Analytical skill

Analytical skill is the ability to deconstruct

information into smaller categories in
order to draw conclusions.[1] Analytical
skill consists of categories that include
logical reasoning, critical thinking,
communication, research, data analysis
and creativity. Analytical skill is taught in
contemporary education with the intention
of fostering the appropriate practises for
future professions.[2] The professions that
adopt analytical skill include educational
institutions, public institutions, community
organisations and industry.[3]

The cerebral cortex is responsible for analytical

thinking in the human brain

Richard J. Heuer Jr. explained that

'Thinking analytically is a skill like carpentry
or driving a car. It can be taught, it can be
learned, and it can improve with practice.
But like many other skills, such as riding a
bike, it is not learned by sitting in a
classroom and being told how to do it.
Analysts learn by doing.'.[4] In the article by
Freed,[5] the need for programs within the
educational system to help students
develop these skills is demonstrated.[2]
According to scholars, workers 'will need
more than elementary basic skills to
maintain the standard of living of their
parents. They will have to think for a living,
analyse problems and solutions, and work
cooperatively in teams'.[6][7][8]

Logical Reasoning
Logical reasoning is a process consisting
of inferences, where premises and
hypotheses are formulated to arrive at a
probable conclusion.[9] It is a broad term
covering three sub-classifications in
deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning
and abductive reasoning.[10]

Deductive Reasoning …

‘Deductive reasoning is a basic form of

valid reasoning, commencing with a general
statement or hypothesis, then examines the
possibilities to reach a specific, logical
conclusion’.[11] This scientific method
utilises deductions, to test hypotheses and
theories, to predict if possible
observations were correct.[12]

A logical deductive reasoning sequence

can be executed by establishing: an
assumption, followed by another
assumption and finally, conducting an
inference. For example, ‘All men are
mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore, Harold
is mortal.’[12]

For deductive reasoning to be upheld, the

hypothesis must be correct, therefore,
reinforcing the notion that the conclusion
is logical and true. It is possible for
deductive reasoning conclusions to be
inaccurate or incorrect entirely, but the
reasoning and premise is logical. For
example, ‘All bald men are grandfathers.
Harold is bald. Therefore, Harold is a
grandfather.’ is a valid and logical
conclusion but it is not true as the original
assumption is incorrect.[13] Deductive
reasoning is an analytical skill used in
many professions such as management,
as the management team delegates tasks
for day-to-day business operations.[14][15]

Inductive Reasoning …

Inductive reasoning compiles information

and data to establish a general
assumption that is suitable to the
situation.[16] Inductive reasoning
commences with an assumption based on
faithful data, leading to a generalised
conclusion. For example, ‘All the swans I
have seen are white. (Premise) Therefore
all swans are white. (Conclusion)’.[16] It is
clear that the conclusion is incorrect,
therefore, it is a weak argument. To
strengthen the conclusion, it is made more
probable, for example, ‘All the swans I
have seen are white. (Premise) Therefore
most swans are probably white
(Conclusion)’.[16] Inductive reasoning is an
analytical skill common in many
professions such as the corporate
environment, where statistics and data are
constantly analysed.[17]

Doctor using abductive reasoning to diagnose a man

with diabetes

The 6 types of inductive reasoning …

1. Generalised: This manner utilises a

premise on a sample set to extract a
 conclusion about a population.[16]
2. Statistical: This is a method that
utilises statistics based on a large
and viable random sample set that is
quantifiable to strengthen
conclusions and observations.[16]
3. Bayesian: This form adapts statistical
reasoning to account for additional or
new data.[16]
4. Analogical: This is a method that
records on the foundations of shared
properties between two groups,
leading to a conclusion that they are
also likely to share further
properties.[16]
 5. Predictive: This form of reasoning
extrapolates a conclusion about the
future based on a current or past
sample.[16]
6. Causal inference: This method of
reasoning is formed around a causal
link between the premise and the
conclusion.[16]

Abductive reasoning …

Abductive reasoning commences with

layered hypotheses, which may be
insufficient with evidence, leading to a
conclusion that is most likely explanatory
for the problem.[18] It is a form of
reasoning where the conductor chooses a
hypothesis that would best suit the given
data.[19] For example, when a patient is ill,
the doctor gathers a hypothesis from the
patient's symptoms, or other evidence,
that they deem factual and appropriate.
The doctor will then go through a list of
possible illnesses and will attempt to
assign the appropriate illness. Abductive
reasoning is characterised by its lack of
completeness, in evidence, explanation or
both.[19] This form of reasoning can be
creative, intuitive and revolutionary due to
its instinctive design.[19]

Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is an analytical skill that
involves clear, purposeful, and goal-
directed thinking. It is used to interpret and
explain the data given.[20] It is the ability to
think cautiously and rationally to resolve
problems.[21] This goal-directed thinking is
achieved by supporting conclusions
without biases, having reliable evidence
and reasoning, and using appropriate data
and information.[22] Critical thinking is an
imperative analytical skill as it underpins
contemporary living in areas such as
education and professional careers, but it
is not restricted to a specific area.[23]
Critical thinking is used to solve problems,
calculate the likelihood, make decisions,
and formulate inferences. Critical thinking
requires examining information, reflective
thinking, using appropriate skills, and
confidence in the quality of the
information given to come to a conclusion
or plan. Critical thinking includes being
willing to change if better information
becomes available.[22] As a critical thinker
individuals do not accept assumptions
without further questioning the reliability
of it with further research and analysing
the results found.[24]
Developing Critical Thinking …

Critical thinking can be developed through

establishing personal beliefs and
values.[25] It is critical that individuals are
able to query authoritative bodies:
teachers, specialists, textbooks, books,
newspapers, television etc.[25] Querying
these authorities allow critical thinking
ability to be developed as the individual
gains their own freedom and wisdom to
think about reality and contemporary
society, revering from autonomy.[25]

Developing Critical Thinking

through Probability Models
…
Critical thinking can be developed through
probability models, where individuals
adhere to a logical, conceptual
understanding of mathematics and
emphasise investigation, problem-solving,
mathematical literacy and the use of
mathematical discourse.[25] The student
actively constructs their knowledge and
understanding, while teaching models
function as a mediator by actively testing
the student through querying, challenging
and assigning investigation tasks,
ultimately, allowing the student to think in
deeper ways about various concepts,
ideas and mathematical contexts.[25]
Communication
Communication is a process where
individuals transfer information from one
another.[26] It is a complex system
consisting of a listener interpreting the
information, understanding it and then
transferring it.[26] Communication as an
analytical skill includes communicating
with confidence, clarity, and sticking with
the point you are trying to
communicate.[27] It consists of verbal and
non-verbal communication.
Communication is an imperative
component of analytical skill as it allows
the individual to develop relationships,
contribute to group decisions,
organisational communication, and
influence media and culture.[28]

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. providing a speech to

250,000 people during the Civil Rights March in
Washington D.C. exemplifies verbal communication

Verbal Communication …

Verbal communication is interaction

through words in linguistic form.[29] Verbal
communication consists of oral
communication, written communication
and sign language. It is an effective form
of communication as the individuals
sending and receiving the information are
physically present, allowing immediate
responses. In this form of communication,
the sender uses words, spoken or written,
to express the message to the individuals
receiving the information.[30]

Verbal communication is an essential

analytical skill as it allows for the
development of positive relationships
among individuals.[31] This positive
relationship is attributed to the notion that
verbal communication between individuals
fosters a depth of understanding, empathy
and versatility among them, providing
each other with more attention.[31] Verbal
communication is a skill that is commonly
used in professions such as the health
sector, where healthcare workers are
desired to possess strong interpersonal
skills.[32] Verbal communication has been
linked to patient satisfaction.[33] An
effective strategy to improve verbal
communication ability is through debating
as is it fosters communication and critical
thinking.[34]
Non-verbal Communication …

Non-verbal communication is commonly

known as unspoken dialogue between
individuals.[35] It is a significant analytical
skill as it allows individuals to distinguish
true feelings, opinions and behaviours, as
individuals are more likely to believe
nonverbal cues as opposed to verbal
expressions.[35] Non-verbal
communication is able to transcend
communicational barriers such as race,
ethnicity and sexual orientation.[35] This is
a significant factor for international
industries that require global
communication or communication
between other regions such as trade
between China and The United States of
America.[36]

Dancing is a common expressionist form of human

non-verbal communication

Statistical measures showcase that the

true meaning behind all messages is 93%
non-verbal and 7% verbal.[35] Non-verbal
communication is a critical analytical skill
as it allows individuals to delve deeper into
the meaning of messages. It allows
individuals to analyse another person's
perceptions, expressions and social
beliefs.[37] Individuals who excel in
communicating and understanding non-
verbal communication are able to analyse
the interconnectedness of mutualism,
social beliefs and expectations.[37]

Communication Theories …

A communication theory is an abstract

understanding of how information is
transferred from individuals.[38] Many
communication theories have been
developed to foster and build upon the
ongoing dynamic nature of how people
communicate. Early models of
communication were simple, such as
Aristotle's model of communication,
consisting of a speaker communicating a
speech to an audience, leading to an
effect.[39] This is a basic form of
communication that addresses
communication as a linear concept where
information is not being relayed back.

Modern theories for communication

include Schramm's model where there are
multiple individuals, each individual is
encoding, interpreting and decoding the
message, and messages are being
transferred between one another.[40]
Schramm has included another factor in
his model in experience i.e. expressing
that each individual's experience
influences their ability to interpret a
message.[40] Communication theories are
constantly being developed to acclimatise
to certain organisations or individuals. It is
imperative for an individual to adopt a
suitable communication theory for
organisations to ensure that the
organisation is able to function as
desired.[41] For example, traditional
corporate hierarchy are commonly known
to adopt a linear communicational model
i.e. Aristotle's model of communication.[42]

Research
Research is the construct of utilising tools
and techniques to deconstruct and solve
problems.[43] While researching, it is
important to distinguish what information
is relevant to the data and avoiding
excess, irrelevant data.[44] Research
involves the collection and analysis of
information and data with the intention of
founding new knowledge and/or
deciphering a new understanding of
existing data.[45] Research ability is an
analytical skill as it allows individuals to
comprehend social implications.[43]
Research ability is valuable as it fosters
transferable employment related skills.[43]
Research is primarily employed in
academia and higher education, it is a
profession pursued by many graduates,
individuals intending to supervise or teach
research students or those in pursuit of a
PhD.[43]

Research in Academia …

In higher education, new research provides

the most desired quality of evidence, if this
is not available, then existing forms of
evidence should be used.[43] It is accepted
that research provides the greatest form
of knowledge, in the form of quantitative
or qualitative data.

Research students are highly desired by

various industries due to their dynamic
mental capacity. Research students are
commonly sought after due to their
analysis and problem-solving ability,
interpersonal and leadership skills, project
management and organisation, research
and information management and written
and oral communication.[46]

Data Analysis
Data analysis is a systematic method of
cleaning, transforming and modelling
statistical or logical techniques to
describe and evaluate data.[47] Using data
analysis as an analytical skill means being
able to examine large volumes of data and
then identifying trends within the data. It is
critical to be able to look at the data and
determine what information is important
and should be kept and what information
is irrelevant and can be discarded.[48] Data
analysis includes finding different patterns
within the information which allows you to
narrow your research and come to a better
conclusion.[44] It is a tool to discover and
decipher useful information for business
decision-making. It is imperative in
inferring information from data and
adhering to a conclusion or decision from
that data. Data analysis can stem from
past or future data. Data analysis is an
analytical skill, commonly adopted in
business, as it allows organisations to be
come more efficient, internally and
externally, solve complex problems and
innovate.[49]

Text Analysis …

Text analysis is the discovery and

understanding of valuable information in
unstructured or large data.[50] It is a
method to transform raw data into
business information, allowing for
strategic business decisions by offering a
method to extract and examine data,
derive patterns and finally interpret the
data.[51]

Statistical Analysis …

Statistical analysis involves the collection,

analyses and presentation of data to
decipher trends and patterns.[52] It is
common in research, industry and
government to enhance the scientific
aspects of the decision that needs to be
made. It consists of descriptive analysis
and inferential analysis.[53]

Descriptive Analysis …

Descriptive analysis provides information

about a sample set that reflects the
population by summarising relevant
aspects of the dataset i.e. uncovering
patterns.[54] It displays the measures of
central tendency and measures of spread,
such as mean, deviation, proportion,
frequency etc.[55]

Inferential Analysis …
Inferential analysis analyses a sample
from complete data to compare the
difference between treatment groups.[56]
Multiple conclusions are constructed by
selecting different samples. Inferential
analysis can provide evidence that, with a
certain percentage of confidence, there is
a relationship between two variables. It is
adopted that the sample will be different
to the population, thus, we further accept a
degree of uncertainty.[57]
Example of sales forecasting, a form of predictive
analysis

Diagnostic Analysis …

Diagnostic analysis showcases the origin

of the problem by finding the cause from
the insight found in statistical analysis.[58]
This form of analysis is useful to identify
behavioural patterns of data.[59]

Predictive Analysis …

Predictive analysis is an advanced form of

analytics that forecasts future activity,
behaviour, trends and patterns from new
and historical data.[60] Its accuracy is
based on how much faithful data is
present and the degree of inference that
can be exploited from it.[61]

Prescriptive Analysis …

Prescriptive analytics provide firms with

optimal recommendations to solve
complex decisions.[62] It is used in many
industries, such as aviation to optimise
schedule selection for airline crew.[62]

Creativity
Areas of the brain that stimulated during actions of
creativity

Creativity is important when it comes to

solving different problems when
presented.[48] Creative thinking works best
for problems that can have multiple
solutions to solve the problem. It is also
used when there seems to be no correct
answer that applies to every situation, and
is instead based from situation to
situation. It includes being able to put the
pieces of a problem together, as well as
figure out pieces that may be
missing. Then it includes brainstorming
with all the pieces and deciding what
pieces are important and what pieces can
be discarded. The next step would be now
analysing the pieces found to be of worth
and importance and using those to come
to a logical conclusion on how to best
solve the problem. There can be multiple
answers you come across to solve this
problem. Many times creative thinking is
referred to as right brain
thinking.[63] Creativity is an analytical skill
as it allows individuals to utilise innovative
methods to solve problems.[64] Individuals
that adopt this analytical skill are able to
perceive problems from varying
perspectives.[64] This analytical skill is
highly transferable among professions.[64]

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Smith, Edward (October 2018).
"Analytical Skills for the Marketer,
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 greatworksinprogress.com. Retrieved
October 21, 2018.

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