Reproduction & Development Class Notes Name__________________

Regents Biology Per _____ Date________

Warm-up: fill in the blanks using the terms listed below.

testes gonads 23 ovaries meiosis
hormones gametes species half
species
1. Reproduction is a life function that is necessary for the survival of the _____________.
gamets
2. Sexual reproduction requires the formation of __________________ by the process of
meiosis
_________________.

half
3. Gametes (sperm and eggs) have ____________ the normal number of chromosomes.
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Human gametes contain ________ chromosomes.

gonads
4. Gametes are produced in specialized structures called ______________ (ovaries and
testes).

oavaires
5. _________________ testes
produce eggs in females and ______________ produce sperm
in males.

6. Human reproduction and development are regulated by chemical messengers called

hormones
___________________.

I. Male Reproductive System

Sperm Production
 millions
A sexually mature male produces ___________________ of sperm each day.

 Sperm have _______________ and very little cytoplasm.

 Many mitochondria are clustered around the tops of the flagella, providing
_____________ for movement.

 A cap of ___________________ ___________________ forms at the tip

of a sperm’s head, enabling it to penetrate the egg.

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Male reproductive system:

 Sperm are produced in two oval-shaped organs called _______________ located

outside the body cavity in a sac called the_________________.
 Sperm cannot successfully complete their development at normal human body
temperature. In the scrotum, however, the temperature is about 1-2 oC
_______________ than in the rest of the body.
 After sperm form, they mature and are stored temporarily in the
_____________________, a coiled tube attached to the surface of each testis.
 The lower end of each epididymis gradually unwinds to become the _________
__________________, which passes over the urinary bladder, connecting the
epididymis to the _________________.

Pathway of sperm:

_________ _________________ ______ ___________ __________

 During ejaculation, the tube from the bladder is closed off by a small valve. This valve
keeps urine and semen separated and prevents urination during ejaculation.
 Several glands (seminal vesicles and prostate gland) add _____________ (for
transport and pH balance) and _______________ (for energy) to the sperm as they
travel through the vas deferens and urethra.
 The resulting mixture of sperm, fluids, and sugars is called ______________. About
3.5 mL of semen is expelled during ejaculation. This amount of semen normally
contains _____________________________ sperm (males with less than 20 million
sperm per milliliter are generally considered sterile).
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II. Female Reproductive System

 Eggs (ova) are produced in the ___________________, which are located in the pelvic
region of the body cavity.
 Eggs are formed in tiny sacs within the ovaries called __________________.
 Once each month, a follicle matures and bursts, releasing one egg (ovum) into the
fallopian tube or oviduct. This is called _______________________.
 If sperm are present, fertilization may occur in the _____________________.
 If fertilization occurs, the fertilized egg travels down the oviduct and implants in the
lining of the _______________. If fertilization does not occur, the egg degenerates.
 The neck of the uterus is a tubular ring of strong muscles called the ______________.
 The cervix opens into the ___________________, which leads to the outside of the
body.

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III. Role of Hormones
Review:
Complete the following statements using the word bank below.
bloodstream target endocrine responds
receptor shape chemical messengers

 Hormones are molecules that act as ______________ _______________.

 Hormones are released into the ___________________________ by
_____________________ glands.
 Although hormones travel throughout the body and come in contact with all cells,
only cells that have matching __________________ molecules will respond. These
cells are called __________________ cells.
 Hormones bind with receptor molecules that have the same _______________.
 Once a hormone binds with a receptor molecule, the target cell ________________
in some way.
Refer to the diagram below to answer the following questions.

 Which cell is the endocrine cell? ___________

 How do you know? ___________________________________________________
 Which cell is the target of the hormone molecules? ___________
 How do you know? ___________________________________________________
 What happens when a hormone molecule binds with a receptor molecule?
__________________________________________________________________

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A. Feedback:
 Feedback allows a system to respond when it detects a stimulus.
o Stimulus – change of conditions (external or internal environment)
o Detection – way of noticing the change (5 senses, receptor molecules)
o Response – what happens because of the change
 Getting feedback means getting return information (a signal) that indicates
whether a response should stop or keep going.
 Two kinds of feedback:
o Negative feedback causes a response to stop (or reverse direction) in order
to maintain constant conditions (homeostasis).
 Negative feedback inhibits a response to a stimulus.
 “More causes less (and less causes more)”
Example 1: When you are hungry (stimulus) you eat (response). As you
eat, you start to feel full (negative feedback), causing you to stop eating.

