Chemistry for Allied Health Professionals

MLS1-5 / LECTURE / CONTENTS ARE PPT BASED ONLY

CARBOHYDRATES
PROPERTIES OF A MONOSACCHARIDES
TOPIC OUTLINE → sweet tasting, but their relative sweetness varies
1 Introduction → polar, high MP
2 Monosaccharides → presence of polar functional groups capable of
3 Disaccharides hydrogen bonding = very water soluble
4 Polysaccharides
FISCHER PROJECTION FORMULA
INTRODUCTION → all carbohydrates = 1 or more chirality centers

CARBOHYDRATES
→ sugars and starches
→polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, compounds
that can be hydrolyzed to them.
→ synthesized via photosynthesis, whereby energy
from the sun is stored as chemical energy in
carbohydrates. (USING CHLOROPHYLL)
→ used for bursts of energy needed during exercise
in the form of glucose → prefix D = -OH group on the right side of chain
→ prefix L = -OH group on the left side of chain
MONOSACCHARIDES

DEFINITION & PROPERTIES

→ simplest carbohydrates
→ 3 – 6 carbon atoms in a chain with an aldehyde or
ketone ending and many -OH groups
→ carbonyl group at C1 = aldose
→ carbonyl group at C2 = ketose MORE THAN ONE CHIRALITY CENTER
→ OH on all (or most) other C’s → glucose = 4 chirality centers

Aldoses: aldehyde monosaccharides

Ketoses: ketone monosaccharides What determines whether a
monosaccharide is D or L?
→ the chirality center that is
CHARACTERIZED BY: farthest from a carbonyl group.
→ number of carbon atoms in its chain
- Triose
- Tetrose
- Pentose
- Hexose etc.

→ terms are then combined with the words aldose

and ketose:
o Glyceraldehyde – aldotriose

→ D-sugars = all naturally occurring sugars

**Common monosaccharides: D-glucose, D-
galactose, D-fructose

o Dihydroxyacetone – ketotriose

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Chemistry for Allied Health Professionals
MLS1-5 / LECTURE / CONTENTS ARE PPT BASED ONLY

CYCLIC FORMS OF MONOSACCHARIDES

CYCLIC FORMS OF D-GLUCOSE DEFINITION
α anomer → two monosaccharide units joined together

e.g.
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose

GLYCOSIDIC → reaction that occurs between 2

LINKAGE monosaccharides when they join to
form a disaccharide

β anomer

HEMIACETAL → ether and alcohol are at the

same carbon

→ rings are called Haworth projections

COMMON MONOSACCHARIDES
GLUCOSE → blood sugar; most abundant
(DEXTROSE) → normal level: 70-110 mg/dL
→ excess glucose is stored as
o Polysaccharide glycogen GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGES
o Fat ALPHA (α) → the glycosidic bonds points down

→Insulin: regulates blood glucose **alpha-ba

levels by stimulating the uptake of
glucose into tissues or the formation BETA (β) → the glycosidic bonds points up.
of glycogen.
*Patients with diabetes produce **beta-as
insufficient insulin = monitor
diet/inject insulin
ANOMERIC CARBON
GALACTOSE → substitution of one nucleotide for FISCHER
another. PROJECTION
→ Patients with galactosemia
o Lack an enzyme needed to
metabolize galactose, which
accumulates and causes
cataracts and cirrhosis.

FRUCTOSE → one of the components of

disaccharide sucrose
→ a ketohexose found in honey
→ twice as sweet as table sugar
with the same number of calories
per gram

DISACCHARIDES

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Chemistry for Allied Health Professionals
MLS1-5 / LECTURE / CONTENTS ARE PPT BASED ONLY

HAYWORTH STARCH → polymer made up of repeating

PROJECTION glucose units
→ joined by α-glycosidic linkages

AMYLOSE
→ linear form of starch
→ unbranched polymer
→ linked by 1-4-α-glycosidic
bond

AMYLOPECTIN
→ branched form of starch
→ branched polymer
→ linked by 1-4-α and 1-6-α
glycosidic linkages

HYDROLYSIS OF DISACCHARIDES **Both starch molecules can be

HYDROLYSIS → cleaves the C-O glycosidic linkage digested by humans using the
and forms two monosaccharides enzyme amylase

e.g.
Maltose + H20 = glucose + glucose BLOOD TYPE
→ based on 3 or 4 monosaccharides attached to a
membrane protein of red blood cells.
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
LACTOSE → disaccharide in milk Each blood type has:
→ consists of 1 galactose ring and 1 o D-galactose
glucose ring o L-fucose
→ joined by 1-4-β-glycosidic bond o N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

→ cleaves the disaccharide bond TYPE A o D-galactose

LACTASE
o L-fucose
LACTOSE → no longer produce lactase o N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
INTOLERANT → w/o lactase, lactose cannot be o N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
digested = abdominal cramps and
diarrhea TYPE B o D-galactose, D-galactose
o L-fucose
POLYSACCHARIDES o N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

TYPE AB → has both type A and type B

POLYSACCHARIDE
carbohydrates
→ 3 or more monosaccharide units joined together
→ one individual my contain antibodies to another
CELLULOSE → unbranched polymer type
→ made of repeating units of
glucose → Type O: universal donors
→ joined by 1-4-β-glycosidic → Type AB: universal recipient
linkages

→ cell walls of plants, gives rigidity

and support
→ humans do not possess the
enzyme to hydrolyze cellulose (β-
glycosidase) & cannot digest it.

→ insoluble fiber in our diets =

important in adding bulk to waste
to help eliminate it more easily

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