Lecture Notes 3 (WEEK 7) : This Is A Watermark For Trial Version, Register To Get Full One!

LECTURE NOTES 3
(WEEK
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for trial version,
Benefits for registered user:
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2. No trial watermark on the output documents.
The topics included in this lecture notes are:
• Analysing the audience Remove it Now

• Choosing a topic
- Deciding on a focus
• Deciding general and specific purpose of the
presentation
• Organising ideas and structuring the text
- Outlining the content – main points and

supporting points
1
LPE2301 ACADEMIC INTERACTION & PRESENTATION
SEMESTER 2, 2019/2020
Introduction to Presentation Skills
1. Analysing the Audience

Knowing the audience
It is essential for you to know the audience when deciding on a topic and preparing a
presentation. The audience will be more interested in listening and accepting what you say if
the topic is relevant and relatable to them.
There are several aspects that you need to consider in analysing your audience:
1. The audiences’ interests - What does the audience interested to know?
2. The audiences’ knowledge and feelings on the topic - What do the audience know and
feel about this topic?
3. The demographic factors of the audiences - What is the age group, genders and
educational backgrounds of your audience?
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4. The objective/goal of the presentation - What do you want to achieve with this
presentation?
Information gathered from analysing your audience can help you to determine their interest
and prior knowledge, gauge their response, and identify the best way in delivering the
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help you to prepare a presentation that caters to the audience’s
2. needs.
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There are two ways to analyse the audience:
a) Demographic audience analysis Remove it Now

b) Situational audience analysis
Demographic Audience Analysis
• focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, group

membership, race, ethnic and cultural background
• helps the presenter to gauge the audience’s interests, values and beliefs and
give clues on how the audience will respond to the presentation
Situational Audience Analysis
• focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical
setting for the presentation
• helps presenter to analyse audience perception towards the topic and speaker
2
Activity 1
Interview your classmates to find out about their interests using the following questions.
1. Who are your audience?
2. What are their academic backgrounds?
3. What topic are they interested in?
Based on the responses, how will it affect the choice of your topic?
2. Choosing a topic
After you have decided on the target audience of your presentation, the next step is to choose
a topic. Choosing a topic is an essential step in preparing a presentation.
A presentation topic can be divided into two categories:

Familiar Subject Unfamiliar Subject
• Topics that you have prior knowledge on • Topics that you may already have some
• Experience to help you talk about the knowledge on but not enough for a
topic presentation
• Topics that you have learnt in class or in • Topics that you want to explore for the
your field of study first time
• Topics that you want to do a further
research on
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to the topics
• Brainstorming – a method to generate ideas for presentation topics by freely associating
words and ideas.
• There are several brainstorming procedures that you can follow:
Remove it Now
I. Clustering
II. Free-associating
III. Listing
• You can jot down as you think of the points or words or phrases that related to the topic,
and these items may become the main headings or key words for your presentation.
i. Clustering
• Also known as mind mapping or idea mapping
• It is a strategy that allows you to explore the relationships between ideas. Clustering
the ideas let you see them visually in a different way so that you can more readily
understand possible direction your topic may take.
• The cluster begins with a central idea. Then, new ideas are written and connected
to the central idea.
• You then select one branch of the clusters or series related ideas to use a writing
topic.
3
Example of topic: Climate change causes greenhouse effect and global warming
ii. Free-associating
• Free-associating is created by spontaneous response to the trigger word without
any restrictions. This method gets creativity flowing when you do not want to over-
think on how words are related.
• It begins with a trigger word and continues with a flow of words that come into your
mind.
• Each word triggering the next, ultimately reaching a potentially useful one.
Example of topic: The different types of financial plans

Financial
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iii. Listing
• This technique requires you to list possible topics and then sublist ideas
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say about each topic.
• It enables you to generate ideas more quickly than clustering as the ideas can be
written in any order.
Example of topic: The negative effects of processed food
artificial ingredients
junk food addiction
added sugar
low in nutrients
risk of cancer
Activity 2
In a group, choose one of the brainstorming methods and brainstorm for ideas for a
presentation topic.
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Topic


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Narrowing down ideas

Once you have brainstormed the general ideas, narrow down your ideas and organise them in
logical groups. This will give clear view on how you divide the central ideas into main points.
For example:
Topic : Eating breakfast
Central idea : Three major benefits of eating breakfast to university students
Main points : I. Kick start metabolism
II. Perform better in study
III. Maintain a healthy weight
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Gathering materials related to the topics
• During the brainstorming process, it is useful to start gathering materials related to the
topic. These materials help you to be clearer on the main points you want to present. It
also helps you to develop and support your points.
• Once you have a topic, you have many options to find information. All the materials can be
gathered from:
§ library research (books, journal etc.)
§ the Internet (e-books, online journals etc.)
§ interviews (interview a professional or paid researcher)
Activity 3
Based on Activity 2, organise your central idea and main points by completing the flow chart
below. Provide sources to support your main points.
Topic: _____________________________________________________________
Central Idea


Main Points (Key Words)
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Main Point 2 Main Point 3
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Sources: i)
ii)
iii)
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3. Deciding general and specific purpose of the presentation
When choosing a topic, it is important for you to identify the general and specific purpose of
your presentation. This will affect the amount of information you want to share with the
audience and the way the information is shared. For example, if the purpose is to give
exposure, the presenter needs to share as much information as possible with the audience. If
the purpose is to make comparison, the presenter needs to present different point of views on
the same issue to the audience. This is to ensure the message will reach the audience
successfully.
The general purpose of a presentation refers to the overall objective of the presentation.
The specific purpose of a presentation refers to the focus of the presentation.
For example:
Theme : Health
Topic : Breakfast
Central idea : Three major benefits of eating breakfast to university students
General purpose : To expose the audience to the importance of eating breakfast
Specific purpose : To share with the audience the benefits of eating breakfast for students
Benefits
Activity 4for registered user:
Based on the topic that you have chosen, write the general and specific purposes in the blanks
provided.
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: ________________________________________________________
Central idea : ________________________________________________________

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General purpose: _________________________________________________________ it Now
Specific purpose: _________________________________________________________
4. Organising ideas and structuring the text
Once you have narrowed down your ideas, they need to be organised into one cohesive
structure. This is not only to help you to plan your presentation but also to ensure that your
audience will be able to follow the flow of ideas of the presentation.
The ideas can be organised into main points, supporting points and supporting details.
Main points
The main points are the central features or main focuses of your speech.
Supporting points
Supporting points contains further elaboration and explanation of the main points. This
represents your own voice and point of view.
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Supporting details
Supporting details contain evidence that can strengthen the supporting points. It can be in the
form of statistics, examples, illustrations, factual data, quotations and testimony taken from
credible sources.
For example:
Topic : Gardening
Central idea : Three major benefits of gardening
Main points : I. Physical fitness
II. Mood enhancer
III. Healthy food
I. Physical fitness (Main point)

