the members have
passed the code or have failed. The design philosophy embodied in the Load and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Specification is built around the concept of limit state
design, the current state-of-the-art in structural engineering. Structures are designed and
proportioned taking into consideration the limit states at which they would become unfit
for their intended use. Two major categories of limit-state are recognized--ultimate and
serviceability. The primary considerations in ultimate limit state design are strength and
stability, while that in serviceability is deflection. Appropriate load and resistance
factors are used so that a uniform reliability is achieved for all steel structures under
various loading conditions and at the same time the chances of limits being surpassed
are acceptably remote. In the STAAD implementation of LRFD, members are
proportioned to resist the design loads without exceeding the limit states of strength,
stability and serviceability. Accordingly, the most economic section is selected on the
basis of the least weight criteria as augmented by the designer in specification of
allowable member depths, desired section type, or other such parameters. The code
checking portion of the program checks that code requirements for each selected section
are met and identifies the governing criteria.
The criteria governing the capacity of tension members is based on two limit states.
The limit state of yielding in the gross section is intended to prevent excessive
elongation of the member. The second limit state involves fracture at the section with
the minimum effective net area. STAAD calculates the tension capacity of a given

member based on these two limit states and proceeds with member selection or code
check accordingly.
The column strength equations have been revised in LRFD to take into account
inelastic deformation and other recent research in column behavior. Two equations
governing column strength are available, one for inelastic buckling and the other for
elastic or Euler buckling. Both equations include the effects of residual stresses and
initial out-of-straightness.
Singly symmetric and unsymmetric compression members are designed on the
basis of the limit states of flexural-torsional and torsional buckling. In addition to the
compression resistance criterion, compression members are required to satisfy
slenderness limitations which are a function of the nature of use of the member (main
load resisting component, bracing member, etc.). In both the member selection and code
checking process, STAAD immediately does a slenderness check on appropriate
members before continuing with other procedures for determining the adequacy of a
given member.
5-3 Design Parameters:
The program contains a large number of parameter names which are needed to
perform designing and code checking. These parameter names, with their default values.
The default parameter values have been selected such that they are frequently used
numbers for conventional design.
 Member Selection Specification
This command instructs STAAD to select specified members based on the
parameter value restrictions and specified code. The selection is done using the
results from the most recent analysis and iterating on sections until a least weight
size is obtained.
 Member Selection by Optimization
The program selects all members based on a state-of-the-art optimization
technique. This method requires multiple analyses as well as iteration of sizes

until an overall structure least weight is obtained. This command shou ld be used
with caution since it will require longer processing time.
5-4 purpose of comparison:
We take for comparison the portal frame of the bridge and compare it sections with
AISC manual. The goal of the comparison to show that our analysis is very close to
STAAD Pro results and the difference in results would however relate to that our
Manual is (2005 Edition) while STAAD PRO used is (2008 Edition) that means
difference in Manual Edition used. Tables below shows the difference between selected
member of AISC manual by (LRFD method) with STAAD pro Program. Tables
illustrated the difference between sections in tension and compression member.
Fig.(5-1) Steel truss.

5-5 Design of tension member by AISC manual by (LRFD method) and STAAD
PRO program (Check the adequacy of members based on specifications of the
desired code).
Table (5-1): Comparison of Design results with ASCE manual by (LRFD method) and STAAD PRO
in Tension Member.
Mem. Design Length(ft) ASCE manual by (LRFD method) STAAD PRO

Force
k
A g (in2 A g (in2 Section rx ry Ag Section rx. ry.
(in2)
5 35.22 12.2 1.087 0.89 W4*13 1.72 1.0 3.38 W4*13 1.72 1.0
6 23 12.99 0.709 0.587 W4*13 1.72 1.0 3.83 W4*13 1.72 1.0
7 15.48 13.33 0.477 0.395 W4*13 1.72 1.0 3.83 W4*13 1.72 1.0
8 6.04 11.04 0.186 0.154 W4*13 1.72 1.0 3.38 W4*13 1.72 1.0
9 6.056 7.43 0.187 0.155 W4*13 1.72 1.0 3.38 W4*13 1.72 1.0
11 6.49 6.72 0.2 0.17 W4*13 1.72 1.0 3.38 W4*13 1.72 1.0
13 5.825 9.048 0.18 0.149 W4*13 1.72 1.0 3.38 W4*13 1.72 1.0
15 11.81 11.52 0.36 0.3 W4*13 1.72 1.0 3.38 W4*13 1.72 1.0
Figs. (5-2) Staad Pro results based on check the adequacy of members.




