Math-102-Section-8.3-L52-with Solution

|M a t h 1 0 2 - F a l l 2 0 2 0 | S e c 8 .
3 | P a g e 1
Section 8.3: Trigonometric Integrals

• Evaluating integrals of the forms
� sin𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 or � cos 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� sin𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� tan𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� sec 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� tan𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• Evaluating Integrals of the forms

� sin 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 cos 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,
� sin 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 sin 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,
� cos 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 cos 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
After completing this section, you should be able to do the following.
• Evaluate integrals involving powers of sine and cosine.

• Evaluate integrals involving powers of the other four trigonometric
functions.
• Combine techniques to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions.
• Exploit trigonometric identities and formulas to solve integrals.
|M a t h 1 0 2 - F a l l 2 0 2 0 | S e c 8 . 3 | P a g e 2
Integrating Powers of 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 or 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙:

Consider evaluating integral of the form
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = � sin𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 2
where 𝑛𝑛 is a positive integer. Then we can find the integral by Spliting off a factor
of sin 𝑥𝑥 and applying the integration by parts:
𝑢𝑢 = sin𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

We get the following reduction formula:
𝑛𝑛
sin𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 − 1
� sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − + � sin𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 2
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
A similar strategy used for cos 𝑥𝑥 and we can get the following reduction formula:
𝑛𝑛
cos 𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 − 1
� cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + � cos 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 2
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
Alternative way if n is odd:

𝑛𝑛 is odd, positive integer Split off a factor of sin 𝑥𝑥 (𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) and write the
remaining even power of sin 𝑥𝑥 (𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) in terms of
cos 𝑥𝑥 using the identity sin2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 −
cos2 𝑥𝑥 (𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 cos2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥𝑥), and then use the
substitution 𝑢𝑢 = cos 𝑥𝑥 (𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 sin 𝑥𝑥).
Reduction Formulas (Recall)

𝑛𝑛
sin𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 − 1
� sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − + � sin𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 2
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
Example:
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
Example. Evaluate
� sin3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example. Evaluate
� cos 5 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solution: 1st way using the reduction formula.
2nd way using u-substitution.

Example. Evaluate
� cos 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example. Evaluate
� sin4 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Integrating Products of Powers of 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 and 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙:

We now consider integrals of the form
� sin𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
We have three cases:
𝑚𝑚 is odd, positive integer Split off a factor of sin 𝑥𝑥 and write the remaining even
power of sin 𝑥𝑥 in terms of cos 𝑥𝑥 (using the identity
𝑛𝑛 is any real number
sin2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − cos2 𝑥𝑥), and then use the substitution
𝑢𝑢 = cos 𝑥𝑥.
𝑛𝑛 is odd, positive integer Split off a factor of cos 𝑥𝑥 and write the remaining even
power of cos 𝑥𝑥 in terms of sin 𝑥𝑥 (using the identity
𝑚𝑚 is any real number
cos2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥𝑥), and then use the substitution
𝑢𝑢 = sin 𝑥𝑥.
𝑚𝑚 and 𝑛𝑛 both are even, positive Use the identities

sin2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − cos2 𝑥𝑥 , cos2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥𝑥
integers
to transform the integrand into a polynomial in cos 𝑥𝑥
or sin 𝑥𝑥 and apply the reduction formula.
Remark. For this case, tedious calculations maybe

required to calculate the integral. So, we may use
reduction formulas for such case.
Example. Evaluate
� sin3 𝑥𝑥 cos −2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example. Evaluate
� cos100 𝑥𝑥 sin5 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example. Evaluate
� sin4 𝑥𝑥 cos 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example. Evaluate
cos 𝑥𝑥 + sin3 𝑥𝑥
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
sec 𝑥𝑥
Integrals of 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝒙𝒙, 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙, 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙, and 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙
� tan 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ln|cos 𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶 = ln|sec 𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶

∫ tan2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = tan 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶, here we use tan2 𝑥𝑥 + 1 = sec 2 𝑥𝑥
� cot 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln|sin 𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶

∫ cot 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − cot 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶, here we use cot 2 𝑥𝑥 + 1 = csc 2 𝑥𝑥
� sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln|sec 𝑥𝑥 + tan 𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶
� sec 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = tan 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
� csc 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln|csc 𝑥𝑥 − cot 𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶
� csc 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝐶𝐶

Integrating Powers of 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 or 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄:

For evaluating integrals of the form
� sec 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 3
where 𝑛𝑛 is a positive integer, split off a factor of sec 2 𝑥𝑥 and then use the
integration by parts to get the following reduction formula:
𝑛𝑛
sec 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 − 2
� sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + � sec 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 3.
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑛𝑛 − 1
A similar strategy used for 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and we can get the following reduction formula:
𝑛𝑛
csc 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 cot 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 − 2
� csc 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − + � csc 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 3.
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑛𝑛 − 1
Alternating Way if n is even:

𝑛𝑛 is even, positive integer Split off a factor of sec 2 𝑥𝑥 and write the remaining
even power of sec 𝑥𝑥 in terms of tan 𝑥𝑥 (using the
identity sec 2 𝑥𝑥 = tan2 𝑥𝑥 + 1), and then use the
substitution 𝑢𝑢 = tan 𝑥𝑥.
Remark. Tedious calculations maybe required to calculate the integral.

Therefore, we may use the above reduction formula even in case 𝑛𝑛 = 2.
Reduction Formula (Recall):

𝑛𝑛
sec 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 − 2
� sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + � sec 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 2.
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑛𝑛
� csc 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − + � csc 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 2
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑛𝑛 − 1
Example: Show that

𝑛𝑛
� csc 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − + � csc 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 2
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑛𝑛 − 1
Example. Evaluate
� sec 4 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solution: 1st way using the reduction formula.
2nd way using u-substitution.
Example. Evaluate
� sec 3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Integrating Powers of 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝒙𝒙 or 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄:

For evaluating integrals of the form
� tan𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
where 𝑛𝑛 is a positive integer, we split off a factor of tan2 𝑥𝑥, we use the identity
tan2 𝑥𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥𝑥 − 1, and then we use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = tan 𝑥𝑥 to get the
following reduction formula:
𝑛𝑛
tan𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥
� tan 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − � tan𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 2.
𝑛𝑛 − 1
A similar strategy used for 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and we can get the following reduction formula:
𝑛𝑛
cot 𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥
� cot 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − − � cot 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 2.
𝑛𝑛 − 1
Remark. Tedious calculations maybe required, it is better to use the above

reduction formula:
Reduction Formulas (Recall):
𝑛𝑛
tan𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥
� tan 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − � tan𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 2.
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑛𝑛
� cot 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − − � cot 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 2.
𝑛𝑛 − 1
Example: Show that
� cot 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − − � cot 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 2.
𝑛𝑛 − 1
Example. Evaluate
� tan3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example. Evaluate
� tan4 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Integrating Products of Powers of 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝒙𝒙 and 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙:

