Example 1.3.2 Soliman page-6

Determine whether the following signal is periodic or aperiodic?
2𝜋
𝑥 𝑡 sin 𝑡
3
Soln:
Comparing with the standard signal sin 𝜔𝑡 we can write
2𝜋
𝜔
3
2𝜋
2𝜋𝑓
3
1
𝑓
3
1 1
𝑇 3
3
𝑇 3 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
1
We know signal 𝑥 𝑡 will be periodic if it satisfy the condition 𝑥 𝑡 𝑥 𝑡 𝑇 . Now applying this condition
in signal sin 𝑡 if we get the original signal back then the signal will be periodic.

𝑥 𝑡 𝑇 𝑥 𝑡
2𝜋
sin 𝑡 𝑇 𝑥 𝑡
3
2𝜋
sin 𝑡 3 𝑥 𝑡
3
2𝜋 2𝜋
sin 𝑡 3 𝑥 𝑡
3 3
2𝜋
sin 𝑡 2𝜋 𝑥 𝑡
3
Method-1 Direct Formula
2𝜋
sin 𝑡 2𝜋 𝑥 𝑡
3
We know sin 2𝜋 𝜃 sin 𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋
∴ sin 𝑡 2𝜋 sin 𝑡 𝑥 𝑡
3 3

Method-2 Detail Formula

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST  
  
2𝜋
sin 𝑡 2𝜋 𝑥 𝑡
3
Using formula sin 𝐴 𝐵 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴
2𝜋
sin 𝑡 2𝜋 𝑥 𝑡
3
2𝜋 2𝜋
sin 𝑡 cos 2𝜋 sin 2𝜋 cos 𝑥 𝑡
3 3
2𝜋 2𝜋
sin 𝑡 1 0 cos 𝑥 𝑡
3 3
2𝜋
∴ sin 𝑡 𝑥 𝑡
3
Result:

Signal sin 𝑡 is periodic

Example 1.3.2 Page-6 Soliman

Determine whether following signal is periodic or aperiodic? If periodic find the fundamental frequency.
2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥 𝑡 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡
5 3
Soln:
Using formula 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 sin 𝐴 𝐵 sin 𝐴 𝐵
1 2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥 𝑡 2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡
2 5 3
1 2𝜋 4𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋
sin 𝑡 𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑡
2 5 3 5 3
1 6 20 6 20
sin 𝜋𝑡 sin 𝜋𝑡
2 15 15
1 26𝜋 14𝜋
sin 𝑡 sin 𝑡 1
2 15 15
This is a composite signal. We know that the sum of two periodic signal is also periodic only if the ratio of their
respective periods can be expressed as a rational number. Mathematically
𝑇 𝑘
𝑇
𝑇 𝑘
From the equation (1) we can see that there are two signal. Now the angular frequency of two signals are

𝜔 and 𝜔
Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST  
  
2𝜋𝑓 and 2𝜋𝑓

𝑓 and 𝑓

and

∴𝑇 and 𝑇
We know that
𝑇 𝑘
𝑇 𝑘
Now
15
𝑇 7 13
𝑇 15 7
13
This is a rational number. Therefore signal 𝑥 𝑡 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 is periodic

Finding Fundamental Frequency

𝑇 13
𝑇
𝑇 7
∴𝑇 7𝑇 13𝑇
So the fundamental time period
15
𝑇 7𝑇 7 15 𝑠𝑒𝑐
7
15
𝑇 13𝑇 13 15 𝑠𝑒𝑐
13
So the fundamental frequency 𝑓 0.6666 𝐻

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST  
  
Question
Find whether the following signal is periodic or aperiodic
𝑥 𝑡 𝑒

Soln:
By comparing the given signal with the standard signal 𝑒 we can write
𝜔 𝜋
2𝜋𝑓 𝜋
1
𝑓
2
1 1
𝑇 2
∴𝑇 2
Testing the periodicity
The given signal will be periodic if it fulfils the condition
𝑥 𝑡 𝑇 𝑥 𝑡
Now
𝑥 𝑡 𝑇 𝑒
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
Using Euler’s Formula 𝑒 cos 𝜃 𝑗 sin 𝜃
𝑒 cos 2𝜋 𝑗 sin 2𝜋
𝑒 cos 2𝜋 𝑗 sin 2𝜋
𝑒 1 𝑗 0
𝑒
𝑥 𝑡
Thus the signal
𝑥 𝑡 𝑒
is periodic

Exercise 1.6 (d), Page-35 Soliman

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST  
  
Is the following signal periodic?
5𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 𝑡 exp 𝑗 𝑡 exp 𝑡
6 6
Soln:
the sum of two periodic signal is also periodic only if the ratio of their respective periods can be expressed as a
rational number.

