MTH240- Calculus II

Winter 2024

Section 3.2 – Trigonometric Integrals

Instructor: Saeid Samiezadeh

Email: saeid.samiezadeh@torontomu.ca
Office: VIC 703

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 Trigonometric Integrals

U-substitution and trigonometric identities can be combined to solve integrals in

the following forms

Type1: නsin𝑚 𝑥 cos𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Type2: නtan𝑚 𝑥 sec 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 m and n are integers and 𝑚 ≥ 0, 𝑛 ≥ 0

Type3: නsin𝑚𝑥 cos𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

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 Trigonometric Integrals

Some useful trigonometric identities

sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1
sec 2 𝑥 = 1 + tan2 x
1
sin2 𝑥 = (1 − cos2𝑥)
2
Half-angle identities
1
cos 2 𝑥 = (1 + cos2𝑥)
2
1
sin𝐴cos𝐵 = sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)
2
1
sin𝐴sin𝐵 = cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) Product-to-sum identities
2
1
cos𝐴cos𝐵 = cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
2
sin2𝑥 = 2sin𝑥cos𝑥 , cos2𝑥 = 2cos2 𝑥 − 1
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 Trigonometric Integrals

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

නsin𝑚 𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 m and n are integers and 𝑚 ≥ 0, 𝑛 ≥ 0

If either m or n is odd → save one of the odd factors and use sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2 𝑥
or cos 2 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥, then use u-substitution.

Example: නsin2 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥

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 Trigonometric Integrals

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

නsin𝑚 𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 m and n are integers and 𝑚 ≥ 0, 𝑛 ≥ 0

1
sin2 𝑥 = (1 − cos2𝑥)
2
If both m and n are even → use half-angle identities 1
cos 2 𝑥 = (1 + cos2𝑥)
2
Example: නsin2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

*Note that m and n can be zero, i.e. නsin𝑚 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 or නcos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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 Trigonometric Integrals

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

නtan𝑚 𝑥 sec 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 m and n are integers

If the power of sec𝑥 is even >> save a factor of sec 2 𝑥 and use sec 2 𝑥 = 1 + tan2 x
then use u-substitution (𝑢 = tan𝑥).

Example: නtan3 𝑥 sec 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥

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 Trigonometric Integrals

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

නtan𝑚 𝑥 sec 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 m and n are integers

If the power of tan𝑥 is odd >> save a factor of sec𝑥tan𝑥 and use tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1
then express the remaining factors as sec𝑥 .

Example: නtan3 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= නtan2 𝑥sec𝑥(sec𝑥tan𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = න(sec 2 𝑥 − 1)sec𝑥(sec𝑥tan𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = sec𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = sec𝑥tan𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢4 𝑢2 sec 4 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
= න(𝑢2 −1)(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = න(𝑢3 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = − +𝐶 = − +𝐶
4 2 4 2
• Integrals like නcot 𝑚 𝑥 csc 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 could also be solved in the same manner.
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 Trigonometric Integrals

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

නsin𝑚𝑥sin𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

නcos𝑚𝑥cos𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 m and n are integers

නsin𝑚𝑥cos𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

Example: නsin3𝑥cos2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1 1
= නsin𝑥 + sin5𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −cos𝑥 − cos5𝑥 = − cos𝑥 − cos5𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2 5 2 10

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 Trigonometric Integrals

Reminder

නtan𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sec𝑥| + 𝐶

නsec𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sec𝑥 + tan𝑥| + 𝐶

(tan𝑥)′ = sec 2 𝑥

(sec𝑥)′ = sec𝑥tan𝑥

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 Trigonometric Integrals

Additional Examples

𝜋
2 1
5
න sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 න 𝑑𝑥
sin𝑥 − 1
0

නtan3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 නcos 2 𝑥 − sin2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

නsin7 𝑥cos5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න𝑥sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

නcsc 4 𝑥cot 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න𝑥sec𝑥 tan𝑥𝑑𝑥

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