A. Improve ability to do daily activities (Supporting point)
• Encourage the use of all motor skills through walking, reaching, bending and
digging. (Supporting detail)
B. Strengthen bones, muscles and joints (Supporting point)
• Exposure to sunshine increases production of Vitamin D which is important
for strong bones (Supporting detail)
II. Mood enhancer (Main point)
A. Connected with family and community (Supporting point)
• Create a fun and nurturing environment through social activity (Supporting
detail)
B. Reduce stress (Supporting point)
• Reduce the hormone related to stress which is cortisol. (Supporting detail)
III. Healthier food (Main point)
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A. Get to eat fresh the output documents.
and fruits (Supporting point)
• Let you control when to harvest your food (Supporting detail)
B. Safer food (Supporting point)
• No harmful additives and preservative are added to the food.Remove
(Supportingit Now
detail)
Activity 5
Complete the table below with supporting points and supporting details on The Benefits of
Eating Breakfast to University Students. Compare your notes with a partner and then share
your answers.
The benefits of eating breakfast to university

Topic
students
Central Idea Three major benefits of eating breakfast to university
students
Main point 1 Kick start metabolism
Supporting Point 1
Supporting Details
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(i.e. statistics, examples,
explanation)
Supporting Point 2
Supporting Details
explanation)
Main point 2 Perform better in study
Supporting Point 1
Supporting Details
explanation)
Supporting Point 2
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explanation)
Main point 3 Maintain a healthy weight

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Supporting Point 1 on the output documents.
Supporting Details
(i.e. statistics, examples, Remove it Now
explanation)
Supporting Point 2
Supporting Details
explanation)
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LECTURE NOTES 3
(WEEK 8)

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The topics the output
included documents.
in this lecture notes are:
• Introducing the speech

Remove it Now
• Developing the body of the presentation
- Using appropriate transition signals to show
transition of main ideas, supporting ideas and details
- Using simple past tense and present prefect tense to
cite sources
10
SEMESTER 2, 2019/2020
Introducing the speech

The introduction of a presentation should prepare the audience for the content of the
presentation. To achieve this, it is important for a good presenter to open his/her presentation
with information that could attract the audiences’ attention. Hence, a good introduction should
have a good attention getter, provide background information on the topic, establish credibility
of the presenter and preview of the presentation.
1. Attention getter
An attention getter is a device that you can use to capture your audience’s interest in
your topic. There are number of ways a presenter can use as an attention getter.
a. Quotations
Quotes are a good way to capture your audiences’ heart because by incorporating the wise
words of a famous person, it would allow you to visualise his or her credibility and
popularity. You can use relevant quotations from famous people that are meaningful,
impactful and appropriate to your topic.
The quotations used should be short and precise especially if they are used on the slides.
Lengthy quotations distract the audience and cause them to finish the entire quote in a
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rush. This will result in less powerful impact of the quotations.
For examples:
Remove
Imagine you are urging a group of students to take their breakfast every day, and you couldit Now
open your speech with:
John Gunther (an American journalist and author) once said, “All happiness depends on
a leisurely breakfast”.
Now, imagine you are giving a speech on conflict management, you could open your
speech with:
: “Mark Twain once said, ‘If two people agree on everything, one of them is unnecessary.’
b. Interesting facts/statistics
Interesting facts or statistics are also another way to gauge the audiences’ interests. The
statistics and interesting facts must be directly related to the main purpose of your
presentation.
For examples:
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According to several studies by Wesnes et al., Widenhom-Muller et al., Cooper et al.,
and Pivik et al., in general, children who consume breakfast show positive effects on
cognitive performance especially in memory and attention.
Another statistic by Cardiff University reveals that children who consumed breakfast
before their lessons are twice as likely to achieve high marks in tests and assessments
compared to those who did not take breakfast before learning.
We know that a child is born into poverty in the United States every 36 seconds, and we
see 12.8 million children living below the poverty line… A child dies from neglect or abuse
every six hours, a child is killed by gunfire almost every three hours, and the number of
neglected or abused children each year would fill up the city of Detroit.
c. Rhetorical question
Asking a rhetorical question can attract the audiences’ attention as it can arouse their
curiosity. The main purpose of asking rhetorical questions is to make them think or to direct
their focuses on the gist of the presentation.
This For
is examples:
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As Shakespeare wrote in “The Merchant of Venice,” “If you prick us, do we not bleed? If
you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us,
shall we not revenge?”
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F. Kennedy once asked “Ask not what your country can do for you,
ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what
America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man”.
How would you respond if a loved one was the victim of terrorism? Remove it Now
What would you think if you went to the doctor because you were ill and she told you to
watch Modern Family as part of your treatment?
d. Story telling/Anecdote
Story telling/Anecdote can hold the audiences’ attentions as everyone will enjoy listening
to stories. You can use your personal stories or your first-hand experiences that are
relevant to the topic to attract the audience. Also, you can use other stories such as short
story, fable, historic event and etc. You must ensure that your anecdote is not too long that
can affect the audiences’ interests.
Apart from captivating your listeners with your story/anecdote, you must also ensure that
your story/anecdote captures the key point of your message. The effectiveness of a story
– especially a personal one – hinges on the speaker’s delivery as well as on the content.
For example:
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There I stood, wearing a surgical mask, in the middle of a large, brightly lit room. In the
centre of the room were five figures huddled over a table. I found it difficult to see since
everything was draped in blue sheets, yet I didn’t dare take a step towards the table.
Then one of the figures called to me, “Angela, get over here and take a closer look.” My
knees buckled as I walked through the sterile environment. But eventually I was there,
standing over an unconscious body in the operating room
2. Background information on the topic

It is necessary to provide the context of the topic to establish a connection between the
audience and the topic. You should state how your information might be useful to your
audience.
The examples are:

Once seen as an exclusively male activity, weight lifting has crossed the gender barrier –
and with a good reason. Regardless of whether you are male or female, weight lifting can
give you a sense of strength and power, enhance your self-esteem, and make you look
and feel better.
This You’ve
is a probably
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heard this statement a million times before - “Breakfast is the most
important meal of the day”, and this will trigger you again today because this statement
may prove to be true for students. The daily intake of breakfast by students is associated
with better concentration and performance in college, being energetic all day long, having
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all trial providing numerous benefits to your well-beings.

