Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Anh Van Thay Binh
Anh Van Thay Binh
UNIT 2
UNIT 4
1/
2/ The dose of augmentin that is selected to treat an individual infection should take into
account the age, weight and renal function of the patient and the severity of the infection.
3/ No dose adjustment is considered necessary for the elderly
4/ Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, are fully dissociated in aqueous solution at
physiological pH.
5/ About 25% of total plasma clavulanic acid and 18% of total plasma amoxicillin is bound
to protein.
6/ Amoxicillin, like most penicillin, can be detected in breast milk.
7/ Both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid have been shown to cross the placental barrier.
8/ The major route of elimination for amoxicillin is via the kidney whereas for clavulanic
acid it is by both renal and non-renal mechanisms.
9/ Augmentin is an antibiotic agent with a notably broad spectrum of activity against the
commonly occurring bacterial pathogens in general practice and hospital.
Augmentin là một chất kháng sinh có hoạt tính phổ rộng với các tác nhân gây bệnh
thông thường được dùng trong điều trị đa khoa và trong bệnh viện.
10/ Augmentin is indicated for short term treament of bacterial infections at the following
sites when caused by amoxicillin-clavulante-susceptible organisms
11/ Dosage depends on the age, weight and renal function of the patient and the severity of
the infection.
Liều dùng phụ thuộc vào tuổi, cân nặng và chức năng thận của bệnh nhân và mức độ
nghiêm trọng của nhiễm trùng.
12/ Treatment should not be extended beyond 14 days without review.
13/ Therapy can be started parenterally and continued with an oral preparation
14/ The duration of therapy should be determined by the response of the patient.
Thời gian điều trị nên được xác định dua tren đáp ứng của bệnh nhân.
15/ No dosage recommendation can be made for this category.
16/ No adjustment needed; dose as for adults. If there is evidence of renal impairment, dose
should be adjusted as for renally impaired adults.
17/ No dose adjustment is required in patients with creatinine clearance (CrCI) greater than
30 ml/min.
18/ Before initiating therapy with augmentin, careful enquiry should be made concerning
previous hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin, cephalosporins, or other allergens.
Trước khi bắt đầu điều trị bang Augmentin, phải điều tra cẩn thận về tiền sử phản ứng
quá mẫn với penicillin, cephalosporin hoặc các chất gây dị ứng khác.
19/ These reactions are more likely to occur in individuals with a history of penicillin
hypersensitivity.
Các phản ứng này thường xảy ra hon ở những người có tiền sử mẫn cảm với penicillin.
20/ If an allergic reaction occurs, augmentin therapy should be discontinued and
appropriate alternative therapy instituted.
21/ In patients with reduced urine output crystalluria has been observed very rarely,
predominantly with parenteral therapy.
22/ Augmentin sachets, contain aspartame, which is a source of phenylalanine and so
should be use with caution in patients with phenylketonuria.
23/ As with all medicines, use should be avoided in pregnancy, unless considered essential
by the physician.
24/ With the exception of the risk of sensitization, associated with the excretion of trace
quantities in breast milk, there are no known detrimental effects for the breast-fed infant.
25/ As with other penicillin, the major route of elimination for amoxicillin is via the
kisney, whereas for claculanate it is by both renal and non-renal mechanisms.
26/ 24 months from manufaturing date
27/ Augmentin should be stored in unopened well sealed original packs in a dry place at
less than 30oC
28/ Sachet contents should be stirred into water before taking.
29/ For administration to children up to 2 years old, amoxicillin-clavulanate suspensions
may be diluted to hafl-strenght using water.
UNIT 5
1/
2/ The pratice of monitoring the effects of medical drugs to evaluate and identify the
previously unreported adverse reactions.
3/ ADRs may result from the combination of two or more drugs. T
4/ Drug monitoring is to help ensure that patients obtain safe and efficacious products. T
5/ Many adverse events are found after distribution of pharmaceutical products. T
6/ Despite its 40-year history, pharmacovigilance remains a dynamic (1) clinical and
scientific discipline. When a medicine is released onto the market there is still a great deal
that is unknown about the (2) safety of the product. Once marketed, the medicines are used
by patiens who have many different diseases, who are using several other drugs and who
have different traditions and diets which may affect the way in which they (3) react to a
medicine. Different brands of medicines may differ in the manner in which they are
produced and the (4) ingredients that are used. The adverse drug reactions and poisonings
associated with traditional and herbal (5) remedies also need to be monitored in each
country. In order to prevent unnecessary suffering by patients and to decrease the financial
loss sustained by the patient due to the (6) inappropriate or unsafe use of medicine, it is
essential that a monitoring system for the safety of medicine in each country is supported
by doctors, pharmacists, nurses and other health (7) professionals in the country. Besides
that, the Drug Regulatory Authority and the Department of Health’s Essential Drug
Programme are (8) committed to improving drug safety through adverse drug reaction
monitoring. Through the Drug Regulatory Authority’s national pharmacovigilance
programme, adverse (9) reactions should be reported on a daily basis.
