CEGEP Heritage College

Physics Formula Sheet

Physical Constants
Gravitational
Universal Speed of
acceleration 𝐺 = 6.67428 × 10−11
g = 9.81 m/s2 gravity sound in air vs ≈ 343 m/s
(Earth’s N ∙ m2 /kg 2
constant (20oC)
surface)
Speed of
Permittivity 𝜀0 = 8.85419 × 10−12 Permeability 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7
light in c = 2.9979 × 108 m/s
constant C2 /N ∙ m2 constant T ∙ m/A
vacuum
Coulomb’s 𝑘 = 8.98755 × 109 Elementary Avogadro 𝑁𝐴 = 6.02214 × 1023
|𝑒| = 1.602 × 10−19 C
constant N ∙ m2 /C2 charge constant mol−1

Electron 𝑚𝑒 = 9.109 × 10−31 𝑚𝑝 = 1.673 × 10−27 Neutron 𝑚𝑛

Proton mass
mass kg kg mass = 1.675 × 10−27 kg

Planck’s ℎ = 6.626 × 10−34 Atomic mass Electron 1𝑒𝑉

1𝑢 = 1.661 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔
constant J∙s unit volts = 1.602 × 10−19 J

Mathematics Review
Quadratic Formula −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
Triangles = = 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃

sin(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ± cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽

cos(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ∓ sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽

Trigonometric Identities
tan 𝛼 ± tan 𝛽
tan(𝛼 ± 𝛽) =
1 ∓ tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
1 1
sin 𝛼 ± sin 𝛽 = 2 sin (𝛼 ± 𝛽) cos (𝛼 ∓ 𝛽)
2 2
1 1
cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽 = 2 cos (𝛼 + 𝛽) cos (𝛼 − 𝛽)
2 2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1
sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 2 𝑥
Derivatives
𝑑 𝑚 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 𝑚−1 ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Integrals ∫ = ln|𝑥| ∫ = ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) ∫ = √𝑥 2 + 𝑎 2
𝑥 2
√𝑥 + 𝑎 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑥𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ 2 =− 2 ∫ 2 =
(𝑥 + 𝑎2 )3/2 (𝑥 + 𝑎2 )1/2 (𝑥 + 𝑎2 )3/2 𝑎2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )1/2
 Mechanics 203-NYA-05

Rotation of Mass Distribution About an

Motion of Point-like Particles
Axis
1 1
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 𝜃 = 𝜃0 + 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2 𝜔 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡
2 2
1 1
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + (𝑣0𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 )𝑡 𝑣𝑥2 = 𝑣0𝑥
2
+ 2𝑎𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) 𝜃 = 𝜃0 + (𝜔0 + 𝜔)𝑡 𝜔2 = 𝜔02 + 2𝛼(𝜃 − 𝜃0 )
2 2
2𝜋𝑟 𝑣𝑡2
𝑣𝑡 = 𝑎𝑟 = s = 𝜃𝑟 𝑣𝑡 = 𝜔𝑟
𝑇 𝑟
𝐺𝑀1 𝑀2
𝐹⃗𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎⃗ 𝐹𝐺 = 𝑎𝑡 = 𝛼𝑟 𝑎𝑟 = 𝜔2 𝑟
𝑟2
1
𝐹⃗𝑠 = −𝑘𝑥⃗ 𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁 𝐼 = Σ𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖2 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑚 = Σ𝑚𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑀
1 2 1
𝑈𝑠 = 𝑘𝑥 𝐾= 𝑚𝑣 2 𝜏⃗𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐼𝛼⃗ 𝜏⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗
2 2
1
𝑈𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑊 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗ 𝐾 = 𝐼𝜔2 𝑊 = 𝜏⃗ ∙ 𝜃⃗
2
∆𝐸 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∆𝐿⃗⃗
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 ≈ 𝑒= 𝐿⃗⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝑝⃗ 𝜏⃗𝑎𝑣𝑔 ≈
∆𝑡 𝐸𝑖𝑛 ∆𝑡
∆𝑝⃗
𝑝⃗ = 𝑚𝑣⃗ 𝐹⃗𝑎𝑣𝑔 ≈ 𝐿⃗⃗ = 𝐼𝜔
⃗⃗ 𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼𝑐𝑚 + 𝑚𝑑 2
∆𝑡

