REVIEW

DO THE FOLLOWING PRACTICE

ANSWER
SENSE RELATION BETWEEN
SENTENCES
 1. Analytic sentences
2. Synthetic sentences

WHAT TO 3. Contradictory sentences

COVER? 4. Entailment
5. Paraphrase
6. Ambiguous sentences
 An ANALYTIC sentence is one that is
necessarily TRUE, as a result of the senses
of the words in it. An analytic sentence,
ANALYTIC therefore, reflects a tacit (unspoken)
agreement by speakers of the language
SENTENCE about the senses of the words in it.
VERSUS
SYNTHETIC
SENTENCE A SYNTHETIC sentence is one which is NOT
analytic, but may be either true or false,
depending on the way the world is.
EXAMPLES
PRACTICE 1
PRACTICE 2
 A CONTRADICTION is a sentence
CONTRADICTORY that is necessarily FALSE, as a result
of the senses of the words in it. Thus a
SENTENCE contradiction is in a way the opposite
of an analytic sentence.
EXAMPLE
PRACTICE
NOTES
❖Analytic sentences can be formed from contradictions, and vice
versa, by the insertion or removal, as appropriate, of the negative
particle word not.
❖We pay no attention here to the figurative use of both analytic
sentences and contradictions.
❖Ex: That man is not a human being – That man is cruel.
❖Imperative and interrogative sentences cannot be true or false,
and so they cannot be analytic (because they cannot be true), or
synthetic, because ‘synthetic’ only makes sense in contrast to the
notion ‘analytic’.
EXERCISE 3 ANSWER
EXERCISE 4 ANSWER
EXERCISE 5 ANSWER
EXERCISE 6 ANSWER
EXERCISE 7 ANSWER
 A sentence which expresses the same
proposition as another sentence is a
PARAPHRASE of that sentence
(assuming the same referents for any
referring expressions involved).
PARAPHRASE
Paraphrase is to SENTENCES as
SYNONYMY is to PREDICATES.
EXAMPLE
Bachelors prefer redhaired girls
is a paraphrase of
Girls with red hair are preferred by unmarried men
SYNONYMY => PARAPHRASE
HYPONYMY => ENTAILMENT
 A proposition X ENTAILS a
proposition Y if the truth of Y
follows necessarily from the truth of
X.

ENTAILMENT
A sentence expressing proposition X
entails a sentence expressing
proposition Y if the truth of Y
follows necessarily from the truth of
X.
EXAMPLE
PRACTICE
NOTE
Entailment applies cumulatively. Thus if X entails Y and Y
entails Z, then X entails Z.
NOTE
Two sentences may be said to be
PARAPHRASES of each other if and only if
they have exactly the same set of
ENTAILMENTS; or, which comes to the same
thing, if and only if they mutually entail
each other so that whenever one is true the
other must also be true.
 TEST YOUR
KNOWLEDGE
ANSWER
❑Ambiguous words
❑Ambiguous sentences
AMBIGUOUS WORDS
WHY STATEMENT B IS CORRECT?
WHY STATEMENT B IS CORRECT?