3. Reveal the topic
After you managed to secure the audience attention, it is important for you to reveal your
presentation topic. A topic reveal is a statement that inform the audience the topic of the
presentation. This is necessary to prevent confusion among the audience toRemove the actual it Now
focus of your presentation. A topic reveal could begin like this:
I plan to talk about the major benefits of eating breakfast to university students.
I have been interested in the myth of Atlantis for several years, and I have read a number
of books and articles about it.
Other expression that can be used to reveal a topic:
Today I’m going to talk about…

The subject of my presentation is…
The theme of my talk is…
4. Establish credibility and goodwill

Credibility is mostly a matter of being qualified to speak on a given topic – and being
perceived as qualified by your listeners. Establishing credibility in your presentation
demonstrates your credential and knowledge about the topic. In other words, it would tell
the audience why they should listen to you about the topic of the presentation. As a student,
13
you may not be the expert in the field; however, you can establish credibility by sharing
with the audience your personal interest to the topic or about the research you have done
on the topic in preparation for the presentation.
I would like to explain the basic kinds of weights and how to use them properly.
I started lifting weights when I was in high school, and I have kept at it for the past eight
years. I have also taught weight lifting in several health clubs, and I am a certified instructor
through the Aerobics and Fitness Association of America.
Hence, the information I am going to share with you today comes mostly from my own
experience as a dietician and a research that I have conducted in several colleges in
Sydney, Australia.
Your credibility need not be based on first-hand knowledge and experience. It can come
from reading, from classes, from interviews and from friends. Whatever the source of your
expertise, be sure to let the audience know.
5. Preview the body of the speech

Previewing the body of the speech can be done by stating the main ideas that will be
discussed in the presentation. It should focus on a specific aspect of the topic and may set
the pattern for the presentation to follow by indicating the main points that will be further
presented in the speech.
Today, I’d like to focus on three interrelated issues – to understand the nature of bullying
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workplace, I will first define what workplace bullying is and the types of
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bullying, I will then discuss thecommon
output characteristics
documents. of both workplace bullies and their
targets, and lastly, I will explore some possible solutions to workplace bullying.
Remove it Now
My presentation today will be divided into three sections which are the introduction, the
three major benefits of breakfast for students and the conclusion as well as the
recommendations/suggestions.
After this introduction, then the audience will be ready to listen to the crux of the
presentation.
Activity 1: Audio 6 – 9
Listen to the beginnings of four presentations. Which one starts with:
a. a rhetorical question? ____

b. an interesting fact? ____
c. an anecdote? ____
d. a problem to think about? ____
14
Activity 2
Work with a group of two or three to select an idea for a presentation. Then, plan and write the
way you would introduce this statement in a speech to your class. One of you will deliver this
introduction, which may be as short as 30 seconds, to the class.
Getting audience
attention
Providing background
information of the topic
Revealing the topic to
audience
Establishing credibility
Previewing the
presentation
Activity 3
These are presentations on How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole and This Country Isn't Just
Carbon Neutral. Based on the introduction part of the videos, identify the missing elements of
each presentation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7n2rYt9wfU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Lc_dlVrg5M
Organising the body of the presentation
Logical Order of Ideas Remove it Now

Before developing your points, you need to decide on how you want to organise your speech.
Your speech should be presented in a clear, logical order. This involves choosing an
organisation that fits your topic. For example, presenting in chronological order, problem-
solution and cause-effect.
Developing the main points

The body is the main part of your presentation where you explain your topic and present all
your information. The organisation of the body is very essential, so the audience would be able
to follow what you are saying and/or doing.
Using transition signals

Now present the main points of your speech by using the outline as a guide. As you move from
one major point to the next, help your audience understand where you are going by using
transitional words and phrased. Transitions indicate relationships between thoughts or ideas.
Below are some transitions that you might find useful for your presentation.
15
Speech transitions smooth over the boundary between two ideas and reveal the
relationship between the words just spoken and those about to be spoken. In this way, speech
transitions help your audience understand your message.
Using appropriate transition signals to show transition of main ideas, supporting

ideas and details
Transition between similar ideas or Likewise…

points Similarly…
This is just like…
Transition between contrasting ideas or However, …
points On the other hand, …
On the contrary, …
Transition to elaborate upon an idea Also…
Moreover, …
In addition, …
Besides, …
Transition to numbered ideas or points First… (The first step is…)
(or process steps) Second… (The second step is…)
Third… (The third step is…)
Firstly, …
Next, …
Transition to show cause-effect Therefore…
relationship As a result, …
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Transition to a supporting example For instance, …
For example, …
To illustrate this, …
The example can be seen …
Transition to a supporting quotation X said… Remove it Now
In 1968, X said…
This idea was expressed clearly by X who
said…
Transition from introduction into speech To get started, let’s examine…
body Let’s get started talking about…
Transition from speech body into In short…
conclusion In conclusion…
To summarise…
Transition to another speaker To talk about our next topic, we have X…
I’ll pass the microphone to X who will
describe…
To guide us through a demonstration of this,
we have X…
Transition back to an earlier point Let’s return to…
Let’s revisit…
Let’s go back to…
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Supporting ideas with credible sources
Credible sources are crucial to support your points or arguments and give you the credibility
to present the topic. In an academic presentation, it requires you to acknowledge the sources
that you get your evidence from. For example, you can mention the name of the researcher or
the title of an article. The tenses that you can use to cite the sources are either simple present
tense, simple past tense and present perfect tense.
For examples:
Maxwell mentioned in his article that machines are very expensive when compared to
human labour which is cheap and available.
According to Vista Industrial Products, Inc., when there is no unstable electricity, some
machines need an alternative means of power.
William revealed in his research that even though machines are used to replace human in
industry, there are still some functions which machine cannot accomplish.
Activity 4
Complete the sentences with the words in the box
Benefits
after for registered
all user:
divided finally start then third

I’ll be talking to you today about the after-sales service plans we offer. I’ll by
__start_______ 1 on the output documents.
describing the various packages in detail. _then_________2 I’ll go on to show you some
case studies. __finally________3, I’ll discuss how you can choose the best plan to meet
your customer’s needs. Remove it Now
I’ve _divided_________4 my talk into three main parts. First of __all________5, I’ll tell
you something about the history of our company. __after________6 that I’ll describe
how the company is structured and finally, I’ll give you some details about our range of
products and services.
I’d like to update you on what we’ve been working on over the last year. I’ll focus on three
main areas: first, our joint venture in Asia; second, the new plant in Charleston and
_third_________7, our redevelopment project.
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Activity 5: Audio 5
The project manager of a construction company is giving a presentation to his colleagues.
Put the sentences in the right order. Then listen to the recording and check your answers.
4 a. This morning I’d like to update you on the current status of work at the construction
site. The information I give you today should help you with planning your next step.
b. For those of you who don’t know me, my name is Gordon Selfridge. Let me just
write that down for you. OK. I’m the project manager in charge of the Bak Tower
3 building project in Dubai.
5 c. I’ve divided my presentation into three parts.
1 d. Hello, everyone.
7 e. Then I’ll move on to the problems we’re facing with our local suppliers.
f. First of all, let me thank you for coming here today. I’m aware that you’re all busy
preparing for the annual meeting this week, so I really appreciate you taking the time
2 to be here.
g. I’ll start off by showing you some photos of the building site and discussing the
6 progress we’ve made since January.
9 h. My talk should take about 30 minutes. Please feel free to interrupt me at any time
with questions.
8 i. I’ll end with some ideas for reducing labour costs that we’ve been looking into.
j. Oh, and don’t worry about taking notes. I’ll be handing out copies of the PowerPoint
10 slides.
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Activity 6: Audio all
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An expert onTraffic
talking about the the Support
outputCentre
documents.
(TSC) in her city. Listen to the talk and
put the points below in the order she mentions them.
___ a. what the TSC does (main activities)
___ b. how traffic data is collected Remove it Now
___ c. why the TSC was started
___ d. how motorists benefit from the system
___ e. how traffic information is given to motorists
Now listen to the presentation again and complete the sentences.
OK, ____________________ 1 the background and the reason we developed the programme.
Any questions? OK. So, ____________________2 to the next point and take a closer look at
the Traffic Support Centre itself. ____________________3, the TSC was set up in 2001 to help
traffic flow more smoothly, and basically to make the lives of the motorists easier. In this part
of my presentation ____________________4 you about the centre’s activities, how we work
exactly and how motorists benefit from our services.
So, ____________________5 a brief overview of the TSC’s activities. Our main activities are
to collect, analyse, and communicate traffic information. After collecting traffic data from a
number of different sources, we analyse them and then we inform the media, the police or
other authorities, and last but not least – the motorists.
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This now leads us to ____________________6. How does the TSC collect data? Traffic-
monitoring equipment has been installed across the main traffic routes, which helps us gather
real-time information on traffic speed and traffic flow. Additionally, we use variable traffic
sensors and cameras. We also work together with other partners and authorities, for example,
the police, traffic officers, and the media. Let me show you a few examples of how this works.
____________________7 collecting data.
____________________8 to the next issue. How do we communicate information to motorists?