So, to be periodic, both signals needs to be periodic. But signal exp 𝑡 is not periodic. Because it goes up to
infinity and it does not repeat any pattern. If you plot the signal it looks like below figure. This signal 𝑥 𝑡 is
not periodic.

Question
Test the periodicity of the following signal
𝜋
𝑥 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡
4
Soln:

𝜋
𝑥 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡
4
1 𝜋
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡
2 4
1 𝜋
1 cos 4𝑡
2 2

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST  
  
Now by comparing with the standard signal cos 𝜔𝑡 ∅ we can write
𝜔 4
2𝜋𝑓 4
2
𝑓
𝜋
𝜋
∴𝑇
2
Testing the periodicity
The given signal will be periodic if
𝑥 𝑡 𝑇 𝑥 𝑡
Now
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 𝑡 𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
2 4
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 𝜋
4
1 𝜋
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 𝜋
2 4
1 𝜋
1 cos 4𝑡 2𝜋
2 2
1 𝜋
1 cos 2𝜋 4𝑡
2 2
1 𝜋
1 cos 2𝜋 4𝑡
2 2
But cos 2𝜋 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 𝜋
1 cos 4𝑡
2 2
1 𝜋
1 cos 2 2𝑡
2 4
1 𝜋
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 1 cos 2 2𝑡
2 4
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡
4
𝑥 𝑡
The given signal is periodic.

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST  
  
Home work

Exercise 1.6, page-35, Soliman

1. X (t) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑡 
2. X (t) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑡  𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑡 
3. X (t) = 2 Cos (3 𝑡  
4. X (t) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑡  
5. X (t) = 𝑒  
6. X (t) =  𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝑡  

7. X (t) = 𝑒  
8. X (t) = 2 Cos (  

9. X (t) = 𝑒  

Additional/Advance Reading Material

MATLAB code for adding two signals

clc; % Clear the command window.

close all; % Close all figures (except those of imtool.)
clear; % Erase all existing variables. Or clearvars if you want.
workspace; % Make sure the workspace panel is showing.
format long g;
format compact;
fontSize = 20;

% Make 0.1 seconds sampled every 1/1000 of a second

t = 0 : 1/1000 : 0.1;

% Define sine wave parameters.

f1 = 30; % per second

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST  
  
T1 = 1/f1; % period, seconds
amp1 = 1; % amplitude
f2 = 60; % per second
T2 = 1/f2; % period, seconds
amp2 = 1; % amplitude

% Make signals.
signal1 = amp1 * sin(2*pi*t/T1);
signal2 = amp2 * sin(2*pi*t/T2);
signal = signal1 + signal2;
plot(t, signal1, 'r.-', 'LineWidth', 2, 'MarkerSize', 16);
hold on;
plot(t, signal2, 'm.-', 'LineWidth', 2, 'MarkerSize', 16);
plot(t, signal, 'b.-', 'LineWidth', 2, 'MarkerSize', 16);
grid on;
title('Sine Waves', 'FontSize', fontSize);
xlabel('Time', 'FontSize', fontSize);
ylabel('Signal', 'FontSize', fontSize);
% Make bolder x axis
line(xlim, [0,0], 'Color', 'k', 'LineWidth', 3);
legend('30 Hz', '60 Hz', 'Sum');

% Set up figure properties:

% Enlarge figure to full screen.
set(gcf, 'Units', 'Normalized', 'OuterPosition', [0 0 1 1]);
% Get rid of tool bar and pulldown menus that are along top of figure.
set(gcf, 'Toolbar', 'none', 'Menu', 'none');
% Give a name to the title bar.
set(gcf, 'Name', 'Demo by ImageAnalyst', 'NumberTitle', 'Off')

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST  
  

Internet link= https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/307439-problem-in-addition-of-sine-waves-
with-different-frequencies

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST