A CFD manikin

with a thermo physiology model

○ Shinsuke Kato Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo

g
Hideaki Nagano Graduate School of Engineering,
g g, The University
y of Tokyo
y
Ling Yang Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Toyo

Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 1

 Outline
• Detailed measurement of velocity and temperature
fields around an experimental thermal mannequin with
uniform sensible heat generation
• Thermo physiology model with simplified human shape
model however with detailed heat transfer model within
body
• Theeddifference
e e ce be
between
ee the
e microenvironment
c oe o e a around
ou d a
computational mannequin
• Since the skin temperature
p varies with the
microenvironment, it becomes a bit difficult to obtain the
CFD solutions

Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 2

 Displacement Ventilation Case

Exhaust
opening
< Condition of experiment >
1 Test Room Size:
1.
0.3m x 3.5m x 2.5m
2. Supply Opening Condition:
1) Velocity: 0
0.182m/s
182m/s
2) Size : 0.4m(w) x 0.2m(h)
3) Temperature: 21.8 C
3 Exhaust Opening Condition:
3.
Size : 0.3m(w) x 0.3m(h)
4. Thermal Manikin Condition:
Supply
76W ((Area: 1.471m2, 51.6W/m2)
opening
i

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 PIV Measurement Results
mm mm
140 0.2
0.18
120
0.16
100 0.14
head 80
0.12
0.1
0 08
0.08
60 0.06
0.04
40
0.02
20 0

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 m m mm

h d
head 11.6m m
mm 0.18 mm
140 0.16
0.14
120 0.12
0.1
100 0.08
0.06
abdomen
bd 80
0.04
0.02
0
60

40 79m m

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 m m mm

abdomen
m m 140
0.12
mm
120 0.1
0.08
100 0.06
legs 80
0.04
0.02
0
60

40 70m m

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 m m mm

legs
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 Comparison with former analysis

(a) CFD results : Case 2 – 6 billion meshes (b) PIV results : ABCD area in figure (a)
Scalar velocity distribution (Head, YZ) [m/s]

0.12 0.25 0.16

Case1 – 3 billion Case1 – 3 billion Case1 – 3 billion
Case2 - 6 billion Case2 - 6 billion 0.14 Case2 - 6 billion
0.1
Experiment Experiment 0.20 Experiment
0.12
0.08
Velocity [m//s]

Velocity [m//s]
0.10
0.15

Distance [Z*:m]
0.06 0.08

0.10 0.06
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.02
0.02

0 0.00 0.00
-0.16 -0.12 -0.08 -0.04 0.00 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20
Distance [Y*:m] Distance [Y*:m] Velocity [m/s]

(a) Legs (b) Abdomen (c) Head

Scalar velocity values (Head
(Head, YZ) [m/s]

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 Characteristic of Sakoi Model (1)
We developed the human thermal model for nonuniform thermal environments

1 IInputs
1. t off 3D environmental
i t l
parameter
2 Heat transfer characteristics
2.
depending on thermal Head

conduction.
Hand Forearm Upper
pp arm
(locations and configuration
of tissue compositions) Neck

Brain
Lung
Referring
R f i tto the
th S
Smith
ith model
d l (1991)
(1991), Internal organ
Bone(head)
thermal conduction and heat Bone(neck, abdomen)
production inside the tissue element Bone(limbs)
M
Muscle
l
are analyzed based on the Finite Fat
Skin
element method (Galerkin method).
Foot Leg Thigh Abdome
n
Components of human thermal model
Based on Smith model (1991)
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 Characteristic of Sakoi Model (2)

Central Central vein

artery
Superficial
vein

Pulmonary circulation

Skin
Heart
1D arterial vessel and
blood flow direction in it
3D arterial pool
An example
A l off bl
blood
d circulation
i l ti setting
tti 3D venous pool
(Cross sections of the upper arms, thighs, 1D venous vessel and
and legs) blood flow direction in it

Main circulation
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Comparison of calculated and measured local skin temperatures

Smith model (T a = 25.5°C) Smith model (T a = 28.0°C)

Our model (T a = 25.5°C) Our model (T a = 28.0°C)
Experiment (T a = 25.5°C)
25 5°C) Experiment (T a = 28.0°C)
28 0°C)
[°C]
37.0
36.5
ure Tsk i [°°C]

35.0
35.9

33 0
33.0
n temperatu

35.3

31.0 34.7
Local skin

Sitting, still air,

29.0 T a = T r (uniform), 34.1
RH50%, only short
L

27.0 33.5
domen

Upper arms
Forrearms
Back

Buttock

Legs
Head

Hands
Thighs
Chest

Feet
Calculated skin temperature
H
T
Abd

distribution at Ta = 28°C

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Former studies and CFD with Sakoi model

(a) Velocity vectors (b) Scalar velocity distribution

Former studies

0.03 0.03
0 21
0.21
0.06

0.18 0.12 0.09 0.03

(a) Velocity vectors (b) Scalar velocity distribution
Analysis with Sakoi model
Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 9
CFD with Sakoi model and PIV measurement

0.16

0.12
0.08
0.04

(a) CFD results

(b) PIV results : ABCD area in figure (a)
Scalar velocity distribution (Head,
(Head YZ) [m/s]
m m 140
0.12
120 0.1
0.08
100 0 06
0.06
0.04
80 0.02
0
60

40

20

0
(a) CFD results 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 m m
(b) PIV results
lt
Scalar velocity distribution (Leg, YZ) [m/s]
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 11

Overall Average
Left Fo
oot
Skin Temperature Distribution

Right Foot
Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
Left Ha
and
Right Hand
Left Le
eg
Right Leg
Left Fo
orearm
Right Forearm
Left Th
high
Right Thigh
T
Left Up
pper arm
Right Upper
U arm
m
Waist
Back
Chest
Neck
Head
Face
33.5

31.0

30.0
33.0
33 0

31.5

29.5
29.0
32.5
32.0

30.5
[C]
 Remained Works
• Are there clear differences on the microenvironment
around a computational mannequin between the simple
uniform heat generation model and the sophisticated
thermo physiology model?
• There are still few works which connect the human
thermal sensation with the skin temperature and heat
transfer rate distributions even though many personal
cooling systems utilize partial cooling of human body
• The detailed analysis of the sensible and latent heat
transfer through clothing still difficult for part by part of
the body, in particular ventilation effect within the
clothing part by part is quite difficult.
difficult

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