Cells

by Dr. B
•Bio = life, ...ology = the
study of,
•Biology is the science that
studies life
 What to learn -Living Cells

• The content of plant and animal cells

• The structure and function of
organelles in plant and animal cells
• Transport of substances across the cell
membrane
 Cells
_______ are the basic units of life.
In multicellular organisms (like humans, dogs or
flowers) cells are the building blocks of life.
• Lots of cells make up a ______
• Lots of tissue make up an _____
• Lots of organs working
together make an ______
 Cells
Cells are the basic units of life.
In multicellular organisms (like humans, dogs or
flowers) cells are the building blocks of life
• Lots of cells make up a tissue
• Lots of tissue make up an organ
• Lots of organs working
together make an organism
 PLANT CELL

nucleus

Endoplasmic
reticulum

Ribosomes
Golgi body

cytoplasm

Mitochodrion
Cell
membrane chloroplast
Cell wall
Vacuoles
Cell Wall: This is the rigid outermost layer of a plant cell. It
makes the cell stiff -providing the cell with mechanical
support - and giving it protection. Animal cells do not have
cell walls.

Cell Membrane: This is a protective layer that surrounds

every cell and separates it from its external environment. It is
found just inside the cell wall and is made up of
complex lipids (fats) and proteins.

Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm is a thick, aqueous (water-

based) solution in which the organelles are found.
Substances such as salts, nutrients, minerals
and enzymes (molecules involved in metabolism) are
dissolved in the cytoplasm.
Nucleus: The nucleus is the ‘control center’ of the cell.
It contains Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic
material that directs all the activities of the cell. Only
eukaryotic cells have nuclei (plural for nucleus),
prokaryotic cells do not. The nucleus is separated from
the cytoplasm by a specialized membrane called the

Ribosomes: These are little round structures that

produce proteins. They are found in the cytoplasm or
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): The ER is
a membrane system of folded sacs and
tunnels. The ER helps move proteins
within the cell as well as export them
outside of the cell. There are two types of
endoplasmic reticulum.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum. The

rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered
with ribosomes.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (no

ribosomes)
Golgi body: The Golgi body is a stack of
membrane-covered sacs that prepares
proteins for export from the cell.

Mitochondrion (plural mitochondria):

This is the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell. It
converts the energy stored in food (sugar
and fat) into energy-rich molecules that the
cell can use (Adenosine triphosphate –
ATP for short).

Lysosome: The lysosome is the digestive

center of a cell that produces many
different types of enzymes which are able
to break down food particles and recycle
worn out components of the cell.
Vacuoles: These are large membrane-
enclosed compartments that store toxic
wastes as well as useful products such as
water. These are mainly found in plants.

Chloroplast: Chloroplasts contain a green

pigment that traps sunlight and converts it
into sugars by a process called
photosynthesis. The sugars are a source of
energy for the plants and the animals that
eat them.
Viewing onion cells
 Differences between
animal and plant cells
Structure Animal Cell Plant cell
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast
 Plant cell

chloroplasts

nucleus
cell wall

cell membrane
vacuole

cytoplasm mitochondria
 Animal cell
cell membrane

mitochondria
nucleus

cytoplasm
 Compare and contrast the two cells
Fill the words in the Venn diagram

Plant cell Animal cell

chloroplasts vacuole cell wall nucleus

cell membrane mitochondria cytoplasm
 Answers: Compare and contrast the two cells
Fill the words in the Venn diagram

Plant cell Animal cell

chloroplasts nucleus

vacuole mitochondria

cell wall cell

membrane
cytoplasm

chloroplasts vacuole cell wall nucleus

cell membrane mitochondria cytoplasm
 Comparing and contrasting

Like the animal cell, the plant cell has a nucleus,

a cell membrane, mitochondria and cytoplasm.
However, the plant cell has more cell parts than
the animal cell.

The plant cell contains chloroplasts which help

photosynthesis to happen, but the animal cell
doesn’t have any chloroplasts. Also, in contrast
to the animal cell, the plant cell has a cell wall
and a vacuole.
Compare and contrast the two cells

Plant cell Animal cell

chloroplasts nucleus
vacuole cell membrane
cell wall cytoplasm
Viewing cheek cells
Viewing cheek cells
Viewing cheek cells
Viewing cheek cells
Viewing cheek cells
Viewing cheek cells
Viewing cheek cells
Viewing onion cells
 Viewing onion cells

2
Viewing onion cells
Viewing onion cells
Viewing onion cells
Cells Quiz!
 What to learn -Living Cells

• The content of plant and animal cells -

done
• The structure and function of
organelles in plant and animal cells -done
• Transport of substances across the cell
membrane
Phospholipid structure Function

Plasma membrane Boundaries that separate the materials

between cytoplasm and external cells
environment
Protein pores Protein molecules that can be passed by small
molecules and ion

Carrier protein Protein molecules that help to carry larger

particles

cholestrol The role of cholesterol in the cell membrane is

to maintain stability, anchor other molecules,
and keep the membrane fluid in cold
temperatures.
 TELL ME WHAT ARE THE 2
WAYS TO FOR CELL
TRANSPORTATION?
• BUS
• TRAIN
• HELI
• AEROPLANE
• JET
• SUPERBIKE
• ROLLERBLADE
 Passive T

movement of substances into the cells or out of cells without require energy
 Active Transport
• Active transport is the movement of molecules or ions
from a region of lower concentration to a higher
concentration across plasma membrane. (Active
transport occur their concentration)

• Active transport requires the use of both

and which is Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP)
 Carrier protein has an active site which bind with a
particular molecules or ion and another active site which
binds with the ATP molecules
• Active transport results in the or
of molecules or ions from the cell.

• Active transport ceases if ATP production is prevented

by metabolic poisons such as cyanide and etc...

• Example of active transport in human cell :

 The accumulation of iodine in the cells of the thyroid
gland
 The movement of sodium ions into the cells lining the
kidney tubules