We do this in a number of ways: by using electronic road signs, the Internet and radio, and
state-of-the-art telephone technology.
Let me now come back to ____________________9. The TSC wants to make the lives of
motorists easier. So, in what ways do the motorists benefit? Well, … first, through real time
information about the traffic solution. Second, through better advice about alternative routes.
Third, through safer roads and less driver stress.
Activity 7
Signposting phrases are used to help guide the audience through a presentation. Complete
these useful phrases with highlighted phrases from the presentation in Activity 6.
SIGNPOSTING
Benefits forisregistered
Saying what coming user:
E.g. In this part of the presentation, I’d like to tell you about…
1. Can
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__________________________________________________________________
Moving on to the next point
E.g. This leads directly to the next part of my talk.
Remove it Now
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
Indicating the end of a section

E.g. This brings me to the end of my second point.
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
Referring back
E.g. As I mentioned before …
7. _________________________________________________________________
E.g. Let’s go back to what we were discussing earlier.
8. _________________________________________________________________
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LECTURE NOTES 3
(WEEK 9)

2. No trial watermark on
The topics the output
included documents.
in this lecture notes are:
• Ending the presentation

• Utilising audio-visual aids Remove it Now
- Designing effective audio-visual aids
- Using concise words and correct language
- Managing audio-visual aids in presentation
• Language
- Constructing effective visual aids with Parallel
structures
20
SEMESTER 2, 2019/2020
Ending the presentation
The conclusion of a presentation serves two major functions:
• To let the audience know you are ending the presentation.

• To reinforce the audience’s understanding of, or commitment to the central idea.
Signal the end of the presentation

You can let your audience know that your presentation is ending through these brief cues:
“In conclusion, …”
“My purpose has been…”
“Let me end by saying…”

Benefits
Reinforcefor registered
the central idea user:
There are many ways to do this. Here are the ones you are most likely to use:
§ Summarising your presentation –restate the main points.
2. No Intrial watermark on the output documents.
conclusion, we have seen that the AIDS epidemic is having a devastating effect on
African society. An entire adult generation is slowly being wiped out. An entirely new
generation of AIDS orphans is being created. Governments in the nations most afflicted
Remove it
have neither the resources nor the expertise to counter the epidemic. Many African
Now
economies are being crippled by the loss of people in the workplace.
Before it’s too late, the United Nations and developed countries need to increase their
efforts to halt the epidemic and bring it under control. The lives and well-being of tens of
millions of people hang in the balance.
§ Ending with a quotation – closing with quotation will give a memorable ending to the
presentation.
None of us have the extra time that we’d like. But whatever time you can spare, you’ll be
making a world of difference in the life of an underprivileged child. In the words of the
poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “Give what you have. To someone, it may be better
than you dare to think.”
§ Calling for action – request the audience to take some kind of actions
With the numerous benefits it can offer, let’s start urban farming at that empty corner of
your home.
Useful expressions to conclude a presentation

I’d like to conclude by…
21
In conclusion, let me sum up my main points.
Weighing the pros and cons, I come to the conclusion that…
That brings me to the end of my presentation. Thank you for listening/your attention.
Thank you all for listening. It was a pleasure being here today.
Well, that’s it from me. Thank you very much.
For examples:
Topic: The advantages of organic farming
In conclusion, it is proven that organic farming provides numerous benefits to farmers and
the environment. Hence, I urge all of you to start practising organic farming in Malaysia
to shape a healthy and better sustainable country. Raj Patel, a fellow at the Institute for
Food and Development Policy mentioned that, “Far from being a ‘luxury for the rich’,
organic farming may turn out to be a necessity not just for the poor, but for everyone.
That brings me to the end of my presentation. Thank you for your attention.
Topic: The effects of Advertisements on Children

I’d like to conclude by saying that watching advertisements can cause detrimental effects on
children such as leading to obesity and influencing them with negative contents. However,
parents have the power to reduce these effects by teaching their children to make wise
choices and knowing the value of money. This will ensure their children will not be
1.Can remove
harassed all trial watermark.
by advertisements again. Well, that’s it from me. Thank you very much.
Remove it Now
22
Utilising audio-visual aids: Types of Audio-Visual Aids
There are many types of visual aids that can be used in presentation.
Objects and
models
PowerPoint Photographs
slides and drawings
Types of Visual
Aids

Benefits for registered user: Graphs/
Videos
Charts
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i. Objects and models
Various types of physical objects can be used to clarify explanations and help to
maintain listeners’ interests especially if your speech is about the process of making
something. The audience can then watch the whole process step-by-step to get
clearer ideas of the demonstration. The examples of objects are cooking utensils,
paintball equipment etc. As for models, if the speaker is talking about health, he/she
can bring a model of a human anatomy or any related materials to aid the
presentation.
ii. Photographs and drawings

