MODULE 6

Ergonomics and Facilities Planning for the Hospitality Industry

LESSON: SAFETY AND SECURITY SYSTEMS

Learning Objectives

At the end of this chapter, the student can:

1. Describe theoretical aspects of safety and security system;

2. Discuss the preventive measure in fire accident;
3. Elucidate the importance of fire risk assessments

Content

SAFETY AND SECURITY SYSTEMS

In our culture, safety and protection are top priorities and it is important to tackle Issues in these
areas. Today, there are many different forms of protection or safety, such as international
security, cyber security, physical security, fire safety, etc. The scientific community is beginning
to discuss the development of a safety and safety theory.

Specialists in each sector individually work on and establish their own kinds of protection or
security measures. Each form of safety or protection tackles its own particular concerns in that
location, which are intended to avoid danger or negative consequences. For this purpose, any
form of protection or safety has been generated by taking into account measures that make a
reference object safe or protected. The various forms of safety and protection have been studied
and developed separately.

The theory of safety and security can draw mainly from the following sources:

The Risk Theory

Risk theory is a scientific discipline that is widely used, focused on the detection of a hazard, the
risk specification and the specification of how to overcome the risk. In the objective nature of
risks, the meaning of danger lies. The danger of either part of a complex arises from actively
controlled acting. or chaotic and uncontrolled acting.

In the area of safety and security, risk management has an important role. It concentrates on
mitigating damage or effects. The risk theory may be used as a technique to specify potential
negative impacts that could harm the object of reference. Because of this, risk management is
used in many areas in which important theoretical and practical applications have been
developed. Risk reduction approaches have become dawn up. We have many risks analysis
approaches nowadays. These methods allow the degree of risk to be quantified. Different risk
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analysis approaches may yield different outcomes, depending on the methodology and nature
of the application, which were obtained during the analysis of one particular safety issue.

The authoritarian way of ensuring protection or security is favored by risk management. It

decides the danger and how to prepare the reference object for it. The downside of risk
management is that the sources of risks are not known. Threats are taken as a fact and it only
focuses on what they can cause. Unacceptable risk is solved by appropriate measures. The
solution comes as acceptance of risk, risk retention, risk transfer and risk avoidance.

II. THE CRISIS THEORY

A crisis is an important phenomenon which affects human society negatively. The negative
impact is a typical indication of a breach of security and a crisis. It is necessary to establish the
reasoning and essence of safety and security concerns for safety and security analysis. In
addition, we need to analyze the relationship between the theory of safety and security and the
theory of crisis.

The theory of crisis is a scientific discipline that focuses on the theoretical aspects of crisis
science, in particular on the existence and causes of crises. The basics of crisis management
and handling are based on the philosophy of the crisis.

There are structures and a complex character to the crisis theory. The theory of a crisis is
independent of a single reference object; it also examines the fundamental aspects of the
existence and production of a crisis. The crisis theory is the framework for the effective
management of a crisis.

Nowadays, the crisis is understood as:

• time when contradictions culminate,

• or as a complicated situation.

These terms are similar. When existential complications occur, they are ideal for designating a
time frame. The crisis is considered to be a situation or time in which danger occurs and the
target role of the reference object is simultaneously threatened. The crisis occurs when
circumstances for the reference object change significantly. Changing situations arise because
of each part of the system's chaotic or uncoordinated behavior. The design of conditions and
climate changes throughout this period of time. It may be triggered by a lack of inputs, a fault in
the power supply or elements of output, or electrical voltage escalation, and so on. To provide
adaptation, each change needs an adequate system reaction. If the changes are planned, and
after that, the device can be prepared for them; it can also have a suitable reaction. When a
sudden shift has a higher-than-expected value, the situation is different. During this situation,
the system can have an inappropriate reaction and, following that complications or crisis may
arise. Basically, the crisis is created due to:

• Unexpected and large negative situation

• Unmanaged control.

III. CAUSALITY

A scientific discipline that examines relationships between cause and effect is causality. From
the Latin word Causa, the term causality has evolved. The cause is a relationship where cause
and effect are interrelated. The law of causality determines that there is at least one reason for
something that happens, and every cause has potential consequences as well. The same factors
generate the same impacts. It is organized by a causal link (causal nexus). Causality is an

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expression of the interaction between two things, where one of them occurs and the other is
called the cause. The explanation is basically the term that causes affect.

Causality is central to the philosophy of security and security. It enables the creation of a logical
chain of causes of breach of security or security. The position of causality is insufficient from this
point of view of protection or defense. Focusing on this problem is critical.

RISK THEORY The risk theory provides the safety and

security theory with a simple methodological
approach to the identification and evaluation
of safety and security concerns by defining
threats, assessing risks and selecting a risk
management strategy. Risk theory gives to
theory of safety and security. The basic terms
are a threat, risk, damage and impact.
CRISIS THEORY The crisis theory is closely linked to the theory
of safety and security by managing the breach
consequences. Most security breaches get a
reference object into a crisis and it is important
to overcome it.
CAUSALITY Causalities deal with the causes of violations
of safety and security. The theory of safety
and security can use the types of causes of
breaches of safety and security. It is the intent,
the negligence, the opportunity.

Fire Risk Assessments

The key precautions needed to safeguard the safety of personnel, visitors/guests and other
people who could be affected in the event of a fire at your premises are identified by fire risk
assessments. It means taking a close look at the premises and the individuals who are likely to
use them to understand the possibility of a fire happening. It also includes determining the
precautions that need to be in place to avoid the occurrence of a fire and to ensure the safety of
everyone.