5-6 Design of Compression member by AISC manual by (LRFD method) and

STAAD PRO program (Check the adequacy of members based on specifications of
the desired code).
in Compression Member.
Desig ASCE manual by (LRFD method) STAAD PRO
Lengt
Membe n
h
r Force Ag(in2 sectio Ag(in2 sectio
(ft) φFcr λ λr φFcr λ λr
k ) n ) n
3.83 W4*1 9.44 5.88 15.8 3.83 W4*1 9.44 5.88 15.8
20.05 12.88
1 3 4 9 3 4 9
3.83 W4*1 7.64 5.88 15.8 3.83 W4*1 7.64 5.88 15.8
2 14.08 14.12
3 6 4 9 3 6 4 9
3.83 W4*1 9.07 5.88 15.8 3.83 W4*1 9.07 5.88 15.8
3 11.45 13.15
3 4 4 9 3 4 4 9
3.83 W4*1 9.50 5.88 15.8 3.83 W4*1 9.50 5.88 15.8
4 5.62 12.85
3 4 4 9 3 4 4 9
3.83 W4*1 25.5 5.88 15.8 3.83 W4*1 25.5 5.88 15.8
10 0.21 5.63
3 4 9 3 4 9
3.83 W4*1 20.0 5.88 15.8 3.83 W4*1 20.0 5.88 15.8
12 1.3 7.93
3 6 4 9 3 6 4 9
3.83 W4*1 14.8 5.88 15.8 3.83 W4*1 14.8 5.88 15.8
14 1.79 10.15
3 4 4 9 3 4 4 9
3.83 W4*1 16.4 5.88 15.8 3.83 W4*1 16.4 5.88 15.8
16 9.44 4.06
3 4 4 9 3 4 4 9

Figs. (5-3) Staad Pro results based on check the adequacy of members




5-7 Design of tension member by STAAD PRO program (Select Least weight
in Tension Member.
Mem. Design Length(ft) ASCE manual by (LRFD method) STAAD PRO

Force
k
Ag Ag Section rx ry Ag Section rx. ry.
(in2 (in2 (in2)
5 35.22 12.2 1.087 0.89 W4*13 1.72 1.0 3.83 W4*13 1.72 1.0
6 23 12.99 0.709 0.587 W4*13 1.72 1.0 3.55 W6*12 2.49 0.918
7 15.48 13.33 0.477 0.395 W4*13 1.72 1.0 2.52 W6*8.5 2.43 1.01
8 6.04 11.04 0.186 0.154 W4*13 1.72 1.0 2.52 W6*8.5 2.43 1.01
9 6.056 7.43 0.187 0.155 W4*13 1.72 1.0 2.52 W6*8.5 2.43 1.01
11 6.49 6.72 0.2 0.17 W4*13 1.72 1.0 2.52 W6*8.5 2.43 1.01
13 5.825 9.048 0.18 0.149 W4*13 1.72 1.0 2.52 W6*8.5 2.43 1.01
15 11.81 11.52 0.36 0.3 W4*13 1.72 1.0 2.52 W6*8.5 2.43 1.01
Figs. (5-4) Staad Pro results based on the least weight.




5-8 Design of compression member by STAAD PRO program (Select Least weight
in Compression Member.
Desig ASCE manual by (LRFD method) STAAD PRO
Lengt
Membe n
h
r Force Ag(in2 sectio Ag(in2
(ft) φFcr λ λr section φFcr λ λr
k ) n )
3.83 W4*1 9.44 5.8 15.8 W6*8. 10. 15.8
20.05 12.88 2.52 9.65
1 3 8 9 5 1 9
3.83 W4*1 7.64 5.8 15.8 W6*8. 8.024 10. 15.8
2 14.08 14.12 2.52
3 6 8 9 5 1 9
3.83 W4*1 9.07 5.8 15.8 W6*8. 9.255 10. 15.8
3 11.45 13.15 2.52
3 4 8 9 5 1 9
3.83 W4*1 9.50 5.8 15.8 W6*8. 9.69 10. 15.8
4 5.62 12.85 2.52
3 4 8 9 5 1 9
3.83 W4*1 25.5 5.8 15.8 W6*8. 25.62 10. 15.8
10 0.21 5.63 2.52
3 8 9 5 2 1 9
3.83 W4*1 20.0 5.8 15.8 W6*8. 20.28 10. 15.8
12 1.3 7.93 2.52
3 6 8 9 5 5 1 9
3.83 W4*1 14.8 5.8 15.8 W6*8. 15.08 10. 15.8
14 1.79 10.15 2.52
3 4 8 9 5 2 1 9
3.83 W4*1 16.4 5.8 15.8 W6*8. 28.65 10. 15.8
16 9.44 4.06 2.52
3 4 8 9 5 4 1 9

Figs. (5-5) Staad Pro results based on least weight.




5-9 Comparisons between methods:
Tables (5-5) comparisons between methods of analysis.