Photographs and drawings can be used to show authentic details of your object or
topic. They can help to make a presentation clearer and make the points more
realistic. For example, you are presenting the topic of Interesting places in
Malaysia, and you can include suitable and beautiful pictures of people and places
of interest in Malaysia. The listeners will appreciate this presentation as they can
witness them with their own eyes rather than just imagining them.
iii. Graphs/Charts
If you need to present information with figures and statistics, it will be effective if
you use graphs or charts. For example, a bar graph is used to compare rankings.
23
The bars can be shown either horizontally or vertically in the graph. Another
example is line graph where it can be used to show how a trend has changed over
time. As for charts, pie chart is used to compare percentages by each category or
items, flow chart to explain the sequence of steps in a process and bullet chart is
to list key points.
iv. Videos
Using videos in a presentation can be effective if you want to illustrate your subject
clearly. For example, if you are presenting a topic on how smoke detectors work,
you can show your audiences a video of an accidental fire igniting in a kitchen,
causing the smoke detector to sound to enhance the audiences’ interest.
v. PowerPoint slides
Presentation slides are commonly used to enhance a presentation and to create a
dynamic presentation. This is because, the PowerPoint slides can incorporate the
combination of text, audio, graphics and video to make the presentation interactive
and more appealing.
Utilising audio-visual aids: Designing effective Audio-Visual Aids

Prepare in
advance
1. Can remove all trial watermark. Keep slides
simple,
Use
onimage
2. No trial watermarkstrategically
the output documents.
clear and
straightforw
ard
Remove it Now
Preparing Visual Aids
Visual aids
Use colours are large
effectively
enough
Use limited
Use fonts amount of
effectively
text
i. Prepare your visual aids well in advance.
ii. Keep your slides simple, clear and straightforward – limit each slide to a
manageable amount of information.
iii. Make sure your visual aids are large enough to be seen by everyone.
24
iv. Use a limited amount of text – if you are using PowerPoint, use a maximum of 6 lines
per slide and 6 words per line.
v. Use fonts effectively – choose fonts that are clear and easy to read; use the same
fonts on all your slides; use 36 to 44 font size for titles and major headings; and have
subheadings and other texts in 24 to 32 font size.
vi. Use colour effectively – some colours do not work well together such as red and
green. Use either dark print on a light background or vice versa.
vii. Use images strategically – only add images to PowerPoint slides when needed and
include captions so that the audience knows what they are viewing.
Utilising audio-visual aids: Using concise words and correct language

Text in presentation slides should be simplified that is by creating keywords and easy to
remember phrases. Besides, the sentences should be list down in parallel structures form. For
example:

The items begin with verbs
Discussion Etiquette
• Do not interrupt unnecessarily
2. No trial watermark on• the
Do notoutput
digress from documents.
the topic
• Don’t dominate the discussion.
• Do not be offended if someone disagrees
with you.
Remove it Now
The items begin with nouns

Benefits of Studying Abroad
§ Learning new cultures
§ Adapting to new environment
§ Making new friends
§ Becoming an independent person
25
Utilising audio-visual aids: Managing audio-visual aids in presentation
iii. Display
ii. Avoid iv. Explain v. Talk to
i. Display only when
passing clearly and the vi. Practice
clearly discussing
visual aids concisely audience
them
This i.is aDisplay visual aids where the audience can see them clearly
watermark for trial version, register to get full one!
• Check the room that you are going to use ahead of time to decide where you
Benefits for will
registered user:
display your visual aids.
• Once you have set the visual aids (i.e. model or object) at the best location,
1. Can remove alltotrial
stand watermark.
one side of it. If you need to point to it, use the nearest arm.
2. No trial watermark onanthe
• If you are using LCD output documents.
projector, make sure it functions well.
ii. Avoid passing visual aids among the audience Remove it Now
• Do not pass your hand-outs to your audience before or during the
presentation or else you will lose your audience’s attention.
iii. Display visual aids only while discussing them

• If you are using a model or object, keep it out of sight until you are ready to
discuss it.
• The same principle applies to PowerPoint slides. They should be visible only
while you are discussing them.
iv. Explain visual aids clearly and concisely

• Tell your audience what your visual aids (i.e. charts, graphs, images or
videos) mean.
• Describe their major features.
• Explain the charts and graphs.
26
• Do not rush over your visual aids.
v. Talk to your audience, not your visual aids

• Do not keep your eyes fixed on the visual aids while presenting as you may
lose your audience’s attention.
vi. Practise with your visual aids

• Go through your presentation multiple times: rehearse how you will show
your aids, the gestures you will make, and the timing of your presentation.
• When using PowerPoint, make sure you know when exactly you want each
slide to appear and disappear and what you will say while each slide is on the
screen.
Activity 1
Indicate whether the following statements about PowerPoint slides are True (T) or False (F)
for an academic presentation.
Benefits
1. You for registered
should user:
use only key words or phrases rather than complete sentences. [ ]
2. Slides should have bright and colourful background to appear attractive. [ ]
3. You should try to put in as much information as possible into each slide to [ ]
1. Can reduce
remove all trial watermark.
the total number of slides.
4. You should on ofthe
use a variety output
fonts documents.
in your slides for creativity. [ ]
5. Animation can be used to explain complex concepts. [ ]
6. The text should all be in capital letters to make reading easier for the [ ]
audience. Remove it Now
7. The font size of your text should be at least 12 points. [ ]
8. You should use sound effect to add drama to your presentation. [ ]
27
Activity 2
Log on to http://www.slideshare.net/satyajeet_02/how-to-make-effective-presentation to find
out more about producing effective PowerPoint slides for a presentation. Based on the slides
from the website, list down the DOs and DON’Ts of producing effective PowerPoint slides in
the table below.
Effective PowerPoint slides
Dos Don’ts
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
This
5.
is a watermark for trial version,
5.
register to get full one!

Remove it Now
28
LECTURE NOTES 3
(WEEK
This is a watermark 10)
for trial version, register to get full one!

• Conciseness Remove it Now

• Using active sentences in oral presentation
29
SEMESTER 2, 2019/2020
Using Spoken Language
In an academic presentation, it is important to ensure that the language used allows audience
greater understanding and involvement with the presentation. Nevertheless, the presenter
must also ensure that the language fits the academic nature of the presentation. This can be
achieved through conciseness and the use of active sentences
In an academic presentation, it is important to ensure that the language used allows audience
greater understanding and involvement with the presentation. Nevertheless, the presenter
must also ensure that the language fits the academic nature of the presentation. This can be
achieved through conciseness and the use of active sentences.
Conciseness
This is awords
Choosing watermark
that capture thefor trialthatversion,
meaning register
you want to convey to getcanfull
to the audience be one!
challenging. In order to make your audience understand your message easily, you have to be
Benefits for
selective on theregistered user:
choice of words in your presentation.
Conciseness allows you to express your message in fewest words possible. Concise words
are brief but comprehensive. They help your audience to understand the information quickly,
2. No
thus,trial watermark
enable ontheir
them to maintain theattention
outputto documents.
your presentation.
There are a number of ways to achieve conciseness in your presentation.

