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SUPERIOR UNIVERSITIES OF LAHORE

ASSIGNMENT

SUBJECT: FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

TOPIC: WORDS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

PRESENTED TO: MS. FAREEHA UMER

SUPERIOR UNIVERSITY
NURSING CAMPUS LAHORE

PRESENTED BY: SADIA YAQOOB

Student BSN POST RN (2nd SEMESTER)

SUBMITTED ON: 14-06-21

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TABLE OF CONTENT
WORDS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

SR.NO CONTENT PAGE NO.

1 OBJECTIVES 3

2 WORDS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 4

( definitions)

3 HOMONYMS 6

4 SYNONYM & ANTONYM 8

5 HYPONYMES AND HYPERNYMS 10

6 COLLOCATION 12

7 HYPERBOLE 13

8 SIMILE 14

9 METAPHORS 15

10 REFERNCES 16

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OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this assignment one will be:

 To describe of words and its common applications in use.

 To able to use the word applications in sentences and common speech.

 To improve vocabulary and precise and impact.

 To use a variety of resources to study and way of using a word.

 To make notes and avoid plagiarism.

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WORDS AND THEIR APPLICATION

WORDS:
A speech sound or series of speech sounds that symbolizes and communicates a meaning usually
without being divisible into smaller units capable of independent use.
A number of bytes processed as a unit and conveying a quantum of information in
communication and computer work. Different words have different applications.

APPLICATONS:
Application means an art of applying or in another words it is an act of putting something to use
applications of new techniques. Some word applications are mention as under are:
 Homophones
 Homonyms
 Synonym
 Antonyms
 Hypernyms
 Hyponyms
 Collocation

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 Hyperbole
 Simile
 Metaphor

HOMOPHONES
The word Homophones is derived from two Latin words
Homo means “same” and Phones means “sounds, voice, utterance”.
A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning. A
homophone may also differ in spelling.
For example:
 Dew /due
 Sea / see
 Floor/ flour
 Steal/ steel
 Heal/heel
 Sale/sail
 Tale/tail

NOTE:
The two words may be spelled the same but have different meaning .
EXAMPLE:
 Rose (flower) and rose (past tense of rise)
 Rain, reign, and rein
The term "homophone" may also apply to units longer or shorter than words.
For example, a phrase, letter, or groups of letters which are pronounced the same as another
phrase, letter, or group of letters. Any unit with this property is said to be "homophonous".
Homophones that are spelled the same are also both homographs and homonyms.

EXAMPLE:
The word "read," as in the sentence "He is well read," (he is very educated)
Vs:
The sentence "I read that book," (I have finished reading that book.)
Homophones that are spelled differently are also called heterographs,

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EXAMPLE:
To, too, and two.

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In linguistics, homonyms, broadly defined, are words which are homographs (words that share

the same spelling, regardless of pronunciation) or homophones (words that share the same
pronunciation, regardless of spelling), or both.
EXAMPLE:
 The words row (propel with oars), row (argument) and row (a linear arrangement) are
homonyms.
 As are the words see (vision) and sea (body of water).

A Homonym have identical spelling and pronunciation, whilst maintaining different meanings.

EXAMPLE:
 The pair stalk (part of a plant) and stalk (follow/harass a person)
 The pair left (past tense of leave) and left (opposite of right).

EXAMPLES IN SENTENCES:

Arm

“The company arm of the separatist group” I can’t hold the baby on my arm

Address

I will address this after reading the letter. She knows your home address.

Bear

I cannot bear the pain. The bear lives in the jungle.

Bank

The bank is closed due to lockdown. I lived along the banks of the River.

SYNONYM
A word comes from ancient greek syn means “with” whereas onoma means “name”

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A word or phrase that means that same, or nearly the same as another word or phrase.
The words are synonyms are said to be synonyms and the state of being a synonym is known as
synonymy.
These are the words a words and their meaning.

EXAMPLES:

big - large
heavy - weighty
thin – slim

loyal- faithful

nice-kind

hard –difficult

oral- verbal

quick- rapid-fast –swift

ANTONYMES:
Antonyms derived from Latin words where auto means “opposite” and nyms means “names”.

A word or phrase that means the opposite or nearly the opposite of another word or phrase.