7/ Modern medicines have changed the way in which diseases are managed and controlled.
However, despite all their benefits, evidence continues to mount that adverse reactions to
medicines are a common, yet often preventable, cause of illness, disability and even death.
In some countries, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) rank among the top 10 leading cause of
mortality. Aside from the intrinsic dangers associated with the products themselves,
individual patients may exhibit particular and unpredictable sensitivities to certain
medicines. In addition, if more than one medicine is prescribed, there is always a risk of
negative interations. The selection and use of the best and safest medicines for a given
individual out of the many choices available thus requires considerable skill on behalf of
the prescribing practitioner. In order to prevent or reduce harm to patients and thus
improve public health, mechanisms for evaluating and monitoring the safety of medicines
in clinical use are vital. In practice this means having in place a well-organized
pharmacovigilance system. Pharmacovigilance – an umbrella term used to describe the
processes for monitoring and evaluating ADRs – is a key component of effective drug
regulation systems, clinical practice and public health programmes.
8/ In some cases as few as 500 subjects, and rarely more than 5000, will have received the
product prior to its release.
9/ More information is generally needed about use in specific population groups, notably
children, pregnant women and the elderly.
10/ Experience has shown that many adverse effects, interactions (i.e. with foods or other
medicines) and risk factors come to light only during the years after the release of a
medicine
Kinh nghiệm cho thấy nhiều tác dụng phụ và yếu tố rủi ro chỉ xuất hiện nhiều năm sau
khi một loại thuốc được bán ra.
11/ Events such as the thalidomide tragedy highlight the extreme importance of effective
drug monitoring systems for all medicines.
12/ To improve public health and safety in relation to the use of medicines
13/ The provision of good quality, safe and effective medicines and their appropriate use is
the responsibility of national governments
14/ Safety monitoring of medicines in common use should be an integral part of clinical
practice.
15/ The harm can be minimized by ensuring that medicines of good quality, safety and
efficacy are used rationally.
Các tác hại có thể được giảm thiểu bằng cách đảm bảo rằng các loại thuốc có chất
lượng, an toàn và hiệu quả cao được sử dụng hợp lý.
16/ ensure that risks in drug use are anticipated and managed.
UNIT 6
1/ Broken or damaged item should be stored separately from usable stock and disposed
properly.
Các sản phẩm bị vỡ hoặc hư hỏng cần phải được bảo quản tách biệt với hàng có thể sử
dụng được và tiêu hủy hợp lý.
2/ Rejected pharmaceutical products should be identified and controlled under a quarantine
system designed to prevent their use until a final decision is taken on their fate.
3/ Recorded temperature and humidity monitoring data should be available for review.
4/ Shipping containers should be labeled and qualified to protect the pharmaceutical
products from external influences.
Các công ten nơ vận chuyển cần phải được dán nhãn và đủ điều kiện bảo quản các dược
phẩm khỏi bị các ảnh hưởng từ bên ngoài.
5/ The guide is intended for those involved in the storage, transportation and distribution of
pharmaceuticals.
6/ Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)
7/ Contamination ô nhiễm
8/ Cross-contamination ô nhiễm chéo
9/ Excipient tá dược
10/ Expiry date ngày hết hạn
11/ Labelling dán nhãn
12/ Manufacture sản xuất
13/ Material vật liệu
14/ Packaging material bao bì
15/ Pharmaceutical product dược phẩm
16/ Production bào chế
17/ Retest date kiểm tra lại
18/ Storage bảo quản
19/ Supplier nhà cung cấp
20/ All personnel should receive proper training in relation to good storage practice,
regulations, procedures and safety.
21/ Precautions must be taken to prevent unauthorized persons from entering storage areas.
Cẩn phải có các biện pháp phòng ngừa để ngăn ngừa những người không được phép vào
những nơi bảo quản.
22/ Storage areas should be designed or adapted to ensure good storage conditions
Các khu vực bảo quản cần phải được thiết kế hoặc sửa chữa để đảm bảo các điều kiện
bảo quản tốt.
23/Materials and pharmaceutical products should be stored off the floor and suitably
spaced to permit cleaning and inspection.
24/ Storage areas should be clean, and free from accumulate waste and vermin
Các khu vực bảo quản cần phải sạch sẽ và không có chất thải và sâu bọ.
25/ Storage areas should provide adequate lighting to enable all operations to be carried out
accurately and safely.
26/ Damaged containers should not be issued unless the quality of the material has been
shown to be unaffected.
Các thùng chứa bị hư hỏng không được sử dụng trừ khi chất lượng nguyên vật liệu được
chứng minh là không bị ảnh hưởng.