Example 2: When your

body temperature rises
above normal (stimulus),
the nervous system detects
the change and sends
signals causing the body to
sweat (response), which
lowers body temperature
back to normal (negative
feedback), causing you to
stop sweating.

o Positive feedback causes a response to keep going in order to continue a

process until it’s done.
 Positive feedback reinforces a response to a stimulus
 “More causes more”
Example 1: as you work harder and study more, your grades begin to
improve. Having better grades makes you feel good so you keep working
harder to keep improving.

Example 2: as the balance in your savings

account grows, it earns interest, which
causes the balance to grow, which earns
even more interest, so the account balance
keeps growing.

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 Negative and Positive Feedback Loops

B. Male Hormones
 The testes produce the male sex hormone ______________________, which
regulates:
 ______________ production
 Development of male ______________________ sex characteristics such as
deepening voice, broadening shoulders, facial, body and pubic hair growth.
 The production of sperm and testosterone are, in turn, regulated by two hormones
released by the __________________ gland located at the base of the brain:
 luteinizing hormone (________)
 follicle-stimulating hormone (_________)
 These hormone levels and sperm production are regulated by negative feedback:
 When the level of testosterone ____________, the
brain releases less LH and FSH, which causes the
testes to produce less testosterone and less sperm.
o “_____________ causes ______________”
 When the level of testosterone ____________, the
brain releases more LH and FSH, which causes the
testes to produce more testosterone and more
sperm.
o “_____________ causes ______________”
 This negative feedback system keeps testosterone
and sperm production at nearly ________________
levels.

o Negative feedback maintains _______________________!

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C. Female Hormones
 The ovaries produce the female sex hormones, _________________ and
_____________________ ,which regulate:
o _________ production
o ___________________ cycle
o Development of female _____________________ sex characteristics such as
enlarging mammary glands, widening hips, pubic and body hair growth.

 The production of estrogen and progesterone are, in turn, regulated by two hormones
released by the __________________ gland located at the base of the brain:
 luteinizing hormone (________)
 follicle-stimulating hormone (_________)
D. The menstrual cycle
 The menstrual cycle accomplishes two things:
1) production of __________ (ova)
2) preparation of the ______________ for pregnancy
 To prepare for a possible pregnancy, the lining of the uterus must become thick with
______________ _____________________ (called vascularization). If fertilization
does not occur, the thickened lining breaks away and is removed from the woman's
body during menstruation.
4 Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
1. Follicle Stage (approximately 10-14 days)
 _________ (follicle stimulating hormone) is released by the pituitary gland.
 FSH causes several eggs to begin to __________________ within their
_____________________.
 The follicle, in turn, releases___________________, which causes the lining of
the uterus to ___________________ with blood vessels.
2. Ovulation (1 day)
 The pituitary gland releases a large amount of ________, which causes the egg
to be ___________________ from its follicle in the ovary and enter the oviduct.
This is called_______________________.

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3. Corpus Luteum Stage (approximately 12 days)
 The empty follicle forms a yellowish ring-shaped structure called a
______________ ________________, which secretes ___________________.
 Progesterone signals the body to prepare for fertilization in two ways:
o Prevents further __________________
o ____________________ the lining of the uterus
 The lining of the uterus is ready to receive an embryo in _________ days. It
takes an embryo about this long to reach the uterus.
 If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone for
several weeks, causing many of the changes associated with
______________________.

4. Menstruation (approximately 3-5 days)

 If fertilization does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels ___________
and the uterine _______________ _____________ ______________.
 The passage of uterine blood and cells out of the body is called
__________________________.

The Menstrual Cycle

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 Hormone Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle
Hormone Where Target Function
produced Tissue
1. Follicle Pituitary  Causes _______ to
Stimulating (brain) ____________ inside follicle.
Hormone ________________  Causes follicle to secrete
(FSH) (follicle) _________________

2. Estrogen Ovary  Causes lining of

(follicle) ________________ _____________ to
______________
3. Luteinizing Pituitary  Causes ______________
Hormone (brain)  Causes formation of
(LH) ________________ ____________
(follicle) _____________ (after
ovulation)
4. Progesterone Ovary  Increases __________
(“pregnancy (corpus ________________ ____________ in uterine
hormone”) luteum) lining.
 _______________ uterine
lining
 ______________ further
__________________

1.

2.

3.

4.

