Enzymes (1.

12)
WHAT ARE ENZYMES? Enzymes are _______________ molecules that
_____________ up the chemical reactions of organisms.

Without enzymes, most of the reactions in a cell would proceed too _________ to
maintain life.

Reactants (starting reagents) are converted into ______________ (ending

reagents). At the end of a reaction, the _______________ remains intact, ready
to catalyze another reaction.

______________________________:
All chemical reactions need
__________ to get them started. This
is called the activation energy.
Enzymes _________ up a reaction by
_________________ the activation
energy.

NAMES OF ENZYMES: The names of enzymes usually end in ________.

The enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose is called _____________.
The enzyme that breaks down maltose into glucose is called ______________.
An enzyme catalyzed reaction is written with the ___________ over the arrow.
amylase
Starch (amylose) ----------------------------- Maltose

11
ENZYME ACTIVITY: In order to catalyze a reaction, an enzyme attaches to the
________________, which are called substrates.
The substrates bind to an area of the enzyme called the _________ _______. It
is usually a pocket or groove in the enzyme.
The substrate causes the enzyme to change its shape to fit around the substrate.
This theory of enzyme activity is called the _________ _____ __________.
The enzyme with its substrate attached is called the _______________________
______________.

ENZYME ACTIVITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT:

_______________________: Enzyme catalyzed reactions increase in speed with

an increase in temperature, however, there is a temperature after which the
enzyme ________________ (unfolds) and becomes less active. Every enzyme
has an ______________ temperature at which it works best.

___________: Enzymes also have an optimal pH at which they work best. For
example, the stomach enzyme _________ works best at pH 2, while the small
intestine enzyme __________ works best at pH 8.

12
Name: __________________________
UNIT EXTENSION ACTIVITY (15% of Unit Mark)
Lactose Intolerance and the Lactase Enzyme
/10
For questions #1-3, refer to the handout entitled “1.12 Extension Exercise”

1. Write a chemical equation showing the breakdown of lactose. Above the

arrow, indicate the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction. [1 mark]

2. (a) What happens to lactose that is not digested in the small intestine?
[1 mark]

(b) Describe the symptoms of lactose intolerance. [1 mark]

3. What remedies are available for lactose-intolerant individuals? [1 mark]

INTERNET RESEARCH PORTION OF ASSIGNMENT

For questions #4-6, you must carefully research articles on the internet. Go to site:
(http://www.nelson.com/nelson/school/secondary/science/0176265252/studworkbook
weblinks_ch01.html), and look at the 5 articles under section 1.12, and using those articles
answer the following questions.

4. What is the source of the lactase enzyme that is used to make lactase tablets
and capsules? [1 mark]

13
5. Lactose-intolerant individuals may obtain sufficient amounts of calcium if they
avoid dairy products in their diets.

(a) What are the symptoms of calcium deficiency? [1 mark]

(b) How can lactose-intolerant individuals ensure they obtain enough calcium?
[1 mark]

(c) What role can yoghurt play in the diet of lactose-intolerant individuals? [1 mark]

6. Humans are the only organisms that regularly drink another species’ milk.

(a) Why is cow’s milk a common beverage? [1 mark]

(b) Why is cow’s milk not commonly fed to nursing babies? [1 mark]

14
 Passive Transport (1.14)

SIMPLE DIFFUSION: Cell membranes are ___________________________________,

and only certain substances are able to pass through them.

YES: Substances such as ___________, ____________, ______________ , and even

_____________________can freely enter and exit the cell membrane.

NO: Substances such as ________________, ions, ______________________, and

______________________.

Simple diffusion: The movement of particles from an area of _______ concentration to

an area of _______ concentration. The difference in concentration between 2 areas is
called a concentration _________________.

Simple diffusion does not use any of the cell’s ___________, and ends when the
concentration of particles becomes equal everywhere.

However, this equality of concentration means that ____________________________

has been reached, where the same number of particles are moving ____ as are moving
____. Simple diffusion is affected by _________________: the higher the temperature,
the higher the rate of diffusion.

FACILITATED DIFFUSION: __________, _______________ and ____________

are 3 very important chemicals most cells need to survive. However, large
__________ molecules such as glucose cannot pass through the
_______________ middle section of the phospholipid bilayer. To overcome this,
membranes have protein molecules that help some substances through:

1. _________________ proteins: Proteins that go all the

way through the membrane. Some trans-membrane
proteins are carrier proteins.
2. _________________ proteins: Proteins that are on the
outside surface of the membrane.
3. ________________________ proteins: Proteins that
are in the cell membrane and project out on either the
outside or inside.