UNIT 7
UNIT 8
HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR CONFIDENCE IN QUITTING:
Many smokers are afraid to quit because they have tried to quit in the past and were
unsuccessful. They think it will be too hard because they don’t believe they can overcome
withdrawal symptoms. They feel like they have no support, or just don’t think they are
capable of success. Here are a few suggestions to help improve your confidence:
1. Try to quit smoking and being smoke free for 1 day, then 2, and so on.
2. Follow role models. Observe those around you that have recently quit and practice
their behavior. What actions and reactions of theirs can you adopt? In the United
States alone, almost 50 million smoker have quit smoking successfully on their own.
3. Look at each quit attempt as a learning process. Each time, you learn what doesn’t
work for you and how you can be more successful next time. You should know that
it’s common for smoker trying to quit to make multiple attempts before they are
successful. But they do achieve success!
4. Improve your negative mood towards quitting. Many smoker associate fear, stress,
and anxiety with trying to quit. However, if you surround yourself with the proper
support, such as friends and family and maintain a healthy lifestyle by eating well,
exercising, and getting enough sleep you will find that any stress, fear, or anxiety
that you are anticipating can be properly managed. If you do begin to feel any of
these things, yoga, meditation, and other relaxation methods, are great coping
mechanisms.
PHYSICAL ADDICTION:
Nicotine, a harmful chemical in tobacco products, is an addictive substance. It
affects the dopamine systems in your brain similar to that of heroin and cocaine:
nicotine increases the number of nicotinic receptors in the brain. As a smoker, your
brain and body become used to functioning on certain level of nicotine. Your
nicotine level will drop dramatically one or two hour after your last cigarette
(whether it’s for quitting or simply the natural break between tobacco smoking), and
then you will crave nicotine (cigarettes). When you quit, it is important to remember
that, the absence of nicotine in your brain will make you feel uncomfortable and
cause withdrawal symptoms.
Nicotine withdrawal symptoms refer to a group of physical and mental
changes that may occur from suddenly stopping the use of tobacco such as
headaches, coughing, cravings, increased appetite or weight gain, mood changes
(sadness, irritability, frustration, or anger), restless, decreased heart rate, difficulty
concentrating, influenza-like symptoms and insomnia. The good news is that these
symptoms are normally temporary (2-4 weeks) and will subside as your body learns,
again, how to function without the high levels of nicotine. There are also effective
methods available to help you overcome them.
UNITS 9 – 10 – 11
1/ Women in developing countries have on average many more pregnancies than those in
developed countries and their lifetime risk of death due to pregnancy is higher.
2/ Women die as a result of complications during and following pregnancy and childbirth.
3/ Other factors that prevent women from receiving or seeking care during pregnancy and
childbirth are poverty, lack of information, inadequate services and cultural practices.
4/ Our standard return policy for most products is 30 days from the ship date
6/ View the return tab for the return policy related to the product you wish to purchase
7/ If delivery is refused or if Shipping Company cannot deliver for any reason, the
customer agrees to cover any additional shipping expense.
13/ Community pharmacies in developing countries often lack qualified and trained
personnel
Các hiệu thuốc bán lẻ ở các nước đang phát triển thường thiếu nhân viên có trình độ và
được đào tạo.
14/ Structured questionnaire was used to get information on the knowledge of the
dispensers working at community pharmacies.
Bảng câu hỏi theo cấu trúc được sử dụng để lấy thông tin về kiến thức của người bán tại
các hiệu thuốc bán lẻ.
15/ Fifty percent of the respondents had correct knowledge of range of room temperature at
which medicines should be stored.
50% người được hỏi trả lời đúng về phạm vi nhiệt độ phòng để bảo quản thuốc.
16/ Over 90% of dispensers IN PAKISTAN thought that selling medicine is a good job and
73.6% would also recommend this to their families.
17/ Pharmacies IN PAKISTAN are largely operated by non-qualified and untrained
dispensers.
20/ The community pharmacies are abliged to stay updated and comply with regulations.
Các hiệu thuốc bán lẻ có nghĩa vụ phải cập nhật và tuân thủ các quy định.
21/ This paper is based on interviews with health professionals and others involved in
health care and the pharmaceutical sector in East Timor.
Bài báo này dựa trên các cuộc phỏng vấn với các chuyên gia y tế và những người khác liên
quan đến ngành y tế và dược phẩm ở Đông Ti-mo.
22/ The health sector in general and the pharmaceutical sector in particular are extremely
dependent on international support.
23/ In many ways the pharmaceutical sector in East Timor is similar to that in other
developing countries.
Xét theo nhiều phương diện, ngành dược phẩm ở Đông Ti-mo cũng tương tự như ở các
nước đang phát triển khác.