Top
Member Type Hand Staad Staad by Least
Calculation by adequacy of weight of
section members section members section
1 Compression W4*13 W4*13 W6*8.5
5 Tension W4*13 W4*13 W4*13
6 Tension W4*13 W4*13 W6*12
7 Tension W4*13 W4*13 W6*8.5
8 Tension W4*13 W4*13 W6*8.5
9 Tension W4*13 W4*13 W6*8.5
11 Tension W4*13 W4*13 W6*8.5
13 Tension W4*13 W4*13 W6*8.5
15 Tension W4*13 W4*13 W6*8.5

Tables (5-6) Reason for the different in comparisons between methods of analysis.
Member Type Hand Staad Staad by
Calculation by adequacy Least weight 1-2 1-3
section of members of members
section section
1 Compression W4*13 W4*13 Ag of w6*8.5
W6*8.5 o.k < Ag of
w4*13
W6*8.5 o.k < Ag of
w4*13
W6*8.5 o.k < Ag of
w4*13
Compression W4*13 Ag of w6*8.5
4 W4*13 W6*8.5 o.k < Ag of
w4*13
5 Tension W4*13 W4*13 W4*13 o.k o.k
Tension W4*13 Ag of w6*12
6 W4*13 W6*12 o.k < Ag of
w4*13
Tension W4*13 Ag of w6*8.5
7 W4*13 W6*8.5 o.k < Ag of
w4*13
8 Tension W4*13 W4*13 W6*8.5 Ag of w6*8.5
o.k < Ag of
w4*13
o.k < Ag of
w4*13
10 Compression W4*13 W4*13 W6*8.5 Ag of w6*8.5
o.k < Ag of
w4*13
o.k < Ag of
w4*13
o.k < Ag of
w4*13
o.k < Ag of
w4*13
o.k < Ag of
w4*13
o.k < Ag of
w4*13
o.k < Ag of
w4*13

Chapter
Six
Chapter Six Conclusions and Recommendations
Chapter Six
Conclusions &Recommendations
6-1 Conclusion:
This project discussed the analysis and design of steel truss Stadium by hand
calculation and design and analysis of steel truss stadium using Staad Pro program. This
project has designed of 28 m width and 44 m length and truss high of 9 m.
Design of steel truss by using the equations for solving is complex and take a long
time, so to save time is by using a computer software programs to design and analysis
process of these types of trusses and these programs takes the inputs of truss design and
carried out the calculations easily and quickly so that time is saved and soundness of
design is insured.
Straight members were used in the beginning and the end connected by welding
point formed triangles, and this member affected by compression or tensile force, about
the moment the same mean of torque is excluded in the trusses, Moreover, by assuming
all the joints in the trusses is pin.
This projects deals with two design criteria (by hand calculation and by staad pro
program) in staad pro two design were used first by checking the adequacy of the
section chosen and second, by least weight design. There was a difference between all
design criteria which depend on the area of the section that gives different section.
6-2 Recommendations:
1-Using another computer software programs to design and analysis process for stadium.
2- Design and analysis of different type of steel truss stadium such as sub divided truss,
cantilever truss; continuous truss and arch truss.

References
1. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI318-14) and
Commentary (ACI 318R-14), American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box
9094, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
2. AISC, (Manual of steel Construction), American institute of steel
construction, thirteen editions 2005.
3. Arthur H. Nilson, George Winter, "Design of concrete structures",10th
edition.
4. AUTO-CAD, Autodesk, 2013, http://www.autodesk.com.
5. STAAD.Pro V8iSSS, Copyright attribution: Bentley Systems, http://www.
Bentley.com.
6. Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, "Steel Structures Design and
Behavior”, 3rd Edition, Harper Collons Publishers, 1986.
7. Edwin H. Gaylord, jr., Charles N. Gaylord. “Design of steel structures”.
second Edition.
8. Jack C. McCormac and Stephen F. Csernak, (2012), "Structural steel
design", fifth edition.
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Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium

Thesis · May 2017

Ola Adel Qasim

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Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium I

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium II

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium III

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium IV

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium V

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium VI

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 1

1-2 OVERVIEW OF STADIUM:

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 2

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 3

Fig. (1-1) Steel stadium platform.

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 5

Fig. (1-2) Three dimensional stadium platform view.

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 6

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 7

Fig. (2-1) dead load.

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 8

 Live load, Imposed loads, Transient load:

Fig. (2-2) Live load.

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 9

Fig. (2-3) snow load.

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 10

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 11

Fig. (3-1) Type of steel truss members.

Fig. (3-2) Typical Truss connections.

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 12

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 13

3-5 Problem definition:

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 14

Fig. (3-3) plan of cover stadium.

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 15

Fig. (3-4) Divisions of plan of the stage stadium.

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 16

 For Roof load :

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 17

Fig. (3-5) divisions parts of the steel stadium.

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 18

Fig. (3-6) full steel stadium.

Fig. (3-7) staad pro steel stadium.

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 19

Reaction (live load)

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 21

Fig. (3-9) staad pro full steel stadium nodes.

Fig. (3-10) staad pro full steel stadium properties.

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 22

Fig. (3-11) staad pro full steel stadium loads.

Fig. (3-12) staad pro full steel stadium displacement.

Analysis and Design of Steel Truss Stadium 23

Fig. (3-13) staad pro full steel stadium stresses.