The fire risk assessment must identify the following:

• What is a fire hazard? consider heaters, electrical equipment, naked flames, sources of
ignition, smoking areas.
• Who is at risk? Assume that everyone is at risk if a fire occurs. Guests, customers and
visitors will not be familiar with the building lay out. The elderly, the young and those with
limited abilities are particularly vulnerable.
• What is your evacuation plan? Based on the findings, are any amendments required? Are
there sufficient sources of fire detection and prevention? How is the evacuation plan
communicated to people on the premises?
• Record findings. Keep a note of the risk assessment findings, including any action you’ve
taken, such as removed hazards. Make sure colleagues are trained if gaps in knowledge
are found and arrange instruction if necessary.
• Maintain your fire risk assessment. Review the assessment regularly, updating it if you
experience any business change, such as the physical building.

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 A. Furniture fire safety

If you are providing self-catering accommodation that contains upholstered furniture,

your furniture must comply with certain safety tests:

• upholstered furniture must pass a prescribed cigarette resistance test

• cover prescribed fabric, whether for use in permanent or loose covers, will normally
have to pass a match resistance test
• filling materials for all furniture must pass ignitability tests as specified in the
regulations

All new upholstered furniture (with the exception of mattresses and bedding) and loose and
stretch furniture coverings must bear a permanent label illustrating compliance with the
requirements of fire protection. Before buying any upholstered furniture for your house, always
look for these labels.

B. Electrical safety

Electrical Safety laws apply to most electrical equipment in your accommodation. This includes:

• Toasters
• Kettles
• TVs lamps
• radios

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The management would be responsible for their protection if you make the equipment open for
your guests to use. In order for electrical equipment to be deemed safe, there should be no risk
(or only a small risk) of any person being killed or hurt by the equipment, or causing property
damage.

C. Gas safety

In compliance with the manufacturer's directions, you must have gas equipment, installation
pipework or flue installed at your premises. They have to be preserved in a healthy condition.

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Fire Prevention

1. Carry Out a Fire Assessment - The responsibility of ensuring there is an assessment in

place, which has been documented as proof, usually lies with the business owner or
person with ultimate control of the premises. The function is not assumed, and without
realizing it, it could be your duty.

2. Assign Fire Wardens - It is necessary to select fire wardens, and many variables should
be considered.

• Is the person competent? Is the fire warden content and willing to take on the
responsibility for the hotel, restaurant or bar's fire safety?

• Is training required? The warden must be given professional and practical training
so that he can behave safely in the event of a fire.

• Are wardens on duty 24/7? Adequate cover should be given in the hospitality
environment at all hours of the day, 365 days a year. Take holiday and illness
cover into account and make arrangements for this.

• How many fire wardens are needed? The number of wardens required depends
on a number of factors, including the size of the building, the number of visitors,
the building layout and so on.

3. Provide Staff Training - Many individuals will look to the workers for advice if the te
alarms sound in a hotel or restaurant. The effects may be catastrophic if Our workers
aren't prepared to respond in an emergency.

• Do employees know how to sound an alarm?

• is everyone aware of the evacuation process?
• ls it clear what to do if a fire occurs?

4. Map Fire Escape Routes - In the event of an emergency, escape routes should allow
everyone on the premises to flee to a place of safety. It could be that a fire happens along
an escape path, so more than one route should always be in operation. Anyone in the
area must be clearly shown the escape routes and must always be kept clear of obstacles.
This may include crates, furniture or equipment in the hospitality business.

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 5. Practice Evaluation Drills - it’s good practice to familiarize staff with the emergency
evacuation plan after a fire risk assessment, while fire wardens are fully qualified. With
debriefing notes given, we are adept at planning and running these drills if appropriate.

6. Appoint A Trusted Fire Safety Services Provider - It is advisable to form a working

partnership with a reputable supplier of fire protection services to ensure that your
company stays compliant and meets expectations.

7. Install Reliable Fire Safety Systems - Legal specifications in many hospitality sectors
are fire prevention and alarm systems. There are several variables to take into
consideration, including the vulnerability of visitors or patrons.

• Are alarms adequate for those with hearing issues?

• Is the number of extinguishers in place sufficient?
• Are call points free from vandalism?

8. Maintain the Integrity of Alu Services - Fire & Security manage and restore fire safety
services, including hospitality, for many industries. Technicians must be highly qualified
to maintain many pieces of equipment, including:

• Fire extinguishers
• Emergency lighting
• Fire alarms
• Kitchen suppression
• Sprinkler systems

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 9. Communicate to All - When visitors, guests o contractors arrive at your business, make
sure that the fire safety procedures are clarified if necessary. For some businesses
verbally describing where all fire escape routes and manual call points are, and others
offering data sheets in clear places such as bedrooms and dining areas, how much
information you have is down to the employee.

10. Review Your Processes - At regular intervals, all of the fire safety procedures should be
checked. This may be altering a building renovation where the integrity of objects such
as fire doors and compartmentation has been modified. For example, if the purpose ol a
room has changed, if a bedroom is turned into a storage room.

REFERENCE

Mendoza, L. O., (2021). Ergonomics and Facilities Planning for the Hospitality Industry.
“Safety and Security Systems”. Edric Publishing. Sta. Cruz, Manila

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