EXAMPLES:

 tall – short
 thick – thin
 difficult – easy
 live –dead
 answer-question
 approval-disapproval
 absence –presence

Example Synonym and Antonym Charts

Word Synonym Antonym Example Sentences

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Big large small He has a big house in California.

She has a small apartment in Manhattan.

Difficult hard easy The test was very difficult.

I think riding a bike is easy.

New recent used I bought a recent book.

She drives a used car.

Clean tidy dirty He keeps his house tidy.

The car is dirty and needs to be washed.

Safe secure dangerous The money is secure in the bank.

Walking through downtown at midnight is dangerous.

Friendly outgoing unfriendly Tom is outgoing with everyone.

There are many unfriendly people in this town.

Good great bad That's a great idea!

He's a bad tennis player.

HYPONYMES AND HYPERNYMS

HYPONYMS
Is the state of phenomena that shows the relationship between more general term and the more
specific instances of it.
The concrete forms of sets of words are called Hyponyms. are the words with similar meaning,
belong to the same domain segment.
Hyponyms are the more specific words that form a subclass of more general words.

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EXAMPLE:
 ROSE is a sub term of flowers (The flower is a generic term)
 KNIFE –fork – spoon (they all belong to generic term “cutlery”)

HYPERNYMS:
Is a sence of super class with broad category of words
 Vehicle is a hypernym of a car
 Animal is a hypernym of dog
 Fruit is a hypernym of fruit

EXAMPLES

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Is an expression of one or two words that corresponds to some conventional way of saying
things. The words together can mean more than their sum of parts. These words have some
compatibility n common.

EXAMPLE:
 He had intended to take a holiday in New York.
 He wanted to see if he could get a job with us.
 I might take a lesson from you.
 My goals were to go back to school and get a degree.
 I’ll take a look at the website and let you know what I think. 
 He was beginning to get angry.
 Couldn’t you do a favour and leave me alone?
 She should make a right choice.
 Could you do a report for me?
 We are to make a contract for a supply of raw silk with the company.
 I like to do homework.
 We need to make a deal for this project.
 The company is about to go bankrupt.

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HYPERBOLE:

A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect.

The dictionary reveals as an extravagant statement or figure of speech not intended to be taken
literally, as “to wait an eternity.”

EXAMPLES:
 He’s running faster than the wind.
 This bag weighs a ton.
 That man is as tall as a house.
 This is the worst day of my life.
 The shopping cost me a million dollars.
 My dad will kill me when he comes home.
 Your skin is softer than silk.
 She’s as skinny as a toothpick.
 She was so happy; her smile was a mile wide.
 The footballer is the best player of all time.

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SIMILE:
A simile is a phrase that uses a comparison to describe.
The dictionary explains it as a simile is a figure of speech and type of metaphor that compares
two different things using the words “like” or “as.” The purpose of a simile is to help describe
one thing by comparing it to another thing that is perhaps seemingly unrelated.

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EXAMPLES:

 You were as brave as a lion.

 They fought like cats and dogs.
 He is as funny as a barrel of monkeys.
 This house is as clean as a whistle.
 He is as strong as an ox.
 Your explanation is as clear as mud.
 Watching the show was like watching grass grow.
 That is as easy as shooting fish in a barrel.
 This contract is as solid as the ground we stand on.
 That guy is as nutty as a fruitcake.

METAPHORE:
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not
literally applicable.
"when we speak of gene maps and gene mapping, we use a cartographic metaphor"
a thing regarded as representative or symbolic of something else.
"the amounts of money being lost by the company were enough to make it a metaphor for an
industry that was teetering"

EXAMPLES:
 All religions, arts, and sciences are branches of the same tree. 
 That football player is really putting the team on his back this evening!
 I’ve eaten a bag of green apples.
 He was the lion in the fight.
 The rain came down in a long knitting needles.

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REFRENCES:
 Franklyn, Julian (1966). Which Witch? (1st ed.). New York: Dorset Press. ISBN 0-
88029-164-8.

 Room, Adrian (1996). An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies. Lanham
and London: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810831698.

 Stewart, Garrett (2015). The Deed of Reading: Literature, Writing, Language,

Philosophy. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501701702.

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