Rotation of a Uniform Rigid Body About the Principal Axis Through Centre of Mass
Thin-Shelled (hollow) 1
𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝑀𝑅2 Long Thin Rod 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝑀𝐿2
Cylinder/Disc 12
Thick-Shelled 1 Thin-Shelled (hollow) 2
Cylinder/Disc 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝑀(𝑅12 + 𝑅22 ) Sphere 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝑀𝑅2
2 3
1 2
Solid Cylinder 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝑀𝑅2 Solid Sphere 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 𝑀𝑅2
2 5
 Waves, Optics & Modern Physics 203-NYC-05

Simple Harmonic Motion

2𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿) 𝑇=
𝜔
𝜕𝑥 2 − 𝑥2
𝑚
𝑣= = −𝑥𝑚 𝜔 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿) = ±𝜔√𝑥𝑚 𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝜕𝑡 𝑘
𝜕𝑣 𝜕 2 𝑣 𝐿
𝑎= = = −𝑥𝑚 𝜔2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿) 𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 2 𝑔

Travelling Waves Superposition and Standing Waves

𝜑 𝜑
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑚 sin(𝑘𝑥 ± 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿) 𝑦 = 2𝑦𝑚 cos( ⁄2) sin(𝑘𝑥 ± 𝜔𝑡 + ⁄2)

𝑘 = 2𝜋⁄𝜆 𝜔 = 𝑘𝑣 𝑦 = 2𝑦𝑚 sin(𝑘𝑥) cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿) 𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑡 = |𝑓2 − 𝑓1 |

𝑛𝑣 𝑛𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 𝑣 = √𝜏⁄𝜇 𝑓𝑛 = 𝑓𝑛 =
2𝐿 4𝐿
2 2 2 2 2𝐿 4𝐿
𝐸𝜆 = 1⁄2 𝜇𝜆𝑦𝑚 𝜔 𝑃 = 1⁄2 𝜇𝑣𝑦𝑚 𝜔 𝜆𝑛 = 𝜆𝑛 =
𝑛 𝑛
Sound Waves
𝑃 𝐼 𝑣 ± 𝑣𝐷
𝑣 = (331𝑚/𝑠)√1 + 𝑇⁄273 𝑣 = √𝐵⁄𝜌 𝐼= 𝛽 = 10 log ( −12 ) 𝑓𝐷 = 𝑓𝑆
4𝜋𝑟 2 10 𝑣 ± 𝑣𝑆

Spherical Interference Conditions

Snell’s Law and Polarization Mirrors and sin2 𝛼
𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚𝜆 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 ( ) cos 2 𝛽
Thin Lenses 𝛼2
2 1 1 1
𝑛1 sin(𝜃1 ) = 𝑛2 sin(𝜃2 ) = + = a sin 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆 𝑑⁄ = 𝑚⁄
𝑅 𝑝 𝑖 𝑓 𝑎 𝑛
1
𝜆0 𝜋𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝜋𝑑 sin 𝜃
𝑛= ⁄𝜆 = 𝑐⁄𝑣 𝑓 𝛼= 𝛽=
𝑛
1 1 𝜆 𝜆
= (𝑛 − 1) ( − )
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑦 𝜆
𝑛2 1 1
sin 𝜃𝑐 = ⁄𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃~ ∆𝜃𝐻𝑊 =
= + 𝐷 𝑁𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑝 𝑖
𝑛2 ′ 1 𝜆 𝜆
tan 𝜃𝐵 = ⁄𝑛1 𝐼 = 𝐼0 cos 2 𝜃 𝑀 = ℎ ⁄ℎ = − 𝑖⁄𝑝 2𝐿 = (𝑚 + ) 2𝐿 = 𝑚
2 𝑛2 𝑛2

Modern Physics
2898𝜇𝑚 ∙ 𝐾
𝜆𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 𝐸𝑓 = ℎ𝑓 𝜆 = ℎ/𝑝 𝐸𝑏 (𝑀𝑒𝑉) = [𝑍𝑀(𝐻) + 𝑁𝑚𝑛 − 𝑀( 𝐴𝑍𝑋 )] × 931.494𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑢
𝑇

−13.6𝑒𝑉 1 ln 2
𝐸𝑛 = 𝛽 = 𝑣/𝑐 𝛾= 𝑁 = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 𝑇1/2 =
𝑛2 √1 − 𝛽 2 𝜆

