Chapter 2:

Atomic Structure & Bonding

Lecturer:
DR ROZILAH RAJMI
Lesson Outlines
 2.1 - Basic atomic calculations in
molecular weight.
 2.2 - Moles, density and quantity of
atoms.
 2.3 - Bonding: Ionic, metallic, covalent,
Van der Waals and some examples.
 2.4 - Coordination number and atomic
radii relationship
Make sure to have periodic table along with you
during the lesson!
Bonding & Structure
Ionic Bonding

Primary/Chemical
Covalent Bonding
Bonding

Types of Bonding Metallic Bonding

Secondary Van Der Waals

Bonding Bonding
Ionic Bonding
 Ionic bonding = metallic + non-metallic elements.

 Atoms of a metallic element easily give up their

valence electrons to the non-metallic atoms in
order to achieve stable or inert gas configurations.
 Ionic Bonding
 For example: sodium chloride (NaCl)

- Na atom transfer -Cl atom receives

one valence electron one electron from Na
to Cl atom. atom.
- Achieve stable - Achieve stable
octet arrangement. octet arrangement.
- Becomes cation. - Becomes anion.

 Electron transfer from Na to Cl creates a cation Na+ and

an anion Cl-. The ionic bond is due to the columbic
attraction between the ions of opposite charge.
Covalent Bonding
 Involves sharing of electrons between adjacent
atoms.

 Two atoms that are covalently bonded will each

contribute at least one electron to the bond, and
the shared electrons may be considered to belong
to both atoms.

 Many non-metallic elemental molecules (H2, Cl2, F2)

as well as molecules containing dissimilar atoms,
such as H2O, HNO3 and HF, are covalently bonded.
Covalent Bonding
 For example: methane (CH4).
 The carbon atom has four valence electrons; each of the
four hydrogen atoms has a single valence electron.

Each hydrogen atom The carbon now has four

achieve stable duplet additional shared
arrangement when the electrons, one from each
carbon atom shares hydrogen; achieve stable
with it one electron octet arrangement.

 Stable electron configurations are assumed by the

sharing of electrons between adjacent atoms.
 It is possible to have interatomic bonds that are partially
ionic and partially covalent.
 For a compound, the degree of either bond type depends
on the relative positions of the constituent atoms in the
periodic table, or the difference in their
electronegativities.
 The wider the separation (both horizontally- relative to
Group IVA- and vertically) from the lower left to the
upper-right-hand corner (i.e. the greater the difference
in electronegativity), the more ionic the bond.
 Conversely, the closer the atoms are together (i.e. the
smaller the difference in electronegativity), the greater
the degree of covalency.
Element Electronegativity
C 2.5
H 2.1
F 4.0
O 3.5
Na 0.9
Cl 3.0
Mg 1.3
Ga 1.8
As 2.2
Metallic Bonding
 Found in metals and their alloys.
 Metallic materials have one, two or at most, three
valence electrons. With this model, these valence
electrons are not bound to any particular atoms in
the solid and are more or less free to drift
throughout the entire metal.
 They may be thought of as belonging to the metal
as a whole, or forming a “sea of electrons” or an
“electron cloud”.
Metallic Bonding
 The remaining nonvalence electrons and atomic
nuclei form what are called ion cores, which
possesses a net positive charge equal in magnitude
to the total valence electron charge per atom.
Metallic Bonding
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeSuQm7KfaE

Van Der Waals Bonding

 Secondary bonding occurs due to attraction of
electric dipoles in atoms or molecules.
 Dipoles are created when there is some
separation of positive and negative
portions of an atom or molecule.
 Weak if compared to primary bond.
 Secondary bonding exists between virtually all
atoms or molecules, but its presence may be
unnoticed if any of the three primary bonding
types is present.
 Van der Waals bonding occurs:
 between induced dipoles – London
dispersion forces
 between polar molecules (Keesom
forces). - Keesom forces
 between induced dipoles and polar
molecules (which have permanent
dipoles) – Debye forces
London dispersion forces
(attraction between induced dipoles)
Keesom forces
(attraction between polar molecules)
Debye forces
(attraction between induced dipoles and polar
molecules)
 Material type Bonding character Example

Metal Metallic Fe, Sn

Ceramic and Ionic/covalent Silica (SiO2)
glasses
Polymers Covalent and Polyethylene (-C2H4-)-n
secondary
Semiconductors Covalent or Silicon (Si),cadmium
covalent/ionic sulphide (CdS)