15
____________________________ occurs when _________ _____________
assist the transport of certain substances through a membrane. It is a form of
diffusion as particles move down a ___________________ gradient until dynamic
_____________________ occurs.

OSMOSIS: In cells, the most important type of diffusion that occurs is the diffusion
of _______. Osmosis is the net movement of ____________ across a selectively
permeable membrane from an area of _______ concentration to an area of
______ concentration.

ISOTONIC Solutions: A solution of equal _____________ concentrations.

HYPERTONIC Solutions: A solution that has a ___________ solute concentration

than some other solution.

HYPOTONIC Solutions: A solution that has a ___________ solute concentration

than some other solution.

Patients who receive blood transfusions, must receive liquids that are __________
_____________ solutions so that their blood cells will not hemolyze (blow up) or
crenate (shrink up).

Why Can’t we Drink the Ocean? (http://www.esu7.org/~lweb/Lakeview/science/sea.htm)

Drinking water is normally quenches your thirst. But when you drink salt water it seems to make you more thirsty.
The water in your mouth creates a situation in which the cells in your mouth are in a hypertonic solution. In order to
reach an equilibrium, a net water movement out of the cells takes place. Now the cells have even less water than
before, and you feel even more thirsty.

Salt water not only dries out your mouth but the cells in your body too!! As it enters your body, the cells near it
release water to reach equilibrium with the surrounding fluid. The cells shrink and may become damaged. This is a
condition called dehydration, or excessive water loss.

In order to make ocean (salt) water drinkable, a system has been devised to remove the salt. It is called distillation.

16
 Active & Bulk Transport (1.16)
Cells in our bodies need to absorb __________________ molecules so that they
can survive, grow and reproduce. Nutrients such as ___________ ___________
from proteins, ___________ ____________ from fats, _________________ from
nucleic acids and ___________________ from complex carbohydrates. The most
important nutrient cells absorb is ____________________, because it is required
by all cells in the body.

To ensure that the body absorbs the maximum amount of nutrients from food,
energy may be used to “pump” nutrients across cell membranes. A compound
called ___________ (adenosine triphosphate) provides the energy needed in this
process.

PASSIVE TRANSPORT: No ____________

is used by the cell.

ACTIVE TRANSPORT: In the

________________________________,
nutrient molecules are absorbed into cells. If
glucose were only absorbed through passive
transport, only ______ of the molecules would
be absorbed. The rest is absorbed by
_________________________. This process
requires energy from the cell.

SODIUM-
POTASSIUM
PUMP:
An active
transport
mechanism that
pumps
_____________
and potassium
ions into and out
of a cell.

17
 BULK TRANSPORT
Cells need to move large quantities of materials (bulk) into or out of the cytoplasm all at
once. All _______________________ mechanisms use ___________ in the form of
ATP. There are two forms of bulk transport: endocytosis and exocytosis.

I. ENDOCYTOSIS: The form of bulk transport used to bring ___ large amounts of
material from the extracellular fluid.

A) PHAGOCYTOSIS: Cell _____________: Bulk transport of ___________ into the cell.

This begins when a __________ particle comes in contact with the

_________________________ of a cell. The cell membrane sends out fingerlike
projections called _________________________ (false feet) that surround and
eventually enclose the particle in a vesicle that is within the cell’s cytoplasm. Then,
_________________ containing digestive enzymes fuse with the phagocytic vesicle and
the cell digests the nutrients.

B) PINOCYTOSIS: Cell ______________: Bulk transport of ____________ into the cell.

This begins when the cell’s plasma membrane engulfs a drop of extracellular ________
in a process similar to phagocytosis. This results in a _____________________ vesicle.

II. EXOCYTOSIS: In this process, cells

move large amounts of material ______
of their cytoplasm. The process is the
____________ of endocytosis. The
waste to be discarded is placed in a
______________________ vesicle, and
the secretory vesicle fuses with the cell
membrane and spills its contents into the
extracellular fluid. In some cases,
______________ produced in the rough
________________________________
are packaged into secretory vesicles by
the Golgi apparatus and transported
______ of the cell by exocytosis.

18
 Energy Flow & Photosynthesis (1.17)
Light from the ______ is the ultimate source of energy for most living things. We
depend upon ____________ for our survival, as they give _________ to almost all
other living things on the planet.