Remove it Now
1. Use short sentences
When presenting your points, use simple sentences that are direct and clear. It helps your
audience to process the information easily and quickly. Short sentences highlight important
points and keep distractions away from your audience’s attention.
Example:
Wordy – In a conservative society, the opinions of teenagers and adolescents are
always being left behind.
Concise – Conservative society usually neglects the opinions of youths.
2. Avoid unnecessary and redundant words

Choose only meaningful words to keep your message short. This is to ensure your
message reach your audience directly and allows your audience to process the information
faster.
30
Example:
Wordy – In my opinion, I think the government should make vaccination to children
compulsory.
Concise – In my opinion, the government should make vaccination to children
compulsory.
Wordy – Many uneducated citizens who have not attended school continue to
urge for better school.
Concise – Many uneducated citizens continue to urge for better school facilities.
3. Avoid using jargons or technical terms

Using jargons that are unfamiliar to general audience makes it unnecessarily difficult for
them to interpret your message. However, jargons are allowed if you are certain that your
audience understands them.
Example:
With jargon – Effective communication requires native and non-native
1. Can remove all interlocutors

trial watermark.
to collaborate.
Concise
on the output documents.
– Speakers work together to communicate successfully.
4. Use action verbs Remove it Now

Action verbs are meaningful and descriptive words which allow the audience to better
visualise your message. Avoid using too many auxiliary verb (is, has or are). Instead, use
verbs to describe specific actions.
For example:
Auxiliary verb – There are three reasons that cause teenagers to have a sedentary
lifestyle.
Action verb – Three reasons influenced them to lead a sedentary lifestyle.
5. Avoid using negatives

Positive words or positive sentences allow for faster process of information by audience
rather than focusing on the negatives (not, no, un-,in-, mis- and non-). This can be achieved
by writing the sentence in positive forms or replacing negatives with words with similar
meaning and function.
31
For example:
Negative – You are not able to protect the future generation if you do not vaccinate
your children.
Concise – Protect our future generation by vaccinating your children.
Negative – The event becomes uninteresting if famous speakers are not invited.
Concise – The event becomes dry if famous speakers are absent.
Activity 1
Rewrite the sentences below to achieve conciseness.
Example:
Benefits
Problemfor registered
: Usinguser:
long sentence
Original sentence In the eventuality of a fire, it is imperative that all persons
:
evacuate the building without undue delay.
1. Can remove
Revised all trialInwatermark.
sentence case of a fire, it is important that everybody leaves the
:
2. No trial watermark on building
theatoutput
once. documents.
1. Problem : Using jargon

Remove
All teachers at this school are expected to achieve high it Now
Original sentence :
standards in their instructional duties.
_________________________________________________
Revised sentence :
_________________________________________________
2. Problem : Using negative sentence

The group assignment cannot be completed because some
Original sentence : students are not doing their parts.
_________________________________________________
Revised sentence :
_________________________________________________
3. Problem : Using redundant or unnecessary words.

He was really late to his English class due to the fact that he
Original sentence :
had to finish his Science test.
_________________________________________________
Revised sentence :
_________________________________________________
32
4. Problem : Using long sentence
My brother, who is employed as a nutritionist at the University
Original sentence : of Florida, recommends the daily intake of megadose of
Vitamin C.
_________________________________________________
Revised sentence :
_________________________________________________
5. Problem : Using weak verb

There are many benefits of using social medias in teaching
Original sentence :
and learning.
_________________________________________________
Revised sentence :
_________________________________________________
Using active sentences in oral presentation

It is imperative to use active sentences in oral presentation as your content will sound more
convincing as the active sentence focuses on the doer of an action.
Example:

Active sentence: We should donate blood because it can save lives of many
2. No trial watermark onpeoplethe output
around thedocuments.
world.
Passive sentence: Blood should be donated because it can save lives of many
people around the world. Remove it Now
An active sentence sounds more responsible and credible in the above example as the doer
(We) performed the action (should donate) on an object (blood). As for the example of passive
sentence, it sounds weak, as if you are not taking responsibility for the problem because the
focus is on the object (blood).
An active sentence also creates better emotions as it provides a clearer visual in the mind of
the audience. Using active sentences in presentation also can evoke the audience’s emotion.
Example:
Active sentence: Many volunteers all around the world were helping the tsunami
victims.
33
Passive sentence: The tsunami victims were being helped by many volunteers
around the world.
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Simple present Alia reads two articles every
Two articles are read by Alia
day. every day.
Simple past Finn submitted the writing
The writing assignment was
assignment yesterday. submitted by Finn yesterday.
Present continuous The students are revising their
The writing drafts are being
writing drafts. revised by the students.
Past continuous The teacher was giving Feedbacks were being given
feedbacks on her students’
by the teacher on her students’
presentations. presentations.
Future The faculty will offer many new
Many new programmes will be
programmes next year. offered by the college next
year.
Present perfect Gary has completed his work. The work has been completed
by Gary.
Past perfect They had won the choral The choral speaking
speaking competition.
Benefits for registered user: competition had been won by
them.
Future perfect The manager will have The new programmes will have
1. Can remove all trialreviewed
watermark.
the new programmes been reviewed by the manager
2. No trial watermarkbyonthethe
end output
of this year. by the end of this year.
documents.
Modal You must finish the outline by The outline must be finished
tomorrow. by tomorrow.
Remove it Now
You should have finished the The report should have been
reports three weeks ago. finished three weeks ago.
Activity 2
Rewrite each of the following sentences using active voice.
1. The current status report has been attached by the auditor.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Several steps have been taken by the employees to correct the errors found in the self-
audit reports.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
34
3. The participants were greeted by Rita Chong, and the keynote speaker was introduced
by her.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Part of the colleges should have been renovated by the management.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5. The current status report has been attached, and I have highlighted the important figures.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________


Remove it Now
35
LECTURE NOTES 3
(WEEK 11)


Remove it Now
• Using effective vocal variety
• Using appropriate paralinguistic features
• Handling Q&A in academic presentations
36
SEMESTER 1, 2019/2020
Delivering the speech
In addition to the content, an effective presentation also relies on the way in which the
presentation is delivered. This can be achieved by using appropriate vocal variety and
paralinguistic features. A good presentation would also encourage further audience
participation by allowing them to raise questions at the end of the presentation. Hence by
incorporating all the three elements mentioned, you would be able to deliver an impactful
presentation.
Using effective vocal variety

When giving a speech, you should strive for vocal variety – changes in rate, pitch and
volume that will give your voice interest and expressiveness.
This is a watermark for trial 1. Rate register to get full one!

version,

2.
5. Stress
Intonation
Vocal
Variety Remove it Now
4. Pauses 3. Volume
37
1. Rate (fast vs slow)
• Rate refers to how fast or slow a person speaks.