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 The events of the menstrual cycle (changing hormone levels, egg maturation,
ovulation, and changing thickness of the uterine lining) are regulated by both negative
and positive feedback:

IV. Fertilization and Development

 Fertilization is the union of a _______________ (n) sperm nucleus with a
________________ (m) egg nucleus to form a __________________ (2n) zygote.
 Fertilization takes place in the _________________.
 After fertilization occurs, the egg divides by _________________ as it travels down
the fallopian tube or oviduct. Six to ten days after fertilization, the embryo
__________________ in the lining of the __________________.

Note: An egg can survive in the female reproductive tract for 12 to 24 hours following
ovulation. Sperm cells can survive in the female reproductive tract for up to 72 hours.
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The Placenta
 As the embryo implants itself in the uterine wall, it uses up the nutrients that were
stored in the egg (yolk).
 The body of the mother begins to transfer nutrients and oxygen to the embryo through
a disk-shaped structure called the __________________.
 The placenta is made up of two layers. One layer comes from the ______________
and the other comes from the ______________.
 The blood vessels from the mother and embryo come very close to each other, but
THEIR BLOOD NEVER MIXES!
 _________________ and ____________________ (and drugs if the mother takes any)
pass from the mother’s blood to the embryo’s blood by _____________________. The
embryo does not breathe or eat because the mother's blood supplies nutrients and
oxygen.

 ______________ _______________ and other _________________ diffuse from the

embryo's blood to the mother's blood. The embryo’s metabolic wastes are excreted by
the mother’s body.

 The embryo's blood travels between the placenta and the embryo through blood
vessels in the _____________________ _____________.

The amnion
 The embryo is surrounded by a
____________________ called the
amnion (or amniotic sac).

 The amnion is filled with

___________________ ______________
that surrounds and cushions the
developing embryo.

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Stages of development
 The time between fertilization and birth is called ______________________.
 As the early embryo develops, it goes through the stages shown below:

 A key step during early development is the folding in of the hollow ball to form a
gastrula. This causes the formation of embryonic layers which allows the cells to
become ________________________.
 As the embryo develops into a fetus, further changes occur, as shown in the diagrams
below.

Birth
 At the end of nine months, ____________________ (the "pregnancy hormone")
levels in the mother drop.
 The _____________ begins to ________________, the _________________
bursts ("water breaks"), the _____________ dilates, and the baby is pushed
through the vagina, or ______________ _________________.

 Childbirth is regulated by _________________ feedback! As the uterus contracts, it

pushes the baby’s head against the cervix, causing it to stretch, which stimulates
more contractions. This process continues until the baby is born and the stimulus
stops.

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Stages of human birth

Delivery of the Placenta (the “afterbirth”)

V. Maternal Health

 The health and activities of its mother greatly affect the embryo.

 In the first ___________ months (first trimester) of pregnancy, the major

______________ and _______________ are forming.

 In the last __________ months of pregnancy, a fetus ___________ and

__________________.

 Even when it is too early for a woman to suspect she is pregnant, her use of
_______________, _______________, and other __________ (prescription, over-the-
counter, or illegal drugs) can damage the embryo.

 Chemicals and other agents that cause malformation to a fetus are called
______________________.

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Radiation
 _______________ and ____________________ light are teratogens. Radiation is
most damaging to cells undergoing rapid division, as fetal cells are.

Diseases
 Many __________________ (disease-causing organisms) can pass from the mother's
blood, through the placenta, and into the blood of the fetus.
 __________________ (German measles) causes birth defects in early pregnancy.
 __________ (virus responsible for AIDS) can be transmitted from mother to infant
across the placenta or in breast milk. About 1/3 of babies born to HIV-positive mothers
are infected with the virus.

Alcohol
 Alcohol use is considered to be the main cause of preventable birth defects in the
United States today. Heavy drinking during pregnancy causes _____________
________________ _____________________ (FAS).
 FAS causes birth defects including severely deformed faces, physical and mental
retardation. The damage is nontreatable and permanent.
 Most doctors think that even a small amount of alcohol may damage a fetus and
therefore recommend that women do not drink at all during pregnancy.

Cigarette Smoking (Nicotine)

 Smoking cigarettes decreases the amount of ________________ available to the
growing fetus. In addition, __________________ and many of the other chemicals in
cigarette smoke cross the placenta.
 Babies born to mothers who smoke heavily tend to be much _____________ than
babies of non-smokers. Babies of heavy smokers also face a much higher risk of
complications after birth.

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Miscellaneous diagrams & teacher reference:

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