The absorption of ____________ energy and the production of glucose occur

through a process called ____________________________, and the transfer of
energy from _______________ to ATP occurs through a process called
____________________________________. Cellular respiration occurs in all
organisms.
Photosynthesis

Cellular respiration

___________________ , ____________________ , and _____________ protests

are the only organisms on Earth able to carry out both photosynthesis and cellular
respiration. They are self-sufficient, and are called ________________. All other
organisms that depend on other organisms for energy are called ______________

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of _______________________.

Chloroplasts contain a double outer membrane (an envelope) and inner
membranes that form an intricate system of compartments called thylakoids. The
thylakoids stack on top of one another (like __________) to form grana. A
___________ - rich fluid called ________ fills the space between the envelope
and the thylakoid membranes. Molecules of the green, light absorbing pigment
called ___________________ are embedded within thylakoid membranes.
Chlorophyll molecules absorb light energy and begin photosynthesis.

19
The following equation summarizes the photosynthetic process:

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

_________ ______ __________ ______
_________

Photosynthesis does not happen all in one step as it may seem like above, it takes
place in two steps: the _________________ and the ____________________.

1. The Light Reactions of Photosynthesis: ATP produced

Chlorophyll molecules in thylakoid membranes trap _________ and transfer its

energy to _______ molecules. Because light is required for these reactions to
occur, they are called the __________________________ of photosynthesis.

2. The Calvin Cycle: Glucose produced

As you can see from the equation above, the carbon atoms in glucose come from
the carbon atoms in ________________________. The chemical reactions that
produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide is called the Calvin cycle, named after
_____________________, the biochemist who discovered the reactions. The
energy from the sun is transferred to the carbohydrate molecules that are made.

Accessory Pigments in Plants

Chlorophyll is a green pigment, but it is not the only pigment in plants. Plants also
have accessory pigments such as orange ______________________ and yellow
_____________________________, and help chlorophyll absorb a greater
spectrum of light energy. In the summer, the majority of the pigment in plants is
_________________________, so the plants appear ________. However, when
fall arrives, leaves stop producing ______________ and break apart the
molecules of chlorophyll already there. This causes the accessory pigments to
show, giving rise to the fall colours. The bright red colour in autumn leaves is
caused by the production of a red pigment called ____________________.

20
 Cellular Respiration (1.18)
Photosynthesis is the process by which glucose is produced
by plants. Cellular respiration is the process used by all living
things to process ____________ and create ATP,
__________________ and _____________.

Aerobic cellular respiration uses ______________ and

produces large amounts of ATP. _______________ cellular
respiration does not use oxygen, and produces _________
amounts of ATP. These two processes need each other.

AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION:

Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in 2 stages: ________________ and ________

________________.

Stage 1: Glycolysis (Glucose  2 pyruvate + 2ATP) A series of reactions that

breaks one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) into two molecules of pyruvate (C3H6O3).
This releases energy. These reactions produce ___ molecules of ATP (by attaching
a phosphate group to 2 ADP molecules) using the energy from the breaking down of
glucose.

Stage 2: Oxidative Respiration (Kreb’s cycle) (2 pyruvate + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O+

34ATP) A series of reactions that take the 2 pyruvate molecules and oxygen to
produce 6 molecules of carbon dioxide and water. This reaction produces ____
molecules of ATP.

All together, aerobic cellular respiration produces a total of ______ ATP molecules.

Aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
_________ _________ _________ __________
36 ADP + 36 Pi 36 ATP

21
The _____________________ is the site of oxidative respiration, and the site where
most ______ is produced. Mitochondria are often called the powerhouse of the cell
since they produce so much ATP. Mitochondria possess their own _____ and are
capable of reproducing independently of the cell.
Aerobic Cellular Respiration:

- Occurs in the _________________

- Two reactions are called:
_______________________ and
____________________________
- Produces ________ ATPs.

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION:

There are times when the cell must respire when ____________ is not available to
them. This respiration without oxygen is called _________________. There are two
types of fermentation: ________________ fermentation and __________ ________
fermentation. Ethanol fermentation occurs in __________ cells (single-celled fungi)
and lactate fermentation occurs in human muscle cells during strenuous
_______________.

Ethanol Fermentation: Glucose  2 pyruvate + 2ATP  2 ethanol + 2CO2

Ethanol fermentation takes place in the __________________ of cells.

A molecule of glucose is broken down by glycolysis into 2 molecules of
pyruvate, producing ____ ATPs. Then, the 2 pyruvate are converted
into 2 ___________, and carbon dioxide is released.