• Rate is measured in the number of words spoken in a minute. A good rate of speech ranges
between 140 -160 words per minute (wpm). A rate that is higher than 160 words per minute
can be difficult for the listener to grasp the information.
• In an academic presentation, it is essential to determine the rate of the speech that you
want to use.
• For example, using slow rate may signal the audience that the message is important and
should be taken seriously. Also, you can convey your thoughtfulness to the audience when
you want them to think carefully in making the right choices with a slower pace. However,
if you speak too slow, it may give the listener the perception of slow thinking, incompetence
and being uneducated.
• Therefore, the presenter can speak at a varied rate to emphasise on the important parts of
the message.
2. Intonation
• Intonation describes how the voice rises and falls in a speech. There are two types of
intonations in a speech which are rising and falling intonation.
• There is common intonation pattern for specific actions, and the speaker must ensure the
correct pattern of intonation to convey effective meaning.
• In a presentation, rising tone is normally used in the following situations:
1. o Makingall
Can remove a list of ideas
trial and examples
watermark.
o Signalling that a statement is about to be continued
2. No
• Falling watermark
trial on in
tone is usually used thetheoutput
following documents.
situations:
o Making a statement
o Eliciting response from the audience
Remove it Now
3. Volume
• Volume refers to loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice.

• In adjusting your volume, there are several factors that you need to take into consideration.
These include the acoustics of the room, the size of the audience and the level of
background noise.
• If you speak too loudly, your will appear ill-mannered and may put-off some audience.
• If you speak too softly, they will not be able to understand you.
• To test on the effectiveness of your volume, glance at the people farthest away from you.
If they looked puzzled or straining to hear, you need to raise your volume.
4. Pauses
• Pause is a momentarily break in the vocal delivery of a speech.
38
• Pauses can signal the transition between one idea with another and the end of a thought
unit, giving the audience time to let the ideas to “sink in”. It also could lend a dramatic
impact to a statement.
• Instead of using fillers, use pause to reorganise your thoughts.
• Fillers are vocalised sounds (“uh”, “urm”, “er”) that a speaker tends to use.
• When pausing, it is best that you maintain eye contact with your audience.
• There is no strict rule on precisely how long your pauses should be. Appropriate lengths
for pauses (from a fraction of second to several seconds or more) will vary considerably
based on your speaking style, the nature of your message, the duration of your talk, your
audience, and cultural norms.
• Make sure you pause at the end of thought units and not in the middle. Otherwise, you
may distract your audience from your ideas.
• You can use pauses to slow your pace down and make your sentences easier to
understand.
e.g.
In think with a proper use of social media, we can avoid all the harms in using
it.
In think// with a proper use of social media, // we can avoid all the harms in using it.
1. Can remove all trial

The statistics provedwatermark.
that we are on the right track, however; we need to work
harder for better outcomes.
The statistics proved that we are on the right track//, however;// we need to strive
harder for better outcomes.
Remove it Now
5. Stress
• By emphasising particular words or parts of words you create certain effects of stress.
• The meanings of the sentences below are changed when stress is given on different words.
E.g.
§ We all know that this is an extremely difficult market.
- by stressing on the word extremely, the speaker is trying to emphasise on the level of
difficulty in the market
§ We all know that this is an extremely difficult market.

- by stressing on the word all, the speaker is trying to emphasise that both the speaker
and the audience agree on this.
39
Activity 1 (Pauses)
Read the following speech. Use double slashes (//) to mark pauses in the sentences.
Finally let me come back to the key points of my talk. I have mentioned earlier that
in the first quarter more than half or 52%, of our revenues came from overseas.
This is in line with the targets we set out in 2004 when we decided we wanted to
continue to rely on overseas markets especially China to keep growing. In the past
three months, we’ve added more new customers in China than in any other
country.
Now what are our targets for the next few months? The first major step will be the
introduction of our PayPal payment service in China. And then we will focus on
finding customers in existing markets such as the US and Germany who haven’t
tried buying from our website yet.

Activity 2 (Stressing words)
1. Can
Look atremove allbrackets
the clues in trial watermark.
and underline the word which should be stressed in each
sentence.
e.g.
Remove it Now
Clearly, we need to look at this again. (it’s obvious)
Clearly, we need to look at this again. (twice wasn’t enough)
1. We will never get such a perfect opportunity again. (it’s our only chance)
We will never get such a perfect opportunity again. (but perhaps the competition will)
2. I’d like us to work out a strategy. (and nobody else)

I’d like us to work out a strategy. (a plan is important)
3. There hasn’t been a dramatic increase in production costs. (but there has been a small
increase)
There hasn’t been a dramatic increase in production costs. (the increase was in other
cost)
40
4. I think we’ve made a good start. (but you might not agree)
I think we’ve made a good start. (but there is still a lot to do)
5. This is not the only good option. (there might be others)

This is not the only good option. (I have a better one)
6. Sales this month has been quite good. (but not fantastic)
Sales this month has been quite good. (we are pleased)
7. Where do we go from here? (I have absolutely no idea)

Where do we go from here? (I do not know where to go)
Now work with a partner and practice reading out the sentence pairs with the correct stress.
Can you hear the difference in meaning?

Activity 3 (Vocal Variety)

1. Watch this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9H9WXe5WC0 and comment on
the speaker’s vocal variety.
Features Comments Advantage Remove

Disadvantage it Now
Rate
Intonation
Volume
Pause
Stress
2. What did you like about the speech?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. What could the speaker have done differently to make the speech more effective?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
41
Using appropriate paralinguistic features
• Posture, facial expression, gestures and eye contact affect the way listeners respond to a
speaker.
• When a speaker’s body language is inconsistent with his or her words, listeners often
believe the body language rather than the words.
• There are four major aspects of physical action that will affect the outcome of your
speeches.
2. Movement 3. Gestures

1. Personal 4. Eye
appearance Para- contact
linguistic
features
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1. Personal appearance
• Proper appearance increases your credibility and professionalism; therefore, audience
will likely listen to you
• Creating first impression is crucial and the first thing audience will look at is how you
look.
• Clothes and grooming – wear formal attire to look professional. Clothes should be
clean, ironed with appropriate matching shoes and tidy hair.
• Choose professional clothes that you are comfortable with as this can boost your
confidence.
• Regardless of the speaking situation, you should try to evoke a favourable first
impression.
42
2. Movement
• Novice speakers are often unsure about what to do with their body while giving a
speech.
• Some pace back and forth across the podium, shift their weight from one foot to the
other, fidget with their notes or jingle coins in their pockets.
• Still others turn into statues, standing rigid and expressionless from beginning to end.
• Movements add energy and variety to your presentation and make you look more
confident.
• Here are some tips to control your movement to avoid distracting the audience:
As you rise to speak, try to appear calm, poised and confident.
When standing in front of the audience, do not rush into your

speech.
Stand quietly to make sure the audience is paying attention

and establish eye contact.
This •isAfter
a watermark for trial
you have got the attention version,
from your register
audience, only then shouldto
you get
start tofull
talk. one!
•When you reach the end of your speech, maintain eye contact for a few moments after
you stop talking.
• This allows your closing line to sink in.
• When practicing your speeches, spend a little time rehearsing how you will behave at
1. Can remove all and
the beginning trial watermark.
at the end.
3. Gestures
• Many students do not know what to do with their hands during a presentation.
Remove it Now
• There is one rule that you need to bear in mind: whatever gestures you make should
not distract from your message.
• They should appear natural and meaningful, help clarify or reinforce your ideas and be
suited to the audience.
• Gesturing tends to work itself out as you acquire experience and confidence.
• Focus on your speech, and your gestures will take care of themselves.
• Avoid closed gestures: finger pointing to the audience, arms folded, hands covering
mouth, etc.
• Use open gestures: leaning forward, arms open, palms are relaxed, etc.
4. Eye contact
• Eye contact is direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.
• One of the quickest ways to establish a communicative bond with your listeners is to
look at them personally and pleasantly.
• When giving your speech, you should try to establish eye contact with your whole
audience.
• You can look briefly from one person to another.
43
• Beware of the tendency to gaze intently at one part of the audience while ignoring the
rest.
Activity 4 (Paralinguistic Features)

Answer this quiz about body language. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
1. In a presentation, how should you stand?

a) Arms crossed on chest.
b) Straight but relaxed.
c) Knees unlocked.
2. What should you do with your hands?

a) Put hands on hips.
b) Put one hand in a pocket.
c) Keep hands by your side.
3. What should you do when you feel nervous?

a) Hold a pen or cards in your hands.
b) Walk back and forth.
c) Look at the flip chart or screen (not at the audience).
4. Howremove
1. Can can you emphasise
all trialsomething?
watermark.
2. No a)trial
Point finger at the audience.
watermark on the output documents.
b) Move or lean forward to show that something is important.
c) Use a pointer to draw attention to important facts.
5. How should you keep eye contact with the audience?

Remove it Now
a) Make eye contact with each individual often.
b) Choose some individuals and look at them as often as possible.
c) Spread attention around the audience.
44
Handling Q&A in academic presentation
• The Q&A session is a common part in academic presentation.
• It gives opportunity to the audience to ask questions to the speakers.
• A speaker who handles questions well can strengthen the impact of his or her speech.
• Here are the suggestions to get you started on the right foot.
• Q&A session does not only benefit the audience, it also gives equal chance for you to
reinforce the message, clarify the misunderstandings and continue selling the ideas.
Approach questions with a positive attitude

- try to view the questions as signs of genuine interest.
- avoid saying: "I discussed that at the begining of my talk," or The
answer seems obvious."
- avoid to answer defensively, sarcastically or argumentatively.
Listen carefully
- give full attention to the questioner.
- when faced with unclear question, try to rephrase it by saying: "If I
understand your question, it seems to me that you are asking ... "

Direct answers to the entire audience
- make occasional eye contact with the questioner as you answer,
but speak primarily to the audience as a whole.
- if you speak just to the questioner, the rest of your audience mayRemove it Now
drift off.
Be honest and straightforward

- if you do not know the answer to a question, say so.
- do not apologise , do not evade, and never bluff.
- offer to check the answer as soon as possible after the speech
Stay on track
- allow one follow-up question from each person, and do not let
yourself be dragged into a personal debate.
- if someone attempts to ask more than two questions, respond
graciously by saying, "This is an interesting line of questioning, but
we need to give other people a chance to ask questions."
45
When handling Q&A session, you have to follow a certain structure in order for your response
to be effective and well-received.
1. Invite questions
At the beginning of the talk, let the audience know when they can ask questions. You can
either suggest the audience to ask questions at the end of the presentation or they may
interrupt you with questions at any moment during the presentation. These are some of the
expressions you can use when inviting questions.
Does anyone have any questions?
Who has a question for me?
Do you have anything you’d like to ask regarding my presentation?
2. Ask for clarification

In order to be able to answer questions appropriately, you need to understand the
questions well. Ask for clarification if you are not sure about the questions. These are some
of the language expressions that you can use to clarify questions.
I’m sorry, could you repeat your question?
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I didn’t user:
quite catch that.
If I could just rephrase your question, you would like to know about …
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me just check that I watermark.
have understood your question. You’re asking …
I’m sorry, but I actuallyon the
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quite documents.
follow what you mean. Could you please explain?
3. Acknowledge questions Remove it Now

It’s good to give credit to the person who asked questions. This shows that you appreciate
that person for paying attention to you. These are some of the language expressions when
acknowledging good questions.
That’s a great question.
I’m glad you asked that question.
I bet everyone wants to know the answer to your question.
That’s interesting.
4. Respond to questions
Respond to questions honestly and keep responses as focused as possible. Sometimes
you might be asked irrelevant questions or questions that you do not know. In this case,
keep your poise and try to respond using these language expressions.
To be honest, this question is beyond the scope of my expertise.
46
Sorry, I’m afraid I don’t know the answer to your question, but I will try to find out for
you.
I’m afraid I don’t have the information with me.
I think your question raises a different issue.
5. Check for understanding

Once you have responded to a question, check if your response have answered the
question. You may use these language expressions to check for the questioner’s
understanding.
Does that answer your question?
Is that the kind of information you’re looking for?
Activity 5
Respond to the Q&A situations below by writing the appropriate language expressions.
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Situation for trial version,
Language register
expressions used in to get full one!
response
An audience ask a good question
You don’t know the answer to the
question
You don’t understand the
question on the output documents.
You didn’t hear the question
You don’t have enough answer to Remove it Now
respond to the question
You answered a question but are
not sure if it satisfies the audience
47

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LECTURE NOTES 3

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• Analysing the audience Remove it Now

- Outlining the content – main points and

Introduction to Presentation Skills

1. Analysing the Audience

a) Demographic audience analysis Remove it Now

Demographic Audience Analysis

• focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, group

Situational Audience Analysis

A presentation topic can be divided into two categories:

Example of topic: The different types of financial plans

Example of topic: The negative effects of processed food

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Narrowing down ideas

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Central idea : ________________________________________________________

4. Organising ideas and structuring the text

I. Physical fitness (Main point)

The benefits of eating breakfast to university

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• Introducing the speech

- Using simple past tense and present prefect tense to

Introduction to Presentation Skills

Introducing the speech

2. Background information on the topic

The examples are:

2. No trial watermark on the output documents.

Other expression that can be used to reveal a topic:

Today I’m going to talk about…

4. Establish credibility and goodwill

5. Preview the body of the speech

a. a rhetorical question? ____

Logical Order of Ideas Remove it Now

Developing the main points

Using transition signals

Using appropriate transition signals to show transition of main ideas, supporting

Transition between similar ideas or Likewise…

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Now listen to the presentation again and complete the sentences.

____________________8 to the next issue. How do we communicate information to motorists?

Indicating the end of a section

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• Ending the presentation

Introduction to Presentation Skills

Ending the presentation

The conclusion of a presentation serves two major functions:

• To let the audience know you are ending the presentation.

Signal the end of the presentation

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Useful expressions to conclude a presentation

Topic: The advantages of organic farming

Topic: The effects of Advertisements on Children

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ii. Photographs and drawings

Utilising audio-visual aids: Designing effective Audio-Visual Aids

i. Prepare your visual aids well in advance.

Utilising audio-visual aids: Using concise words and correct language

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