𝑥 ′ = 𝛾(𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡)
1±𝛽 ∆𝐿0
𝑣𝑥 𝑓 = 𝑓0 √ ∆𝑡 = 𝛾∆𝑡0 ∆𝐿 = 𝐸0 = 𝑚𝑐 2
1∓𝛽 𝛾
𝑡 ′ = 𝛾 (𝑡 − 2 )
𝑐
 Electricity & Magnetism 203-NYB-05
Point Charges Continuous Charge Distribution Dipole
𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑄 𝑑𝑞
𝐹⃗ = 𝑟̂ 𝜆 = ⁄𝑙 𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑟̂ 𝑝 = 𝑞𝑑
𝑟2 𝑟2
𝑘𝑞 𝑄
𝐸⃗⃗ = 2 𝑟̂ 𝜎 = ⁄𝐴 𝑞𝑒𝑛𝑐 2𝑘𝑝
𝑟 Φ = ∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝐴⃗ = 𝐸=
𝑄 𝜀0 𝑧3
𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝐸⃗⃗ 𝜌 = ⁄𝑉

Electric Potential Potential Energy

𝑘𝑞
Point Charge 𝑉= 𝑈 = 𝑞𝑉
𝑟
𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2
Uniform Field 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑 Point Charge 𝑈=
𝑟
𝑑𝑞 𝑘𝑝 cos 𝜃
𝑉 = 𝑘∫ Dipole 𝑈=
𝑟 𝑟2
Continuous Charge 1 1 𝑄2
𝑉 = − ∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑠⃗ Capacitor 𝑈 = 𝐶𝑉 2 = 𝑄𝑉 =
Distribution 2 2 2𝐶
𝜕𝑉 1 2
𝐸𝑠 = − Inductor 𝑈 = 𝐿𝐼
𝜕𝑠 2

DC Circuits RC Circuits
𝑑𝑞 𝜌𝑙
𝑉 = 𝑖𝑅 Σ𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 (Δ𝑉) = 0 𝑖= 𝑅= 𝜏 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝐴
parallel 1 1 𝑖
= Σ( ) 𝑣𝑑 = 𝜎 = 1⁄𝜌 𝑞 = 𝑞0 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏 ) 𝑞 = 𝑞0 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏
resistance 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅𝑗 𝑛𝐴𝑞

series 1 1 𝐾𝜀0 𝐴
= Σ( ) 𝜌 = 𝜌0 [1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )] 𝐶= 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏
capacitance 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶𝑗 𝐷
2 𝑡
𝑃 = 𝑖𝑉 = 𝑉 ⁄𝑅 = 𝑖 2 𝑅 𝐽⃗ = 𝜎𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑛𝑞𝑣⃗𝑑 𝑌(𝑡) = 𝑌𝑠𝑠 + (𝑌𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡 − 𝑌𝑠𝑠 ) 𝑒 − ⁄𝜏

Force, Torque & Magnetic Fields Faraday’s Law and Circuits

𝑑Φ𝐵 𝑑Φ𝐵
𝐹⃗𝐵 = 𝑖𝐿⃗⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ 𝐹⃗𝐵 = 𝑖 ∫ 𝑑𝑙⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ ∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑠⃗ = − 𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
⃗⃗
𝜏⃗ = 𝜇⃗ × 𝐵 𝜇⃗ = 𝑁𝑖𝐴⃗ 𝜀𝐿 = −𝐿 𝜀 = −𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑁Φ𝐵 𝐿
𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝑣⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝐸⃗⃗ + 𝑞𝑣⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ 𝐿= 𝜏𝐿 =
𝑅𝑒𝑞
𝑖
𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 𝐵= 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏𝐿 ) 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏𝐿
2𝜋𝑟
Gauss ∮ 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴⃗ = 0
⃗⃗ 𝜔 = 1⁄ 𝑞 = 𝑞𝑜 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
√𝐿𝐶
𝑑Φ𝐸 2𝐿 1
Ampère-Maxwell ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 𝜇0 𝑖 + 𝜇0 𝜀0
∮𝐵 𝜏𝑑 = 𝜔′ = √𝜔 2 −
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝜏𝑑 2
𝜇0 𝑖 𝑑𝑠⃗ × 𝑟⃗
Biot-Savart ⃗⃗ =
𝐵 ∫ 𝑞 = 𝑞𝑜 𝑒 −𝑡⁄𝜏𝑑 cos(𝜔′𝑡 + 𝜙)
4𝜋 𝑟2