We now consider integrals of the form
� tan𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 .
We have three cases:
𝑛𝑛 is even, positive integer Split off a factor of sec 2 𝑥𝑥 or csc 2 𝑥𝑥 and write the
remaining even power of sec 𝑥𝑥 or 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 in terms of
𝑚𝑚 is any real number
tan 𝑥𝑥 (using the identity sec 2 𝑥𝑥 = tan2 𝑥𝑥 + 1), and
then use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = tan 𝑥𝑥.
𝑚𝑚 is odd, positive integer Split off a factor of sec 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑥 or csc 𝑥𝑥 cot 𝑥𝑥 and write
the remaining even power of tan 𝑥𝑥 or cot 𝑥𝑥 in terms of
𝑛𝑛 is any real number
sec 𝑥𝑥 or csc 𝑥𝑥 (using the identities tan2 𝑥𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥𝑥 − 1
and cot 2 𝑥𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥𝑥 − 1), and then use the
substitution 𝑢𝑢 = sec 𝑥𝑥 or 𝑢𝑢 = csc 𝑥𝑥.
𝑚𝑚 is even, positive integer Rewrite the even power of tan 𝑥𝑥 or cot 𝑥𝑥 in terms of
sec 𝑥𝑥 or csc 𝑥𝑥 to produce a polynomial in sec 𝑥𝑥 or
𝑛𝑛 is odd, positive integer
csc 𝑥𝑥 ; apply the reduction formula to each term.
Example. Evaluate
� cot 59 𝑥𝑥 csc 4 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example. Evaluate
� tan5 𝑥𝑥 sec 50 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example. Evaluate
� tan3 𝑥𝑥 √sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example. Evaluate
� cot 2 𝑥𝑥 csc 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Integrals of the forms

� sin 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 cos 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,
� sin 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 sin 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,
� cos 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 cos 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
Use the following three identities to evaluate the given integrals

1
sin 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 sin 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = �cos�(𝑚𝑚 − 𝑛𝑛)𝑥𝑥� − cos�(𝑚𝑚 + 𝑛𝑛)𝑥𝑥��
2
1
cos 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 cos 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = �cos�(𝑚𝑚 − 𝑛𝑛)𝑥𝑥� + cos�(𝑚𝑚 + 𝑛𝑛)𝑥𝑥��
2
1
sin 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 cos 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = �sin�(𝑚𝑚 − 𝑛𝑛)𝑥𝑥� + sin�(𝑚𝑚 + 𝑛𝑛)𝑥𝑥��
2
Example. Evaluate
� sin 4.5𝑥𝑥 sin 7.5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example. Evaluate
� cos 8𝑥𝑥 sin 5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Extra Problems to be done at home:

Problem: Evaluate
� tan7 𝑥𝑥 sec 3/2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Problem: Evaluate
� sin7 𝑥𝑥 cos 5/2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Problem: Evaluate
Example. Evaluate

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|M a t h 1 0 2 - F a l l 2 0 2 0 | S e c 8 .

Section 8.3: Trigonometric Integrals

� sin𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

� tan𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

� sec 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

� tan𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• Evaluating Integrals of the forms

� sin 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 sin 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,

� cos 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 cos 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

After completing this section, you should be able to do the following.

• Evaluate integrals involving powers of sine and cosine.

Integrating Powers of 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 or 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙:

𝑢𝑢 = sin𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

Alternative way if n is odd:

Reduction Formulas (Recall)

Solution: 1st way using the reduction formula.

2nd way using u-substitution.

Integrating Products of Powers of 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 and 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙:

𝑚𝑚 and 𝑛𝑛 both are even, positive Use the identities

Remark. For this case, tedious calculations maybe

Integrals of 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝒙𝒙, 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙, 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙, and 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙

� tan 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ln|cos 𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶 = ln|sec 𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶

� cot 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln|sin 𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶

� sec 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = tan 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶

� csc 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln|csc 𝑥𝑥 − cot 𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶

� csc 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝐶𝐶

Integrating Powers of 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 or 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄:

Alternating Way if n is even:

Remark. Tedious calculations maybe required to calculate the integral.

Reduction Formula (Recall):

Example: Show that

Solution: 1st way using the reduction formula.

2nd way using u-substitution.

Integrating Powers of 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝒙𝒙 or 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄:

Remark. Tedious calculations maybe required, it is better to use the above

Reduction Formulas (Recall):

Integrating Products of Powers of 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝒙𝒙 and 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙:

Integrals of the forms

� sin 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 sin 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,

� cos 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 cos 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

Use the following three identities to evaluate the given integrals

Extra Problems to be done at home:

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