Bread is leavened by mixing live ____________ cells with starches (in flour) and
water. The yeast cells ferment the glucose (from the starch in flour) and release
carbon dioxide and _____________. In winemaking, fermentation ends when the
concentration of ethanol reaches _____. At this point, yeast cells _____ as a result
of ethanol accumulation.

Lactate Fermentation: Glucose  2 pyruvate + 2ATP  2 lactate

During strenuous exercise, muscle cells break down glucose faster

than _______ can be supplied. Glucose is broken down by
glycolysis into 2 molecules of pyruvate, then the pyruvate is broken
down into 2 molecules of ______________.

When lactate molecules accumulate in muscle tissues, it causes stiffness, soreness

and fatigue. Panting after strenuous exercise is the body’s way to bring _________
back to the muscles, and clear the body of ____________.

22
Name:_____________________________ Date:___________________________

Newborns Could Soon Be Screened for Rare “Pompe” Enzyme Deficiency

Disorder Aug 19, 2013 |By Dina Fine Maron
Shortly after a baby’s first wail at birth she or he receives a tiny prick on the heel. A few drops of
blood are caught on special filter paper to screen for myriad diseases.

Across the U.S. almost 30 standard tests for medical conditions in infants rely on sampling from
those blood spots. Now the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is considering
adding another disease to its list of recommended newborn screenings. A federal panel this
spring recommended that the rare, and often fatal, Pompe disease be added to the mix.

This inherited enzyme deficiency disorder, named for Dutch physician Johannes C. Pompe who
first described it in 1932, is caused by the buildup of glycogen in the body’s cells. If detected
early, doctors can start enzyme replacement therapy, a costly regimen of biweekly infusions that
add a missing enzyme, acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), back into the body. The four-to-six-hour
infusions must be continued for life. The procedure reduces sugar accumulation, and is designed
to help stave off muscle degradation and heart defects. People with this disease have mutations in
a particular gene that usually serves as the instruction manual for how to produce GAA. That
enzyme normally breaks down glycogen into glucose, a vital energy source for most cells.
Without effective breakdown of glycogen the sugar can build up to toxic levels within cells, in
turn damaging muscles and other organs and tissues. Pompe disease occurs in one in 28,000
people.

Typically, untreated infants with an early-onset form of the disease die of cardiac failure before
age one. The enzyme replacement therapy—available since 2006—saves lives, but children may
still end up on ventilators later in life. Long-term outcomes for patients receiving treatment are
not well known, but researchers estimate that national screening could avert an estimated 13
deaths and 26 cases of ventilated babies per year.

Screening might force parents and doctors to grapple with uncertainties about when to initiate
therapy because the initial test also reveals whether a late-onset form of Pompe disease may
develop. Whereas the early-onset form of the disease is rare—only one in 100,000 infants have
it—the later-onset form makes up about 72 percent of all cases. And late-onset Pompe disease is
a bit of a wild card: its symptoms might not show up until adulthood, but they could manifest as
early as age eight—or even before. Enzyme replacement therapy can cost more than $100,000
annually for a small child’s infusions, but delayed therapy might result in irreversible muscle
damage. The cost increases as the child gets bigger as the infusion amount depends on size.
Barry Byrne, a pediatrician at the University of Florida who helped advise the federal panel that
recommended adding Pompe disease to the standard tests for newborns, says physicians still
have few definitive answers about Pompe disease treatment because there is little research on it.
A positive result for late-onset Pompe disease typically prompts doctors and families to keep a
close watch for symptoms of the disease, such as muscle weakness, to know when to start
therapy. Adding the test to the national list of recommended newborn screenings is vital, Byrne
says, because “one of the purposes of screening is to avoid delayed diagnosis and detect cases
that go unrecognized.”
 Discussion Questions

1) What happens to someone when they have Pom pe disease?

2) What enzyme is missing from individuals who have Pompe disease? ________________

3) Why are people missing this enzyme?

4) What are the treatments for someone who has Pompe disease?

5) The new screening test also detects if Pompe disease will show up later in life. This
information causes families uncertainty about when to start the treatment. Why are
families uncertain about when to start the treatment? (I.e.What factors might cause a
family to hold off immediate treatments? What factors might prompt a family to want to
start treatments immediately).
 Passive Transport and the Cell Worksheet
1. What is meant by the term passive transport?

2. Complete the following table comparing the different methods of passive transport:

Method of Passive What is What does the Does it move Does it require
Transport Transported material move along or against energy? (ATP)
Across? through? the
concentration
gradient?
Simple Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion:
Channel Protein

Facilitated Diffusion:
Carrier Protein

Osmosis
 3. The following diagrams illustrate red blood cells placed in one of three types of osmotic
solutions (isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic). Indicate what kind of solution each red
blood cell was placed in and how you can tell?

Red Blood Cells Type of Osmotic Solution How can you tell?
(Isotonic, Hypertonic or
Hypotonic)

4. When pharmacists and nurses prepare IV solutions for patients they must be VERY
careful to ensure that the solutions are isotonic with our blood.

a. What would happen to our red blood cells if a hypertonic solution was given?

c. What would happen to our red blood cells if a hypotonic solution was given?
 5. The following diagrams illustrate plant cells placed in one of three types of osmotic
solutions (isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic). Indicate what kind of solution each cell
was placed in and how you can tell?

Characteristics Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3

Type of
osmotic
solution
(Isotonic,
hypertonic or
hypotonic)

How can you

tell?

6. Your start to develop a sore throat and you know that you are coming down with a cold.
Your dad tells you to gargle with salt water.

a. If you gargle with salt water what kind of condition are your infected throat cells
exposed to? (Isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic)

b. What will happen to your infected throat cells?

7. Supermarkets will spray their vegetables with fresh water on a regular basis. Why do
they do this? Relate your answer to osmosis and the plant cells.

8. Why does salted popcorn dry your lips?

Active Transport

Active transport

In passive transport substances move from an area of ______________

concentration to an area of __________________ concentration until dynamic
equilibrium is reached.

In active transport substances move from an area of ______________

concentration to an area of ________________ concentration.

Since this process moves substances ________________ the concentration

gradient, _________________ is required.

There is one main type of active transport. It is:

•

1. Protein Channel

________________ are embedded in the cell membrane. They

can carry molecules _____________________ the
concentration gradient.

A carrier protein can only transport a ____________________

substance.

The diagram on the right illustrates this form of active

transport. Take a look at the illustration and answer the
following questions:

a. What molecule is being actively transported into the cell

(describe the shape)?

b. How do you know that active transport is taking place?

 c. Are the molecules being moved along or against the concentration
gradient? How can you tell from the diagram?

One very important type of protein channel in the body is the

_________________________ pump. This protein only transports the molecules
_____________ and _________________. It allows our nerve cells to send
electrical signals properly.

Bulk Transport

Bulk Transport

There are two main types of bulk transport. They are:

•
•

1. Endocytosis

This form of bulk transport brings large amounts of material __________ the cell
from _________________ of the cell. These materials are typically too big to pass
through the cell membrane.

There are two types of endocytosis:

1.
2.

The cell membrane is __________________ and will either _____________

around molecules to engulf them like in _______________________ or will
_______________ around the extra-cellular fluid like in _____________________.
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis

2. Exocytosis

Exocytosis is basically the reverse of _________________. The cell moves

____________________________________ of the cell.

Molecules are transported from inside the cell to the _____________________ by

______________________ or _________________________. These fuse with the
cell membrane and release its contents to the outside environment.

Examples of substances that are released to the outside environment are

_______________ or ___________________.
 Chemical Reactions in Plants and Animal Cells:
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Analyze the image below to help
you understand the processes of
photosynthesis and cellular
respiration.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

a. What types of organisms

conduct photosynthesis?

• plants

b. What do plants need to do

photosynthesis?
• Carbon dioxide, water,
sunlight

c. What organelle does this

reaction take place in?
• chloroplast

d. What do plants produce

when they conduct photosynthesis?

• Oxygen, sugar (glucose)

e. Write out a word equation for the process of photosynthesis.

sunlight

Carbon dioxide + water -oxygen + sugar

f. Write out the chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis.

6CO2 + 6H2O  6O2 + C6H12O6
CELLULAR RESPIRATION

a. What type of organisms

conduct cellular respiration?

• Almost all!! (plants and

animals)

b. What do plants and animals

need to conduct cellular
respiration?
• Oxygen and sugar

c. What organelle does this

process take place in?
• mitochondria

d. What do plants and animals

produce when they conduct
cellular respiration?

• Carbon dioxide, water,

energy (ATP)

e. Write out the word equation

for cellular respiration.

Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

f. Write out the chemical equation for cellular respiration.

6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP!!!!